• 検索結果がありません。

異文化シミュレーションゲーム : 日本人大学生へのBafa Bafaゲームの適用と評価

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

シェア "異文化シミュレーションゲーム : 日本人大学生へのBafa Bafaゲームの適用と評価"

Copied!
27
0
0

読み込み中.... (全文を見る)

全文

(1)Title. 異文化シミュレーションゲーム : 日本人大学生へのBafa Bafaゲームの 適用と評価. Author(s). ヒンクルマン, ダン; 石川, 園代; ウィルソン, ゴードン. Citation. 北海道教育大学紀要. 第二部. C, 家庭・養護・体育編, 45(1): 93-118. Issue Date. 1994-10. URL. http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/6736. Rights. Hokkaido University of Education.

(2) . 北海道教育大学紀要 (第2部C) 第45巻 第1号. 平成6年10月. i Sec i IC)Vo l lof Hakkai ive i do Un ty ofEducat t Jouma r on( onl s ‐45 .l , No. oc tober ,1994. 1ntercul ions ion and Evaluation turaI Simulat : Adaptat. ofthe Bafa Bafa. G al・le. for University Studentsin Japan Don Hinkel窟ーan. Sonoyo l shikawa. Gordon 斬′ i l son. 異文化シミ ュ レーショ ンゲーム:日本人大学生への Bafa Ba f a ゲームの適用と評価. ヒ ン ク ルマ ン ・ ダン. ウ ィ ル ソ ン ・ ゴ ー ドン. 石川 園代. 概. 要. 異文化に接する機会をあまり持たない日本人学生に, いかに大学の授業でしかも短期間に異文化コミュ ニケーション を教え, さらに異文化適応力を習得させるか‐ これは現在の日本の国際教育における重要な課題である. 本論ではアメ f f リカ で開発された異文化体験ゲームである “Ba a Ba a“ を日本人学生に適用したケーススタディ ーの結果を分析し,. 異文化疑似体験の教育上の可能性を報告する. 本研究の対象は日本の大学2校及び短期大学2校で, 比較文化, 英語, 秘書, 国際ビジネスのクラスを受講する1 2才までの71名の学生である. 8才から2 “ “Bafa Ba f a は グルー プゲーム で, その目的は異文化コミュニケーショ ン方法と異文化に対しての感受性の習得, そして新たな自己の発見にある. 参加者は2つのグループに別れそれぞれ違う架空文化を設定した上 で, もう一方の未 知の架空文化を訪れる. ゲーム後, その際の経験, 感情, 感想などについてディ スカッ ショ ンをする. ディ スカッ ショ ISens i ivi lを採用 した tura ty DevelopmentaI Mode ン と 感 想 レ ポー ト の 内 容 の 分 析 に は lntercul t. . 異文化間におけるコ ミュ ニケーショ ン能力の習得経過や異文化に対する感受性の変化は, このモデルによっ て説明されている. さらに体験 ゲームにおける集団学習の経過の分析にもこのモデルを適用 した‐ 本研究の内容分析からはゲームを通して参加者が実際に海外に行っ た時と同じ様なカ ルチャーショッ クを体験した事 がうかがえる. 又, 未知の慣習の中に自らをおく疑似体験によっ て, 参加者がコミュ ニケーショ ン方法や異文化への感 受性を習得し, さらに新たな自己を発見した事はこの異文化シミュ レーショ ンゲームの効果的側面を示すものである‐ この事は日本の恵まれない異文化環境の中での新しい国際教育の方向性と可能性を示唆して いる‐ Abstract : Japanese students have l imi ies to encotulter people f ted oppor tu唖t i tures rom other cul s presents a ‐ Th. f d i f i 1co tyinacqulr.ng competencyinintercul ion tura inglyneededski l lforinternat l i iona cul l l l lnuni cat za - ,anincreas ion t imulat ion gamesal low undversity studentsto experience meeting anothercult証ein ashorttime andgi ve ‐ S. fself-awareness, culturalsens them a way to discover new di i i▽ =匝cat ion sk lnensions o i t ty and coI i l l i I 1nu T s s ‐ Th heseresultsin a casestudy ofadapt ing one cross‐culturals imulat i □ nentst ion ga・nein l ly deve loped i ia paper docu t ‘Bafa Bafa ’ ’ wasadaptedand inthe Uni ted Statesto aー皿iversitylevelaudienceinJapan‐ Thi imulat ion led‘ ss ,cal , tes ted with inten・ational business, comparative cultu l i ; re and Eng sh language students in four Sapporo area i ies and i leges t dor col i un1vers un enced three hours ofl ea lning a ‐ Seventy one students , aged 18-22 , exper. imulated culture, vi i ing another ‘unknown’ cultlu d i ing the i t re s s scuss r probl ems and reflections‐ Content , an d i i i lect ionjournal i t i fynew waysto com・nuldcate when anal sofpar c sind catestudent s wereabl etoident ys pantref i i ia l and enor t and mus t be lean・ed by t rules andl anguage are impl r c ‐ The process of culture shock was. 3) (9.

(3) . l ikawa Gordon 新i Don H 日inke lman s Sonoyol sh ・s son. 94. lof 1 αー loPmenta ing ing t fect ive aspects of cross-Cultu he af コ ヒ 1 こ rall ode earn reproducedin t e game,reveal ‐ A deVe i ipant i t intercul lpfulin interpreting せl ly he i i t tudinal changes of せま s e par c turais t ty was pa式i e at vi cular ens ‐ ln コ he group as a th oft ions wereana lyzedforother aspects ofgroupl 7 i ion ear山ng t scuss addi ‐ Gro次 ,transcriPts ofd izes i i” [ dual i i▽ i tyasind lowthesamestagesofintercul t tu spapersun) umar s ; ra.sens sofoundtofol whol ewasal ‐ Th. i i iongameasi tappl i i t estoteac誼ng ig口 ion process ionaldαs ヒ l nulat sofas theins truct c pantresul ,adaptat ,andpar ion to young adu l t intercul tuヱalcol I I ln山阻cat s .. 1 ion . lntroduct. i コ ロnginthe Uロ tedStatesbutrarely ionaltoolsfor varioustypesofl ionshavebeenused aseducat Simulat eaロ l l i imulat ions i scovery ed d s often ca int ch i s promoted by s earPing whi roducedinto Japan ‐ The process ofl l icular ted for teaching cross-cultu工al co立亘n山国cation, a ion i ient ia l educat t l 豆ng or exper si s par y sui earh ‐ Th l l iveand motorski fect ive i i ionof mul s t i eaf cat pl compl cated processthatrequiressimultaneousappl ‐ The ,cog画t lowed ion fol l l 1nunicat ionofs ; ralcol h ds paper W1 1 lbe a d i tudentneedsinthe area ofcross‐cultu f i scu駅 s rstpa賞 oft. i lotaud ialres山t long wi l ‐ thini t i encee×per i ionofthestepsinvol sofpi dngthe gamea by a descr vedinredes gn pt ments ‐. 1 levaluatethe・ea Thel Ining outcomes and needed revIslonsforthefuture・ astpart wi. 11 . Background 1 ゴ ロng cwrTiculujm in terms of igロ languagelear ion i lntercul tu 1 1 1nUば豆cat こ ral coI s an essential pa忙 of any fore i ・ m i i t di t t ture heoly oflangl lage and cul i r rentt student needs , an nnova on n eac ng prac ce ,cu. A- 秘錫dB 老人Z 7 2 eeαS ion i 1nte ional izat ch characterizes refomnsin Japanese education lnat s one ofthe overarching themes whi h i iona lpol icy makers,educators andthe generalpubl c h ds consensus a1比long nat today‐ From 七 ,sweeping c anges. i ー i t i rough U ロ ヒ ロvers sh taught as a iculu刀n de imary せま ty grades ign f ar c副 have begun in cunr rom pr s ‐ 1n par , Engl i ioninadd i iontoe×am‐or imens iono t lco D ヒ ロcat finternat iona ented r l lnU fore ignlanguagehasbeengiventheaddedd l , ingse国 i tudent i sdo not wanttolearn alanguagefor l ingui nthats orshaveshow「 st c analysis‐ Surveys ofgraduat labroad lre lat ions( iona t i ion preparat tead rave l i i lnat terat t i on tU re ds cs 8」 n , , work abroad . lns ,inte ,l ,orexaminat i imarygoal i amg i t i ld ing overseasf )wasthe i i rpr lage hos ingfore gは il torsandbu endships t r n vi s ‐ 工nresponse g l ,fore lows students to use thelanguage ing how they teachlanguage that al i teachers are i s n the process ofreappra i f ferent ing d tand ingsintheissue oft ies l力ercotmt 韮lders iate l ly and appropr th peopl sbr f luent r rom o ef y wi ‐ Thi l l oflan罫lage lealhing f i idered the f th ski l tures eaming to be cons 1989 ) has cal ed for culture l cul , ‐ Dzmnen ( i ing andl i ing tening t s accompanying s peaking . , wr ,read l 故eory are al New trendsin behaviora ng ofintercultural com m 山国cation‐ CuぱTent nforming theteachi soi the ho贋h1mo ‐ t lat ipsbetweenlan罫lagez r‐Vr i ionsh t甘e t 遜ldcul s cre theoryi rom determini smovingawayf ‐ TheSapi i l 亘t l fde termin 1αow ingthatlan t sna l ly e i (繁 c L u r se termini t i tenbeeninte s ca retedde ≦犯agei ‐ Th s shasof l l ) ,suggest ly tual l wh ich says lan罫lage and cultlu re are mu ing replaced wi th a more d)なlamic, systems mode vi ew i s be , l ammar of r ing forcEお. However,the debate about Sapi so has a usefulpoint i r‐VVhod al nforc ‐ Wrords and g re i f ferent ly d i i teral imi larpi ty butarel ings temsrepresent ecesofreal f ferentlan圭醜ag di enti {鞄 arenotjustequival i bl f f timposs i eto l l ionsofrea i t erencesandtherefore makesi ty(Bemle t ) ect sthesed t ruct cons ‐ Lan≦副ageref ,1993 i l lhe l n l ieve thatteaching culture wi F g p fore sl eads us to be comm叩頭cate via word for word translation. Thi. 4) (9.

(4) . 1ntercu l lat i i l ionofthe Bafa Bafa Game turaISim onand Eva ー u ons :Adaptat uat. 95. 1anguage students understand how t。 app lythe L2 words and constructsthey lea.n inthe context ofafore ign ’ l 魁nking ture i f ferent values andt sd cul ‐ i C‐ Zれ7 「 20り鰭の%$ ま z z CZ ce れ7 eαc力多 ”g P名. lnteac恒ng cl立tIU ingto 仇enece i ia l me化l 1966 torsarepoint ty ofexper re )and ミ 鵜i ent ods , manyeduca ‐ Ga罫]e( iscovery Kol 1984 inted to us ing a students raw experience as a s b( intfor d i ) among oせl tar t ers have po ng Po. lear ldng lass 1 ゴ ロngexper i tandardformati nJapan chi sas ‘鵜 notpro汎destn1 ctwr edl ear ences ‐ A 1ectwrec , whi ,do f。rc証twr lyacademi i : 〆ngpmr ject e sstud sspend year elear山ng csub s一団th nochancetoexper ence . Moststudent thefee l ingsand contexts‐ Students who wentabroadseemedtransfor i i tedbythe ・ned andexc r experlence・n a inedbythe i i ing bythesestudents t waythatcould notbeexpla r previous behaviorin class‐ Discussions and wr in函cated a deeP and profound experiencethat wasin n。 wayintent iona l lyplanned i th t ▽ i i s contrastsV rad - . Th i iona lt ining special i ives mus t i l ly mapped 。ut at the sts who i t be des ra ject ns stthat clear ob ed and carefu gl l. i l団dng beg ‐ l ing anotherculturei tappearsthen 故atl fect ienceas we l lascog岡t iveexper iveone earn san emotionaloraf , 故atis,justlearning〕印des,customs,andlan≦型age‐ From that i inpu in ing modu le ra st = r poseofthi , tseems 故e ma ’ f ivegoalsuch as:“toexperienceandreflectuponcultui shouldbeanaf ect tsho山dal reshock” soexpandstudent s . l imens ionssuch as wo fcultu lude unconsciousd ld函ew at i こ l retoi concept o l 山 l d mean nc tudesandvalues r s wo . Thi , t. ing a c。gnitive pu1Pose such as, “to understand the hidden di ions of a cul tu add 1 l ens 〕 rea 1. Fr。 1m these general. ignfor anintercu l l ” [ turalt s purposes rai ng exercise was created‐ , a de. 111 igning an lnterc l l l turaI Training Exerc ise . Des. To des i ivi ia lact ient tyforint ion turalcon lar f”ng 廿l i tar tedbyc iv ercul ・muni cat gm an e×per ject eob (器 of , wes 官l lys i i。nalstrate淳es, and content selection were e whol e exercise‐ Lean・er characteristics,task ana s ,ins亡ruct idered thoughth i also con s l 士 i i l 口ng exerclse ssection appears higMy sequentialand systematic, much oft st ra - A1 inearf i icated process o rough a compl l error and r ftrai was not createdin such a l ign as粒 on but 甘i edes s , , ‐ Thi ion t i i ionsandcontext wh sect i i f 口ar i ion。fthe Bafa zesthebackg!oundd scuss ch1 edupthespec cadaptat , hus ,su幻nn. Bafa ga=lelater on‐ wア l ingthefo l lowingl i ives e began bycompi t。fl ject s earmng ob - Tabl i ives el : Exefc se object 1 r l ion anguagei snotd eonl r l l nuni l cat y Way ofco . toshow thatl 2 d h dt h i d d t tan den imens i l ture s e onsofcu . oun er 3 i tureshock andexpre l i encecul t s sf ngsabouti ee . toexper 4 heru l ture ean・and used esofanothercul . tol b b l 5 t f t l t i i l 百t i i f ferences o ea e oc om a r ec r e s rs u u o m a esandd p ‐ 6 d d d t t i d i f f l t i ou n e r s a n t t h l an appreca e eren vaue tures s no ercu . 7 i i l 1 1 nun l 1 1 tural i cateinafore gnlanguageinacu - toco at e way y appropr 8 i t tude i i te i stowardin lnat onal zat on . tochangeat 9 tuden lover t es stot rave seas . to prepar lo i ing tand nte rnat onalunder s ‐ tocontdbutetoi. Th ivesd i ject i i fect {鵜eob iveaims t splaya mixofbothco i veandaf ive き り n ce社l atl ‐Not ,2 ,5and7are morecog臼t ′ 1 4 d6 f f i 1 P 1 whi a r e t i 1 e3 mo r e a ec vegoas i i butedoね1y chthi sexerc secont r , ,an ‐ urpose8 s a very arge g。a to whi l lpart asma ing thecharacter i icso resassess f - The nextstep,choosing one 。fthese purPosesto focus on,req口i st (95).

(5) . Don Hinke ikawa G0rdon ▽v i l 1 s。n l nan sonoyol sh. 96. r l t estudents‐ lsurveysof imi ted prior experiencein cross‐culturalcom1nunacation‐ lnforma japanesestudents have veryl ideofJapanbefore l essthan5% havet i rave ed out s studentsi nd catethatl .. However young adul l l ts are very we ,. ldexpressfears i ion ts tudent le電s h ヒfore i郡ーcul inted wi swou t twr c os es est加roughte acqua ‐ M[ ,and mus ,books ,movi i i l i atlan≦ i ty to hearandspeak Engl 罫 lage shin a fore rγ wi故 native speakers-assuiming 仕l rinabi ofthe gncotmt lprobl lyul tura l lofthem werel ion ems lda l low forgoodcom・n曜日cat lawareofthecul arge alone wou . However ,a ‘ ly latedtoi tabst r l i twr ract せl cul eshock“ eterm,‘ ence ey mightexper ‐ Theyappeared ‐ Theyhadheardoft ,butre i t ま ま l i l f identin tr i i re s needed where students ty to adaptto ano er culttp e r abi l overco ‐ Therefore , an exercse wa. l ly wastocommU =恒cate wi故 i i f f i l ti trea t ま ま l t cul zehow d eandrea t p 「 ercu wo副d experience ashockin meeting ano ; res and accept other cultu .. ience 1985ュ05一9 )sm工美marizes a usefm rd( The nextstepi earぬingexper sto analyze menature ofthe. ‐ Lai ’ iona 1ob jeG i ing domainsof1 ftermsby B1oom forcategor eaming behavior set o z . B1oom staxonomy ofeducat i l ional inte l l fect i ) ives are co ive( )and psychomotor( ) t t ca ve( emot ectual phys ≦鰯i . ,af ,. Wefo dthese categories l な l. ives fthe exercisぎsintended pWrpose i i fyi lar ject s to l虹 performance ob ng and const別cting o usefulforthec . l i fec i in infocus wouldbeintheaf t st s tureshock and re負ect uponi t vedoma expehence cul ‐ B1oom l ,thenthe ma f l ivel ntheaffective domain:recelwng,responding,valuing,orga雨zation,andcharacterization. Foracross eve si ion to peop1e i tent l 1 i f ience receI ined as wi sten, and pay at tu 下 カ ー ng can be de ngness to obser▽e, 1 -cul こ ra. exper ,. l l in temptco口lmunication,orto give ing wouldbe wi ingin al ture esstointeract lothercul operat spond ≦ ;l ‐ Re ,toat ingsomewo質h l ftol i電nginanothercul ingon緩s tureandsens lmng wouldbeco t e l t叩頭t ages七uleasaresponse - Va l tl t i f ferencesinval eve ioni i suponi intheexperience‐ organi uesand makingjud郡ロent zat ssee ngthed ‐ Thelas , ’ tinto one,s f ferentc l ュ l i izat ion i h dn the d tu ing abl i r e s value system--to integratei character e to operate Wit , sbe ’backg ing i lyexpectthem togothroughrece I 下 れng tudent round character s r venthes ,and ,respond . Gi ,Wecou1deas : l i i ing r e i f f l ime orgamzlng orcharacter i l tt lu ingl z cu eve sbuthave a mored va ‐ VVe would expectthem to voice d i bl t mightal e l so be poss l ingsabouttheo故ercu t町eandbegin to evaluate the values ofthe other culture‐ l fee ing lopatal ion just )anddeve (organi inuebeyondl親st ingvalu entforad judgment・ zat to cont モ渇 晒thoutpre ocompar ion to the ion i t i ) t脳〕ocent sm ( character zat i f ferent value systems 晒thout emotional stress or e r to d . ln addi ’ ‘ l ing Wi i th more ions of cul imens tu idden d res dea ims tand the h j r e fect ive a af , reqほ ,another purpose, to unders iscuss ion o l l ive ski f cogidt edge rom knowl ive concepts‐ ln B1oom’ s ea lning behavior can range f sd cog晒t , ,l ion o imens f l ingthe hiddend l i d tand ion app lys i i l i ion s cat s comprehens , ,synthes ,and on to eva uat on‐ n un ers ,ana. lhidden dimensions,glve l l tudent iveski storemembersevera tme cul , wecouldreasonably expectthes ,acogがt i l tneedtocomprehendal esson on i ture t rs swouldf shiddencu r encefori examples and analyze anexpe . Student ,. ’cul ign 一 U 1nga‘ fore turetheyshould i lexerc lyi tura ttothecross-cul ld坊 i se ew and valuesandthenapp wor - Byobser lofthe i i eve l f ferencesin ul sfomthl i t tudes beable to note 故ed s would meanreaching B1oom’ ng at ・der yi ‐ Th ingto .yus ingafore ignlanguageandadapt imul taneous tyofs lys i in i i exi t s cogn vedoma - Kねowingthecompi ,ana l ining modu tshouldbe fect ive pu iveand af e ra ti IPosesinthet se to combineboth cog晒t ‐ l s wi other cultures,i i i luesandthe i ipant remotional ゴ ビ t lattemptto havethepa l rva c sbe conscious ofthe hatロ コ ds exercise Wi stressedt i tnot expectthe r values‐ i n to changethe responses to other values bu ipp( 1991 ingto Tr i ) ive psychol t i l lanalys og s lofski &ロo故er mode si sby一&ロderson ‐ Accord , ,anoted cogがt losed cont i inuous and open/c ing to d i nuums l l screte/cont i 山oderson categor edge accord ‐ zes ski s and knowl ime linthi t wouldoperate undert l inuous ingto anothercul tu sschemabecausei Adapt こ re wouldbeacont ,openski l l i f f i l l ttoleanlthanski ions sthat ibl cul softhi skindare mored s econ「 ectsolut constraintsandhave manypos ‐ Ski inuous ing ion( ) ing l t waytocompl e ime constraints andhaveas et have not eco汀ec g - F町thermore - .read ,acont. 6) (9.

(6) . ISimul i lntercu ionand Eva luat i l tura at :AdaPtat e Bafa Bafa Ga ] ば胞 ons onof廿l. 97. l l l l ; ICannotbelean1edfaster by breaking down the Proc概3sintosubski i j 比 1 l lnPede s c scan o負 eni ski gsubski ‐ Pract fe i ,武士 ] he continuousski i l l 1or adaPting to another cultuエe l ] 証ngt ngt sis becausein reall ear - Thi , m co立虹n口比丘cat l i i l 額ng l l i ly--sPeaking te t口dng taneous s ss lnul we areforcedto use a nu刀nber ofski ,l ,obseいれng ,ges ,and ana yz ng‐ ’ l l lyPract b dngfore ignlanguageandcul i ln Tr iPPs analysis oflear i i l lof ture ca cei st sto use a ,theo司 Way torea. l l i 1990 ing 廿l theski )suppo 1 n thi ty of s simultauleously‐ Ruben and Lederman ( :p s by emphas z e compl e×i ‐205 f il d ; r鰻s i =国cat ion i ly conte×tual and non‐verbal clues such as ”aPPeara に nce s commu al , , ac a express ons , ges- ,esPec. he use of sPace, body Positions, and 社l tur E渇,t e meamng of time”-. These wou ld give fwther suPPon to 化l e. fan ac i imulates 廿i l in8じ i t ty せl dst usefuln{おs o vi ats esenon‐ cfeatures . Z ) 歩め7 賀 2αZ s多 窃云軽妙 ‐ 正雑誌γ閉じ Bycombi l “ i 1 lteach化 b,anidea コ hatuses t ngtheideasofB1oon Anderson rategy wouldbeonet gs ,Gagぬeand Kol iall iP1e goals of affective, Psychomotor and cog画t iveski l l fth dsrequi t exPerient earning to achieve mul s red ‐ l. l iveknowl i iona lc lassroom st ldl ike lybesuf f i i t rate edge rad c ent Pme ycog亘t をけ wou . However ,thena moret ,the fculturel i ivescan therornotl故eseob comP1ex natureo ject ject ves earningrequiressimultaneousl earningob ‐ VVhe beachievedins ideof a classroom i s a legitimate question‐ Shon term triPs abroadin student workcamPs have hatPhys i lyleaving acomfonabl ionalexPer ience(Him【e l shovvnt cal ehomeenvironmnentcanbeaProfoundeducat - ly ingforthi lassinal加dver ivi l 99 3 t t i tyi man ) ty late sact edformalc sareg~dar s yschedul ‐ U唖ortur ‐ A ,these ,1 i iencei ifeexPer ience tutefor actualexPer ions are aform ofexPer ien‐ l l lnonsubst col sasimulatedreal‐l . Sim 副at. luab1 iallear l 編ng andinfactcan be as va 1y stand back t e as an actualexPerience becausestudent s can more easi hemse lar de ing lost in the Pani lves w1 i l l ュ l t thout get ta コ t i and observe t ture cu s of the c e other hand - on t ,a ion does not providet he dranQaticimPact 鉱at an actual 函sit would have‐ simulat. Wi鉱 山i ives ject sin mind ,ob. lbe d l i imu lat ion des igned wi imi t垣n thel i t and content wi rected towards a s sof a classroom venue s also ‐ Th i ingintothestand嶺d once‐a‐week,9o minute class time frame usedin mostJaPanfおelmdversities‐ t t requi resf l 、 ア vehaveal imulat ioni tableexerci readysuggestedthatan exPerientia. s a very sui se forlearners ,c assroom s ience to exper. ion of a fore i 故e cultural dimens h ds( i 1984 f rd suPPorts t lalys :132 )in his al so gn lanー犯age‐ Lai. ft l 日 [ ional g i thods id of methodsl i various types o l l r l ted according to l ra ng me ens s eve s of r ‐ He gives a two‐di i ipat i l ”ng sess t ionsr Accor函ngto c onandtyPesofcontentthat wouldbeaPProPriateforvarious kindsoftrai Par l l h 亡 h dsl i t s ,in cases w erethe eve oflearner Panicipation needs to behigh andthecontentisto be deterlnined by learnersandteachertogether thenrole-P1ays s i l ions and games are most aPProPr iate in( 1989 sl )hasa , , mu at ‐ Bri ,. lt in ingthatcomparesthetarge tura chartofaPProachestoc in( ive af fect teddoma ive orbehavior ross‐cul ra t ) co をmi , , high ththe amotultoftraineeinvolvement( d l l h wi t f f i h i i ) t mo e r a r e o o w nac a s e w e r ea e c v ec a n e redand g sdes ‐ , ,. lofPar i ipat ioni igh thel i l inrecon t im可 L ionsofreall i fedemands eve c sh s l lnendsrol e-pl ayingands at CAteer ,Br - NI imulat 199 2 ionintof ivecategor ies imulat ( )broadensthe methodofs ions( l i :behaviorais ro eplays es ,casestud ,and in‐basketexerc ises i l d i ) i ty i f ferencebetweenthebehav ioral ,games , microworlds ‐ Thed ,s mu ators ,an v 貴ualreal ionsandgame r l simulat si sthatt egamesare more goaloriented,rule based,and sometimescomPetitive activities‐. A roleP1ay wouldbe more oPen endedandtendto beshorter‐ interact ion wi tha computer‐. Microwor lds and virtualreal i h i l ty , owever , nvo ve. Here thesimulatorsarePiec(渇 ofequiPment 値atimi ience tateactualexPer , ‐ lnot建. i ion would mean g1v1ng studentsacareful ly structuredsetofcul case 1esforstudentstolea1n and turalr I J ,as mulat. i f i latev thensomesPec l ls imu i i i t imulaterea l ctasks 故at wi t i lose ly nganothercul ty morec s twouldbe L u r e ‐ Tos ,i e to have huuman ratherthan a comPuter‐based interaction‐ Therefore, a methodthat combines bo Preferabl lh behavi land gamet ora s kind ofexPerience- ~ 空 コes may bethebest way to Presentthi. E. Pβ頻りγ“伽れじ g o毎e飾りB s ln order to de termine i f actual studentlearning match{お the intended object ives l i ed Performance , deta. iveswhi ject inetheobse ob chfocuson actualstudentbeha電orneedto be written‐ Here wedef l . r abl ePerformance. 7) (9.

(7) . ikawa Gordon 訳i l lman Sonoyol Don Hi son sh nke. 98. i ions mlder i t t t 故eCond i fy atleast one criterion for measl l i lringi to beaccomp s shedbythestudents,ident ,andl i fyseveralsuppo賞i fultospec 士dstask,i two可dseem use tyoft ng t mus tbeperformed exi whi chi ‐ Giventhecompl ive ivesalong wi ththe mainob t ject jec ob ‐ “ ln to adaptto ea Thef i tstepi rs stotakethe mainpu j r poseofthe exercise, to experiencecultureshock andl ’ ’ and ies thatthel earPing outcome can be l力er culni les tin performance terms‐ Performance impl reWhtei o ,. ing and evaluationlater on. For a student i imary bas l lthen bethe pr sfortest meas t D redi s Wi nsome way ‐ Thi fect iveandcoモ i ivestagestheyneedto t l lofadapt ingto anothercultLure,there are anumnberofaf tohavetheski リ ロ ly hidden h d ) l i ) ul i s most hrough :1 lderstandthat culture i er scussed ear pass t ,2 ‐ As d ,in s on, stu ents needto 故 3 f l l d i tudes ience せ i exper eshock ofencoーmtering different customs,com mu鴫cation, att , en ) re ect on , an va ues. luesf iveva i )expresshow theyrece ture l ings rom culture. The ttothe i the )comparei rovm cul rowlfee ,and5 ,4 l lofthese tudent wo山dbeabl i eto articulate a sthatthes t resul ng behavior or performance we would aim fori “T art l b i i t i f i l l iculate” means ly orin a report o stages ve rbal . , spec ca y,to state a persona o serva on n a group. l t ten repo貴 o discuss rjouma ・on orln a wri . l i ing ladaptabi ft i t l l lofcul ty tu Th i 二 re o eski こ ra sthebest wayto measu sraisesthe question of whati ‐ Accord ign i l simmersedinafore 1993 t( ) to Be snotnecessar rmet ytoobserveastudentwhoi ,the mostaccurateassessmenti ionand ividuaIS Percept l tm l山atedcu tme and notetheirreactions‐ Rather ture/s cul ,heproposesafocusontheind i i 、 r i lofinterculturalsens t ty‐ Hestates,”… lopmental mode ion o i f ferencethrough a deve fcu.tu コ rald comprehens i bes a leamer’ssubjective experience of cultural tdescr lshouldbe phenomenologi the mode calinthesensethati i l iner茅 ln 鎖ds way tudent i ivebehaviorofe rovvn sref ectonthe f ference therl di ra ttheob ject earnerort ,s ,notjus コ ヒ 1at i ive tofthi i st ienceanda【i i sprocessi t tudi ro▽のnperspect rom the nalchangesf exper culateat . Aぬ addedbenef b dng process. ear in self‐awarenessin 化l e proceミ渇 andhave a greatersense of autonomyinthel students ga ions h i i d 位econdi f t h h t h lce fying ob ives lnspec i ject ‐ ,t ecrter on,an ,t ere aret ree majorcomponen s:t e per ormal. l i iatedW1t l f ini ionofsuccess. Thi nedornegot t Thecriterioni sobeexplai saspectcana l easurementandde sthell i l l i i t ld expect ofthemselves en ons thestudentsin advance sothey know whattheyshou . Thecond ,t ,are ce武a n. ive al ivesub lowi i f t ject f 故 ldf ngl s i ions s i ions i tat t no res r ct ‐ lnthefol ,one main ob ,orformat or e perormance ,l ’ 1i 工 ion rf i t s i ions 〔 1 s mode i 巨ng to cr t i f i tedon ives a -ob ject ] re s ed accord pec , B1oon , and pe ormance. n add , cond l inginstr in l wi I J 1nents are a so thi in andthe stage orl こ r inethetypeofdoma easu iedto def nthatdoma eve appl ‐ N1 ive l i t tedforeachsub‐ob jec s ‐ i Tabl ject ves e2 : L竣も rning 0b o 〆のすめ α 1 ”鑑輝γ 錫Z加だ メ“ q 掴の“ ○毎”Z f7 ; !◇ 肉お“鋤” 伽Z加陀s加茂 αれdZm伽綱g 肋W f mi れ鋼g M鰭錫8 Cond i i t on :. l thercu i ingano t i i t Gi u 二 re s enceof▽ venanexper .. formance Key Per :. l l l ture ly and nonverba i Beabl nun cateverbal l l l yintheothercu etocol , in i f f i l i t tat s a sand turn ngs erence ons ee eobserVat anduponre ,compl ,f ,d ,s i ionfort heo thercul ture apprec at .. i Cr i ter a :. 1 i 1 1pe ) dormanceinfourofthef f To demons Sof veSub‐Ski t 5 rateSucce祭 u i t ld t l ladaptat i enrepor tura scu* 3 1 0nora qnゴt oni nverba cu ‐. S”る-承認Z O好g ‘ c互惚 #ヱ. Z s o%〆 劫略 似# g“ o” 7 2〆8 7 s妙 厩dd ”だ 禽 粥o. Type :. ive Cogn i t. l Leve :. i ion i Co cat ] l 〔 ロ ー onand Appl prehens. 〕 d f Pe ; onnance. i i t l inecu l on - Tobeab. tureandtheproce nuni cat on l l l 1 S Sofco etodef ,men i ddenaspect ture th V i i bl i sofcul s eandh ng bo ‐. Cond i ion t :. f ine each one i Given a l i t of bas e to de s c concept s . Given a , be abl lacy i i fy the fa l t t ls tu・e ni s i tereotype of cul e to iden t ca prac , be abl i on aS Su工npt .. ia Cr i ter :. ioninthe i l i ddencu tureorcommun l l cat 1nc toneexamp eofh eas udeatl qカゴt t enanswer .. 8) (9.

(8) . ionand Eva luat ISimu l lntercul r l ionoft i tura e Bafa Bafa Game ons :Adaptat at lns t t rumen :. 99. ionsford i Shor t tanswerque scus l s s ・ on : 2 flsay l l i 3 i 1 ture? on? sco l l nun cat scu l l ‐ l . VVhati ‐ VVhati i K I l h l d sPond? a r ngongto yototoseerea JaPanesecut uエe , ow wou youre. Ty : l )e. Cogがt i ve. Leve l =. Appl icat ionand Ana l i s ys. Cond i i t on :. Givenanexper i 1s imu 1 i tuヱa enceinacro祭トcu1 at on ga 」 me , f f l l i i i i Comparecu l i tureandv tedcu turebyl turald t s s er encesofowncu ng. Per fonnance :. l l )and va exampl esofru es( observabl ebeha西or ues . i Cr i ter a :. luesforeachcu Di l t5rul ture esand2va cus satleas ‐. 工ns t r unent : l. Group Di scug s Ion. S”る-s左辺 ○毎βcあり8#& Type :. 宕o 瑠彰“ 2 z鹸eだれご 伽sわz雄, “雛伽”“Z cのま ”〆偽,α”〆 “〆“榔 o” gme 劫8 靴o次 げ 8“”“”蛇“7 gd ,α妨Z Af f i t ve ec. Leve l :. Rece i晒ng and Respond ing. Cond ion i t :. Gi i l i hercu l t t ture orknowl edgeofanot venl eorno pr ,. Per for 1 nance l :. Vi i i t h peopl ther t tate t wi s l : l ake contac ef ro 1 m ano , observe ,in , and n ” ” i tureinthe cul r l anguage. Be abl f i i i i l ld t 4-5 spec e to repor c commun cat on ru e s that you cou. Cr i ia t er :. observe ・ 1ns tru l l l ent :. S“る-魂”′ ○毎e c力む2#4 ‘. Group d i scu$lon . 0ne week re f l ionPaper▽ dt ing a駅 ign t t ec J 1 s l men . i 鯛 だ磯“ f o 陀潟β c 7 7 2 gs げ 靴c伽筋e g”ただ客“ 似#”舵. Ty e : l ). Af fec i t ve. Leve l :. Respond ing. Cond i ion t :. Givena group d i i l wr i ing ass t scus onand aiou s lma lgmnent ,. Pedor nnanCe :. Statef l ingsaboutv i i ing anothe l t ture ee s rcu ‐ Sayoneop・n inper lfee l ingsinatl tf l onandexpla sona eas ourpage sof ‘ ‘ ”ex er qnづt ing T l b b h b d t h h k t o ea e o e s c e e s o c 1 e n c e p ・ ・ one week re f l i i i i t t t ec on pape r wr ngas s l . en gnl. Cr i ia ter : 1ns tnl l : nent Type :. Af f ive t ec. Leve l :. Val ing u. Condi ions t :. Givena group d i i l wr i ing as t scus s onand aiouma s 1gn pment ,. Pe 〕 donnance :. Expres i i l l thercu ture sapprec at onfortheva uesofano ‐. Cr i ia te l :. Statetwoe×ampl i t rangeand uncomfo貴abl e sofhow s ebehav ori nthe fore i l l dbeuse fu land va luabl tur ecou e gn cu .. 工ns tru立 l ent :. one weekre f l ionpaper wr i ing as t t ec s ・ gnment. lnplamn ingth i ssimulation,ContentitselfisnotsoimPo賃antas Process‐ ltisnottheintentiontoteach al ong l i l 辻turalrules or a recommended process foradapt tofc ing to ano口ler culture‐ Rat五er,tt im i s i ea sto involve ience of vi i ing anot力er culture and then take them t students in a ve t r ロ r s 1γ general e×per ough a process of di ing t he i l ing and values towards the other culture‐ scover r own fee noted‐. However some bas ic content needs to be ,. Af ized cul ture mus tbe demonstrated, and a set ofsteps arerecommended as a ew features ofa general. f-e×plorat ion Process g1 roup and sel ‐ First thes ionofthe cultureshouldhave a numnber ofrules,customs,and valuesthatares imulat igr i ly 立f cant ,. i f ferentf d ings gestmres a lude gl rom the home culture ofthe students‐ Customs can inc lot hing ld c es 「eet , , l ‐ Rul ludetaboos iquet te l ionshiPs lues wouldbeabout ma mayinc ternsofre l lat ions at e/femal ere - Va ,et ,and Pat ,old/ icat ion‐ l ti n l 」 des or values are asl yomlg status,and valuedtopics ofcom mu1 s notimPortant whatせi eser ong as. i f ferentenoughf they are d i即 cu l rom Japanesethatthey appear to be a generic fore ture so the numberof ‐ A1 l l imi l tmalru i ted( )and 故e ma tyofthem shouldbesomewhateas i ly 西s i bl l low cu esshouldbel jor essthanlo etoa (99).

参照

関連したドキュメント

活動後の評価    心構え   

②  A  A  A  B  B of A  × . ③  B  B  A  B 

HW松本の外国 人専門官と社会 保険労務士のA Dが、外国人の 雇用管理の適正 性を確認するた め、事業所を同

観光協会・温泉組合等 + A旅館 Bホテル Cホテル D旅館

エリア Aエリア Bエリア Cエリア 密度 (頭/㎢)※

廃棄物の排出量 A 社会 交通量(工事車両) B [ 評価基準 ]GR ツールにて算出 ( 一部、定性的に評価 )

[r]

(1) 建屋海側に位置するサブドレンのポンプ停止バックアップ位置(LL 値)は,建屋滞留 水水位の管理上限目標値 T.P.2,064mm ※1