Ȳɿʉʖɻʅɿʃɼ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ

ȵʀʆɲɿ ɶʆʘʍʏʊ ʊʏɿ ʏɲ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʑʃɻ ɲʆɲʄʊɶʘʎ ʏɿʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ ʏʉʐ ʋɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎ ʍʏʉ ʉʋʉʀʉ ɲ-ʆɲʋʏʑʍʍʉʆʏɲɿ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʐʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏɻ ɴɿʉʖɻʅɿʃɼ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʏʉʐʎ. ȸ ʋɿʉ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɼ ɲʄʄɲɶɼ ʍʏɻ ɴɿʉʖɻʅɿʃɼ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺɸʏɲɿ ʊʏɲʆ ʏɲ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʑʃɻ ɲʆɲʋʏʑʍʍʉʆʏɲɿ ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ ʃɲʏɲʋʊʆɻʍɻʎ ʊʋʘʎ ɶɿɲ ʋɲʌɳɷɸɿɶʅɲ ʐʗɻʄɼ ɽɸʌʅʉʃʌɲ-ʍʀɲ, ʐʗɻʄɼ ɲʄɲʏʊʏɻʏɲ, ʐʗɻʄɼ ɹʆʏɲʍɻ ʔʘʏʊʎ ɼ ɹʄʄɸɿʗɻ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ (Hu, 2004;

Markou and Nerantzis, 2013). ȸ ɴɿʉʖɻʅɿʃɼ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʐʃʙʆ ʋʉʐ ɸʇɸʏɳʍʏɻʃɲʆ ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɸʎ ʋɸʌɿɴɲʄʄʉʆʏɿʃɹʎ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʍʏʉʆ Ʌʀʆɲʃɲ 1.

Ɉʉ A. Platensis ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɹʄʄɸɿʗɻ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ʍʏɿʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɸʎ ʅɸ ɷʊʍɸɿʎ 7,5 ʃɲɿ 15 mg-N/L/d ʉɿ ʉʋʉʀɸʎ ɸʀʖɲʆ ʃɲɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʖɲʅɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʍɸ ʋʌʘʏɸʂʆɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʖʌʘʍʏɿʃɹʎ (Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 2). Ɉʉ C. vulgaris ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɹʄʄɸɿʗɻ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ʅʊʆʉ ʍʏɿʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɸʎ ʅɸ 7,5 mg-N/L/d ɹʖʉʆʏɲʎ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ʅɸɿʘʅɹʆɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʍɸ ʋʌʘʏɸʂ-ʆɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʖʌʘʍʏɿʃɹʎ ʃɲɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳ ɲʐʇɻʅɹʆɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʍɸ ʐɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ. ȸ ʍʐʍʍʙʌɸʐ-ʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʐɷɲʏɲʆɽʌɳʃʘʆ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɶʆʘʍʏʊ ʊʏɿ ʍʐʆʉɷɸʑɸʏɲɿ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʅɸʀʘʍʐʍʍʙʌɸʐ-ʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏɻʎ

Ʌʀʆɲʃɲʎ 1. Ȳɿʉʖɻʅɿʃɼ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʏʉʐ A. platensis ʃɲɿ C. vulgaris

ɀɿʃʌʉʔʑʃʉʎ Ʌʌʉʍɽɼʃɻ ɲʅʅʘʆʀɲʎ (mgN/L/d)

7,5 15 30 ɀɳʌʏʐʌɲʎ

Ʌʌʘʏɸʂʆɸʎ (%) 19,12 ± 1,04 28,56 ± 2,46 38,85 ± 1,11 35,75± 1,44 ɉɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ (%) 47,22 ± 2,53 33,89 ± 1,54 18,91 ± 1,54 9,78 ± 0,66 ȿɿʋʀɷɿɲ (%) 11,45 ± 1,07 10,08 ± 0,39 8,87 ± 0,5 7,58 ± 0,42 Ɍʐʃʉʃʐɲʆʀʆɻ (%) 2,1 ± 0,33 3,97 ± 0,49 9,08 ± 1,23 9,5 ± 1,38 ɍʄʘʌʉʔʑʄʄɻ ɲ (%) 0,57 ± 0,08 0,9 ± 0,05 1,39 ± 0,04 1,57 ± 0,12

A. platensis

Ⱦɲʌʉʏɹʆɿɲ (%) 0,19 ± 0,01 0,23 ±0,02 0,31 ± 0,01 0,24 ± 0,02 Ʌʌʘʏɸʂʆɸʎ (%) 32,47 ± 0,44 51,6 ± 1,51 59 ± 2,41 48,33 ± 3,9 ɉɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ (%) 24,45 ± 1,2 16,72 ± 0,63 18,01 ± 1 20,42 ± 2,26 ȿɿʋʀɷɿɲ (%) 33,94 ± 1,2 28,83 ± 0,78 31,16 ± 0,73 13,87 ± 2,02 ɍʄʘʌʉʔʑʄʄɻ ɲ (%) 1,15 ± 0,17 2,71 ± 0,07 3,01 ± 0,02 2,73 ± 0,2 ɍʄʘʌʉʔʑʄʄɻ ɴ (%) 0,74 ± 0,06 1,97 ± 0,08 2,54 ± 0,1 1,7 ± 0,14

C. vulgaris

Ⱦɲʌʉʏɹʆɿɲ (%) 0,39 ± 0,02 0,49 ± 0,02 0,51 ± 0,02 0,56 ± 0,03 ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʍɸ ɳʄʄɲ ɴɿʉʖɻʅɿʃɳ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀɲ ʊʋʘʎ ʉɿ ʋʌʘʏɸʂʆɸʎ, ʖʄʘʌʉʔʑʄʄɻ, ʔʐʃʉʃʐɲʆʀʆɻ ʃʄʋ (Markou et al., 2014b). ȸ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʍɸ ʐɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ ʍʐʖʆɳ ʍʐʍʖɸʏʀɺɸʏɲɿ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɹʄʄɸɿʗɻ ɽʌɸʋʏɿʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ, ɷɻʄɲɷɼ ʊʏɲʆ ʏɲ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʑʃɻ ɲʆɲʋʏʑʍʍʉ-ʆʏɲɿ ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ɹʄʄɸɿʗɻ ʃɳʋʉɿʉʐ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʉʐ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ʏɳʍɻ ʆɲ ʍʐʍʍʘʌɸʑʉʐʆ ʐɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ ʍʏɻʆ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲ ʏʉʐʎ. ȳɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʄʊɶʉ ɲʐʏʊ ɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʍɸ ʐɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ ʅɸ-ʏʌɼɽɻʃɸ ʃɲɽ’ ʊʄɻ ʏɻʆ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ʏʉʐ ʋɸɿʌɳʅɲʏʉʎ.

Ʉʋʘʎ ʔɲʀʆɸʏɲɿ ʍʏʉ ȳʌɳʔɻʅɲ 2 ɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ɸɿɷʙʆ ʍɸ ʐ-ɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ ɼʏɲʆ ɸʀʏɸ ʍʖɸɷʊʆ ʍʏɲɽɸʌɼ ʃɲɽ’ ʊʄɻ ʏɻ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ, ɸʀʏɸ ɲʐʇɲʆʊʏɲʆ ɸʄɲʔʌɳ. ȵʀʆɲɿ ʇɸʃɳɽɲʌʉ ʊʏɿ ɻ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʌʉʔʉɷʉʍʀɲʎ ɲɺʙʏʉʐ ɼʏɲʆ ɸʅʔɲʆɼʎ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʋʌʙ-ʏɸʎ ʅɹʌɸʎ ʏɻʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ ɸʋʀʋɸɷʉ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍɸ ʐɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ ɼʏɲʆ ʐʗɻʄʊ-ʏɸʌʉ ʊʍʉ ʖɲʅɻʄʊʏɸʌɻ ɼʏɲʆ ɻ ɷʊʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɲɺʙʏʉʐ. ɇʏɿʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɸʎ ʅɸ ʋɸʌʀʍʍɸɿɲ ɲɺʙʏʉʐ ɻ ɴɿʉʖɻʅɿʃɼ ʍʑʍʏɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʋɲʌʉʐʍʀɲʍɸ ɿʃɲʆʉʋʉɿɻʏɿʃɳ ɸʋʀʋɸɷɲ ʋʌʘʏɸʂʆɻʎ, ʄɿʋɿɷʀʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʖʌʘʍʏɿʃʙʆ, ɶɸɶʉʆʊʎ ʋʉʐ ɷɸʀʖʆɸɿ ʊʏɿ ʏɲ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʑʃɻ ʃɲʄʄɿɸʌɶɻʅɹʆɲ ʅɸ ɲʆɳʃʏɻʍɻ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀ-ʘʆ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɿʃɳ ɲʋʊɴʄɻʏɲ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ɹʖʉʐʆ ɸʆɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʆ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʏʉʐʎ ʘʎ ʍʐʅʋʄɼʌʘʅɲ ʏɻʎ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɼʎ. ȶʖɸɿ ɲʋʉɷɸɿʖʏɸʀ ɲʋʊ ʋʉʄʐɳʌɿɽʅɸʎ ɸʌɸʐʆɻʏɿʃɹʎ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɸʎ ʊʏɿ ʊʏɲʆ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʑʃɻ ʘʎ ʍʐʅʋʄɼʌʘʅɲ ʍʏɻʆ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɼ ʅɸ ʍʐʅʅɸʏʉʖɼ 5-10%

ɹʖʉʐʆ ɽɸʏɿʃɼ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻ ʊʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏɻʆ ʐɶɸʀɲ ʏʘʆ ɺʙʘʆ ɲʄʄɳ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʋʉɿʊʏɻʏɲ ʏʘʆ ʋɲ-ʌɲɶʊʅɸʆʘʆ ʋʌʉʁʊʆʏʘʆ (ʃʌɹɲʎ, ɲʐɶɳ ʃʄʋ). ȸ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɼ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʐʃʙʆ ʘʎ ʍʐʅʋʄɼ-ʌʘʅɲ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɼʎ ɲʇɿʉʋʉɿʙʆʏɲʎ ʏɲ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɿʃɳ ɲʋʊɴʄɻʏɲ ɽɲ ʅʋʉʌʉʑʍɸ ʆɲ ʅɸɿʙʍɸɿ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɲʆɳʄʘʍɻ ɸɿʍɲɶʊʅɸʆʘʆ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔʙʆ ʊʋʘʎ ʍʊɶɿɲ ʃʄʋ (Belay et al., 1996; Gouveia et al., 1996; Lemahieu et al., 2014; Lemahieu et al., 2013; Ross and Dominy, 1990).

Ɉɲ ɅȰ ʃɲɿ ʃɲʏ’ ɸʋɹʃʏɲʍɻ ɻ ʏɹʔʌɲ ʏʉʐʎ, ʋɸʌɿɹʖʉʐʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ʋʉʍʊʏɻʏɸʎ ɴɲʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄ-ʄʘʆ ʊʋʘʎ Cu, Cd, Ni ʃ.ɲ. Ɉɲ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʑʃɻ ɶɸʆɿʃɳ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʅɿɲ ʐʗɻʄɼ ʏɳʍɻ ɶɿɲ ɴɿʉʌʌʊʔɻʍɻ ɴɲ-ʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ (Markou et al., 2015b) ʉʋʊʏɸ ɻ ɸʋɿʅʊʄʐʆʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʅɸ ɴɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʋʉʄʑ ʋɿɽɲʆɼ. ȳɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʄʊɶʉ ɲʐʏʊ ɻ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʏɹʔʌɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɼ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʐ-ʃʙʆ ʅɸ ʍʃʉʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʘʎ ʍʐʅʋʄɼʌʘʅɲ ʏɻʎ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɼʎ ɽɲ ʋʌɹʋɸɿ ʋʌʙʏɲ ʆɲ ɸʄɸɶ-ʖɽɸʀ ɸʅʋɸʌɿʍʏɲʏʘʅɹʆɲ ɶɿɲ ʆɲ ɷɿɲʍʔɲʄɿʍʏɸʀ ɻ ʃɲʏɲʄʄɻʄʊʄɻʏɲ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʍʃʉʋʊ ɲʐʏʊ.

Περιβάλλον 609

ɍʌʊʆʉʎ (d)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ɉɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ (%)

0 20 40 60 80

7.5 mgN/L/d 15 mgN/L/d 30 mgN/L/d

Į)

^{ɍʌʊʆʉʎ (d)}

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

ɉɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ (%)

10 20 30 40

7.5 mgN/L/d 15 mgN/L/d 30 mgN/L/d

ȕ)

ȳʌɳʔɻʅɲ 2. ȴɿɲʃʑʅɲʆʍɻ ʋɸʌɿɸʃʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʍɸ ʐɷɲʏɳʆɽʌɲʃɸʎ ʏʉʐ (ɲ) A. platensis ʃɲɿ (ɴ) ʏʉʐ C. vulgaris

4. ɇɉɀɅȵɆȰɇɀȰɈȰ

ɇʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ɷɿɸʌɸʐʆɼɽɻʃɸ ɻ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʏɹʔʌɲʎ ʃɲɿ ɲʆɲʃʏɻʅɹʆɻʎ ɲʅʅʘʆʀɲʎ ɲʋʊ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɿʃɳ ɲʋʊɴʄɻʏɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲ ʏʉʐ A. platensis ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐ C. vulgaris. Ⱦɲɿ ʏɲ ɷʑʉ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʑʃɻ ʅʋʊʌɸʍɲʆ ʃɲɿ ɲʆɲʋʏʑʖɽɻʃɲʆ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʏɹʔʌɲʎ ʘʎ ʋɻɶɼ ɲʆʊʌɶɲʆʘʆ ɽʌɸʋʏɿ-ʃʙʆ ʍʏʉɿʖɸʀʘʆ ʃɲɿ ɲʆɲʃʏɻʅɹʆɻʎ ɲʅʅʘʆʀɲʎ ʘʎ ʋɻɶɼ ɲɺʙʏʉʐ. ȸ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʐ-ʃʙʆ ɸʀʖɸ ɷɿɲʃʐʅɳʆʍɸɿʎ ʍʏɿʎ ɷɿɳʔʉʌɸʎ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɸʎ ʍʏɿʎ ʉʋʉʀɸʎ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɲʆ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸ-ʏɿʃɼʎ ʍʐɶʃɹʆʏʌʘʍɻʎ ɲʆɲʃʏɻʅɹʆɻʎ ɲʅʅʘʆʀɲʎ. Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ɷɸʀʖʆʉʐʆ ʊʏɿ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɷʐʆɲʏɼ ɻ ɲʇɿʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʏɹʔʌɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɲʅʅʘʆʀɲʎ ɲʋʊ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɿʃɳ ɲʋʊɴʄɻʏɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʄʄɿɹʌɶɸɿɲ ʅɿʃʌʉʔʐʃʙʆ, ɲʄʄɳ ɽɲ ʋʌɹʋɸɿ ʆɲ ɶʀʆɸɿ ʅɿɲ ɸʃʏɸʏɲʅɹʆɻ ɹʌɸʐʆɲ ʋɳʆʘ ʍʏʉ ɽɹʅɲ ʏɻʎ ɸʋɿʅʊʄʐʆ-ʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʅɳɺɲʎ ʅɸ ɴɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ʋʌɿʆ ɲʐʏɼ ɽɸʘʌɻɽɸʀ ʃɲʏɳʄʄɻʄɻ ɶɿɲ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʘʎ ʍʐʅʋʄɻ-ʌʙʅɲʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ʋʏɻʆʉʏʌʉʔɼʎ.

ȵɉɍȰɆȻɇɈȻȵɇ

Ɉʉ ɹʌɶʉ ɸʆʏɳʍʍɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ Ʌʌɳʇɻ «ȵʃʋʊʆɻʍɻ ʍʖɸɷʀʘʆ ȵʌɸʐʆɻʏɿʃʙʆ & Ɉɸʖʆʉʄʉɶɿʃʙʆ Ȱʆɲ-ʋʏʐʇɿɲʃʙʆ ɹʌɶʘʆ Ⱦɲɿʆʉʏʉʅʀɲʎ (ȰɶʌʉȵɈȰȾ)» ʅɸ MIS 453350, ʍʏʉ ʋʄɲʀʍɿʉ ʏʉʐ ȵɅ «Ȱʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ Ȱʆɽʌʙʋɿʆʉʐ ȴʐʆɲʅɿʃʉʑ», ȵɇɅȰ 2007-2013. Ɉʉ ɹʌɶʉ ʍʐɶʖʌɻʅɲʏʉɷʉʏɸʀʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ ȵʐʌʘʋɲʁʃʊ Ⱦʉɿʆʘʆɿʃʊ Ɉɲʅɸʀʉ (ȵȾɈ) ʃɲɿ ɲʋʊ ȵɽʆɿʃʉʑʎ Ʌʊʌʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʐʆʏʉʆʀɺɸʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏʉʆ ȵȿȳɃ-ȴȸɀȸɈɆȰ, Ȼʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉ ȵɷɲʔʉʒɷɲʏɿʃʙʆ Ʌʊʌʘʆ, Ɉʅɼʅɲ ȳɸʘʌɶɿʃɼʎ ɀɻʖɲʆɿʃɼʎ/ ɉʋɸʑɽʐʆʉʎ Ʌɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻʎ: ȴʌ ȴɻʅɼʏʌɻʎ Ƀɿʃʉʆʊʅʉʐ.

ȲȻȲȿȻɃȳɆȰɌȻȰ

Abelha, P., Gulyurtlu, I., Boavida, D., Seabra Barros, J., Cabrita, I., Leahy, J., Kelleher, B., Leahy, M. 2003. Combustion of poultry litter in a fluidised bed combustor. Fuel, 82, 687-692.

Belay, A., Kato, T., Ota, Y. 1996. Spirulina (Arthrospira): potential application as an animal feed supplement. J. Appl. Phycol., 8, 303-311.

Bock, B. 2004. Poultry litter to energy: Technical and economic feasibility. Carbon, 24, 27.2.

Cang, L., Wang, Y.-j., Zhou, D.-m., Dong, Y.-h. 2004. Heavy metals pollution in poultry and livestock feeds and manures under intensive farming in Jiangsu Province, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16, 371-374.

Codling, E.E., Chaney, R.L., Sherwell, J. 2002. Poultry litter ash as a potential phosphorus source for agricultural crops. J. Environ. Qual., 31, 954-961.

Gouveia, L., Veloso, V., Reis, A., Fernandes, H., Novais, J., Empis, J. 1996. Chlorella vulgaris used to Colour Egg Yolk. J. Sci. Food Agric., 70, 167-172.

He, Z., Senwo, Z.N., Mankolo, R.N., Honeycutt, C.W. 2006. Phosphorus fractions in poultry litter characterized by sequential fractionation coupled with phosphatase hydrolysis.

Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 4, 304.

Hu, Q. 2004. Environmental effects on cell composition. in: Handbook of microalgal culture:

biotechnology and applied phycology, (Ed.) A. Richmond, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford.

Irshad, M., Yamamoto, S., Honna, T., Eneji, A.E. 2009. Characterization of trace elements in chicken and duck litter ash. Waste Manag., 29, 265-271.

Kelleher, B., Leahy, J., Henihan, A., O'dwyer, T., Sutton, D., Leahy, M. 2002. Advances in poultry litter disposal technology–a review. Bioresour. Technol., 83, 27-36.

Lemahieu, C., Bruneel, C., Termote-Verhalle, R., Muylaert, K., Buyse, J., Foubert, I. 2014.

Effect of different microalgal nо3 PUFA supplementation doses on yolk color and nо3 LC-PUFA enrichment in the egg. Algal Research, 6, Part B, 119-123.

Lemahieu, C., Bruneel, C., Termote-Verhalle, R., Muylaert, K., Buyse, J., Foubert, I. 2013.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched eggs by microalgal supplem-entation. Lipid Technology, 25, 204-206.

Markou, G. 2014. Effect of Various Colors of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the Biomass Composition of Arthrospira platensis Cultivated in Semi-continuous Mode. Appl. Biochem.

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Markou, G., Mitrogiannis, D., Çelekli, A., Bozkurt, H., Georgakakis, D., Chrysikopoulos, C.V.

2015b. Biosorption of Cu²⁺ and Ni²⁺ by Arthrospira platensis with different biochemical compositions. Chem. Eng. J., 259, 806-813.

Markou, G., Nerantzis, E. 2013. Microalgae for high-value compounds and biofuels pro-duction: A review with focus on cultivation under stress conditions. Biotechnol. Adv., 31, 1532-1542.

Markou, G., Vandamme, D., Muylaert, K. 2014a. Ammonia inhibition on Arthrospira platensis in relation to the initial biomass density and pH. Bioresour. Technol., 166, 259–265.

Markou, G., Vandamme, D., Muylaert, K. 2014b. Microalgal and cyanobacterial cultivation:

The supply of nutrients. Water Res., 65, 186-202.

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Περιβάλλον 611

ȴȻȵɆȵɉɁȸɇȸ Ɉȸɇ ɆɉɅȰɁɇȸɇ ȻȷȸɀȰɈɃɇ ɀȵ ȲȰɆȵȰ ɀȵɈȰȿȿȰ ɇɈȸɁ ȰɅɃɇɈɆȰȳȳȻɇɈȻȾȸ-ȰɆȴȵɉɈȻȾȸ ɈȰɌɆɃ “ȰɇɀȰȾȻɃɉ”, ȺȵɇɇȰȿȻȰɇ, ȵȿȿȰȴȰ

Ȱ. Ȱʐɶʉʐʍʏɼʎ^1,, ɇ. Ʌɲʋɲɷʊʋʉʐʄʉʎ², Ȼ. ȳʌɳɴɲʄʉʎ¹, ȴ. Ⱦɲʏɹʌɻʎ¹, Ȱ. ȳɸʘʌɶɿɳɷɻʎ¹, ȷ. Ɉʍɿʌʊʋʉʐʄʉʎ¹, Ʌ. ɂʐʌɲɷɳʃɻʎ¹

1Ɉʅɼʅɲ ɀɻʖɲʆɿʃɼʎ Ȳɿʉʍʐʍʏɻʅɳʏʘʆ, ɇʖʉʄɼ Ɉɸʖʆʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ ȳɸʘʋʉʆʀɲʎ, ɈȵȻ Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʀɲʎ, 41100 ȿɳʌɿʍɲ, [email protected]

2ɅȵȳȵȰȿ Ⱦɸʆʏʌɿʃɼʎ ȵʄʄɳɷʉʎ Ɂʉʅʉʑ ȿɳʌɿʍɲʎ, Ȼʘɲʆʆʀʆʘʆ ʃɲɿ Ȱʐʄʙʆʉʎ 41334, ȿɳʌɿʍɲ

Ʌɸʌʀʄɻʗɻ

ɇʏɻʆ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ɲʐʏɼ ʋɲʌʉʐʍɿɳɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʏɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ʏʘʆ ʖɻʅɿʃʙʆ ɲʆɲʄʑʍɸʘʆ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʊ ɸʋʏɳ ɴɲʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ (Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn ʃɲɿ Hg) ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃɼʎ ʉʐʍʀɲʎ ʍʏʉ ʀɺɻʅɲ ʏʉʐ ʏʌʉʋʉʋʉɿɻʅɹʆʉʐ ʐɷɳʏɿʆʉʐ ʍʙʅɲʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ʃɸʆʏʌɿʃɼʎ ɲʋʉʍʏʌɲɶɶɿʍʏɿʃɼʎ - ɲʌɷɸʐʏɿʃɼʎ ʏɳʔʌʉʐ ʏʉʐ “Ȱʍʅɲʃʀʉʐ” ʍʏɻ Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʀɲ ʃɲɿ ʍɸ ʋɲʌɲʃɲʅʋʏɼʌɿɸʎ ʏɳʔʌʉʐʎ ʏʉʐ (ɲʋʉʍʏʌɲɶɶɿʍʏɿʃɹʎ-ɲʌɷɸʐʏɿʃɹʎ ʏɳʔʌʉɿ 8Ɉ, 9Ɉ, 1Ɉ), ʃɲʏɳ ʏɲ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ɷʑʉ ɸʏʙʆ (Ȼʉʑʄɿʉʎ 2013 ʃɲɿ Ȼʉʑʄɿʉʎ 2014). Ʌʌɲɶʅɲʏʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɸ ʍʑɶʃʌɿʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʍʅɳʏʘʆ ʅɸ ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɸʎ ʅɸʏʌɼʍɸɿʎ ʋʉʐ ɹɶɿʆɲʆ ʍʏʉ ʀɷɿʉ ʖʌʉʆɿʃʊ ɷɿɳʍʏɻʅɲ ʏɲ ɹʏɻ 2008, 2009, 2010 ʃɲɿ 2011. Ȱʋʊ ʏɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ʏʘʆ ʖɻʅɿʃʙʆ ɲʆɲʄʑʍɸʘʆ ɷɿɲʋɿʍʏʙɽɻʃɸ ʊʏɿ ʏɲ ɸʋʀʋɸɷɲ ʏʘʆ ɴɲʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ ʍʏʉ ʀɺɻʅɲ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʆɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆɻ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ʅɸʄɹʏɻʎ ɼʏɲʆ ɲʌʃɸʏɳ ʖɲʅɻʄʊʏɸʌɲ ɲʋʊ ɲʐʏɳ ʋʉʐ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʉʌɿʍɽɸʀ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ȵʐʌʘʋɲʁʃɼ ʆʉʅʉɽɸʍʀɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɲ ʅɹɶɿʍʏɲ ɸʋɿʏʌɸʋʏɳ ʊʌɿɲ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɿʄʑʉʎ ʍʏɻ ɶɸʘʌɶʀɲ.

ȿɹʇɸɿʎ ʃʄɸɿɷɿɳ: ɉɶʌʊʏʉʋʉʎ, Ɇʑʋɲʆʍɻ, Ȳɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ, ȼɺɻʅɲ

INVESTIGATION OF SEDIMENT POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS IN DRAINAGE, IRRIGATION DITCH “ASMAKIOU”, THESSALY, GREECE

A. Avgoustis^1,, S. Papadopoulos², I. Gravalos¹,D. Kateris¹, A. Georgiadis¹, Z. Tsiropoulos¹, P. Xiradakis¹

1Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Agricultural Technology, TEI of Thessaly, Greece, [email protected]

2PEGEAL Central Greece Prefecture of Larissa, Ioanninon and Avlonos 41334, Larissa, Abstract

This paper presents the results of chemical analyzes to identify six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn ʃɲɿ Hg) and organic matter in the sediment in the modified aquatic ecosystem of the central drain - irrigation ditch "Asmakiou" in Thessaly and to bypass the trenches (drainage - irrigation ditches 8T, 9T, 1T) in the course of two years (July 2013 and July 2014). Ɉhe results are compared with corresponding measurements made during the same period in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. As seen from the results of chemical analyzes found that the levels of heavy metals in sediment reported study area is quite lower than those laid down by European Community legislation on the maximum sludge utilization limits in agriculture.

Key words: Wetland, Pollution, Heavy metals, Sediment

9^ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο Εταιρείας Γεωργικών Μηχανικών Ελλάδος

“Καινοτομία και Νέες Τεχνολογίες στη Γεωργική Μηχανική και τη Διαχείριση Φυσικών Πόρων”

Θεσσαλονίκη 8-9 Οκτωβρίου 2015

613

1. ȵȻɇȰȳɏȳȸ

ɇʃʉʋʊʎ ʏɻʎ ɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʎ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʆɲ ɷɿɲʋɿʍʏʘɽɸʀ ɻ ɸʋɿɴɳʌʐʆʍɻ ʅɸ ɴɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ʍʏʉ ʀɺɻʅɲ ʏʉʐ ʏʌʉʋʉʋʉɿɻʅɹʆʉʐ ʐɷɳʏɿʆʉʐ ʍʙʅɲʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ʃɸʆʏʌɿʃɼʎ ɲʋʉʍʏʌɲɶɶɿʍʏɿʃɼʎ-ɲʌɷɸʐʏɿʃɼʎ ʏɳʔʌʉʐ ʏʉʐ «Ȱʍʅɲʃʀʉʐ» (ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ Ⱥɸʍʍɲʄʀɲʎ) ʃɲɿ ʍɸ ʋɲʌɲʃɲʅʋʏɼʌɿɸʎ ʏɳʔʌʉʐʎ ʏʉʐ (ɲʋʉʍʏʌɲɶɶɿʍʏɿʃɹʎ-ɲʌɷɸʐʏɿʃɹʎ ʏɳʔʌʉɿ 8Ɉ, 9Ɉ, 1Ɉ), ʃɲʏɳ ʏɲ ɷɿɳʌʃɸɿɲ ɷʑʉ ɸʏʙʆ (Ȼʉʑʄɿʉʎ 2013 ʃɲɿ Ȼʉʑʄɿʉʎ 2014) ʃɲɿ ɻ ʍʑɶʃʌɿʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʍʅɳʏʘʆ ʅɸ ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɸʎ ʅɸʏʌɼʍɸɿʎ ʋʉʐ ʋʌɲɶʅɲʏʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʏɲ ɹʏɻ 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 ʃɲɿ 2014 ʃɲɿ ʆɲ ʐʋʉɴʄɻɽʉʑʆ ʋʌʉʏɳʍɸɿʎ ʍʏʉ ʃɲʏɳ ʋʊʍʉ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɷʐʆɲʏʊ ʆɲ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɻɽɸʀ ɻ ɿʄʑʎ ʍɸ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ ɸʇʐɶʀɲʆʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ, ɶɿɲ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃʉʑʎ ʍʃʉʋʉʑʎ. Ɉɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲ ʏʘʆ ʖɻʅɿʃʙʆ ɲʆɲʄʑʍɸʘʆ ɼʏɲʆ ʋʉʄʑ ʃɳʏʘ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ʔʐʍɿʉʄʉɶɿʃɳ ʊʌɿɲ, ʃɳʏɿ ʋʉʐ ɸʇɻɶɸʀʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏʉ ɶɸɶʉʆʊʎ ʊʏɿ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɷɸʆ ʄɸɿʏʉʐʌɶʉʑʆ ʅɸɶɳʄɸʎ ɴɿʉʅɻʖɲʆʀɸʎ ʏʘʆ ʉʋʉʀʘʆ ʏɲ ɲʋʊɴʄɻʏɲ ʆɲ ʋɸʌɿɹʖʉʐʆ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ʍʐɶʃɸʆʏʌʙʍɸɿʎ ɴɲʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ.

ɏʎ ʃʐʌɿʊʏɸʌɸʎ ʋɻɶɹʎ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʅɸ ɴɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ɽɸʘʌʉʑʆʏɲɿ ʏɲ ɴɿʉʅɻʖɲʆɿʃɳ ɲʋʊɴʄɻʏɲ, ʏɲ ɲʍʏɿʃɳ ʄʑʅɲʏɲ, ʉɿ ɶɸʘʌɶɿʃɹʎ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ, ɸʆʙ ɷɸʆ ɲʋʉʃʄɸʀʉʆʏɲɿ ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ʔʐʍɿʃɹʎ ʋɻɶɹʎ ʊʋʘʎ ɻ ɷɿɳɴʌʘʍɻ ʋɸʏʌʘʅɳʏʘʆ. ȸ ʅɹʏʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɴɲʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ ʍɸ ɷɿɳʔʉʌʉʐʎ ʐɶʌʉʏʊʋʉʐʎ μɲʎ ɷʀʆɸɿ ʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌʀɸʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɳʍʏɲʍɼ ʏʉʐʎ, ɷɻʄɲɷɼ ʉɿ ʏɿʅɹʎ ʏʘʆ ɴɲʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ ʋʉʐ ʅɸʏʌʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʆʏɿʃɲʏʉʋʏʌʀɺʉʐʆ ʏʉ ɴɲɽʅʊ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ (Yu, et al., 2012; Jamshidi-Zanjani and Saeedi, 2013; Li et al., 2015).

ɇʏɻ ɷɸʃɲɸʏʀɲ ʏʉʐ 1970 ɸʅʔɲʆʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʋʉʄʄɳ ʆɹɲ ʋʌʉɴʄɼʅɲʏɲ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɴɲɽʅɿɲʀɲ ɲʑʇɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɴɲʌɹʘʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ ʍʏɲ ɿɺɼʅɲʏɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏʉ ʆɸʌʊ ʏʘʆ ʋʉʏɲʅʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʄɿʅʆʙʆ. ȸ ɴɿʉʍʐʍʍʙʌɸʐʍɻ ʍʏɲ ʗɳʌɿɲ ɸʀʖɸ ʘʎ ɲʋʉʏɹʄɸʍʅɲ ʏɻʆ ɲʆɳɶʃɻ ɸʋɹʅɴɲʍɻʎ ʍʏɿʎ ʋɻɶɹʎ ʏʉʐʎ, ɿɷɿɲʀʏɸʌɲ ʏʘʆ ʋɿʉ ɸʋɿɴʄɲɴʙʆ ʅɸʏɳʄʄʘʆ, ʊʋʘʎ ʉ ʐɷʌɳʌɶʐʌʉʎ ʃɲɿ ʉ ʅʊʄʐɴɷʉʎ. Ɉɻʆ ʀɷɿɲ ʋɸʌʀʉɷʉ ɻ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʋɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎ ɸɿʍɹʌʖɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ʅɿɲ ʆɹɲ ʔɳʍɻ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɼ ʃɲɿ ʖʌɼʍɻ ʋʉʄʄʙʆ ʍʐʆɽɸʏɿʃʙʆ ʉʐʍɿʙʆ. Ɉʉ ɲʋʉʏɹʄɸʍʅɲ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʆɲ ʐʋɳʌʖʉʐʆ ɲʐʏɹʎ ʋɲʆʏʉʑ ʍɼʅɸʌɲ ʍʏɲ ʐʋʊɶɸɿɲ ʃɲɿ ɸʋɿʔɲʆɸɿɲʃɳ ʆɸʌɳ. Ƀɿ ɸʋɿʋʏʙʍɸɿʎ ʍʏɻʆ ʐɶɸʀɲ ʏʘʆ ɲʆɽʌʙʋʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʉɿʃʉʍʐʍʏɻʅɳʏʘʆ ɳʌʖɿʍɲʆ ʆɲ ʅɸʄɸʏʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɸʆʏɲʏɿʃɳ ʃɲɿ ɻ ɹʌɸʐʆɲ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ ɹʄɸɶʖʉ, ʅɸʀʘʍɻ ɼ ʋɸʌɿʉʌɿʍʅʊ ʏʉʐʎ ɲʋʉʏɸʄʉʑʆ ʏɻʆ ʃʑʌɿɲ ʋʌʉʍʋɳɽɸɿɲ ʏʘʆ ɸʋʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɸʏʙʆ. (Ȱʆʏʘʆʊʋʉʐʄʉʎ, 2003).

ɇɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎ ʃɲʏɲʍʏʌʉʔɹʎ ɲʋʊ ɴɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ʍɸ ɷɿɳʔʉʌɲ ʉɿʃʉʍʐʍʏɼʅɲʏɲ, ɸʆʀʍʖʐʍɲʆ ʏɻʆ ɸʆʏʑʋʘʍɻ, ʊʏɿ ʋʌʊʃɸɿʏɲɿ ɶɿɲ μɿɲ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ʋɿʉ ɸʋɿʃʀʆɷʐʆɸʎ ʅʉʌʔɹʎ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ ʋɸʌɿɴɳʄ-ʄʉʆʏʉʎ. ɇɸ ɲʆʏʀɽɸʍɻ μɸ ʏɿʎ ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌɸʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʃɹʎ ɴʄɲɴɸʌɹʎ ɸʆʙʍɸɿʎ, ʏɲ ɴɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ɸʆʙʍɸɿʎ ʏʉʐʎ ɷɸʆ ɲʆʉɿʃʉɷʉʅʉʑʆʏɲɿ μɸ ʔʐʍɿʃɹʎ ɷɿɸʌɶɲʍʀɸʎ ʍʏɲ ʐɷɳʏɿʆɲ ʉɿʃʉʍʐ-ʍʏɼʅɲʏɲ, ɲʄʄɳ μɸ ɷɿɳʔʉʌʉʐʎ ʅɻʖɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ ʍʐʍʍʘʌɸʑʉʆʏɲɿ ʍʏʉʐʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ ʊʋʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʋɲʌɲʅɹʆʉʐʆ ɶɿɲ ʅɸɶɳʄʉ ʖʌʉʆɿʃʊ ɷɿɳʍʏɻʅɲ. Ɉʉʇɿʃɳ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ʊʋʘʎ ʉ ʐɷʌɳʌɶʐʌʉʎ, ʉ ʅʊʄʐɴɷʉʎ, ʏʉ ʃɳɷʅɿʉ ʃɲɿ ʋʉʄʄɳ ɳʄʄɲ, ʃɲʏɲʄɼɶʉʐʆ ɷɿɲ ʅɹʍʉʐ ʏɻʎ ɴɿʉʄʉɶɿʃɼʎ ʏʌʉʔɿʃɼʎ ɲʄʐʍʀɷɲʎ, ʍʏɲ ɲʆʙʏɸʌɳ ʏɻʎ μɹʄɻ ʃɲɿ ʏɹʄʉʎ ʍʏʉʆ ɳʆɽʌʘʋʉ, ʊʋʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʋʌʉʃɲʄʉʑʆ ʖʌʊʆɿɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʉʇɸʀɸʎ ɴʄɳɴɸʎ.

Ɉɲ ʔʑʃɻ ɲʄʄɳ ʃɲɿ ɳʄʄʉɿ ʐɷʌʊɴɿʉɿ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʀ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʃɲʄʉʀ ɷɸʀʃʏɸʎ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ ɹʄɸɶʖʉ ʏɻʎ ʋʉɿʊʏɻʏɲʎ ʏʘʆ ʐɷɳʏʘʆ ʍɸ ʊ,ʏɿ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻ ɲʋʊ ɴɲʌɹɲ ʅɹʏɲʄʄɲ ɼ ɳʄʄʉʐʎ ʌʑʋʉʐʎ. ȸ ɸʋɿʄɸʃʏɿʃɼ ʋʌʊʍʄɻʗɻ ʉʌɿʍʅɹʆʘʆ ɿʊʆʏʘʆ ʍʐʆɷʐɲɺʊʅɸʆɻ μɸ ʏɻʆ ʅʊʆɿʅɻ ɽɹʍɻ ʏʉʐʎ ʍɸ ɹʆɲ ʏʊʋʉ ʊʋʉʐ ʐʔʀʍʏɲʏɲɿ ɲʆɲɶʃɲʍʏɿʃɳ ʏɻʆ ɸʋʀɷʌɲʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʌʑʋʘʆ ʏɲ ʃɲɽɿʍʏɳ ɳʌɿʍʏʉ ɸʌɶɲʄɸʀʉ ɶɿɲ ʋɸʌɿɴɲʄʄʉʆʏɿʃɹʎ ʅɸʄɹʏɸʎ (Ray and White, 1976; Hejny et al., 1986; Sawidis et al., 1991;

Sawidis et al., 2001).

2. ɉȿȻȾȰ ȾȰȻ ɀȵȺɃȴɃȻ