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(1)

格子QCDによるQGP研究

状態方程式、

遮蔽効果、

磁場質量と空間方向ストリングテンション

(2)

1. はじめに:閉じ込め問題とQGP 2. 状態方程式の計算 1. 格子計算 2. T_cの決定 3. 摂動計算との比較 3. カラー遮蔽 1. エネルギーの階層性 2. 遮蔽ポテンシャル 3. 磁場遮蔽質量 4. 摂動計算との比較 4. 磁場質量と空間方向ストリングテンション 1. 熱摂動論における赤外発散 2. 消えない空間方向線形弦張力 3. クーロンゲージでの例 4. MAゲージでの例 5. その他の関連事項 5. まとめ

内容

(3)

閉じ込め問題とQGP

1.

RHICでのQGPの発見

sQGP, 完全流体、ジェットクエンチング、など。

2.

QGP研究の目的

1.

QCDの理論的検証

非閉じ込め領域でのQCD

2.

非摂動論的特徴の理解

閉じ込め構造、カイラル対称性

3.

新しい物質の特徴の理論的理解

QGP中でのハドロン物質、クォークとグルーオンの力学、カラー遮蔽

効果

(4)
(5)

状態方程式(1):計算方法

Basic relation

On the lattice

Integral Method

ln ( , )

T

f

Z T V

V

 

2

ln ( , )

T

Z T V

V

T

p

 

f

1

t

N a

T

3

(

s

)

V

N a

0 0 ' 0 4 s T

f

N

d

S

S

T

   

 

G.Boyd, NPB469(1996), 419

(6)

状態方程式(2):クエンチ近似

Thermodynamics of

SU(3) lattice gauge

theory: G. Boyd, et. Al,

NPB469(1996)419

ウイルソン作用

クエンチ近似(動的クォー

ク効果を含まない)

連続極限

理想気体の極限とは1

5%の差がある

(7)

状態方程式(3):クエンチ改良作用

Equation of state for pure

SU(3) gauge theory with

remormalization group

impoved action, M.

Okamoto, et. al,

PRD60,094510(1999)

岩崎型改良作用

クエンチ近似(動的クォー

ク効果を含まない)

連続極限

ウイルソン作用とは一致

する

SBとは一致しない

(8)

状態方程式(4):クエンチ非等方格子

Thermodynamics of SU(3)

gauge theory on anisotropic

lattice, Y. Namekawa, et. al,

PRD64,074507(2001)

非等方格子

クエンチ近似(動的クォーク効果を含

まない)

連続極限

SBとは一致しない

(9)

状態方程式(5):cut-off error

G.Boyd, NPB469(1996)419, Karsch, PoS(Lattice2007) 026

2 4 6 2 4

3

30

1

1

(

1) 1

63

t

3

t t

p

N

O

T

N

N

N

(10)

臨界温度(1)

例:Y.IwasakiPRD56(1997)151より 2 2 L

L

L

( )

t

( ,0)

t

( ,1)...

t

( ,

t

1)

L x

U x

U x

U x N

Susceptibility for the Polyakov line

0

, confinement

TrL ~

0

, deconfinement

q q F T q

F

e

F

 

   

( , )

x t

( ,0)

x

( ,

)

t t

U x N

( ,1)

t

U x

(11)

臨界温度(2):クエンチ近似

Lattice Action Reference

1x1plaquette action 0.625(3)(4) G.Boyd,NPB469(1996),4 19 1x2,2x2,1x2 tadpole improved action 0.630(5) B.Beinlich,EPJC6(1999), 133 RG (Iwasaki) improved action 0.656(4) Y.Iwasaki, PRD56(1997), 151 RG(Iwasaki) improved action 0.650(5) M.Okamoto, PRD60(1999), 094510 1x1 plaquette on an anisotropic lattice 0.635(10) Y.Namekawa, PRD64(2001), 074507 / c T  c

If

420MeV, T

263 ~ 276MeV

(12)

状態方程式(6):動的クォーク

Improved staggered fermion Energy and pressure

The pion mass 220MeV

QCD equation of state with almost physical quark masses PRD77,014511(2008)

(13)

状態方程式(7):動的クォーク

Improved staggered fermion Entropy

The pion mass 220MeV

QCD equation of state with almost physical quark masses PRD77,014511(2008)

(14)

臨界温度(3):動的クォーク

Chiral susceptibility

Quark number susceptibility

Polyakov loop 2 2

log

ud

T

Z

V m



2 2 2 0

1

log

s s s

Z

T

TV

P

L

(

) 151(3)(3)MeV

c

T



(

)

175(2)(4)MeV

c s

T

( ) 176(3)(4)MeV

c

T P

The QCD transition temperature: Results with physical masses in the continuum limit, Y. Aoki, PLB643(2006)46. Improved staggered action, physical quark mass

(15)

臨界温度(4):動的クォーク

Recent lattice results on finite temperature and dentiy QCD, part II, Karsch, PoS (2007) 015 より。

Nf=2, improved wilson, Nt=8,10BornyakovPosLat2005,157(20 06), Nf=2, improved wilson, nt=4,6 Y.Maezawa,JPG34:S651 Nf=2+1, improved staggered, nt=4,6,8 C.Bernard,PRD71,034504(2005) Nf=2+1, improved staggered, nt=4,6 M.Cheng,PRD74,054507(2006) Nf=2+1, staggered(stout), nt=4,6,8,10 Y.Aoki,PLB643,46(2006) Chiral deconfinement chiral+deconfinement

(16)
(17)

1980ごろ、熱場摂動論や赤外発散の議論。 (A.D. Linde, PLB 96, 289;

D.J.Gross, R.D.Pisarski and L.G.Yaffe, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53,43)

1989、硬熱ループ予加算法。(Braaten and R.D. Pisarski, PRL. 64, 1338)

1993、

理論の2次近似の電場(デバイ)質量の計算

(A.K. Rebhan, PRD.48,3967, NPB 430, 319)

1999、

自由エネルギーなどの格子ゲージシミュレーションとHTLとの比

較を行い、よい結果を得ている

(J.-P.Blaizot, E.Iancu,A.Rebhan,

PRL 83,2139. , J. O. Andersen, E. Bratten, M. Strickland.,PRL

83,2906.)

2002、2ループでのHTL計算は収束性がよくない。(J.O.Andersen,

E.Braaten, E. Petitgirard and M.Strickland PRD66, 085016.)

(18)

格子QCD計算とHTL近似

1)自由エネルギー

g m T, 3 2 ~   C T ~ 

J.O.Andersen, E.Braaten, and M. Strickland PRL,83,2139 (1999) 白抜き:もともとの摂動 塗りつぶし:HTL自由エネルギー ひし形の点:格子シミュレーション 摂動論 2ループβ関数: 収束が悪い 繰り込み点に関数依存性が大きい HTL摂動理論(1ループ) T/Tc=1~5において格子計算の結果と 同じ符合を示し、その違いはそれほど 大きくはない。 繰り込み点に関する依存性もそれほど 大きくはない。 2ループβ関数:

T

~

2

(mはデバイ質 量)

(19)

2)

エントロピー・圧力

J.-P Blaizot, E. Iancu, A. Rebhan,

PRL,83,2906(1999)、PLBB470,181(1999) J.O.Anderson, et al (圧力) T/Tc>2において格子計算の 結果を再現している。RHICや LHCで実現されるであろう温度 領域でよい結果となっている。 先のJ.O.Andersen, et al. の結果よりも格子計算に近い 値がでている。(計算方法が 違う) HTL再加算法

(20)

3)2ループでのHTL計算

T

~

2

J.O.Andersen, E.Braaten, E.Petitgirard, M.Strickland, PRD66,085016(2002) HTL摂動理論(2ループ) 2ループβ関数: C T 65 . 0   収束性と繰り込み点依存 性はよい 格子計算との違いが大き い 格子計算による 薄いグレー:LO HTLpt 濃いグレー:NLO HTL.pt

(21)

がゲージ依存性をもつ 2-loop Φ-derivativeがやりにくい をスタート地点にしているの で熱力学的量の計算には良い。しか し、他の量は計算できない。 が出発点 スタート地点は、HTL伝播関数、mD

HTL resummationと

HTL perturbation theory(?)

loop  2 loop  2

HTL resummation HTL perturbation theory

Screened pertubation theory

スタート地点は、HTL伝播関数、mD オーダー毎でゲージ依存性を示す 熱力学的物理量やQGPに関するさ まざまな量を計算することができる。 そもそもの摂動論と同様な制限を持 つ。 Φ-derivativeよりもやりやすい。し かしΣの計算の仕方が大変? loop

2

(22)

カラー遮蔽クォークポテン

シャルの計算

(23)

2 2 2 ) ( ) 2 1 ( 3 1 ~ N N g T T mDf

r

e

r

V

r mD 2

~

)

(

T 0 0  T

Color screening effect

 Electric (Debye) screening

 Magnetic screening

Infrared cut-off to the thermal QCD theory (Linde 1982) Not screened at leading order, it starts at g^2

Not accessible by the perturbation, non-perturbative origin 3d reduction argument predicts a magnetic scaling ~ g^2T

Energy Hierarchy

,

,

,

gT

g

2

T

T

(24)

 Gluon propagator with gauge fixing

 Polyakov line correlator

Screening masses on the lattice

distances

large

at

)

)

(

exp(

1

~

)

(

2 2

C

E

p

z

m

p

p

G

g

)

)

(

exp(

)

0

(

)

(

)

exp(

,

T

r

V

L

r

L

F

q q

r

r

m

C

r

V

(

)

exp(

2

e

)

(25)

Polyakov line

Polyakov line

Order parameter in pure gauge theory

0

0

( , )

x t

T

exp

i dt t A x t

t

'

a a

( , ')

( ,0)

x

0

1

( , )

( , )

0

a a

t A x t

x t

i t

~ ( ) ( ,0)

L x

x

( , )

x t

( ,0)

x

( ,

)

t t

U x N

( ,1)

t

U x

0

, confinement

TrL ~

0

, deconfinement

q q F T q

F

e

F

 

   

( )

t

( ,0)

t

( ,1)...

t

( ,

t

1)

L x

U x

U x

U x N

(26)

Correlators in color channels

)

,

(

Tr

1

)

(

Nt t1

U

0

R

t

N

R

L

c

Q

Q

2)

(S.Nadkarni,PRD33,3738;PRD34,3904)

2 2 / ) ( TrL(0) ) 0 ( TrL(R)L 8 3 TrL(0) ) 0 ( TrL(R)TrL 9 8 e 8   V R T 2 / ) ( TrL(0) ) 0 ( TrL(R)TrL e  Vca R T R R T m T C R V( ) ~ ( ) exp(2 e( ) )  2 / ) ( TrL(0) ) 0 ( TrL(R)L 3 e 1  V R T R R T m T C R V( ) ~ ( )exp( e( ) ) 

1) Polyakov line

8

1

3

3

Singlet (attractive) Octet (repulsive) Color average (attractive)    j i j i T T C 3 4   C 6 1   C

(27)

Correlators in color channels

2 2 / ) (

TrL(0)

TrL(R)L(0)

4

3

TrL(0)

)

0

(

TrL(R)TrL

4

3

e

Vsym R T

3) QQ

2 / ) (

TrL(0)

)

0

(

TrL(R)TrL

e

Vca R T

3

6

3

3

2 2 / ) ( TrL(0) TrL(R)L(0) 2 3 TrL(0) ) 0 ( TrL(R)TrL 2 3 eVantisym R T   Symmetric (repulsive) Antisymmetric (attractive) Color average (attractive)

   j i j i T T C 3 1   C 3 2   C

(28)

Color-singlet channel

Kaczmarek, et. al, PLB548(2002)41

2 / ) (

TrL(0)

)

0

(

TrL(R)L

3

e

1  V R T

R

R

T

m

T

C

R

V

(

)

~

(

)

exp(

e

(

)

)

カラー一重項チャネルを計算し てみると、カラー平均チャネルより 強い(遠距離に届く)ポテンシャル を生むことがわかる。 ただし、そのポリヤコフ相関関 数はゲージ不変でなく、ゲージ固 定が必要。

(29)

By dynamical quark simulation

Kaczemarek, Ejiri, Karsh, Laermann, hep-lat/0312015

2-flavor QCD simulation 同様な遮蔽効果を示す。

(30)

We have calculated singlet, octet, symmetric and antisymmetric

potentials; they are screened at finite T.

Singlet and

antisymmetric channels show an attractive force.

Octet and symmetric channels show a repulsive force.

Attractive channels show the long-range

potentials

Several color channels ( 2 quarks )

(31)

dependence of qq potentials

T

(32)

dependence of qq potentials

(33)

3-body quark potential

3

     

3

3 1

8

8

10

1

2

C

 

10

1

C

 

8

1

2

C

 

( ) ~

mr

e

V R

C

r

Heavy quark free energies for three quark systems at finite temperature K.Huber, et. al, PRD77,074504(2008)

(34)

Heavy quark free energies for three quark systems at finite temperature K.Huber, et. al, PRD77,074504(2008)

1 3

QQ

and 3(F

)

QQQ Q

F

F

F

QQQ10

and 3(F

QQ6

F

Q

)

(35)
(36)

Propagators

Electric and magnetic propagator

Fit data at large distances Z>1/T

Gluon propagators

z p E m e m e

e

c

z

G

( ) ( )( )

)

(

G



(z)



TrA

(z)A

(0)

)

,

0

,

2

,

0

(

)

,

0

,

0

,

2

(

~

)

,

(

z

N

G

z

N

G

z

p

G

y tt x tt e

)

,

0

,

2

,

0

(

)

,

0

,

0

,

2

(

~

)

,

(

z

N

G

z

N

G

z

p

G

y xx x yy m

)

(z

G

T z1/ 距離

(37)

Electric propagators

Finite mass

Difference

above/below

T_c

Z m p

e

z

G

(

)

~

( 2 2)

(38)

Finite

mass

Difference

above/below

T_c

Negative

spectrum at

short Z

Magnetic propagators

(39)

Gauge parameter dependence

Gauge

dependence is

Little

(40)

Temperature dependence

T/T

c

=1.0~6.0

(RHIC、LHC)

 Magnetic mass is

finite

gT,g^2T scaling

HTL improves

LOP.

HTL LOP FIT

(41)

Higher temperature

Temperature

regions:

T/T

c

=1.0~16.0

Magnetic mass

is sensitive to the

volume size.

66

.

0

),

4

(

69

.

1

2

e

C

27 . 1 ), 16 ( 549 . 0 2  

m C

(42)

Screening mass from

singlet potential

1

exp(

)

( ) /

m R

e

V R

T

C

R

RT > 1 We assume for the

singlet potential,

Screening mass fitted by one-gluon exchange

screened potential is consistent with obtained from the gluon prop.

(43)

Another approach for screening mass

Extraction from Polyakov correlator (gauge invariant)

Euclidean time reflection and charge conjugation enable us to classify the PL correlator to

electric and magnetic

Nf=2, improved wilson action

(44)

磁場質量と

(45)

Scales in QGP

Torus of 1/T

Infrared singularity of QGP Gluon

Quark

Nonstatic gluon and quark are very heavy (Appelquist decoupling )

3d-reduction argument may well describe a long-distance physics of QGP

Magnetic scaling

Infrared mode of QGP

0 0  

2

2 3 2 3 2 i 0 0 0 1 Tr Tr D , TrA TrA E ij ij D A E S d x F F A m g  

   2 1/T,1/ gT,1/ g T 0 0   2 2 E gg T 3 3 2 3 1 Tr ij ij S d x F F g

2 2 3 gg T T.Appelquist,R.Pisarski,PRD23,2305(1981),M.Cheng, PRD78,034506(2008)

(46)

 Spatial Wilson loop

Area law behavior even above T_c

where R and S are spatial extent

We assume the fitting function with linear + Coulomb terms at large distances, in order to obtain the spatial string tension

Spatial Wilson loop related to the spatial component may depend on the non-vanishing thermal quantity. One assumes

Magnetic element shows confining after the phase transition

Spatial Wilson loop

( , ) ~

sRS

W R S

e

 2

( )

( )

s

T

C g T T

m

(47)

SU(2) case of the spatial string tension

( , ) ~

s

RS

W R S

e

G.S. Bali, et. al, PRL71,3059(1993)

2

( )

( )

s

T

C g T T

m

(48)

Spatial string tension in a dynamical

quark simulation (1)

2+1 flavor QCD with physical quark mass

Spatial string tension scales as a magnetic mode and increases as T increases.

“The spatial string tension and dimensional reduction in QCD”, M.Cheng, PRD78,034506(2008)

(49)

Spatial string tension in a dynamical

quark simulation(2)

2 flavor QCD with RG improved gauge and clover-improved Wilson quark “Heavy-quark free energy, Debye mass, and spatial string tension at finite temperature in two flavor lattice QCD with Wilson quark action; Y.Maezawa,

Spatial string tension increases with T.

(50)

Example of Coulomb gauge

 In the Coulomb gauge QCD, one can obtain a linearly rising potential in the QGP phase. (instantaneous mode)

 The non-vanishing string tension is fitted by magnetic scaling

Properties of color-Coulomb string tension, Y. Nakagawa,

(51)

T dep. of instantaneous string tension

2

1

1

( )

( )

i

T

C g T

T

1 0 2 0

1

2 ln

ln 2 ln

( )

b

T

T

b

g T

b

1 0 0

2 ln

c

ln 2 ln

c c c

T

b

T

T

T

b

T

b

T

,

: free parameter

C

Fitting function

(52)

T dep. of instantaneous string tension

2

1

1

,

( )

( )

i

T

C g T

T

Two-parameter fit ( T/Tc=2-4 )

2

0.735(18),

c

/

4.41(29),

/

1.47

C

T

 

ndf

Spatial Wilson loop; two-parameter fit, ( NPB469 1996 410-444 )

2

0.566(13),

c

/

9.6(8),

/

?

C

T

 

ndf

Spatial gluon propagator ( PRD69,014506,2004 )

0.486(31) 0.549(16)

(53)

Other examples

 MA-gauge

Wrapped monopole reproduces the spatial string tension: S.Ejiri, PLB376(1996)116

(54)

Other topics on magnetic component in QGP

 Role of monopole, vortex, etc. in QGP (?)

Center vortices, the functional Schrodinger equation, and CSB. J.M.Cornwall, arXiv:0812.0359 [hep-ph]

The role of monopoles in a Gluon Plasma. C.Ratti, E. Shuryak, arXiv:0811.4174 [hep-ph]

Physics of Strongly coupled Quark-Gluon Plasma. E.Shuryak, arXiv:0807.3033 [hep-ph]

Manifestations of magnetic vortices in equation of state of Yang-Mills plasma, M.N.Chernodub, A. Nakamura, V.I. Zakharov, Phys.Rev.D78:074021,2008

Magnetic component of Yang-Mills plasma

M.N.Chernodub, V.I. Zakharov , Phys.Rev.Lett.98:082002,2007 Others

Equation of State of Gluon Plasma from a Fundamental Modular Region D.Zwanziger, PRL94,182301(2005)

The spatial string tension, thermal phase transition, and AdS/QCD O.Andreev, V.I.Zakharov, PLB645 (2007) 437

(55)

Summary

1. Lattice cut-off effect of EOS has been studied.

2. The critical temperature is also re-estimated by

several groups.

3. Screening potential, screened gluon

propagators, (thermal quark propagator) are

studied in the lattice simulations.

4. Spatial string tension in the QGP phase is also

re-calculated and that infrared mode may be

important for the understanding of the strongly

coupling QGP.

参照

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