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⏣୰ᩗ୍㸬2005㸬 ᯝ≀ࡢ೺ᗣࣃ࣮࣡ ࢝࢟㸬p.56㸬 㛫ⱟ㇂ ᚭ࣭⏣୰ᩗ୍ⴭ㸬ࡃࡔࡶࡢࡢ ࡣࡓࡽࡁ㸬᪥ᮏᅬⱁ㎰ᴗ༠ྠ⤌ྜ㐃ྜ఍㸬ᮾி㸬

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ᐩ⏣⣧ྐ㸬2006㸬ື≀࡟࠾ࡅࡿᶵ⬟࡜⏕⌮άᛶ㸬p.67-107㸬㧗ᕷ┿୍⦅㸬࢝ࣟࢸࣀ࢖ࢻ㸫ࡑ ࡢከᵝᛶ࡜⏕⌮άᛶ㸫㸬　⳹ᡣ㸬ᮾி㸬

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90 Summary

Recently, climate change width increasing, global warming is in progress. Fruit quality of persimmon is changed by global warming, in terms of softening and inferior coloration. For the development of the production region, to continue the high quality persimmon fruit production under the global warming are required. This study investigated carotenoid accumulation of the main factors of coloration of persimmon, in addition to enhancement concentration of carotenoid in the fruit.

1. Characteristics of carotenoid accumulation of the Japanese persimmon.

To investigate characteristics of carotenoid biosynthesis in the Japanese persimmon ‘Fuyu’ fruit during maturation, carotenoids and gene expression for phytoene synthase (DK-PSY), phytoene desaturase (DK-PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (DK-ZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (DK-LCYb), β-ring hydroxylase (DK-HYb), zeaxanthin epoxidase (DK-ZDS) and lycopene ε-cyclase (DK-LCYe) were analyzed. In the skin, lutein was the main carotenoid at the green stage. The level of gene expression of DK-LCYe was constant throughout the experimental period. In contrast, the level of carotenoid-biosynthetic enzymes with the exception of DK-LCYe was lower in the green stage than in the coloring stage. These findings suggested that during the green stage, DK-LCYe played an important role in carotenoid biosynthesis and was responsible for massive accumulation of lutein. In the coloring stage after October, ß-cryptoxanthin (ß-CRY) and zeaxanthin were mainly accumulated.

At this stage, simultaneous increase of the gene expression for carotenoid-biosynthetic enzymes with the exception of DK-LCYe was observed. It was thought that the change in expression profile of the genes accelerated the accumulation of ß-CRY and zeaxanthin in this stage. In the flesh, ß-CRY and zeaxanthin were mainly accumulated in October. Lycopene was mainly accumulated in November.

The lycopene accumulation was accompanied by a massive increase in expression of genes at the later stages of lycopene biosynthesis (DK-PSY, DK-PDS and DK-ZDS). This finding suggested that lycopene accumulation was caused by massive increase in the expression of genes at the later stages

91 of lycopene biosynthesis.

2. Varietal difference of carotenoid accumulation in the Japanese persimmon.

͂Soshu̓ and ͂Tonewase̓ are major early maturing varieties of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.). The peel of ͂Soshu̓ is red, whereas the color of ͂Tonewase̓ is orange at harvest.

In the present study, we investigated carotenoid accumulation in fruits of these two persimmon varieties. In the fruit skin, the levels of expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes except for lycopene-ε-cyclase increased with carotenoid accumulation during fruit maturation. In ‘Soshu’, a large accumulation of carotenoids was observed at harvest. The total carotenoid content in ‘Soshu’

was nearly twice as high as that in ‘Tonewase’. Both varieties predominantly accumulated β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin, accounting for nearly 90% of the total carotenoids. The

composition of carotenoids in ‘Soshu’ was similar to that in ‘Tonewase’. In the flesh, the level of expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes except for lycopene-ε-cyclase and zeaxanthin epoxidase increased with carotenoid accumulation during fruit maturation. The total carotenoid content in

‘Soshu’ was nearly four times as high as that in ‘Tonewase’. The composition of carotenoids in

‘Soshu’ was similar to that in ‘Tonewase’.

3. Relationship between an air temperature and fruit skin coloring in ‘Fuyu’ persimmon.

Ambient temperatures affect many important traits of tree crops, including persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.). Recent effects of global warming have adversely influenced persimmon fruit in terms of softening and inferior coloration. This study presents insights into air temperature effects on the coloration and harvest time of ‘Fuyu’ persimmon fruit over the last 20 years (1993–2012). The monthly mean air temperature in September and October had a significantly negative correlation with fruit coloration on November 25. The fruit apex coloration on November 25 (7.8), measured with Yamazaki and Suzuki's color chart (CC), was significantly higher by around CC1.5 in cool

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years when September and October had a monthly mean air temperature of less than 21Υ, than in years with 21Υ or more. The date when the daily mean air temperature first decreased to a given temperature after mid-August, was negatively correlated with the fruit skin color on both October 25 and November 25. The date when the daily mean air temperature first decreased to 23Υ or less showed the most significant correlation coefficient: r=-0.59** and -0.60** for October 25 and November 25 fruit skin color, respectively. These results indicate that fruit skin coloration is markedly influenced by the air temperature during September and October, and by encountering a given low temperature before the start of coloration.

4. Coloring delay countermeasure of persimmon by (S)-(㸩㸩)-abscisic acid.

The delay and inferiority of Japanese persimmon `Fuyu’ coloration have become very problematic years. To identify solutions to this problem, this study investigated the effects of treatment with fertilizer containing a natural type of abscisic acid (S-ABA) on fruit skin coloration. Treatment with fertilizer containing S-ABA led to a significant increase in coloration of the fruit apex, reaching a 1.0 higher color chart value, and necessitating a 7㸫10 day earlier harvesting time compared to controls.

Significant effects on treatment with fertilizer containing S-ABA were observed before coloring onset in this study, which corresponds to the period from September to the beginning of October.

However, treatment after the onset of coloring was ineffective. Coloration improvement was observed approximately 10 days after the treatment. Significant differences were found in color chart values compared to control fruits until harvesting. These results suggest that coloration improvement on using fertilizer containing S-ABA was due to accelerating the transition to the coloring period.

5. Enhancement of carotenoid concentration of Japanese persimmon postharvest fruit.

To enhance carotenoid accumulation in the flesh of Japanese persimmons by postharvest treatment, the concentration of carotenoids and the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes were

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investigated at different storage temperatures, 25°C, 10°C and room temperature (about 15.6°C). At 25°C, the concentrations increased not only in carotenes (lycopene, β-carotene and α-carotene), which were synthesized upstream to the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, but also in xanthophylls (β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein), which were synthesized downstream to the pathway, Especially in β-cryptoxanthin, the increase was remarkable. The gene expression of lycopene β-cyclase (DK-LCYb) and β-ring hydroxylase (DK-HYb), which are related to synthesis of β-cryptoxanthin and its precursor (β-carotene), was higher at 25°C than at other temperatures. These

results suggested that the storage temperature at 25°C was good for carotenoid accumulation.

However, at 10°C, the massive increase was observed only in the carotene concentration, especially in lycopene concentration. During 10°C storage, the decrease in gene expression of phytoene synthase (DK-PSY) and ζ-carotene desaturase (DK-ZDS), which are related to synthesis of phytoene and lycopene, was small, although, the gene expression of DK-LCYb and DK-HYb decreased strikingly. At room temperature, carotenoid concentrations and gene expressions were between those at 25°C and 10°C.