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本稿では歩行速度ソフトモビリティゾーンの構築,その市街地への展開,それが必要と される背景,現実の市街地への適用などについて論じだ。しかし,前項で検討したように,

それを実現するための課題は極めて多い。その意味で,本稿は,計画でいえば「構想」,研 究でいえば「仮説」の段階でしかない。

しかし,「構想」や「仮説」は必要である。そして,それを実験や実践で検証することでそ の価値が明らかになる。たまたま,筆者は本稿の最終とりまとめを故郷,岐阜の瑞浪でおこ なった。広幅員道路と防災ビルでまちの様子は変貌したが,一歩裏道に入ると,そこには 60 年前,70 年前の懐かしい風景が残り,その環境が子どもを育み,高齢者を守ると実感した。

歩行速度ソフトモビリティゾーンは,この実感と符合し,歩行を基本とした価値あるコ ミュニティを再生のための手法となるだろう。このことを検証する実践研究を進めたい。

(40)これについては小栗(2015)pp.72-75で議論した。

参考文献

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or.jp/pdf/kawakami.pdf

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AmiruddinIsmail,RozmiIsmail,湯川創太郎,王駿祥(2015)「マレーシアと日本におけ るソフト・モビリティ・ゾーン&ルート(多手段共生・速度制御地区 / 道路)設定に向 けた基礎的検討 速度制御と外部コミュニケーションに着目したアプローチ」第 15 回 ITS シンポジウム 2015

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奥野翔編著(2016)『森の都市Ⅱ 緑とスローモビリティによる都市づくり』彰国社 上田篤(1984)『都市の実験』文芸春秋

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宇杉和夫,青木仁,井関和朗,岡本哲志編著(2010)『まち路地再生のデザイン 路地に学 ぶ生活空間の再生術』彰国社

宇沢弘文(1974)『自動車の社会的費用』岩波新書

矢島隆(2008)「鉄道が支える日本の大都市形成」講演記録。http://www.ibs.or.jp/sites/

default/files/4_info/columnl.pdf

矢島隆(2010)「街路構造令 40 年の展開(その2)緩速車道,自転車道を中心として」『都 市と交通』通巻 79 号

山本理顕他(2012)『地域社会圏主義』INAX 出版 湯川利和(1987)『マイカー亡国論』三一書房

(2017.9.11 受稿,2017.9.28 受理)

〔抄 録〕

自動車の利便性を活かしながらそのディメリットを削減する方法として,筆者は,「ソフ トカー(道路にふさわしい最高速度を設定・制御し,それを外部に表示する車)」を構想し,

その装置開発と社会普及に取り組んできた。この経験を経て,「ソフトモビリティ」と「ソ フトモビリティゾーン」の考えで次の展開をはかろうとしている。

ソフトモビリティは,「歩行者と自転車・バイク・自動車などの車両が相互にコミュニ ケートし,調和しながら適切な速度で移動すること」であり,ソフトモビリティゾーンは それが実現するゾーンである。速度設定・制御・表示などの対象を自動車以外の車両も含 め,また,移動手段だけでなく,それを利用するゾーンも計画の対象とするという考えで ある。そして,「歩行速度ソフトモビリティゾーン(車両の制限速度を歩行者と調和できる 水準(時速 6 〜 10km 程度)にしたソフトモビリティゾーン)」を実現し,それを段階的に 拡大し,市街地を歩車共存が可能な構造に再編成するという考えである。

本稿では,本稿の目的(第 1 章),ソフトカー開発の経緯(第 2 章),ソフトモビリティと ソフトモビリティゾーン,とりわけ,歩行速度モビリティゾーンの形成(第 3 章),それに よる市街地再編成(第 4 章),自動運転の議論の活発化なども視野に入れたソフトモビリ ティの意義(第5章),歩行者速度ソフトモビリティゾーンの具体化に向けた初期的検討

(第 6 章),今後の課題(第 7 章)と本稿の意義(第 8 章)を述べる。

TheExpansionofBakuhanCivilEducationPolicies intheMid-EdoPeriod:TheCaseofHagiDomain

ZenanSHU

Ⅰ.Introduction

PreviousstudiesofthefoundingoftheMeirinkan明倫館domainschoolinHagihave tendedtobefromtheperspectiveeitherofintellectualhistoryoraspartofthelocal historyofHagidomain.Thecurrentstudywillexaminethefoundingoftheschoolfrom thestandpointofthewiderhistoryofeducationundertheBakuhansystemoftheEdo period,bylookingattheschoolfoundation’slinkswitheventsintheBakufu,inparticular withtheBakufu’sprimaryeducationalinstitution,theschoolandtempletoConfucius atYushima,whichwasamanifestationoftheintentionsandaspirationsoftheBakufu authoritiesinregardtoeducation.Indoingso,itwillbepossibletoclarifyaspectsof developmentsintheeducationalpoliciesoftheBakufuandthedomains,andthelinks betweenthem.

Ⅱ.Foundation of the Hagi Domain School: Background

TheMeirinkanschoolwasfoundedin1718bythefifthlordofHagi萩(orChōshū長 州) domain, Mōri Yoshimoto 毛利 吉元 (1677–1731, r. 1707–1731). The school building and associated Confucius temple were constructed on a 3102-square-metre site south oftheHagicastlewalls;constructionwascompletedinthetwelfthmonthof1718,and theschoolformallyopenedinthefirstmonthof1719.(1)Itispossibletoisolatethree backgroundfactorstoexplainwhyitwasdeemednecessarytofoundadomainschoolin Hagiatjustthistime:(1)toeducateandinspiredomainofficialsandthewiderpopulace through training in both the literary and martial arts, as was already being done by the Bakufu in Edo; (2) a need to deal with social disorder, especially that arising out oftheMannyakuyamaincidentandtheresultingabolitionandthenrestorationofthe

(1) Accordingtothe

Hagishishi

:“FortheMeirinkan,asiteof940

tsubo

wassurveyedandpreparedashort waywestoftheSōmonGate惣門 atHiyako平安古 ,southoftheoutercastlewall.Theconstructionwork wascompletedinthetwelfthmonthofKyōhōyear3.”SeeHagishishiHensanIinkai萩市史編纂委員会 comp.,

Hagishishi

萩市史vol.1(Hagi:Hagishi,1983),p.422.Alldatesinthisarticlewillbegivenaccording tothetraditionalJapaneselunarcalendar,withtheyeartreatedasifcoterminouswiththeWestern calendaryear,usuallyabbreviatedintheorderyear/month/day,e.g.1710/10/15.

〔論 説〕

neighbouringMōribranchdomainofTokuyama徳山;and(3)thesuccessioncrisesarising fromthelackofavailableheirstotherulershipoftheMōribranchdomainsofChōfu長 府andKiyosue清末.

MōriYoshimotowasthenaturalsonofMōriTsunamoto毛利綱元,thirdlordofthe Chōfubranchdomain(1651–1709,r.1653–1709).HismotherwasFusahime房姫,fourth daughterofIkedaMitsumasa池田光政,firstlordofOkayama岡山domain(1609–1682, r.1632–1672).Yoshimotowasbornon1677/8/28inEdoattheChōfudomainresidence, giventhechildnameMatashirō又四郎,laterchangedtoMotoyori元倚athiscoming-of-ageceremony(

genpuku

)in1691/12.On1707/10/13thefourthlordofHagi,Yoshihiro 吉広(1673–1707,r.1694–1707)diedwithoutheir.Motoyoriwasadoptedashisson,and on11/13theBakufugrantedpermissionforhimtosucceedasheadofthemainMōri lineage,andhebecamethefifthlordofHagiunderthenameYoshimoto.In1701hehad marriedhiscousinShinako品子,seconddaughterofhismaternaluncleIkedaTsunamasa 綱政,secondlordofOkayama(1638–1714,r.1672–1714).WhenYoshimotobecamelord of Hagi he already had three sons with Shinako: Mototomo 元朝, Itsukinomiya 斎宮, andMotonobu元陳.HelefthiseldestsonMototomobehindinChōfuasheirtosucceed hisfatherTsunamoto.ThesecondsonItsukinomiyahaddiedyoung,andthethirdson accompaniedYoshimototoHagi.(2)

Yoshimoto’saccessionasrulermarkedthefirsttimeinHagithatthemainsuccession was broken and an adopted successor brought in from a branch domain. Yoshimoto found it difficult to come to grips with circumstances in Hagi, and the main lineage vassals there (

karō

) likewise were uncertain as to how to proceed. To make matters worse,difficultiessoonaroseinthesuccessionoftherulersinthevariousMōribranch domains.WhenYoshimotomovedtoHagi,hetookhisthirdsonMotonobuwithhimas presumptiveheir,onlyforMotonobutodiein1713.Yoshimotothenbroughthiseldest sonMototomofromChōfutoHagiasheir,changinghisnametoMunemoto宗元.The fourthChōfulordTsunamoto’sfourthsonMotonori元矩(1704–1718,r.1712–1718)then becamethefifthlord,butthendiedon1718/4/13,notyetseventeenyearsofage,leaving Chōfudomainagainwithoutasuccessor.TheBakufudecreedthatChōfubeabolished andcombinedbackintothemaindomainofHagi.Inresponse,on1718/4/15Yoshimoto assigned38,000

koku

oftheformerterritoryofChōfutoMotohira元平,rulerofanother Mōribranchdomain,Kiyosue,andrequestedthattheBakufuallowChōfutoberestored inthisform.TheBakufuapprovedthis,makingMotohirathesixthlordofChōfu,under thenameMasahiro匡広.Kiyosuewasabolished,thoughlateritwasrestoredbythe Bakufuin1729withMotohira/Masahiro’ssecondsonasitslord.(3)

Then,intheyearsimmediatelypriortothefoundingoftheMeirinkanschool,Hagi underwent a period of disruption and social unrest, precipitated by the well-known Mannyakuyama万役山incidentin1715.

(2)

Ibid

.,p.410.

(3)

Ibid

.,pp.410–13.

Thisincidentwasaflashpointinthedifficultandcomplexrelationsbetweenthemain domainofHagiandtheneighbouringbranchdomainofTokuyama徳山.TheTokuyama rulerMōriMototsugu元次wasdispleasedatYoshimoto’saccessioninHagi,nothaving beenconsultedwhentheHagidomainofficialsdecidedonthesuccession.Theimmediate incidentwhichtouchedoffthecrisistookplacewhenthreepeasantsfromthevillage Nishikumemura西久米村inHagiterritory,afatherandtwosons,cutdownapinetree onMannyakuMountainsituatedontheborderbetweenthetwodomains.Asamurai forest official from Tokuyama challenged them, and a quarrel broke out. The official refused to accept the peasants’ protests that they had planted the tree themselves, andattackedthemwithhissword,killingthefatherandoneson.Theothersonwas wounded,butescapedtotellthetale.InthefaceofwidespreadpopularangerinHagi over the incident, Yoshimoto made representations to Mototsugu to have the forest officialpunished,sendingseveraldeputationsofhigh-rankingHagivassalstonegotiate with him, but Mototsugu flatly refused to do so. The lord of Kiyosue, Motohira, also attemptedtomediatethedispute,tonoeffect.Thenextyear,on1716/4/11,Yoshimoto finally petitioned the Bakufu to order Mototsugu into retirement and hand over the rulershipofTokuyamatoMototsugu’ssonHyakujirō百次郎.

TheBakufurespondedswiftly,andruthlessly.On1716/4/13,twodayslater,Mototsugu was summoned before the Bakufu’s court of judgement (the Hyōjōsho 評定所), and informed of their decision: the forest official was to be beheaded; Mototsugu himself was deposed as lord of Tokuyama and would summarily be escorted alone with no servantsorretainersintoexileinthedistantnortherndomainofShinjō新庄;andthe domainofTokuyamawasabolished,itsterritoryandpeopletransferredbackintothe maindomainofHagi.Thiswasanexceptionallyharshjudgement,wellinexcessofwhat Yoshimotohadrequested,tohisregret.Intheend,in1719/5,atYoshimoto’srequest,the BakufuliftedthepunishmentonMototsuguandapprovedtherestorationofTokuyama domain.(4)

FromalloftheaboveitisevidentthatYoshimotofacedaseriesofdifficultchallenges fromthetimehetookoveraslordofHagidomain.Ontopofallthis,hehadtodeal with the long-term financial difficulties that had plagued the domain from its earliest days,nowgrowingsteadilymoreserious.Inresponsetotheworseningcrisis,Yoshimoto introducedaseriesofausteritymeasures,whichputsamuraiandpeasantsundereven greaterstrain,resultinginlowmoraleandgeneralsocialunrest.Yoshimotohopedthat foundingadomainschoolwouldencouragethespreadofliteraryeducationandmartial artstraining,instillingasenseofmoralvaluesandimprovingsocialcustoms.(5)Research

(4)

Ibid

.,p.412;seealsoYoshinagaAkira吉永昭 ,“SuōnokuniTokuyamahankaiekisōdōnokenkyū:Emura Hikonoshinkōhen‘Tokuyamahankaiekisōdōshūtaisei’ochūshinni周防国徳山藩改易騷動の研究―江村彦 之進校編「徳山藩改易騷動集大成」を中心に ,”

FukuyamaDaigakuNingenbunkaGakubuKiyō

2(2002),pp.

1–24.

(5) YamaguchikenBunkashiHensanIinkai山口県文化史編纂委員会comp.,

Yamaguchikenbunkashi:tsūshihen

alsosuggeststhatHagidomainofficialshadalreadysubmittedproposalsoftheirown forfoundingaschool,againforthepurposeofraisingmoraleamongthesamuraiand counteringthecrisisofdisorderinthedomain.(6)

Ⅲ.The Founding of the Meirinkan

TheformalestablishmentoftheHagidomainschoolcanbetracedto1718/6/16,withthe issuingofadocumententitled“AnnouncementtoRetainersonRulesfortraininginthe LiteraryandMartialArts”(“Bunbushokeikonogikeraichūeooseidasaresōrōkoto文 武諸稽古之儀家来中江被仰出候事”).Inthisweredirectivesmandatinggreateremphasis onliterary(

bun

文)(7)andmartialtrainingboth,andraisingtherankandsalaryofthe Kagyōnin家業人,aclassofdomainofficialsinHagiwithspecialistknowledgeincharge ofteachingandtraining.ThesamedirectiveappointedYamagataChōhaku山県長伯 (alsoknownasYamagataRyōsai山県良斎)andOguraShōsai小倉尚斎asConfucian officials(Juyaku儒役)inchargeofinstructingthedomainvassalsandretainers.(8)Then, on1718/6/26Yoshimotoissueda“statementofintent”(

gyoisho

御意書),whichcontained firstastatementstressingtheimportanceofliteraryandmartialtraining,andsecond thattheKagyōninofficialswouldbetheonesresponsiblefordirectingthistrainingin lettersandthemartialarts.(9)Thiswasputintoeffect,therankoftheKagyōninwas raised,anddomainofficialsappliedthemselvesmorediligentlytoliteraryandmartial training,withtheresultthatageneraltrendoftakingsuchtrainingmoreseriouslybegan tospread.

Intheeighthmonthof1718,Yoshimotogavetheformalorderfortheconstruction of a new venue for teaching and training, though it is clear that the various officials responsibleforcarryingouttheprojecthadalreadybeenchosenandappointedbythis time.(10)AnadditionaldomainConfucianscholarwasappointed,YamagataShōsuke山県 正助(orShūnan周南,1686–1752).(11)

山口県文化史通史篇(Yamaguchi:Yamaguchiken,1951),pp.572–3.

(6) SeeOgawaKuniharu小川國治 ,“KyōhōkiChōshūhannobunkyōtohankōMeirinkan:Meirinkansōsetsu nosaihyōkanitsuite享保期長州藩の文教政策と藩校明倫館―明倫館創設の再評価について ,”

Nihonrekishi

1997:6(1997),pp.1–16,esp.p.11.

(7) Thetranslation‘literary’doesnotcapturethefullconnotationsof

bun

,hereusednotinthesenseof just‘literature’butinthewidersenseofreadingandwritingtexts,andcivil,refined,ornon-martial accomplishments.

(8) YamagataShūnan山県周南 ,“NagatonokuniMeirinkanki長門國明倫館記 ,”inMombushō文部省comp.,

Nihonkyōikushishiryō

日本教育史資料(rpt.Kyoto:RinsenShoten,1970;originallypublished1891)vol.5, pp.657–8;andinYamaguchiken山口県comp.,

Yamaguchikenshi:shiryōhen(kinsei5)

山口県史 :史料編 近世5(Yamaguchi:Yamaguchiken,2010),pp.500–501.Thisdocumentcontainslistsofthepreciseraised ranks.

(9) Documentreproducedin

Yamaguchikenshi:shiryōhen(kinsei5)

,p.502.

(10)

Ibid

.,p.497.

(11)

Ibid

.,p.498;YamagataShūnan,“NagatonokuniMeirinkanki長門國明倫館記,”

Nihonkyōikushishiryō

vol.

Asmentionedabove,theconstructionoftheschoolwascompletedinthetwelfthmonth of1718.On12/20,theteachersfortheschoolwereappointed,andon12/22achiefHagi vassalYamanouchiHiromichi山内廣通(1688–1747)appointedNomiNizaemon乃美仁左 衛門andKunishiTanomo国司頼母asadministratorsoftheschool.Onthesameday,in preparationforconsecratingtheConfuciustempleandinstallinginitthespirittabletsto Confuciusandthefourcorrelatesworshippedinconjunctionwithhim(Yanzi顔子,Zengzi 曾子,Zisi子思,andMencius孟子),arequestwenttotheheadoftheBakufuConfucian schoolinEdo,HayashiHōkō鳳岡(orNobuatsu信篤,1645–1732),towritetheappropriate honorifictitlesonthetablets.(12)Thenames“Taiseiden大成殿”and“Meirinkan明倫館”

werethenchosenforthetempleandschoolrespectively.“Meirinkan”wasproposedby YamagataShūnanonthebasisofapassageontheimportanceofschoolsasanessential partofgoodgovernmentinthe

Mencius

(13).

Thelayoutofthecompletedcompoundhadthetempledirectlyinsidethemaingate, with the lecture hall behind it. On the site were also arranged practice grounds for archery,weaponstraining,hand-to-handarts,andhorseriding,withdedicatedvenues alsoforteachinginmilitarytexts,forpracticingritualceremony,andadormitoryfor students.(14)

Aceremonywasheldtoopentheschoolon1719/1/12,withYoshimotoleadingthe proceedingswitharetinueofhisattendantofficials,non-attendantofficials,andvillage elderspresent.TheattendanthighvassalYamanouchiHiromichipromulgatedthe“Rules forLiteraryTrainingandtheMartialArts”(“Bungakushobugeikeikonoshiki文学・

諸武芸稽古之式”), which specified in detail the content and schedule of teaching and training.Instructionwouldbegineveryyearonthetwelfthdayofthefirstmonth,and endonthetenthdayofthetwelfthmonth.Eachmonthwastoinclude12daysgiven overtotheexplicationofConfuciantexts,6daystomilitarytexts,5daysformartialarts training,and6daysforarcherypractice.Textteachingandmartialtrainingcouldoccur onthesameday,thetextsbeginningat8am,andmartialtrainingstartingafterwards andcontinuinguntildusk.Horseridingwouldtakeplaceondaysoffineweather,each followedbythenextavailableday.Practicereadingoutloud(

sodoku

素読)wouldbeheld oneven-numberdaysthroughoutthemonthfrom6inthemorningto5atnight.(15)

Thefollowingmonth,on1719/2/19,aSekisai釈菜sacrificewasheldintheMeirinkan temple, followed by a ceremony to entertain the aged (

yōrō

養老). Yoshimoto himself presidedaschiefofficiant,andreadouttheinvocation“DeclarationattheSacrificeto theFormerSagesupontheCompletionoftheMeirinkan”(“Meirinkanrakuseisaisensei

5,p.658.ShūnanwasYamagataChōhaku/Ryōsai’sson.

(12)

Yamaguchikenshi:shiryōhen(kinsei5)

,p.497.

(13)

Ibid

.,pp.498–9(items“PlaquefortheHalloftheSage

Seidōnogaku

聖堂之額 ”and“PlaquefortheOutside oftheLectureHall

Kōdōgaimennogaku

講堂外面ノ額 ”).

(14)

Hagishishi

vol.1,p.422.

(15)

Yamaguchikenshi:shiryōhen(kinsei5)

,p.499;seealsoOgawaKuniharu小川國治andOgawaAyako小 川亜弥子 ,

Yamaguchikennokyōikushi

山口県の教育史(Kyoto:ShibunkakuShuppan,2000),p.72.

kōmon 明倫館落成祭先聖告文”). On the same day, the head of the school (Gakutō 学 頭) was made a member of the official hierarchy, and an annual budget of 500

koku

wasallocatedforschoolexpenses.(16)ThedomainConfucianscholarOguraShōsaiwas appointedasthefirstheadoftheschool.

Enrolment at the school was not subject to any particular restrictions in terms of socialclass.Inadditiontodomainvassalsandsamurai,subsidiaryvassals(

baishin

陪臣), commoners,andtownsmenwerealsoallowedtoattend.(17)

Inthetenthmonthof1720anewsetofregulationswaspromulgatedfortheadministration oftheMeirinkan,inwhichtheeducationalactivitiesandday-to-daymanagementofthe schoolweremadestillmoreclearandexplicit.(18)Thismarkedtheendoftheschool’s foundationalperiod,andfromthattimeitseducationaloperationsproceededsmoothlyon anestablishedbasis.ThefirstschoolheadOguraShōsaidedicatedhimselftotheschool fornineteenyearsbeforehediedin1737,andYamagataShūnanreplacedhimasthe secondhead.

Ⅳ.The Bakufu’s Literary Education and Hagi Domain

Uptothispointwehaveexplicatedthecircumstancessurroundingthefoundingofthe MeirinkanfromthepointofviewofHagidomainitself.However,giventhatHagiwas subordinate to the Bakufu within the wider Bakuhan system of the time, the school foundation could not have been disconnected from policies and trends in Edo, where Yoshimoto and many of his main vassals spent the greater proportion of their time.

Wehaveseen,forexample,thatatthetimetheMeirinkanschoolwasfoundedandthe Confucius temple in it consecrated, the Hagi Confucian Ogura Shōsai was ordered to request Hayashi Hōkō, Bakufu Confucian official and head of the Bakufu’s Confucian schoolatYushima,towritethespirittabletsforConfuciusandforthefourcorrelates worshipped in conjunction with him. Clearly, they took the Bakufu and the Hayashi familyseriouslyasmodelsandsourcesofauthoritywhenestablishingtheirowndomain schoolandtemple.Here,twoquestionswillbeconsidered:first,whatrelationshipthere wasbetweentheHagidomainschoolandtheBakufu’spolicyofpromotingliterary(

bun

文)educationandculture;andsecond,whatconnectionstherewerebetweentheMōri familyandtheConfucianschoolheadHayashiHōkōinEdo.

ItiswellknownthattheBakufu’spromotionofliteraryeducationbeganinearnestat theinitiativeofthefifthShogunTsunayoshi(1646–1709,r.1680–1709).Itcontinuedunder theShogunsIenobu(1662–1712,r.1709–1712)andIetsugu(1709–1716,r.1713–1716).The eighthShogunYoshimune(1684–1751,r.1716–1745)championedthemartialarts,butat thesametimealsopromotedliteraryeducationforthecommonpeople.MōriYoshimoto

(16)

Yamaguchikenshi:shiryōhen(kinsei5)

,p.500;

Hagishishi

vol.1,pp.425–6.

(17)

Hagishishi

vol.1,p.425.

(18)

Yamaguchikenshi:shiryōhen(kinsei5)

,p.504.