(ɜ %)
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2009: Transnational Corporations, Agricultural Production and Development, figure III.6.
ɋɜɚɡɢɥɟɧɞ Ɇɚɥɚɜɢ Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ ɉɚɩɭɚ-ɇɨɜɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɣ ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ Ƚɚɦɛɢɹ Ɇɶɹɧɦɚ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ Ʉɢɬɚɣ Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ ɑɢɥɢ ɉɟɪɭ ȻɘɊ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ ɋɚɥɶɜɚɞɨɪ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ ɍɝɚɧɞɚ Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɹ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ Ȼɨɥɢɜɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ Ʌɢɬɜɚ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɹ Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ ɋɢɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ ɑɟɲɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ
Ʌɚɨɫɫɤɚɹ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨ-Ⱦɟɦ.Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ Ɇɨɡɚɦɛɢɤ ɉɟɪɭ Ƚɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ ɗɮɢɨɩɢɹ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ ȼɚɧɭɚɬɭ Ɏɢɞɠɢ ɑɢɥɢ Ʉɨɫɬɚ-Ɋɢɤɚ Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɂɪɚɧ ȻɘɊ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɹ Ʉɢɬɚɣ Ƚɪɟɰɢɹ Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɭɚ Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɹ Ʌɢɬɜɚ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɋɟɪɛɢɹ Ɍɭɧɢɫ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ ɑɟɲɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ
ɚ) ɉɨɬɨɤɢ,ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɡɚ 2005-2007ɝɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɯɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ,ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ b) ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ, 2007 ɝɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɝɨɞ,ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɉɂɂ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ, ɫɜɟɠɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɨɜɨɳɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɉɂɂ, ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. Ɋɚɫɬɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,ɸɠɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ, ɪɢɫɚ, ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤɚ, ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ, ɰɜɟɬɨɜ, ɫɨɟɜɵɯ ɛɨɛɨɜ, ɦɹɫɚ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɵ; ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɮɪɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ.
ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɪɢɫ, ɩɲɟɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ;
ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɌɇɄ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɨɫɬɧɢɤ ɢ ɯɥɨɩɨɤ ɜ ɸɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ.
ȼ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɢɫɚ ɢ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ, ɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɡɢɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɟɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ɂ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɌɇɄ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɌɇɄ (ɢɥɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɌɇɄ), ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɌɇɄ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɟ, ɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɌɇɄ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦ, ɱɟɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɟɦɤɢɦ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɦ, ɱɟɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɟɧɞɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɸ. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ,ɤɚɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ ɢ ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ.
ɌɇɄ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ,ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 110 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ,Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 2008 ɝɨɞɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ "ɇɟɫɬɥɟ"
(ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɦɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɫ 600 000 ɮɟɪɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 80 ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ "Ɉɥɚɦ" (ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 200 000 ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɜ 60 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ - ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ).
ɉɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ 75% ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɹɫɚ ɩɬɢɰɵ ɢ 35% ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɟɜɵɯ ɛɨɛɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ. ȼɨ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ: 90% ɯɥɨɩɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɟɝɨ
ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, 50% ɱɚɹ ɢ 40% ɪɢɫɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɨɜ. ȼ Ʉɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 60% ɱɚɹ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ,ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ "Ɉɥɚɦ" ɡɚɤɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ 17 ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɪɟɯɢ ɤɟɲɶɸ, ɯɥɨɩɨɤ, ɫɩɟɰɢɢ, ɤɨɮɟ, ɤɚɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɯɚɪ). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɟɬɟɣ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ "ɘɧɢɥɟɜɟɪ"
(ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ/ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɚɥɶɦɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɱɚɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɢ, ɩɨɦɢɞɨɪɵ, ɝɨɪɨɯ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ. Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɭ 100 000 ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ.
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɌɇɄ,ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ (ɬ.ɟ. ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɟɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɬɚɰɢɢ), ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɌɇɄ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ (ɬ.ɟ. ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɡɜɟɧɶɹɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤ): ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ
ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɬ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5).
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɜɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɌɇɄ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɂɡ 25 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ 12 ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ 13 - ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɌɇɄ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ - "ɋɢɦɟ Ⱦɚɪɛɢ ɛɟɪɯɚɞ" (Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ), ɚ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢɡ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ("Ⱦɨɭɥ ɮɭɞ" ɢ "Ⱦɟɥɶ-Ɇɨɧɬɟ") ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5).
ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɌɇɄ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ/ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɩɬɨɜɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɢ ɌɇɄ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ ɌɇɄ "ɇɟɫɬɥɟ"
(ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ) ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ 66 ɦɥɪɞ.
ɞɨɥɥ., ɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ, "ɍɨɥ-Ɇɚɪɬ" (ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ), ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ 63 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɌɇɄ "ɋɢɦɟ Ⱦɚɪɛɢ" (Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ 5 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɌɇɄ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ 39 ɢɡ 50 ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɌɇɄ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ,ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɬɤɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ: ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ
ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ (ɚ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ) ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 20ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.; ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɟɬɟɣ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ 50 ɫɚɦɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ. ɌɇɄ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɦɚɪɤɟɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɩɹɯ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ (22) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5. 25 ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ