Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ 4. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ,ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ
ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
Ɍɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ,ɤɚɤ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ, ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɢɩ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ, ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ɌɇɄ ɧɢɤɨɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ - ɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ - ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɞɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɟɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɦɢɪɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ,ɱɬɨ ɌɇɄ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɉɂɂ ɘɝ-ɘɝ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ). Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ. ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɸ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɚ.
ɏɨɬɹ ɌɇɄ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɧ, ɱɟɬɤɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɬɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɫ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɨɧɢ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɤɨɪɹɬ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɜ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɦɨɝɥɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɇɂɈɄɊ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɌɇɄ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ,ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɢ ɜ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ. Ɉɫɨɛɭɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ,ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,ɧɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɯ.
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɢ,ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɠɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɦ,ɤɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ - ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ,ɬɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ,ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɌɇɄ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɉɂɂ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨ, ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɨɫɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɤ ɫɭɞɚɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɯ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɥɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ.
ɉɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɉɂɂ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. Ɉɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ (ȼȺȺɉɂ) ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɨɥɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ (Ⱥɉɂ) ɜ ɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ,ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. Ɉɬ ɌɇɄ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɟɦɥɟɣ,ɧɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢ ɜɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɬɱɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ 1) ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ;
2) ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ;
3) ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ; 4) ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ; 5) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ; ɢ 6) ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɌɇɄ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɌɇɄ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ: ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɜɵɜɨɡɟ ɉɂɂ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɜɹɡɤɟ
ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɉɂɂ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ,ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ,ɢ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɢ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: 1) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɌɇɄ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ, 2) ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, 3) ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɇɂɈɄɊ, 4) ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɧ, 5) ɪɚɡɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, 6) ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, 7) ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɤɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 8) ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɫɛɵɬɚ, 9) ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ 10) ɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ "ɧɨɜɵɦɢ" ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
ɍɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ Ɇɂɋ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ - ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ,ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ,ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ,ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɇɂɈɄɊ.
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ,ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɣ ɢɪɪɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɈɉɊ ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɫɨɱɬɭɬ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɌɇɄ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɟɣɲɢɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɢɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɌɇɄ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɢ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɫɭɛɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ.
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɉɂɂ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɌɇɄ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ,ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɇɂɈɄɊ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɛɭɞɶ ɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɉȽɐɋ) ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɇɂɈɄɊ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɇɂɈɄɊ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ.
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɂɂ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ
ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɜ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ - ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ - ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɨɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɹɝɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ.
ɂ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɉɂɂ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɉɂɂ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,ɤɚɤ ɩɨɪɬɵ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɐɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɭ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ (ɐȽȼɍ)ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ. ɐɟɥɶ ɐȽȼɍ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɐȽȼɍ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɄɊȾ)ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɐȽȼɍ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɝɪɨɡ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ;
ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɭɬɪɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɋɹɞ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ (ɄɉɊɋȺȺ) ɩɨɞ ɷɝɢɞɨɣ ɇɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ (ɇȿɉȺȾ). ɇɚ ɫɚɦɦɢɬɟ
"ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɤɢ" (Ƚ-8) ɜ Ⱥɤɜɢɥɟ (ɂɬɚɥɢɹ) ɜ ɢɸɥɟ 2009 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɟɬ 20 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ 2009 ɝɨɞɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ "Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ". ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɈɉɊ,ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɌɇɄ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ "ɧɨɜɭɸ ɡɟɥɟɧɭɸ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ"
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɉɂɂ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɩɟɪɜɨɩɪɨɯɨɞɰɟɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɢ, ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦɭ, Ʉɟɧɢɢ ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɸ, ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɭɬɶ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɥɟɝɨɤ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɌɇɄ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ.
ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɩɨɱɟɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɇɊɋ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ "ɧɨɜɨɣ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ" ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɨɣ, ɢ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ,ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɢ ɌɇɄ ɫɵɝɪɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɟɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜɵɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɌɇɄ ɤɚɤ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɘɝɚ ɤ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ. ȼ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɫɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɌɇɄ, ɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤ "ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ". ȼ Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɚɥɶɹɧɫɨɜ ɫ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ȿɳɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɧɨ ɤɪɚɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɦɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɜɭɸ
"ɜɟɥɢɤɭɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ" ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ "ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ" ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɵ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɜ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɉȽɑɋ, ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ "ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ" ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɉȽɑɋ,ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ - ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ - ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
ɀɟɧɟɜɚ,ɢɸɥɶ 2009 ɝɨɞɚ
ɋɭɩɚɱɚɣ ɉɚɧɢɬɱɩɚɤɞɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɶ ɘɇɄɌȺȾ
ɉɊɂɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ
Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ, 2009 ɝɨɞ: Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ,ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABBREVIATIONS
KEY MESSAGES OVERVIEW
PART ONE
FDI TRENDS, POLICIES AND PROSPECTS CHAPTER I. GLOBAL TRENDS: FDI FLOWS IN DECLINE A. THE FINANCIAL CRISIS, ECONOMIC DOWNTURN
AND FDI FLOWS
1. Global slowdown in FDI flows, prompted by the crisis 2. The transmission channels of the crisis
3. Key features of the FDI downturn and underlying factors a. The role of divestments
b. Mode of investment
4. Uneven impact of the crisis on different regions and sectors B. HOW THE LARGEST TNCs ARE COPING WITH THE
GLOBAL CRISIS
1. The 100 largest non-financial TNCs
a. A slowdown of internationalization in 2008
b. The impact of the global crisis on the top 100 TNCs 2. The top 100 TNCs from developing economies
a. A growing role in the world economy
b. The impact of the global crisis on
developing-country TNCs 3. The top 50 financial TNCs
a. Internationalization of the top 50 financial TNCs in 2008
b. The impact of the global crisis on the top 50 financial TNCs
4. Conclusion
C. FDI BY SPECIAL FUNDS
1. Declining FDI by private equity funds
2. FDI by sovereign wealth funds on the rise despite the crisis 3 FDI by private equity funds and sovereign wealth funds
compared
D. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN FDI POLICIES 1. Developments at the national level
a. Major policy trends
b. Policies introduced in response to the financial crisis and their potential impact on FDI
2. Developments at the international level a. Bilateral investment treaties b. Double taxation treaties
c. International investment agreements other than BITs and DTTs
d. Investor-State dispute settlement
e. International investment agreements and the financial crisis
E. PROSPECTS
CHAPTER II. REGIONAL TRENDS