readability

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readability

An Analysis of the Gifu Public High School Entrance Examination through Readability Index

Hiroto TAKIZAWA

1

readability

READABILITY TEST TOOL https://www.webfx.com/tools/read-

able/ 7 9 12 15 readability

Plain English Plain English

1940-50 Ernest Gowers

1948 1951 s 1954

Rudolf Flesch 1955

Flesch

Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease Flesch Kincaid Grade Level readability

1978 easy-to-

understand 2010 Plain English

Plain English

1998

The foregoing Fee Table is intended to assist investors in understanding the costs and expenses that a shareholder in the Fund will bear directly or indirectly.

This table describes the fees and expenses that you may pay if you buy

and hold shares of the fund. p.20

1950

readability

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readability

Kenji Kitano and S. Kathleen Kitano 2011

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2019 readability

4 6

2008 JACET8000

readability

3 readability readability

Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease Flesch Kincaid Grade Level Gunning Fog Score Coleman Liau Index Automated Readability Index(ARI) SMOG Index Linsear Write Formula 7

READABILITY TEST TOOL https://www.webfx.com/tools/read-able/

Readability Formulas http://www.readabilityformulas.com/linsear-write-readability-formula.php

3.1 Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease

Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease Rudolf Flesch J. Peter Kincaid

206.835-1.015 -84.6

0-100

3.2 Flesch Kincaid Grade Level

Flesch Kincaid Grade Level 3.1 Rudolf Flesch J. Peter Kincaid

0.39 11.8 15.59

Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease Flesch Kincaid Grade Level

3.3 Gunning Fog Score

Gunning Fog Score Rebert Gunning Average Sentence

Length ASL Percent Hard Words PHW ASL

PHW es ed

0.4 ASL+PHW

7 8 Gunning Fog Score

12 TIME the Wall Street

Journal Gunning Fog 11

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3.4 Coleman Liau Index

Coleman Liau Index Meri Coleman T.L.Liau

character apple 5

5.89 0.3

9.5

9 10

3.5 Automated Readability Index(ARI)

Automated Readability Index(ARI) how easy your text is to understand

4.71 1 +0.5 21.43

5 - 6 yrs old Kindergarten 12 -13 yrs old 7th Grade 6 - 7 yrs old 1st Grade 13 -14 yrs old 8th Grade 7 - 8 yrs old 2nd Grade 14 -15 yrs old 9th Grade 8 - 9 yrs old 3rd Grade 15 -16 yrs old 10th Grade 9 -10 yrs old 4th Grade 16 -17 yrs old 11th Grade 10 -11 yrs old 5th Grade 17 -18 yrs old 12th Grade

11 -12 yrs old 6th Grade 18 -22 yrs old College

3.6 SMOG Index

SMOG Index G. Harry McLaughlin

readability SMOG Simple Measure of Gobbledygook

10 10 10 3

3

2 2

1.0430 SQRT 30 3 +3.1291

3.7 Linsear Write Formula Linsear Write Formula

4 4.1

readability

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RQ

RQ-1 readability

RQ-2 readability

RQ-3 readability

RQ-1

2019

5 readability

RQ-2 readability

readability

RQ-3

2004

3 2022

4.2 4.2.1

5 2015 2019

4.2.2

readability Readability Formulas.com (http://www.readabilityformulas.com/free- readability-formula-tests.php Automatic Readability Checker

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3

1 1

5 5.1

1 2 readability formulas

Flesch Reading Ease score

very easy very confusing 7 (100-90 very easy to read, 89-80 easy

to read 79-70 fairly easy to read 69-60 standard 59-50 fairly difficult to read 49-30 difficult to read 29-0 very confusing to read)

5.1.1 readability

readability 2016 2019 fairly easy to read

2015 standard/average 2015

7 fairly easy to read

easy to read 5.2

1

2019 3 fairly easy to read 7 12-13 yrs. old 2018 3 fairly easy to read 7 12-13 yrs. old

2017 3 fairly easy to read 7 12-13 yrs. old

2016 3 fairly easy to read 7 12-13 yrs. old

2015 3 standard / average 8 12-14 yrs. old 2019 4 easy to read

5 8- 9 yrs. old

2018 4 easy to read

5 8- 9 yrs. old 2017 4 easy to read 5 8- 9 yrs. old

2016 4 easy to read 6 10-11 yrs. old

2015 4 easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old 2019 Listening easy to read

4 8- 9 yrs. old

2018 Listening easy to read

4 8- 9 yrs. old 2017 Listening very easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old 2016 Listening very easy to read 3 8- 9 yrs. old

2015 Listening fairly easy to read 7 11-13 yrs. old

5.1.2 readability

easy to read fairly easy to read

4 5

very easy to read easy to read fairly easy to read 1

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5.3

2 readability

2019 3 fairly easy to read 5 8- 9 yrs. old 2018 3 easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old 2017 3 easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old

2016 3 fairly easy to read ⁴ 8- 9 yrs. old

2015 3 easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old 2019 4 fairly easy to read 5 8- 9 yrs. old 2018 4 fairly easy to read 5 8- 9 yrs. old 2017 4 easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old 2016 4 easy to read 5 8- 9 yrs. old

2015 4 easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old

2019 Listening fairly easy to read 5 8- 9 yrs. old 2018 Listening easy to read 4 8- 9 yrs. old 2017 Listening very easy to read 3 8- 9 yrs. old 2016 Listening very easy to read

³ 8- 9 yrs. old

2015 Listening easy to read 6 10-11 yrs. old

5.2

5.2.1

3 3 7.2

12 13 2019

268.6

1 14

10 readability 7 12 13

3 readability

1 1 2 3 (%)

2019 7 12-13 yrs. old 277 14 72 17 11

2018 7 12-13 yrs. old 227 13 63 27 11

2017 7 12-13 yrs. old 328 14 66 29 5

2016 7 12-13 yrs. old 285 14 67 25 9

2015 8 12-14 yrs. old 276 16 68 18 14

7.2 268.6 14.2 67 23 10

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5.2.2 4

4 2 620 1 10 3

7 5 8 9

4 readability 4

1 1 2 3 (%)

2019 5 8-9 yrs. old 603 10 72 20 8

2018 5 8-9 yrs. old 571 10 79 14 7

2017 5 8-9 yrs. old 649 9 75 16 9

2016 6 10-11 yrs. old 658 12 74 20 6

2015 4 8-9 yrs. old 621 9 74 19 7

5 620.4 10

75 18 7

2015 8 2016 2019 7 4 4 6 5.2.3 5 4.4 10 11 1 9 14.2 10 1 2018 2016 3 5 readability 2 1 1 2 3 (%) 2019 4 8-9 yrs. old 212 9 75 20 5

2018 4 8-9 yrs. old 193 8 74 17 9

2017 4 8-9 yrs. old 149 8 79 17 4

2016 3 8-9 yrs. old 271 6 77 18 5

2015 7 11-13 yrs. old 180 14 61 31 9

4.4 201 9 73 21 6

2015 7

1 14

1

61% 2 31% 1

1

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5.3

5.3.1

6 3

5 4.2 8 9

1 1 7

9%

6 readability 3

1 1 2 3 (%)

2019 5 8-9 yrs. old 534 7 68 24 8

2018 4 8-9 yrs. old 439 8 72 22 6

2017 4 8-9 yrs. old 406 7 71 20 9

2016 4 8-9 yrs. old 465 7 67 22 11

2015 4 8-9 yrs. old 453 6 72 20 9

4.2 459.4 7 73 22 9

5.3.2 4 7 4.6 3 4.2 667 1 9.64 3 3 10 7 readability 4 1 1 2 3 (%) 2019 5 8-9 yrs. old 708 9 71 18 11

2018 5 8-9 yrs. old 697 10 68 22 10

2017 4 8-9 yrs. old 678 9 74 16 10

2016 5 8-9 yrs. old 615 9 72 19 9

2015 4 8-9 yrs. old 637 10 77 13 10

4.6 667 9.4 72 18 10

5.3.3

4.6

3 5

1 9.8

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6 readability B

1 1 2 3 (%)

2019 5 8-9 yrs. old 137 11 67 25 8

2018 4 8-9 yrs. old 142 9 72 24 4

2017 3 8-9 yrs. old 141 8 79 16 5

2016 3 8-9 yrs. old 210 8 77 21 2

2015 6 10-11 yrs. old 167 13 73 22 5

4.2 159 9.8 74 22 5

5.4 5.4.1

readability

4 8 3 7,7,7,7,8 4 5,5,5,6,4

4 5 3 5,4,4,4,4 5,5,4,5,4

F F(9)=6.208 p<.00

5% ( (12)= 3.877 p<.00)

5.4.2

3 4

12.1 8.2 F

F(9)=3.119 p>.05 2

1% ( (18)= 4.345 p<.00)

5.4.3

F

1 ( (18)= -0.110 p=.91) 2 (18)= 0.481 p=.63) 3 (18)= -0.613

p=.54)

1

6

RQ-1 readability

easy to read fairly easy to read

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3 268 4 620

1 3 14.2 4 10

4 1

4 4 6 3 7 8

3

RQ-2 readability

7.2 5

4.4 1 14.2

10 9

1

RQ-3 readability

4 8

4 5 1 1

4.4 6.6

2019 6

5.1 4.4

readability readability

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readability

2019 .

2008 .

24 3 , pp.15-22

2015 . Readability Check Read Ver.3.0, Check

Read Light Ver.3.0 https://www.heisei-u.ac.jp/ba/fukui/readability.html 2019 8 25 2019 .

readability

2019 .

http://www.kyoiku.metro.tokyo.jp/admission/high_school/ability_test/

Readability Formulas.com.

http://www.readabilityformulas.com/free-readability-formula-tests.php