Ṕྐ㒔ᕷ㜵⅏ㄽᩥ㞟 Vol. 7㸦2013ᖺ7᭶㸧 ࠙ㄽᩥࠚ
ΎỈᑎ࿘㎶ᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ⅏ᐖ㑊㞴ࡢᡤせ㛫㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ
Required time for evacuation from disasters in areas around Kiyomizu temple
ᕝ㷂 భ☻
1࣭ᒸ ඃ
2࣭ఀὠ㔝 ⾜
3࣭ᑠᯘ ♸୍㑻
4࣭ஂ⬟ᮌ ៅ
5Yuma Kawasaki, Yu Ooka, Kazuyuki Izuno, Yuichiro Kobayashi and Shinji Kunogi
1❧㤋Ꮫຓᩍ ⌮ᕤᏛ㒊㒔ᕷࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᕤᏛ⛉㸦ࠛ525-8577 ㈡┴ⲡὠᕷ㔝㊰ᮾ1-1-1㸧 Assistant Professor, Ritsumeikan University, Dept. of Civil Engineering
2❧㤋Ꮫ◊✲ဨ㸭᪥ᮏᏛ⾡⯆≉ู◊✲ဨ㸦ࠛ525-8577 ㈡┴ⲡὠᕷ㔝㊰ᮾ1-1-1㸧 Research Fellow, Ritsumeikan University / JSPS, Research Organization of Science and Engineering
3❧㤋Ꮫᩍᤵ ⌮ᕤᏛ㒊㒔ᕷࢩࢫࢸ࣒ᕤᏛ⛉㸦ࠛ525-8577 ㈡┴ⲡὠᕷ㔝㊰ᮾ1-1-1㸧 Professor, Ritsumeikan University, Dept. of Civil Engineering
4୕ື⏘ࣇࢩࣜࢸ࣮ࢬᰴᘧ♫㸦ࠛ111-8605 ᮾி㒔ྎᮾ༊ⶶ๓2-6-7㸧 Mitsui Fudosan Facilities Co., Ltd.
5ࣁ࢘ࢫᕤᴗᰴᘧ♫㸦ࠛ530-8241 㜰ᕷ༊ᱵ⏣3-3-5㸧 Daiwa House Industry Co., Ltd.
Software countermeasures are especially important for mitigation of disaster due to post-earthquake fires at sight-seeing area, because hardware countermeasures are sometimes difficult to conduct at the beautiful location. Further, sight-seeing people are vulnerable during natural disasters, as they are not familiar with the location and don't know where to evacuate. This paper conducted numerical simulation on the evacuation activities of sight-seeing people from post-earthquake fires at Kiyomizu temple in Kyoto. Required time for evacuation and countermeasures to reduce evacuation time are discussed. This study also dealed with the universal design for disaster mitigation at the same area. It is important to show the refuge routes intelligible for everyone when a disaster occurs.
Keywords : vulnerable people, sightseeing place, multi-agent simulation, universal design
㸯㸬ࡣࡌࡵ ி㒔ࡢΎỈᑎࡣࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛ఱᗘࡶᆅ㟈ࡸⅆ⅏ࡼࡿ⿕ᐖࢆ⿕ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋி㒔࡞Ṕྐ㒔ᕷࡢほගᆅ࠾࠸ ࡚ࡣࠊṔྐⓗᬒほࢆᏲࡿⅭࣁ࣮ࢻ㠃ࡢ㜵⅏ᑐ⟇ࡀ㞴ࡋ࠸ሙྜࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࢯࣇࢺ㠃ࡢ㜵⅏ᑐ⟇ࡀ≉㔜せ࡞ ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᅵᆅ຺ࡀ↓ࡃࠊ㑊㞴ሙᡤࡸ㑊㞴⤒㊰ࡀࢃࡽ࡞࠸ほගᐈࡀከᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⅏ᐖࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚㑊 㞴ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ㝿ࠊΰࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣྰࡵ࡞࠸ࠋᅵᆅ຺ࡢ࡞࠸ே࡛ࡶࠊ⅏ᐖ㎿㏿ ࡘᏳ㑊㞴ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞㑊㞴ィ⏬ࢆసᡂࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ΎỈᑎ࿘㎶ᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ࠊ୍ᩧほගᐈࡀ㏨ࡆࡿࡼ࠺࡞⅏ᐖࡋ࡚ࡣⅆ⅏ࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ≉ᆅ㟈ᚋࡢⅆ ⅏࡛ࡣࠊᾘⅆࡲ࡛㛫ࡀࡿࠋᆅ㟈࡛ᘓ≀ࡀಽቯࡋࠊ㏨ࡆࡿࡓࡵࡢ㐨ᖜࡀ⊃ࡃ࡞ࡿࡇࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ వ㟈ࡀ⥆ࡃ୰࡛ⅆ⅏ࡢⓎ⏕ࢆ▱ࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢሙᡤࡲࡿ㌟༴㝤ࡀཬࡪேࡧㄆ▱ࡉࢀࠊከࡃࡢほ ගᐈࡀ㏨ࡆࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࡀᐃࡉࢀࡿࠋΎỈᑎ࿘㎶ᆅᇦࡣࠊᖺ㛫400ே௨ୖࡢほගᐈࡀゼࢀࡿᅜ࡛ࡶ ᭷ᩘࡢほගᆅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋṔྐ㒔ᕷ࣭ி㒔ࡢᒣ㯄࠶ࡾࠊ㐨ࡣ⊃ࡃᆏ㐨ࡀ⥆࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋከࡃࡢほගᐈࡀ㏨ࡆࡿ ែ࡞ࢀࡤࠊΰ㞧ࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ㛫࡛ဨࢆ㏨ࡀࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢࠊ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘண ࡋ࡚ᑐ⟇ࢆ❧࡚࡚࠾ࡃࡇࡀ㔜せࡔ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊΎỈᑎ࿘㎶ᆅᇦ࠾࠸࡚ࠊほගᐈࡀ୍ᩧ㏨ࡆࡿሙྜࠊࡢ⛬ᗘࡢ㛫ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠊ ᩘ್ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡼࡾ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊ㏨ࡆࡿ㝿ᙺ❧ࡘ㑊㞴ㄏᑟෆᯈࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡘ ࠸࡚ࡶ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋ 㸰㸬㑊㞴ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ⩌⾗ࡢ㑊㞴ࢆᶍᨃࡍࡿࡓࡵ࣐ࣝࢳ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ࣭ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢱartisoc1)ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋྛ࢚࣮ࢪ ࢙ࣥࢺࡣタᐃࡉࢀࡓ࣮ࣝࣝࡼࡾ⾜ືࡍࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ㑊㞴ࡍࡿほගᐈ1ே1ேࢆ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ㸦ほගᐈ࢚ ࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ㸧ࡋ࡚ࣔࢹࣝࡋࠊタᐃࡋࡓࢦ࣮ࣝྥࢃࡏࡓࠋ 㑊㞴⪅ࡢ⛣ື㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊタᐃࡋࡓ㐨ࡢศᒱⅬࢆࢳ࢙ࢵࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡋ࡚ḟࠎ┠ᣦࡍࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࢦ࣮ ࣝྥ࠺࠸࠺ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋศᒱⅬ࠾ࡅࡿ⤒㊰㑅ᢥࡣࠊ㐣ཤࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ2)ࢆࡶ⤒㊰㑅ᢥ ☜⋡ࢆタᐃࡋࠊᩘࡼࡗ࡚ḟࡢ⤒㊰ࢆỴᐃࡋࡓࠋ⤒㊰㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࡣᚲࡎࢦ࣮ࣝ㏆࡙ࡃࡼ࠺タᐃࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ ࡓࡵࠊࡑࡢព࡛ࡣᑐ㇟ᆅᇦయࢆணࡵ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࢆࡗࡓࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ㑊㞴㊰ࢆᙧసࡿࡓࡵ㐨ࡢ୧⬥ࢆື࡞࠸࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ㸦㐨࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺ㸧࡛ࣔࢹࣝࡋࠊほගᐈ࢚ ࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡀ㐨ࡽእฟ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋ㐨࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣ1㎶50cmࡢṇ᪉ᙧࡋࠊࡇࢀࢆ㝽㛫↓ࡃ୪ ࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ㐨ࢆᙧసࡗࡓࠋほගᐈ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣᇶᮏⓗḟࡢศᒱⅬࡢ᭱▷㊥㞳ࢆ㐍ࡴࡀࠊ㐨࢚࣮ࢪ ࢙ࣥࢺฟ࠺ࠊࡑࡢ᪉ྥࢆグ᠈ࡋ࡚ࡑࡕࡽࡣྥࢃ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣝࣝࢆタᐃࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚㐨 ἢࡗ࡚㑊㞴ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ᅗ1ࡀᮏ◊✲ࡢᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅗ1୰ࡢࠕோ⋤㛛ࠖࡽྑ㸦ᮾ㸧ഃࡀΎỈᑎࡢቃෆ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࠕᮏᇽࠖࡀ ΎỈᑎᮏᇽࡢ⨨࡛࠶ࡿࠋཧᣏᐈࡣࠊබඹ㏻ᶵ㛵ࢆ⏝ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊᅗ1ᕥ➃ࡢࠕᮾ㊰ࠖ࠶ࡿࣂࢫ ࡽᚐṌ࡛᮲ᆏ࣭ᯇཎ㏻ࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣⲔ☇ᆏࢆ㏻ࡗ࡚ΎỈᑎ⮳ࡿேࡀከ࠸ࠋほගࣂࢫࡸࢱࢡࢩ࣮ࢆ⏝ ࡍࡿሙྜࡣࠊᅗ1ࡢࠕ㥔㌴ሙࠖ㸦ி㒔ᕷႠΎỈᆏほග㥔㌴ሙ㸧ࡽᯇཎ㏻ࢆ㏻ࡗ࡚ΎỈᑎ⮳ࡿࡇࡀከ࠸ࠋ ࡑࡇ࡛ࠊࡇࡢᆅᇦࡢ㐨ࢆᅗ2ࡢࡼ࠺ࣔࢹࣝࡋࡓࠋ㐨ࡢ୧ഃ㐨࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࢆ୪࡚࠶ࡿࠋᅗ୰ࠊ㉥ ࡛♧ࡋࡓⅬࡀタᐃࡉࢀࡓࢦ࣮࡛ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀᮾ㊰㸦ᅗ2ࡢᕥ➃㸧ࡸᕷႠ㥔㌴ሙࡢฟධࡾཱྀ㸦ࡑࡢ ࡢ3Ⅼ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢦ࣮ࣝࡢタᐃ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣḟࡢ3Ⅼࢆ⪃࠼ࡓࠋ 1) 㑊㞴ሙᡤࡸ㑊㞴⤒㊰ࢆ▱ࡽ࡞࠸ྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗࠸ほගᐈࡣࠊ㑊㞴࠶ࡓࡗ࡚᮶ࡓ㐨ࢆᘬࡁ㏉ࡍࡇࢆᐃࡋ ࡓࠋほගࣂࢫࡸࢱࢡࢩ࣮࡛᮶ࡓேࡣ㌴ࢆ㝆ࡾࡓᕷႠ㥔㌴ሙࢆ┠ᣦࡋࠊබඹ㏻ᶵ㛵࡛᮶ࡓேࡣᕷࣂࢫࢆ 㝆ࡾࡓᮾ㊰ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡶࡢࡋࡓࠋ 2) ᕷႠ㥔㌴ሙࡶᮾ㊰ࡶ༑ศ࡞ࢫ࣮࣌ࢫࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇࡲ࡛㑊㞴࡛ࡁࢀࡤ୍ⓗࡏࡼ㑊㞴⪅ࡢᏳࡀ☜ಖ ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢࡋࡓࠋ 3) ࡇࡢ࿘㎶ࡢᗈᇦ㑊㞴ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿᒣබᅬࡣ1.5km㞳ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㏵୰⊃࠸㝵ẁࡢ࠶ࡿ⏘ᑀᆏࢆ㏻ࡿᚲせࡶ ࠶ࡾࠊ㑊㞴ࡲ࡛㛫ࡀࡿ2)ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᗈᇦ㑊㞴ሙᡤࡲ࡛ࡢ㑊㞴ࡣ⪃࠼ࡎࠊ୍㑊㞴ࡢࡳࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᆅᇦࡢࣔࢹࣝ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ⏘ᑀᆏࡽᒣබᅬྥ࠺㐨ࡣ⪃៖ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᅗ1 ᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ㸦Google Mapຍ➹㸧 ᅗ2 ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࣭ࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝ 㑊㞴⪅ࡢேᩘ࠾ࡼࡧึᮇ㓄⨨ሙᡤࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊほගࢩ࣮ࢬࣥఇ᪥ࡢṇ༗㐣ࡂ㸦2010ᖺ10᭶㸧ᐇ ࡋࡓ⾲ ᮾ㊰ 㥔㌴ሙධཱྀ
1♧ࡍࢹ࣮ࢱ2)ࢆඖࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᩘᏐࡼࡾᑡࡋከࡵぢ✚ࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ3500ேࢆྛᡤ㓄⨨ࡋࠊ୍ᩧ㑊㞴ࢆ㛤 ጞࡉࡏࡓࠋ⛣ື㏿ᗘࡣࠊෆ㛶ᗓ୰ኸ㜵⅏㆟㈨ᩱ3)ࢆࡶࠊΰ㞧ᗘྜ࠸ᛂࡌ࡚ᅗ3ࡢ್ࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋᅗ3 ࡢタᐃ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊෆ㛶ᗓ㜵⅏㆟㈨ᩱ࡛ࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ3)ࠋࡲࡎࠊΰ㞧ᗘ1.5ே㸭੍ᮍ‶ࡢሙ ྜࡣࠊ୍⯡⮬⏤Ṍ⾜ࡀྍ⬟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡽࠊṌ⾜㏿ᗘࡣ୍ᐃࡢ㏿4000mࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋΰ㞧ᗘ1.5 ே㸭੍௨ୖ6ே㸭੍ᮍ‶ࡢሙྜࡣࠊΰ㞧ᗘࡢቑຍక࠸㏿4000mࡽ400m┤⥺ⓗపୗࡍࡿ௬ᐃࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊΰ㞧ᗘࡀ6ே㸭੍๓ᚋ࡞ࡿࠊ⛣ືྍ⬟࡞ΰ㞧ᗘࡋ࡚ࡣ㝈⏺㐩ࡍࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡲࡗࡓࡃື࡞࠸௬ᐃࡍࡿࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࡀ㐍ࡲ࡞࠸ሙྜࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡓࡵࠊ㏻⾜ࡍࡿᐜ 㔞ࡀ୍ᐃ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ΰ㞧ᗘẚࡋ࡚㏿ᗘࡀపୗࡍࡿᘧࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⾲1ேᩘࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ ሙᡤ ேᩘ㸦ே㸧 ዟࡢ㝔 ΎỈᑎᮏᇽ ᆅ⚄♫ 㡢⩚ࡢ ᏊᏳࡢሪ ோ⋤㛛 ΎỈᆏ Ⲕ☇ᆏ ᮲ᆏ 㥔㌴ሙධࡾཱྀ㸦ᮾ㊰ഃ㸧 㥔㌴ሙධࡾཱྀ㸦ΎỈᆏഃ㸧 ྜィ 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 Ṍ⾜ ㏿ᗘ Y㸦P 㸭 㸧 ΰ㞧ᗘG㸦ே㸭੍㸧 Y Y G Y G ᅗ3ΰ㞧ᗘࡼࡿṌ⾜㏿ᗘࡢኚ ᅗ4 ᯇཎ㏻ࡢす➃ࡀ㏻⾜Ṇࡵࡢࢣ࣮ࢫ ᅗ5 ᯇཎ㏻Ⲕ☇ᆏࡢ㏻⾜ྍ⬟㔞ࡀῶࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ ゎᯒࢣ࣮ࢫࡋ࡚ࡣࠊձ㞀ᐖࡀ࡞࠸ࢣ࣮ࢫࠊղᯇཎ㏻ࡢ᮲㏻ࡢྜὶⅬ㏆㸦ᅗ4ࡢ༳㸧ࡀⅆ⅏➼࡛ ㏻⾜࡛ࡁࡎࠊ㑊㞴⪅ࡀ㎽ᅇࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫ㸦ࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡣࠕ㎽ᅇࠖ⾲♧㸧ࠊճ㞀ᐖࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ㐨ᖜᛂࡌ࡚ᶓ 5㹼6ே୪ࢇ࡛㏻ࢀࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊᐙᒇಽቯ➼ࡼࡾࠊᯇཎ㏻Ⲕ☇ᆏ㸦ᅗ5ࡢۑ࡛ᅖࡗࡓ㐨㸧ࡀ⦪୍ิ୪ࢇ ࡛ࡋ㏻ࢀ࡞࠸ࢣ࣮ࢫ㸦ࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡣࠕ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴ࠖ⾲グ㸧ࠊմୖグղճࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ㸦ࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡣࠕ㎽ᅇ 㸩㏻⾜ᅔ㞴ࠖ⾲グ㸧ࠊࡢ4㏻ࡾࢆ⪃࠼ࡓࠋ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࢆ㎽ᅇࡉࡏࡿሙྜࠊ㏻⾜⬟ሙᡤࢳ࢙ࢵࢡ࣏ ࣥࢺࢆタࡅࠊࡑࡇ฿㐩ࡋࡓ࢚࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢺࡣࡍ࡚ඖࡢ㐨ᘬࡁ㏉ࡋ࡚ࠊࡉࡽᗘྠࡌ⤒㊰ࢆ㏻ࡽ࡞࠸ ࡼ࠺࡞ࣝࢦࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ 㸱㸬ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝ ⤖ᯝࡢࢢࣛࣇࢆᅗ6࠾ࡼࡧ⾲2♧ࡍࠋ㞀ᐖࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜࠊ18ศ࡛㑊㞴ࡀࡋࡓࠋဨࡢ㑊㞴せࡍࡿ 㛫ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊ㎽ᅇࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡇ࡛㞀ᐖࡢ࡞࠸ሙྜࡼࡾ4ศ㐜ࢀࠊ㏻⾜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࢀࡤ㞀ᐖࡢ࡞࠸ሙ ྜࡼࡾ6ศ㐜ࢀࡓࠋ㎽ᅇ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴ࡀ୧᪉Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿࠊ㞀ᐖࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜẚ࡚15ศ㑊㞴ࡀ㐜ࢀࠊ య࡛⣙30ศࢆせࡋࡓࠋ≉ࠊ㑊㞴㛤ጞᚋ15ศࡣࠊࢃࡎ࡞ேᩘࡋ㑊㞴࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ㎽ᅇࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿሙྜ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴࡞ࡿሙྜࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠊဨࡢ㑊㞴㛫ࡣ㏻⾜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡗࡓ᪉ࡀ
Ⲕ☇ᆏ ᯇཎ㏻㐜࠸ࠋࡋࡋࠊ㏵୰ࡢ㑊㞴≧ἣࡣ㎽ᅇࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡇࡢ᪉ࡀ㐜࠸ࠋ㎽ᅇࡀⓎ⏕ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᅗ7㉥࡛ ♧ࡍ⟠ᡤ㸦ோ⋤㛛๓ࡢᗈሙࡽⲔ☇ᆏ㝆ࡾࡿ㝵ẁ㏆㸧࡛ࡁ࡞ΰ㞧ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࠋᯇཎ㏻ࢆᘬࡁ㏉ࡋ࡚ࡃ ࡿ㑊㞴⪅ࠊᅗࡢྑ༙ศ⨨ࡍࡿΎỈᑎቃෆࡽ㑊㞴ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿேࡀࠊࡇࡢሙᡤ࡛ྜὶࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅗ8ᙜヱ⟠ᡤ㸦ᅗ7ࡢ㉥࡛♧ࡋࡓ⟠ᡤ㸧࠾ࡅࡿ㑊㞴⪅ᩘࡢ㛫᥎⛣ࢆ♧ࡍࠋ 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 㞀ᐖ࡞ࡋ ㎽ᅇ ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴 ㎽ᅇ㸩㏻⾜ᅔ㞴 㑊㞴 ⪅ᩘ㸦ே㸧 㛫㸦ศ㸧 ᅗ6 㑊㞴㛫ࡢẚ㍑ ᅗ7 ΰ㞧Ⓨ⏕⟠ᡤ ⾲2 㑊㞴㛫㑊㞴ேᩘࡢ㛫⤒㐣 㑊㞴㛫 5ศ⤒㐣 10ศ⤒㐣 15ศ⤒㐣 20ศ⤒㐣 25ศ⤒㐣 ձ㞀ᐖ࡞ࡋ 17ศ34⛊ 408ே 2241ே 3401ே 3500ே ղ㎽ᅇ 21ศ44⛊ 213ே 650ே 1754ே 3422ே 3500ே ճ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴 23ศ49⛊ 201ே 1282ே 2902ே 3448ே 3500ே մ㎽ᅇ㸩㏻⾜ᅔ㞴 32ศ20⛊ 196ே 196ே 544ே 1422ே 2707ே ᙜヱ⟠ᡤࡣ㞀ᐖࡢ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡛ࡶ୍ᮇ300ே␃ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊ㝵ẁࡶ࠶ࡿࡇࡽ༑ศ࡞ὀពࡀ ᚲせ࡞ሙᡤ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᖹ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊほගᐈࡀோ⋤㛛ࢆࣂࢵࢡ┿ᙳࢆ⾜࠺➼ࠊΰ㞧ࡀ៏ᛶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ㏻⾜Ṇࡵࡼࡿ㎽ᅇࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓሙྜࠊᯇཎ㏻ࡢࡇࡽᘬࡁ㏉ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࡼࡗ࡚ࠊΰ㞧ᗘࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ဨࡢ㑊㞴㛫ࡣࠊဨࡀᅗ4༳࡛♧ࡋࡓ⟠ᡤࡲ࡛⾜ࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ㏉ࡍሙྜࡀࡶࡗࡶ㛗ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ๓ ฟࡢᅗ6ࡣࡇࡢࠕ➃ࡽᘬࡁ㏉ࡍࠖࢣ࣮ࢫࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋᙜヱ⟠ᡤࡢΰ㞧ᗘࡣࠊᅗ8ࡢࠕ➃ࡽᘬࡁ㏉ࡍࠖ࠸ ࠺ࢢࣛࣇ࡞ࡾࠊ㞀ᐖࡢ࡞࠸ሙྜࡢ1.5ಸ௨ୖࡢ500ேࡀ␃ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡶࠊΰ㞧ࡍࡿ㛫ࡣ 5ศ௨ୖ⥆ࡁࠊ㑊㞴㛤ጞᚋ4ศ10ศ2ࡘࡢࣆ࣮ࢡࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊᅗ7ࡢ⟠ᡤࡀࡶࡗࡶΰ㞧ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ ဨࡀ༳ࡼࡾࡶᮾഃࡢᯇཎ㏻୰⛬࡛ᘬࡁ㏉ࡍࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᅗ8࡛ࡣࠕ㏵୰࡛ᘬࡁ㏉ࡍࠖ࠸࠺ࢢࣛࣇ ࡞ࡾࠊᙜヱ⟠ᡤ1000ே௨ୖࡀ␃ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 5 10 15 㞀ᐖ࡞ࡋ ㏵୰࡛ᘬࡁ㏉ࡍ ➃ࡽᘬࡁ㏉ࡍ 㑊㞴 ⪅ᩘ㸦ே㸧 㛫㸦ศ㸧 ᅗ8 ΰ㞧⟠ᡤ࠾ࡅࡿ㑊㞴⪅ᩘࡢ᥎⛣ ᅗ9 㑊㞴㛫ูࡢ㑊㞴⪅ࡢึᮇ⨨ࡢศᕸ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࡇࡽᘬࡁ㏉ࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࡼࡗ࡚ΰ㞧ᗘࡀ␗࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ᭱ึᯇཎ㏻࠸࡚ோ⋤㛛㏆ ᘬࡁ㏉ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㑊㞴⪅ࠊ᭱ึΎỈᑎࡢቃෆ࠸࡚ோ⋤㛛㏆⛣ືࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㑊㞴⪅ࡀྜὶࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋဨࡀᯇཎ㏻ࡢ୰⛬࡛ᘬࡁ㏉ࡋࡓሙྜࠊࡕࡻ࠺ྜὶேᩘࡀࡶࡗࡶከࡃ࡞ࡿࡓࡵࠊᅗ8ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ≉᭷ࡢ᮲௳ࡼࡾࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌧㇟ࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᅗ9ࠊմࡢ㎽ᅇ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴ࡀ୧᪉⏕ࡌࡓሙྜࠊ᭱ึࡢሙᡤ࠸ࡓ㑊㞴⪅ࡢ㑊㞴ࡀࡶࡗࡶ㐜ࢀࡿࢆ
♧ࡋࡓࠋ㞀ᐖࡀ࡞࠸ձࡢሙྜࡣࠊࢦ࣮ࣝࡽࡶࡗࡶ㐲࠸ᅗࡢྑୗࠊᏊᏳሪ㏆࠸ࡿ㑊㞴⪅ࡢ㑊㞴ࡀ ᭱ᚋ࡞ࡿࠋᅗ9♧ࡍմࡢሙྜࡶࠊྠࡌࡃᏊᏳሪ㏆࠸ࡿ㑊㞴⪅ࡢ㑊㞴ࡀ㐜ࢀࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊᯇཎ㏻࠸ࡓ㑊㞴⪅ࡶࠊ㎽ᅇࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࡓࡵ㑊㞴ࡣ㐜ࢀࡿࠋ 㸲㸬ᨵၿ⟇ࡘ࠸࡚ ๓❶ࡢ⤖ᯝࡼࡾࠊΎỈᑎቃෆ࠸ࡿேࡢ㑊㞴ࢆ᪩ࡵࡿࡇࡀࠊయࡢ㑊㞴㛫ࡢ▷⦰ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿࡇ ࡀࢃࡿࠋΎỈᑎࡣᮾ༡➃࠶ࡿᏊᏳሪࡢዟࠊ᮲㏻᪉㠃ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ㛛㸦ᅗ10ࡢ㉥㸧ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᖹᖖ ࡣ㛢㙐ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᩆᛴ㌴࡞ࡢࡳࢆ㏻⾜ࡉࡏࡿ㛛࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢሙᡤࡲ࡛᮶ࢀࡤ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡢࢫ࣮࣌ࢫࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ୍ⓗࡏࡼ㑊㞴⪅ࡢᏳࡀ☜ಖ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡓࠋࡇࡇࢆ⏝ࡋࡓሙྜࡢ㑊㞴≧ἣࢆᅗ11♧ࡍࠋ ቃෆ࠸ࡿேࡣᅗ10ࡢฟཱྀྥࢃࡏࠊࡑࡢࡢேࢆᅗ3ࡢࢦ࣮ࣝྥࢃࡏࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࢆࠊࢢࣛࣇ࡛ࡣࠕ2᪉ ྥࠖ⾲♧ࡋࡓࠋᯇཎ㏻Ⲕ☇ᆏࡢ㏻⾜ࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡗࡓሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊᅗ10ࡢฟཱྀࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ㞀ᐖ ࡀ࡞࠸ሙྜࡰྠࡌ㛫࡛㑊㞴ࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ 㠀ᖖࡣ㛛ࢆ࡞ࡿࡃ᪩ࡃ㛤ࡅࡓୖ࡛ࠊ㐺 ษ࡞㑊㞴ㄏᑟࢆࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊᯇཎ㏻࡛ࡢ㎽ᅇࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓሙྜࠊ༙ᩘࡢேࡣ㑊㞴㛤ጞᚋ5ศ⛬ᗘ࡛᪩ᮇ㑊㞴ࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡓࡀࠊṧࡾࡢேࡢ㑊㞴ࡣ2᪉ྥ㑊㞴ࡋ࡚ࡶຠᯝࡀ࡞ࡃࠊࠕ㎽ᅇ㸩㏻⾜ᅔ㞴ࠖࠕ㎽ᅇ㸩㏻⾜ᅔ㞴㸦2᪉ ྥ㸧ࠖࡢࢢࣛࣇࡣᶓ㍈25ศ௨ୖᑐࡋ࡚㔜࡞ࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᯇཎ㏻ࢆᘬࡁ㏉ࡋ࡚᮶ࡓ㑊㞴⪅ࢆࠊ ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴࡞Ⲕ☇ᆏྥࢃࡏࡓࡇࡼࡿࠋோ⋤㛛๓ᗈሙ࠾ࡅࡿ㐺ษ࡞㑊㞴ㄏᑟࠊᯇཎ㏻ࡽ⏘ᑀᆏ࡞ ᪉ྥࢃࡏࡿᕤኵࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠋ 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 㞀ᐖ࡞ࡋ ㎽ᅇ㸩㏻⾜ᅔ㞴 ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴㸦᪉ྥ㸧 ㎽ᅇ㸩㏻⾜ᅔ㞴㸦᪉ྥ㸧 㑊㞴 ⪅ᩘ㸦ே㸧 㛫㸦ศ㸧 ᅗ10 ᏊᏳሪࡢዟ࠶ࡿฟཱྀ ᅗ11 2᪉ྥ㑊㞴ࡢຠᯝ 㑊㞴ㄏᑟ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢼ࢘ࣥࢫࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡢࡀ┳ᯈ➼ࡢ㑊㞴ㄏᑟࢧ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ ࠾ࡅࡿ㑊㞴ㄏᑟࢧࣥࡣࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ༑ศ࡞ࡶࡢࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࠋⴭ⪅ࡽࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ㜵⅏㛵㐃ࡋࡓෆᯈࡣ ࢇ࡞ࡗࡓ4)ࠋΎỈᑎቃෆ࠶ࡿ48ࡢෆᯈࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⅏ᐖࡇ㑊㞴ࡍࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢグ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊᗈᇦ㑊㞴ሙᡤࢆᆅᅗ♧ࡋ࡚࠶ࡿ1ࡘࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ᪥ᮏㄒࡢࠊⱥㄒ࣭୰ᅜㄒ࣭㡑ᅜㄒ ࡀేグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡀ15%ࠊ᪥ᮏㄒⱥㄒࡢࡳࡀグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡀ8%ࠊእᅜேほගᐈࡀከ࠸ᆅᇦࡢ ෆᯈࡋ࡚ࡣ༑ศ࡞㠃ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊṔྐⓗᆅᇦࡋ࡚ᬒほᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ㓄៖ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡀ15%ᑡ ࡞࠸ࡢࡶㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᑐ㇟ᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ㑊㞴ㄏᑟෆᯈࡢࢧࣥࢹࢨࣥࡋ࡚ࠊᅗ12࠾ࡼࡧᅗ13ࢆ⪃࠼ࡓࠋไస࠶ ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊḟࡢ㡯┠㓄៖ࡋࡓࠋ 1) ㏻ᖖࡢほගෆ➼ࡶࠊ㑊㞴ሙᡤࡢ᪉ྥ࣭㊥㞳ࢆグ㍕ࠋ 2) ࣆࢡࢺࢢ࣒࡛ࣛᆅ㟈ࡸⅆ࡞ࡢ⅏ᐖࢆ⾲⌧ࠋࢺࣞࡸᘓ≀࡞ࡶࣆࢡࢺࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ⏝ࠋ 3) ᪥ᮏㄒⱥㄒࡢ2ゝㄒ࡛⾲グࠋ 4) 㑊㞴ㄏᑟ⏝࠸ࡿᏐయࡣࠊ㑊㞴ᣦ♧➼୍࡛⯡ⓗ⏝ࡉࢀࡿࢦࢩࢵࢡయࢆ⏝ࠋ㏻ᖖࡢෆ㒊ศࡣࠊ ࡢෆᯈ࡛ࡢ⏝ࡀከ࠸᫂ᮅయࢆ⏝ࠋ 5) 㑊㞴ㄏᑟ⏝࠸ࡿⰍᙬࡣࠊJISつ᱁5)ࡼࡗ࡚ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㑊㞴ࡢពࢆᣢࡘ⥳ⰍⓑⰍࢆ⏝ࠋ⌧ᅾ ⨨ࡢ⾲♧ࡣ㉥Ⰽࢆ⏝ࠋ 6) ほගෆ➼ࡢ⾲♧㒊ࡣࠊࢥࣥࢺࣛࢫࢺࡀࡁࡃ࡚ぢࡸࡍ࠸ࡇᬒほ㓄៖ࡋ࡚ࠊ↔ࡆⲔⰍⓑⰍࢆ
⏝ࠋ 7) ྛᑍἲࡣࠊ㏆㊥㞳どㄆᆺࢧࣥࡢタ⨨⠊ᅖ6)ࢆࡶỴᐃࠋ ᅗ12 ෆᯈࢧࣥࢹࢨࣥ ᅗ13 ᆅᅗࡢ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡏ 3❶♧ࡋࡓࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⤒㊰㑅ᢥ☜⋡ࢆㄪᰝ⤖ᯝᇶ࡙࠸࡚タᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊᚲࡎ ࡋࡶ᭱㐺࡞⤒㊰㑅ᢥࡣ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ㑊㞴ㄏᑟࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓෆᯈࡀⓙ↓㏆࠸⌧≧ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡇྥ ࠼ࡤࡼ࠸ࡢ♧ࡍෆᯈࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊ᭱㐺࡞⤒㊰㑅ᢥࢆࡍࡿ☜⋡ࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࡇࡘ࡞ࡆࡽ ࢀࡿᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛♧ࡋࡓࢧࣥࢹࢨࣥࡀࡢ⛬ᗘຠᯝⓗࡣࠊࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ➼࡛☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ ᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࠊᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ 㸳㸬࠾ࢃࡾ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊΎỈᑎ࿘㎶ᆅᇦࢆᑐ㇟ࡋ࡚ࠊほගᐈࡀ㑊㞴ࡍࡿࡢせࡍࡿ㛫ࠊࡑࢀࢆ▷⦰ࡍࡿ᪉⟇ ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ᐃࡋࡓ᮲௳ୗ࠾࠸࡚3500ேࡢேࢆᙜヱᆅᇦࡽ୍ᩧ㑊㞴ࡉࡏࡓሙྜࠊဨ ࡀ㑊㞴ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࠊ㏵୰㞀ᐖࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ15ศࠊ㎽ᅇࡸ㏻⾜ᅔ㞴࡞⟠ᡤࡀ࠶ࢀࡤ30ศࡣᚲせ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇ ࢀࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕᐃෆࠖࡢ᮲௳ୗ࡛ࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶほගᐈࢆ㑊㞴ࡉࡏࡿࡢ30ศࡣ ࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ࠊ⅏ᐖࡢᑐ⟇ࢆィ⏬ࡍࡿࡇࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑡ࡞ࡃࡶ30ศࡣከᩘ ࡢほගᐈࡀ⌧ሙᏑᅾࡍࡿ≧ἣୗ࠾ࡅࡿࠊ⅏ᐖ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ㅰ㎡㸸ᮏ◊✲ࡢᐇ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬⚾❧Ꮫᡓ␎ⓗ◊✲ᇶ┙ᙧᡂᨭᴗࠕᩥ㑇⏘ࢆ᰾ࡋࡓ ほග㒔ᕷࢆ⮬↛⅏ᐖࡽᏲࡿࡓࡵࡢᏛ⾡◊✲ᣐⅬࠖࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࢧࣥࢹࢨࣥࡢసᡂ࠶ࡓࡗ ࡚ࡣࠊ㛵すᏛ㝔Ꮫ⥲ྜᨻ⟇Ꮫ㒊ࡢඵᮌᗣኵᩍᤵࡢຓゝࢆཷࡅࡓࠋグࡋ࡚ㅰពࢆ⾲ࡍࡿࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ 1) ᵓ㐀ィ⏬◊ಟᡤ㸸artisoc 3.0࣮ࣘࢨ࣮࣐ࢽࣗࣝ㸪2011㸬 2) ఀὠ㔝⾜࣭ᑠᯘ♸୍㑻࣭㏆⸨ᬛ࣭ஂ⬟ᮌៅ࣭ᓲ㟷ᯘ㸸ほගᆅ࠾ࡅࡿᆅ㟈ⅆ⅏ࡽࡢ㑊㞴㛵ࡍࡿᇶ♏ⓗ᳨ ウ㸪➨31ᅇᅵᮌᏛᆅ㟈ᕤᏛ◊✲Ⓨ⾲㸪Paper No. 4-027㸪6 pages㸪2011㸬
3) ෆ㛶ᗓ୰ኸ㜵⅏㆟㸸ᖐᏯ⾜ືࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥ⤖ᯝࡘ࠸࡚㸪㤳㒔┤ୗᆅ㟈㑊㞴ᑐ⟇➼ᑓ㛛ㄪᰝሗ࿌࣭ཧ⪃㈨ ᩱ㸪2008㸬 4) ஂ⬟ᮌៅ࣭ఀὠ㔝⾜࣭ඵᮌᗣኵ㸸ほගᆅ࠾ࡅࡿ㜵⅏ࣘࢽࣂ࣮ࢧࣝࢹࢨࣥ㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹ㸪Ṕྐ㒔ᕷ㜵⅏ㄽᩥ 㞟㸪Vol. 6㸪pp. 369-376㸪 2012㸬 5) ᪥ᮏつ᱁༠㸸JIS Z 9104 Ᏻᶆ㆑ ୍⯡ⓗ㡯㸪2005㸬 6) ᶆ‽ෆ⏝ᅗグྕ◊✲㸸ࡦ┠࡛ࢃࡿࢩࣥ࣎ࣝࢧࣥ㸫ᶆ‽ෆ⏝ᅗグྕ࢞ࢻࣈࢵࢡ㸪㏻࢚ࢥࣟࢪ࣮ࣔࣅ ࣜࢸ㈈ᅋ㸪2002㸬
