古墳の保存と活用のための生物等被害状況アンケー ト調査―九州―

古墳の保存と活用のための生物等被害状況アンケー ト調査―九州―

著者 佐野 千絵, 石崎 武志, 三浦 定俊

雑誌名 保存科学

号 45

ページ 107‑120

発行年 2006‑03‑31

URL http://doi.org/10.18953/00003659

Creative Commons : 表示 ‑ 非営利 ‑ 改変禁止 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‑nc‑nd/3.0/deed.ja

ӞىƷ̬܍Ʊ෇ဇƷƨNJƷဃཋሁᘮܹཞඞǢȳDZȸȈᛦ௹

Ყʋ߸Ყ

ऎ࿤! ୷ٰȆ୞ॄ! ໌঎Ȇ२׆! ೰ੇ

ˍȅ͉̲͛ͅ

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ࣣ́̓ͭ̈́মય̦̭̞͈̥ܳ̽̀ͥȄ୆໤๭ٺͬచય̱̹ͅેޙ಺औ͉̭ͦ́͂͛ͣͦ̀͘͘

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! ུ༭͉࣬Ȅ൐ނ໲ا़ࡄݪਫ਼༗ంشڠ໐̦಺औຘͬ௣ັ̱̀ං̹໛ؖࡇඤȄߧུࡇඤ̥͈ͣ

ٝ൞ͬಎ૤̱͂̀Ȃ߇ਗ࠷͈ેޙ̞̹͈̜̾̀͂͛́ͥ͘͜ͅȃ

ˎȅ಺औ༹͈༷

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ࢌտ֥ٛ࣬াˎ࣢ȫͅջͥঃ୥൝͈໦႒̤̞͉̀ͅਅ༆ȶٵ೓Ȅਬ၂୥Ȅࡣ໩̷͈ఈ̭͈႒͈

֒୥ȷ͂̈́ͤḘ͈̏ਅ༆͈ಎ͉ͅٵ೓Ȅਬ၂୥Ȅࡣ໩Ȅ؍ࠪ༢̦܄ͦͥ͘ȃ಺औຘΗͼΠσͅ

ȶࡣ໩͈༗ం͂ڰဥȷ̠̹̹̦͂̽Ȅ಺औْࠗ৪͈փ଎̱͉͂̀Ȅࡣ໩Ȇ؍ࠪ༢̴͈̞ͦͬ͜

಺औచય̱̹͈̜̹͂́̽͜ȃ

! ͺϋΉȜΠࣜ࿒͈୭͉ࠗ಺औࠫضͬऒֲ̳̹ͥ͛Ȅ૥ਹͅ࠿൦̳ͥຈါ̦̜ͥȃ͉ࣽٝȄຈ

ါ̳͂ͥૂ༭̦ٝ൞̥ͣං̥̠̥ͣͦͥ̓ͬ࠿બ̳̹ͥ͛ͅȄ̜ͥ೾ഽ͈ٝ൞ତ̦ࡉࣺ͛ͥ౷

֖ͬ੝͈͛಺औచયْ̳̭̱̹͂ͥ͂ͬࠗȃ̷͈̹͛Ȅًݲͅ༗ంା๵ͅ߸ͩͥ಺औࡄݪ́൚ ਫ਼͂Ⴒࠈ͈૬̞߇ਗ౷ߊȄඅͅ߃ාႲࠈͬޑا̱̞̹̀໛ؖࡇඤͬ಺औచય౷֖ͅ஖೰̱̹ȃ

໛ؖࡇ͉௡ૐࡣ໩Ȇ௡ૐ؍ࠪ͜ఉ̩Ȅ࣭ࡩ༞੩ͥ͢ͅঃ୥൝༗ంା๵মު͈৘ୡ͜ࡣ໩Ȇࡣ໩

߲Ȅ؍ࠪ൝ͅచ̱̀23࠯Ȫ2004ාˏ࠮31඾࡛ह^3ȫȫͬତ̢Ȅۯၑఘଷ̦ږၛ̱̀৘ৗഎͅခ࢘

̈́ٝ൞̦ࡉࣺͦͥ͘౷֖͂ଔ௶̱̹ȃ

! ̷̭́໛ؖࡇඤͅచ̱͉̀Ȅࡣ໩͈༗ంેޙ̞̾̀ͅࢩ̩ૂ༭ͬං̹̞͂ࣉ̢Ȅࡇඤ஠ঌ಴

ఆޗ֗տ֥ٛ96ͅచ̱̀൚ਫ਼̥ͣͺϋΉȜΠຘͬ௣ັ̱̀༐௣ͬఞ̾ࠁ͈́಺औ࣐̞ͬȄ66ޗ

֗տ֥̥ٛͣٝ൞ͬං̹Ȫ৘ঔশܢȇ2004ාˍ࠮Ȅٝਓၚ68.8ɓȫȃࡣ໩Ȇ؍ࠪ൝͈ۯၑ͈̈́

̞ޗ֗տ֥̦ٛࡇඤ̜̭͉ͥ͂ͅমஜͅၭٜ̱̞̹̦̀Ȅ้ནܢ͈́಺औ͂̈́ͤါͣ͆শۼͬ

ڬ̞̞̹̺̩̀ࠫض͂̈́ͤȄૂ༭͈ਓਬ͈ॽ༷̞̾̀ͅठࣉ̳̭̱̹ͥ͂͂ȃ̹͘Ȅ֚ޗ֗տ

֥̥ٛͣࡇޗ֗տ֥ٛͬ೒̱̀ͺϋΉȜΠ಺औ̧࣐̠͓̜͈ͬ́ͥ͂փࡉͬೀడ̱̹ȃ

! ߧུࡇඤ̞͉̾̀ͅۯၑࡣ໩ତ͈ఉఱ̭̦̈́ͥ͂ࡉࣺͦ͘Ȅࡇޗ֗տ֥ٛ͂৘ঔ༹༷͈મळ

̤͍͢ͺϋΉȜΠඤယȄ࢖ນ਀౲̞̜̥̲̾̀ͣ͛ͅ௖౴̱̹ȃ̷ً͈೾́ͺϋΉȜΠٝਓၚ

ͬષ̬̹ͥ͛ͅȄ಺औచયͬ௡ૐࡣ໩ͬۯၑ̳ͥޗ֗տ֥ٛͅࣆͤȄࡇޗ֗տ֥ٛͤ͢௡ૐࡣ

໩͈ਫ਼ह̳ͥঌ಴ఆޗ֗տ֥֚ٛ။͈೹ރͬ਋̫̀Ȅڂ൚̳ͥ24ޗ֗տ֥̜ٛ̀ͅ಺औͬջှ

̱Ȅ15ޗ֗տ֥ٛͤٝ͢൞ͬං̹Ȫ৘ঔশܢȇ2005ාˑ࠮Ȅٝਓၚ62.5ɓȫȃ

! ఱ໦ࡇȄऎٖࡇȄಿॄࡇȄݠॄࡇȄ৅঱ോࡇ̞͉̾̀ͅȄࡇޗ֗տ֥ٛ͂௖౴̱̹ࠫضȄࡇ ޗ֗տ֥̦ٛ൳͈֚ͺϋΉȜΠຘͬဥ̞̀Ȅۯၑࡣ໩ͬခ̳ͥࡇئޗ֗տ֥ٛͅచ̱̀಺औͬ

࣐̠̭̹͂͂̈́̽ȃུ༭͉́Ȅٝ൞͈̜̹̽ఱ໦ࡇȄಿॄࡇ͈ૂ༭̵̜ͩ̀͜ࠇश̳ͥȃ৅঱

ോࡇ̥͉ͣ௡ૐࡣ໩͉̞͈̈́͂ٝ൞ͬං̀ȄͺϋΉȜΠຘ୭͈ࠗࣾඳ̯̥ͣȄ௡ૐࡣ໩ͅࡠͣ

̴ࡣ໩Ȇ؍ࠪ஠ఘ͈ૂ༭ͬං̹̞̞̠͂࿒എͬض̧̹̳̭̦̥̹͂́̈́̽ȃ

! ಺औຘȪນˍȫ͉Ȅ۰ࠩͅ୆໤๭ٺેޙͬ෤՜̳̭ͥ͂ͬ࿒എͅȄਏ࿐ͥ͢ͅ໩ݚ͈ുٟ͞

୞৒ඤ͈͒Ⴣକ൝͈࡛ય͈ခྫȄٳ࢛͂ᩡధ႒้͈࿆ȄჃକȆٳ࢛͂΃Ϋ๭ٺ͈͂۾ႲȄअಖ

൝͈גޣͅ಍࿒̱̀୭̱̹ࠗȃ಺औΟȜΗ͈ٜ৷ͅຈါ̈́໩ݚࠁఠོ͞௞ঔ୭အ৆͈̈́̓ါள

͉Ȅȸ໛ؖࡇ͈௡ૐࡣ໩ȹȪߧུࡇၛ௡ૐࡣ໩܁Ȅ1997ȫȄȸ֒୥̦ࢊ̩͈̜͙ͥ͂͘͜͠Ƚ

݊౻୼༎ȽȄȽฒ୼༎ȽȄȽႂ୼༎ȽȹȪߧུࡇޗ֗տ֥ٛȄ2003ȡ2004ȫȄȸఱ໦ࡇ͈௡ૐ ࡣ໩ȹȪߧུࡇၛ௡ૐࡣ໩܁Ȅ1996ȫȄȸಿॄࡇ͈௡ૐࡣ໩ȹȪߧུࡇၛ௡ૐࡣ໩܁Ȅ1998ȫ

͈̈́̓঩ၳͅջ̽̀฻౯̱̹ȃ

ນˍ! ಺औͅঀဥ̱̹ৗ࿚ࣜ࿒

ˍȅܲئ́ۯၑ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȄ௡ૐࡣ໩Ȇ௡ૐ؍ࠪȆ௡ૐ؍߲ࠪȆ௡ૐ౷ئ৆؍ࠪȆ௡ૐ౷ئ৆؍߲ࠪ൝ͅ

̞̾̀Ȅྴઠ̤ͬޗ̢̩̺̯̞ȃ

ˎȅܲئ́ۯၑ̯̞ͦ̀ͥȄࡣ໩Ȇ؍ࠪȆ؍߲ࠪ൝̞̾̀ͅȄ৽̹͈̞ͥ̾̀͜ͅྴઠ̤ͬޗ̢̩̺̯̞ȃ Ȫߧུࡇඤ಺औ̤̞͉̀ͅḘ͈͉̏ࣜڬՔȫ

ˏȅ࢖ٳ̯̞ͦ̀ͥ௡ૐࡣ໩൝̦̜ͦ͊Ȅ̷͈ྴઠ͂ঔ୭͈ခྫȆ࢖ٳ༹༷̞̾̀ͅȄ̤ޗ̢̩̺̯̞ȃ

! ! ͼ! ࢖ٳ̱̞̀ͥ! ! υ! ࢖ٳ̱̞̞̀̈́

! ͼ! ̤͂൞̢͈༷ͅॿ̞̳͘ȃ

! ! 3-1.! ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! ! Ƀ໛ؖࡇඤ಺औ́ঀဥ̱̹ৗ࿚ࣜ࿒Ʉ

! ! 3-2.! ࢖ٳশܢ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ͼ! ુশ! ! υ! ා! ٝȪ! ࠮ࣼȫ! ! Χ! ૭ࣺ͙ͅ؊̲̀ଟশ

! ! 3-3.! ࢖ٳ͈̹͈͛୭๵͈ခྫ! ! ͼ! ခɨȪ๠͈͙Ȅஜ৒Ȅஜஜ৒ȫ! ! υ! ྫ

! ! Ƀߧུࡇඤ಺औ́ঀဥ̱̹ৗ࿚ࣜ࿒Ʉ

! ! 3-2.! ࢖ٳশܢ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ͼ! ુশ! ! υ! ා! ٝȪ! ࠮ࣼȫ! ! Χ! ૭ࣺ͙ͅ؊̲̀ଟশ

! ! 3-3.! ࢖ٳ͈̹͈͛୭๵͉̜̳̥ͤ͘ȃ

! ! ! ͼ! ๠͈͙୭౾Ȫࡉڠশ͉ව৒ȫ! ! υ! ஜ৒̥ͣ΄ρΑק̱ͅ෡̩ࠁ৆! ! Χ! ٳ༶̱̞̀ͥ

ːȅًݲ10ාۼ́Ȅئܱ̜͉ܱ̀ͥ͘ͅ੆̦̮̰̞̱̹ͣ͘Ȅ̤ޗ̢̩̺̯̞ȃ

! ͼ! ໩༢Ȇζ;ϋΡષ͈ၛ࿐̦ുٟ̱̹ɨȪ! ාஜȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! υ! ༢৒Ȇ୞৒Ȇ୞ᖰඤͅ༲၂̦̜̹̽ɨȪ! ාஜȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! Χ! ༢৒Ȇ୞৒Ȇ୞ᖰඤͅჃକ̦̜̹̽ɨȪ! ාஜȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! Σ! ༢৒Ȇ୞৒Ȇ୞ᖰඤͅ΃Ϋ̦୆̢̹ɨȪ! ාஜȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! γ! ໩༢Ȇζ;ϋΡ൝ͅȄਏডޑاੜ౾̱̹ͬɨȪ! ාஜȫȄਏডྴȪ! ! ȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! ΰ! ༢৒Ȇ୞৒Ȇ୞ᖰඤͅਏডޑاੜ౾̱̹ͬɨȪ! ාஜȫȄਏডྴȪ! ! ȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! Π! ஜ৒͈̈́̓ັఝঔ୭ͅ΃Ϋ̦୆̢̹ɨȪ! ාஜȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! Ι! अಖ͈̈́̓૟ව̦̜̹̽ɨ! ! ! ! ! Ȫ! ාஜȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! ς! ഛब̈́̓́Ȅව࢛ͤ൝༲၂̦̜̹̽ɨȪ! ාஜȫȄ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! ! ̷͈ఈȟুဇܱ੆

ˑȅًݲˏාۼͅȄة̥͈ͣ༗ంࢥম̯̞̱̹̥ͬ̈́͘ȃ̷͈ٽၞ̞̾̀ͅȄޗ̢̩̺̯̞̀ȃ

! ! Ȫুဇܱ੆ȫ̷͈ྴઠȪ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ȫ

! ! Ƀߧུࡇඤ಺औ́ঀဥ̱̹஖఼ঠɄ

! ! ! 5.! ͼ! ༢৒Ȇ୞৒Ȇ୞ᖰඤ͈༗ంࢥম൝! ! υ! ໩ݚȆζ;ϋΡ͈͒ࢥম൝

˒ȅئܱ͈ૂ༭̞̾̀ͅȄຈါ̥̠̥̮̓փࡉ̤ͬ໳̵̥̩̺̯̞ȃ

! 6-1.! ࡣ໩൝༗ంૂ༭࢐͈̹͈۟͛ΥΛΠχȜ·! ͼ! ါ(ࡇඤȄ߇ਗඤȄ࣭ඤȄ٬ٸ)! ! υ! ະါ

! 6-2.! ۯၑဥ͈༗ంဥ຦ͅ۾̳ͥૂ༭! ! ! ! ! ! ͼ! ါ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! υ! ະါ

! 6-3.! ྚ࢖ٳশ͈ۯၑͅ۾̳ͥૂ༭! ! ! ! ! ! ! ͼ! ါ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! υ! ະါ

! 6-4.! ࢖ٳࢃ͈ੜ౾ͅ۾̳ͥૂ༭! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ͼ! ါ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! υ! ະါ

! 6-5.! ༗ం͈̹͈͛಺औ਀༹ͅ۾̳ͥૂ༭! ! ! ! ͼ! ါ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! υ! ະါ

! 6-6.! ऺၳȆ༹͈ܿ಺औ਀༹ͅ۾̳ͥૂ༭! ! ! ! ͼ! ါ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! υ! ະါ

! 6-7.! අͅȄफ़΃Ϋͅ۾̳ͥߓఘഎ̈́ૂ༭! ! ! ! ͼ! ါ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! υ! ະါ

! ! ̷͈ఈ͈ૂ༭/ুဇܱ੆

ˏȅ಺औࠫض

ˏȽˍȅ஠ఘેޙ!

! ಺औ̮ͅފႁ̞̹̺̞̹໛ؖࡇඤޗ֗տ֥ٛȪນˎȫȄߧུࡇඤޗ֗տ֥ٛȪນˏȫȄఱ໦

ࡇඤޗ֗տ֥ٛȪນːȫȄಿॄࡇඤޗ֗տ֥ٛȪນˑȫ͈౷ߊྴ͂ۯၑئࡣ໩֚။ͬা̳ȃ̜

̵ͩ̀࢖ٳ͈ેޙ͂୭๵̞ܱ̳̾̀͜ͅȃ

! ໛ؖࡇඤ͈಺औ౷ߊ́ࡣ໩ͬۯၑ̱̞͈͉̀ͥٝ൞͈̜̹̽66ޗ֗տ֥͈̠̻ٛ53ޗ֗տ

֥ٛ́Ȅ117ܖ͈ࡣ໩͂11ࡣ໩߲ͬۯၑ̱̞̹̀ȃ֊୭͉˔ܖȄ୞৒௡ૐ୞ऺ൝͈༗ం͈͙͂

͈ٝ൞͜ˎ႕̜̹̽ȃߧུࡇඤ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ15ޗ֗տ֥ٛͤٝ͢൞ͬං̀Ȅ142ܖ͈௡ૐࡣ໩

ͬۯၑ̱̞̀ͥેޙͬ෤՜̱̹ȃ

ນˎ! ໛ؖࡇ಺औފႁ౷ߊ࣐͂ଽۯၑئࡣ໩֚။Ȫ2004ාˍ࠮಺औȫ

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᳓Ꮞ↸

⧃ደ↸ ^{ᄢၔᄢႦฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ή}

ጟ၂↸ ^{ᶏ⬿ኹฎზ}_㐷↰ฎზ 㕷ᚻ↸ ^{ฎ᦬ᮮⓣ⟲㪐ภᮮⓣ}ฎ᦬㪉ภᮮⓣ

ฎ᦬㪍ภᮮⓣ

䂾 䂾 䂾

㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿

⧯ች↸

┻ේฎზ

៊䊱ᾢฎზ 㜞㊁೶Ⴆฎზ

䂾 䂾

౏㐿 㕖౏㐿

೨ቶ䊶೨೨ቶ

ዊ┻↸ วደฎზ ౏㐿

ች↰↸

㗧↰↸ ^{ၔ⣶㪈ภᮮⓣჄ 㕖౏㐿}

ⴕ᡽࿾ၞฬ⒓ ▤ℂਅ䈱ฎზฬ ⵝ㘼 ฎზ

㘵ႦᏒ

Ꮉፉฎზ㪈㪈ภზ Ꮉፉฎზ⟲

Ꮉᵤฎზ 䉦䉪䊜⍹ฎზ

䂾 ౏㐿 ᐕ㪉࿁ 㪋㪃㪈㪇᦬ ೨೨ቶ

㚅ᤐ↸

ᄢછ↸ ᑪᓼኹ㪉ภზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᦭

↰ᎹᏒ

䉶䉴䊄䊉ฎზ ᄐศ㪈ภზ ᄐศ㪉㪈ภზ

㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿

Ⓑ▽↸ ᴒ಴ฎზ ౏㐿 ౏࿦䇭ᚺ

Ꮉፒ↸ ^{ᚭጊේฎზ㪈ภზ} ጊ↰Ꮢ

⊖䇱ᶆฎზ⟲

ဈ᳤ฎზ⟲

㐳㊁ฎზ ጤⓣฎზ

⎽੗↸

᩵Ꮉ↸ ^{₺Ⴆฎზ 䂾 ౏㐿 ᐕ㪉࿁䇭㪋㪃㪈㪇᦬ ೨ቶ䊶೨೨ቶ}

▽Ⓞ↸ ^಴㔕⊖ⓣ_{಴㔕ᮮⓣჄ⟲}

ཅⓄ↸

⧛↰↸

⍹Ⴆጊฎზ ᓮᚲጊฎზ

⇟Ⴆฎზ 㔎┄ฎზ ᕲႦฎზ ጤደฎზ⟲

ⴕᯅᏒ

䊎䊪䊉䉪䊙ฎზ

౎㔗ฎზ 㓳ੱႦฎზ

⼾ᵤ↸ ^{ᒾᓼ↲Ⴆฎზ}_↲Ⴆᣇზ

‪Ꮉ↸ ^{ฎᎹᐔේ㪌ภზ}

⼾೨Ꮢ ^{㤥ㇱ㪍ภზ 䂾 㕖౏㐿}

ᣂศን᧛ ጊ↰㪈ภზ 䂾 ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ

ᄢᐔ᧛ ^{⊖⇐㪈㪄㪊ภᮮⓣ}_{ⓣ䊱⪲ጊ㪈㪃㪊ภზ} ^䂾_䂾 ^౏㐿_౏㐿 ^Ᏹᤨ_{ⓣ䊱⪲ጊ㪈ภ㩿㓐ᤨ㪀 ⓣ䊱⪲ጊ㪈ภ䈱䉂} ዊ⍹ේ᧛

↞ᧁᏒ ^{ዊ↰⨥⥓Ⴆฎზ}_{ႇᒰᱜኹฎზ} ^䂾

ਃベ↸ ^{઄㆏ฎზ 䂾 ౏㐿 ᐕ㪉࿁䇭㪋㪃㪈㪇᦬ ೨ቶ}

ዊ㇭Ꮢ

⧎┙ጊ㩿ⓣⷰ㖸㪀ฎზ

⧎┙ጊฎზ⟲

ᮮ㓊ጊฎზ ᵤฎ㪈ภზ

䂾 ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ ή

᧸ᧁ↸ ᧖㚍႐ฎზ ᦺୖ↸

⁍Ⴆฎზ ች࿾Ꭺฎზ 㩿ḡ䈱㓊ฎზ㪀

䂾 ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ⷒደ

ᄢಷᵞ↸ ᧄㇹ㢩Ⴆ㪊ภზ ർ㊁↸ Ⴆፉฎზ

ᶋ⠀↸ ^㊀ቯฎზ_Ⴆ⧎ฎზ ^䂾_䂾 ^౏㐿_౏㐿 ^㓐ᤨ_㓐ᤨ ^᦭_᦭

ศ੗↸

ේฎზ

⃟ᢝႦฎზ 㠽⦁Ⴆฎზ ฎ⇌ฎზ ᣣጟฎზ

᦬ጟฎზ Ⴆၴฎზ

቟ንฎზ

䂾 䂾 䂾 䂾 䂾

౏㐿

౏㐿

౏㐿

㓐ᤨ

㓐ᤨ

㓐ᤨ

ⷒደ

↰ਥਣ↸

ਛේ⁍Ⴆฎზ ኹᓼฎზ

⷏㙚ฎზ 㓊㪊ภზ ᄢᯅኹฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀

⋉↢↰ฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀

ᷡẴᯅฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀

↰ਥਣᄢႦฎზ ༀ㒮㪈ภზ ༀ㒮㪋ภზ ᄢႦ㪈ภზ ╬

䂾 䂾 䂾

䂾 䂾

౏㐿 ᐕ㪈࿁䇭㪈㪇᦬ ᚺ䈱䉂

ਭ⇐☨Ꮢ

ᶆጊฎზ ᣣベኹฎზ ਅ㚍႐ฎზ ೨⇌ฎზ ጊ䊉ਅฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀

⧯ችฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀 㣮ᲫႦฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀 ਛ㚍႐ฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀

᫪Ⴆฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀

⮎Ꮷਅർฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀

⮎Ꮷਅධฎზ㩿ᶖṌ㪀 ᓮႦ䊶ᮭ⃻Ⴆฎზ

⮮ጊ↲Ⴆฎზ

␧࿦ጊฎზ

ᭂᭉኹฎზ

㊍ญฎზ

䂾 䂾 䂾 䂾

౏㐿

౏㐿

౏㐿

౏㐿

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

ᚺઃⷒደ ᚺઃⷒደ ᚺઃⷒደ

ᤊ㊁᧛

ᐢᎹ↸ ^{⍹ੱጊฎზ}_{ᒄൻ⼱ฎზ} ^䂾_䂾 ^౏㐿_౏㐿 ^{Ᏹᤨ ଻⼔ᩋ䈗䈚}ᐕ㪉࿁ 㪋㪃㪈㪈᦬╙㪉ᣣᦐ ᦭

ਃẪ↸ චㅪኹฎზ 㕖౏㐿

౎ᅚᏒ ^ਸ਼႐ฎზ_ਣጊฎზ ^䂾_䂾 ^㕖౏㐿_㕖౏㐿 ၔፉ↸

ᄢᎹᏒ

┙⧎↸

Ⓑ⩄ጊᮮⓣჄ⟲

ᄢႦฎზ ᶆ↰ฎზ 㝩㓊ᮮⓣ⟲

ዊୖ⼱ᮮⓣ⟲

䂾 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 ἑ㜞↸

ᚑวኹ⼱㪈ภზ

ᮭ⃻Ⴆฎზ ⱠⰸႦฎზ ゞႦฎზ

䂾 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿 㕖౏㐿

ਃᯅ↸

ᄢ๺↸

ጊᎹ↸ ^{਻᛬ᄢႦฎზ}_{䉪䉝䊮䉴Ⴆฎზ} 㜞↰↸

⍹␹ጊฎზ

᧲Ớᣉฎზ ች䊱ᶆฎზ⟲

ᄢ—↰Ꮢ

ୖ᳗ฎზ

⪤䊉የฎზ

ୖ᳗⨥⥓Ⴆ㪈ภზ

䂾

䂾 ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ೨೨ቶ

ນˏ! ߧུࡇඤ಺औފႁ౷ߊ͂ۯၑئࡣ໩֚။)3116ා˒࠮಺औȫ!

౏㐿䊶䇭䇭䇭㕖౏㐿 ᤨᦼ ౏㐿⸳஻

౏㐿

⩵ᳰᏒ ⴻⵯየ㜞Ⴆฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

ਃട๺↸ ↰ਛၔਅᮮⓣჄ⟲ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

੹᧛ጤ䈱ਅᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪈ภ

੹᧛ጤ䈱ਅᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸈㪄㪊ภ

੹᧛ጤ䈱ਅᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸈㪄㪎ภ

੹᧛ጤ䈱ਅᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸉㪄㪉ภ

Ⴆဌਥฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ೨ቶ䈎䉌⓹⿧䈚㩿㪈㪐㪐㪋䋩

ᳯ↰ⓣⷰ㖸ฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

㐳ജᮮⓣჄ⟲㩿㪈ภ㪀 㕖౏㐿

ർේᮮⓣჄ㩿㪊ภ㪀 ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ਃ䊉ችฎზ

྾ጊฎზ

ጨ᣿↸ ᄢ⍹㪐ภ⍹᫲ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ ᚺ

ᮮጊฎზ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ ᚺ

⍹Ꮉጊ㪋ภზ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጊญᮮⓣჄ⟲㩿㪏ภ㪀 㕖౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ⺞ᩏਛ㪃࿯ྙ䈪ኽ㎮

ᄢဌฎზ ౏㐿 ᐕ䋱࿁䋨㪈㪇᦬╙㪊࿯ᣣ䋩䇮

਄⸥એᄖ䈪䉅໧䈇ว䉒 䈞䈅䉏䈳㓐ᤨ

೨ቶ䈎䉌⓹⿧䈚䇭䋨㪈㪐㪎㪐䋩

᳗቟ኹ᧲ฎზ 㪉㪇㪇㪌ᐕ଻ሽᢛ஻ ೨ቶ䈎䉌⓹⿧䈚䇭㩿㪉㪇㪇㪊㪀

᳗቟ኹ⷏ฎზ 㪉㪇㪇㪌ᐕ଻ሽᢛ஻ ೨ቶ䈎䉌⓹⿧䈚㩿㪉㪇㪇㪌㪀

㚍಴ฎზ ᶖᄬ㩷㩿㪪㪋㪈䋩

⍹⽾ⓣⷰ㖸ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾ⓣⷰ㖸ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾ⓣⷰ㖸ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪎ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊㪇ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊㪎ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪇ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾䊅䉩䊉ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾ฎၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪎ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾ฎၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪈㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾ฎၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸈㪄㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

⍹⽾ฎၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸈㪄㪈㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

౏㐿䈮䈧䈇䈩 ⴕ᡽࿾ၞฬ⒓

㒙⯃Ꮢ

⩵᳓↸

ධ㑐↸

▤ℂਅ䈱ฎზฬ

౏㐿 㓐ᤨ

⨹የᏒ

㐿᡼

Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

౏㐿

਄ᓮୖฎზ Ᏹᤨ

ᬀᧁ↸

₹ฬᏒ

㐿᡼

ේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪎ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪇ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ᮮ⇗ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ᮮ⇗ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ᮮ⇗ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪇ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ၔㄼ㑆ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ၔㄼ㑆ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ၔㄼ㑆ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

↰ፒᮮⓣჄ⟲㩿㪈ภ㪀 ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

䉼䊑䉰䊮ฎზ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ ೨ቶ䈎䉌⓹⿧䈚䋨㪈㪐㪎㪌䋩

䉥䊑䉰䊮ฎზ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ ᚺ

㚍Ⴆฎზ 㕖౏㐿 ᚺ

⥓Ⴆฎზ 㕖౏㐿

ᑯᘮ䊱ⓣฎზ 㕖౏㐿 ೨ቶ䈎䉌⓹⿧䈚

ᓮ㔤Ⴆฎზ 㕖౏㐿 ᚺ

ዊේᶆ↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᶆ↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᶆ↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᶆ↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪋ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪎㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪐㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ዊේᄢႦᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪇㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪈㪋ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪈㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪉㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪊㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪊㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪊㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸊㪄㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጤේᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸋㪄㪍㪄㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

᪉䊉਄ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

᪉䊉਄ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪉ภ 㕖౏㐿 㓐ᤨ 㐿᡼

᪉䊉਄ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪋ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

᪉䊉਄ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

᪉䊉਄ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㸇㪄㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ጊ㣮Ꮢ

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪌ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪐㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪐㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪇㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪇㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㐳ጤᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪇㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪎ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪈㪋ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪍㪹ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪍㪻ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪎ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪊㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪍ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪐ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪇ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㍿↰ᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪌㪊ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ઃၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪏ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ઃၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪍㪎ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ઃၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪎㪉ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪇ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪉㪈ภ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

㊍የฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

ን䊉የ㪈ภზ 㕖౏㐿

Ⓑ⩄ጊฎზ 㕖౏㐿

ජ㊄↲㪈ภზ 㕖౏㐿

ජ㊄↲㪊ภზ 㕖౏㐿

ฎၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪏ภ 㕖౏㐿

ฎၔᮮⓣჄ⟲㩷㪋㪍ภ 㕖౏㐿

ཅፉ↸ ੗ኹฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

ᄢ㥘⬿የᒛችฎზ ౏㐿䇭㩿⑳᦭࿾㪀 ዊ㥘⬿㪈ภზ ౏㐿䇭㩿⑳᦭࿾㪀 ዊ㥘⬿㪊ภზ ౏㐿䇭㩿⑳᦭࿾㪀

੖෻↰ฎზ ౏㐿䇭㩿⑳᦭࿾㪀

↰Ꮉౝ㪈ภზ 㕖౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

┻ਯౝฎზ ౏㐿䇭㩿⑳᦭࿾㪀

㐳⍾ㅪฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

ᐢᶆฎზ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

ᄢᚭ㥦ർฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

ᄢᚭ㥦ධฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

ᄢ㊁─ฎზ ౏㐿 㓐ᤨ ᚺ

┥ർ㜞Ⴆฎზ ౏㐿 Ᏹᤨ 㐿᡼

┥ർ↸

਄ᄤ⨲Ꮢ

౎ઍᏒ ᾢᧄᏒ

ນː! ఱ໦ࡇ಺औފႁ౷ߊ࣐͂ଽۯၑئࡣ໩֚။

౏㐿䈮䈧䈇䈩㩷 㩷 ⴕ᡽࿾ၞฬ⒓㩷 ▤ℂਅ䈱ฎზฬ㩷 ⵝ㘼

ฎზ ౏㐿䍃㕖౏㐿 ᤨᦼ ౏㐿⸳஻㩷

ᣣ↰Ꮢ㩷

ᴺᕲኹ䋳ภზ㩷

ⓣⷰ㖸ฎზ㩷 䉧䊤䊮䊄䊟䋱ภზ㩷 䉧䊤䊮䊄䊟䋲ภზ㩷

䂾㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷

㕖౏㐿㩷 㕖౏㐿㩷 㕖౏㐿㩷 㕖౏㐿㩷

㩷 㩷

ቝ૒Ꮢ㩷

ട⾐ጊ㪊㪐ภᮮⓣ㩷 ട⾐ጊ㪋㪇ภᮮⓣ㩷

৻㝩ᚻ㪍㪉ภᮮⓣ㩷 䋨ᣥ㩷 ৻㝩ᚻ䋱ภᮮⓣ䋩㩷

⾆⦁ᐔਅ䈱ⵣጊᮮⓣ⟲㩷

᳓㔕ᮮⓣ㩷

䂾㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷 㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷

౏㐿㩷

౏㐿㩷

౏㐿㩷 㩷

౏㐿㩷

౏㐿㩷

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

㩷 Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

ⷒደ㩷 ⷒደ㩷 ⷒደ㩷 㩷 ⷒደ㩷 ⷒደή㩷

࿖⷗↸㩷 દ⟤㝩Ⴆฎზ㩷 䂾㩷 ౏㐿㩷 㓐ᤨ ᚺ㩷

₿⃨↸㩷 㝩Ⴆฎზ㩷 㝩䊱ၔฎზ㩷

䂾㩷 䂾㩷

౏㐿㩷

౏㐿㩷

㓐ᤨ

㓐ᤨ

ᚺ㩷 ᚺή㩷

೎ᐭᏒ㩷 㝩䈱ጤደฎზ㩷 䂾㩷 ౏㐿㩷 㓐ᤨ ή㩷

ᄢಽᏒ㩷 ජઍਣฎზ㩷 䂾㩷 ౏㐿㩷 Ᏹᤨ ᚺ䋬ⷒደ䋨㪟㪈㪉䋩㩷

⼾ᓟ㜞↰Ꮢ㩷

ⓣἑ䋲ภᮮⓣ㩷

ⓣἑ䋵ภᮮⓣ㩷

ⓣἑ䋷ภᮮⓣ㩷

ⓣἑ㪈㪍ภᮮⓣ㩷

䂾㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷

㕖౏㐿㩷 㕖౏㐿㩷 㕖౏㐿㩷 㕖౏㐿㩷

㩷 㩷

!

!

ນˑ! ಿॄࡇ಺औފႁ౷ߊ࣐͂ଽۯၑئࡣ໩֚။

౏㐿䈮䈧䈇䈩㩷 㩷 ⴕ᡽࿾ၞฬ⒓㩷 ▤ℂਅ䈱ฎზฬ㩷 ⵝ㘼

ฎზ ౏㐿䍃㕖౏㐿 ᤨᦼ ౏㐿⸳஻㩷

ᄀጘᏒ㩷

ኻ㚍Ⴆฎზ㩷

౓ἑฎზ㩷

෺౐ฎზ㩷 ᄢ☨ฎზ㩷

╣Ⴆฎზ㩷 㝩䈱─ฎზ㩷 ដᧁฎზ㩷

⊖↰㗡ฎზ⟲㩷 㩷 ⊖↰㗡䋵ภზ㩷

᧻የฎზ㩷

⊖ว⇌ฎზ⟲㩷 ጊ䊉␹ฎზ⟲㩷 㩷 ጊ䊉␹䋵ภზ㩷

㊍⬄ฎზ⟲㩷 㝩ደ┄ฎზ㩷

䋨✚ᢙ㩷 ⚂㪉㪍㪇ၮ⒟ᐲ䋩㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷 䂾㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 䂾㩷

㩷 㩷 㩷 䂾㩷

౏㐿㩷

౏㐿㩷

౏㐿㩷

౏㐿㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷

౏㐿㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷

౏㐿㩷

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

Ᏹᤨ

㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 Ᏹᤨ

㩷 㩷 㩷 Ᏹᤨ

ή㩷 ή㩷

౉ญᣉ㍤㩷 ή㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ή㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ή㩷

⺾ᣧᏒ㩷

㐳ᚭ㝩Ⴆฎზ㩷 ਣየฎზ㩷

䋨⍹᧚፣⪭䋬ዊ㐳੗↸ᜰ ቯ⸃㒰䋩㩷

ༀ␹ฎზ㩷

䂾㩷 䂾㩷 㩷 㩷 䂾㩷

౏㐿㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷

౏㐿㩷

Ᏹᤨ

㩷 㩷 㩷 Ᏹᤨ

ᚺ䋨ᣉ㍤䋩㩷 㩷 㩷 㩷 ή㩷

!

ˏȽˎȅ୆໤എါ֦ͥ͢ͅႦاອഽ!

! ୆໤എါ֦ͥ͢ͅࡣ໩͈͒๭ٺ̷͈͂خෝ଻ͬ࿚̠̹̭͂ͧȪৗ࿚ຘ! లːࣜȫȄນ˒ͅࡉ

̠ͣͦͥ͢ͅȄة̥͈ͣ࿿ၪ̧̳͓মય͈อ୆͉Ȅअಖ൝͈૟වͬੰ̧10ɓոඤ̤̯̽̀͘ͅ

̤ͤȄ஠ఘ̱͂̀ၻ̩ۯၑ̯̞ͦ̀ͥેޙ̦̥ͩͥȃ̱̥̱ȄΊΐΊΐ͈̈́̓ఱ߿୯௷൲໤͞

ڇ͈̈́̓ၰ୆႒͈૟ව͜༭̯̤࣬ͦ̀ͤȄ௡ૐࡣ໩̱͈͂̀ث౵ͬಠ̱̩ࡘ̲ͥܓᏼ̜ͤ͜Ȅ

̧̻ͭ͂໾ͥ͘๠͈୭౾൝Ȅ்ݢ̈́చॐ̦ຈါ͂এͩͦͥȃඅͅȄુͅٳ࢛̱̹ેఠ̜ͥͅࡣ

໩͉́ᩡధ႒้͈࿆̦૬̜࣫́ͤȄ࢕஌̦૟ව̱̞̠̳̈́ͥ͢ͅࢥຳ̦ຈါ̜́ͥȃ ນ˒! ࿿ၪ̧̳͓মય࠯ତ

ນ˓! ຈါ̈́ૂ༭͉ة̥

! ໛ؖࡇඤ಺औ͈́ুဇܱ੆ͥ͂͢ͅȄഛ֔୞͈ۼོ̞ͬ͛̀ͥ઀୞༲၂Ȅ୞৒ඤͅಅआȄ໩

ݚષਏ࿐ുٟ͈ޔͦȄ࢖׬ඤେͤാ൝ၠ੄Ȅ໩ݚମַ֚ࣧͤ͢ͅ໐༲၂Ȅࢥম֚́໐ॉ໹Ȅ֚

໐୞ऺႺ੄̈́̓Ȅࡣ໩ͬ৾ͤے̩ਔ༏۪ޏ͈ۯၑͅߎේ̱̞̀ͥအঊ̦ࡉ̀͂ͦͥȃ΃Ϋ̾ͅ

̞͉̀Ȅ֚໐͈ࡣ໩́อ୆̦෇̦͛ͣͦͥȄ΄ρΆྟ໾ոࢃ΃Ϋ̦อ୆̱̩̩̹̈́̽ͅ൝Ȅ ٸܨ͈͂ခ࢘̈́৭౯́చ؊̱̹ম႕̜̹̽͜ȃ

! ߧུࡇඤ಺औ͈́ুဇܱ੆̤̞͉̀ͅȄਔ༏ॠ࿐͈ۯၑͅ൮ͬේ̵̞̀ͥ͘ેޙ̦ఉତ༭࣬

̯̹ͦȃു࿐ੜၑȄു࿐ܓࡏ଻͈̜ͥਏ࿐͈͒చॐ̈́̓Ȅാगၠ੄͜܄͛̀ਔ༏۪ޏ̞̥ͬͅ

ା̢̥ͥȄݴ࿐͈͒చ؊Ȅ୞ऺ̥ͣͥ͘ͅ೛͈ੜၑȄਏआ͈ੜ౾̈́̓୆໤എါ֦̞̥ͬͅဲଷ

̳̥ͥ࿅̱̤॑̀ͤȄఱַȆర໓͈ഽͅ๯ဥ࿂͈́޽ݢచ؊̦ຈါ̈́ેޙͅۿ̞̽̀ͥેޙ̦

੆͓̞̹ͣͦ̀ȃ̹͘Ȅେͤാͬ௩ޑ̱̹̭͂ͧ༢৒ඤ͈ેޙ̦հ೰̱̹Ȅਔ༏ਏ࿐͈ାၑࢃ

ͅ୞৒ඤ͈ኲఅخෝ଻̦ࡘ̹̽̈́̓Ȅਔ༏۪ޏͬା̢̹̭͂́ଷࢄخෝ̈́ેޙ̹͈̈́̽͂ͅ༭

࣬႕̜̹̽͜ȃ୞ऺ͈ญ၂Ȅ୬అȄႦاȄ߹০̞̾̀͜ͅˏ࠯ঐഊ̦̜̹̽ȃٜఘȆठࢹ଼̦

ຈါ̜́̽̀͜๯ဥ࿂́చ؊̦ඳ̱̩Ȅ༗ంঔ୭ା๵ͅߎේ̱̾̾ۯၑ̜̹̞̽̀ͥͅેޙ̦

̥ͩͥȃ΃Ϋ̞͉̾̀ͅȄٳ࢛໐̥͈ͣٸܨ૟ව͞Ⴣକͤ͢ͅ10ɓ৻͈ࡣ໩́อ୆͈͂༭࣬́

̜̹̽ȃ̱̥̱ܨྟ଻͈̞ࣞ๠͈୭౾Ȅ୞৒͈໘ࡓ͉̈́̓ထॳ࿂Ȅܿ੅࿂܄͛̀చ؊̦ࣾඳ̈́

┙ᧁୟუ ⍹᧚፣⪭ ṳ᳓ 䉦䊎 ⯻

㪋 㪌 㪍 㪏 㪌

㪐 㪎 㪈㪍 㪈㪊 㪉㪇

⑔ጟ䋯࿁╵ᢙ㪍㪍 ᾢᧄ䋯࿁╵ᢙ䋱䋵

ή࿁╵ 㪈㪉䋨㪈㪏䋦䋩 㩷㪋䋨㪉㪎䋦䋩

ฎზ╬଻ሽᖱႎ੤឵䈱䈢䉄䈱䊈䉾䊃䊪䊷䉪 㪋㪐䋨㪎㪋䋦䋩 㪈㪈䋨㪎㪊䋦䋩

▤ℂ↪䈱଻ሽ↪ຠ䈮㑐䈜䉎ᖱႎ 㪋㪋䋨㪍㪎䋦䋩 㩷㪐䋨㪍㪇䋦䋩 ᧂ౏㐿ᤨ䈱▤ℂ䈮㑐䈜䉎ᖱႎ 㪋㪊䋨㪍㪌䋦䋩 㩷㪐䋨㪍㪇䋦䋩

౏㐿ᓟ䈱ಣ⟎䈮㑐䈜䉎ᖱႎ 㪋㪏䋨㪎㪉䋦䋩 㪈㪈䋨㪎㪊䋦䋩

଻ሽ䈱䈢䉄䈱⺞ᩏᚻᴺ䈮㑐䈜䉎ᖱႎ 㪋㪐䋨㪎㪋䋦䋩 㪈㪈䋨㪎㪊䋦䋩

᧚ᢱ䊶ᛛᴺ䈱⺞ᩏᚻᴺ䈮㑐䈜䉎ᖱႎ 㪋㪍䋨㪍㪐䋦䋩 㪈㪇䋨㪍㪎䋦䋩

․䈮䇮Ვ䉦䊎䈮㑐䈜䉎ౕ૕⊛䈭ᖱႎ 㪋㪐䋨㪍㪐䋦䋩 㪈㪈䋨㪎㪊䋦䋩 䈠䈱ઁ䋨⥄↱⸥ㅀ଀䋩

଻ሽᢛ஻ᓟ䈱ഠൻ䇮ਇౕว╬䈱ᖱႎ

౉ቶ䈮㓙䈚䈩䈱㒰⩶䉕฽䉄䈢ᵈᗧὐ╬䈮㑐䈜䉎ᖱႎ 䊖䊦䊙䊥䊮ᶖᲥ䈱ലᨐ

⍹ቶౝ䈱ⅣႺ䉕቟ቯ䈘䈞䉎䈢䉄䈮ᔅⷐ䈭ភ⟎䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱ᖱႎ

౏㐿ᣇᴺ䈮䈧䈇䈩䈱ᖱႎ㩷

ેޙ̦༭̯̹࣬ͦȃ໩ݚ໘ࡓࢥমࢃͅ10ාۼྟ໾̱̞̹̀ͣȄ௡ૐ໲အ̦ࡉ̢̠ͥ͢ͅ࿗̹̽

͈͂༭̜̹࣬̽͜ȃ

ˏȽˏȅ༗ంࢥম͈ેޙ!

! ಺औࢃ͈ാෙͥ͢ͅب໑ङȄാෙͥ͢ͅ໩ݚ͈ب༗஠ࢥমȪٳ࢛໐ͬാෙ́໑ङȄാगၠ੄

໐ͅ૒ऩാෙୟ͙ˏ࠯Ȅ༲၂͈ܓࡏͤ͢ͅാෙͬୟ͙ب༗஠ȫȄॉ໹ͬ਋̫̞̹̀໩ݚ͈໘ࡓ എା๵ˏ࠯Ȅఱܰ࿅̈́୞৒ඤ૫କచॐࢥম൝Ȅ໩ݚ͈͒ୟޭഎ̈́༗஠ॐ̦࿒ၛ̹̽ȃ

! ༲၂խ̞͉෫ٟ̯̹ͦ୞৒ͅచ̱̀Ȅ୞৒໘ࡓࢥমȄ༗ࢌໞؚ୭אȆਘ஢൝ˏ࠯Ȅ୞ऺญၗ

୪಍Ȅ୞ऺญၗཡগੜၑȄᒷକੜၑȄ಍୆૒໤ੰݲȄܓࡏཡগ͈̹͛୞৒ව࢛ͤͅ๠୭౾Ȅೄ

ৣ඾࢕৭౯ࢥমȄஜ৒(۷ख़৒)Ȇ΄ͼΘϋΑ୭๵൝͈ା๵Ȅ୞৒͈ਘ໘༞ޑˎ࠯͈ఈȄ௡ૐࡣ

໩ˎܖ܄ࠗ˒ܖࡣ໩࡛ͬે༗ంݞ͍֊୭༗ం͈͂༭̦̜̹࣬̽ȃ

ˏȽːȅຈါ̈́༗ంૂ༭͈೹ރ̫࢜̀ͅ!

! ࡣ໩ۯၑ͈̹͛ͅຈါ̈́ૂ༭͈͒ါݥ̷͈̹͈͛͞ΏΑΞθା๵̞͉̾̀ͅȄஆहഎ̈́਑ါ

̦̜̠ͥ́͢Ȅٝ൞ତͬ஠ତ̱͂̀Ḙ͈̏ࣜ࿒Ȫల˒ࣜȫ͈͒ྫٝ൞ͬੰ̩͂Ȅ̴̞͈ͦඤယ

̞̾̀͜ͅ90ɓ಼͈ါབ̦̜̹̽ȃুဇܱ੆̤̞͉̀ͅȄͤ͢஠ఘഎ̈́ࡣ໩ۯၑૂ༭̱͂̀୞

৒ඤ͈۪ޏͬհ೰̵̯̹ͥ͛ͅຈါ̈́ந౾̞͈̾̀ͅૂ༭Ȅ႕̢͊Ȅ୞৒Ȇ୞ऺ̥ͣେͤാ͉

͈̓೾ഽ͈࢚̯̦ຈါ̜̥́ͥȄ̹͘ȄେͤാȆๅಃ͈ࢹ௮͞ࢹ଼̞͈̾̀ͅܖ੔Ȅ໩ݚ࿂ͅ

૒̢̧͓ͥ૒໤Ȇഐ̱̹૒୆͈ঐૻ̈́̓Ȅشڠഎ̈́आݶͬݥ̞̭̦̥͛̀ͥ͂ͩͥȃ̹͘Ȅ࢖

ٳ༹༷̞͈̾̀ͅૂ༭Ȅ႕̢͊Ȅව৒Ȇప৒শ͈કඉ͈࢘ෝ͞ຈါ଻Ȅාۼ͈࢖ٳٝତ͞࢖ٳ শܢȄચྶ͈ਅ႒͞ચഽଷࡠ̈́̓ߓఘഎ༹༷̈́Ȅ࢖ٳশ͈૽ତଷࡠ͈ຈါ଻Ȅ࢖ٳͥ͢ͅ୞৒

ඤ۪ޏ͈་ا͈κΣΗςϋΈ͉̭̓́͘ຈါ̥̈́̓Ȅ༗ంͅ۾̳ͥߓఘഎ̈́ܿ੅̞͈̾̀ͅܖ

੔͈೹া̦ݥ̞̭̦̥̹͛ͣͦ̀ͥ͂ͩ̽ȃ̹͘Ȅ༗ంା๵ࢃ͈Ⴆا͞ະߓࣣ̞͈̾̀ͅૂ༭Ȅ

̞̠͂ٝ൞͉Ȅ༗ంା๵ࢃͅ୆̲̹࿚ఴ̞͉̾̀ͅ༭࣬੥̈́̓́࢖ٳ̯̭̦̩ͦͥ͂̈́Ȅ̷͈

ା๵͈ഐ๛̞̾̀ͅ฻౯̧̞̹́̈́͛Ȅ࡛ા͈౜൚৪̦̞̭̦̥ࣾ̽̀ͥ͂ͩͥȃ

! ոئͅȄ΃Ϋੜၑષ͈ಕփതͬ੆͓ͥȃ

! ΃Ϋ͈୆̢̞࡛̀ͥાͅව৒̳ͥાࣣ͉ͅȄࡤݟͬ೒̱̀΃Ϋ༾ঊͬ෹ͅݟ̳̭͈֨ͥ͂̈́

̞̠͢ͅȄ໮଀ੰݲخෝ̈́ζΑ·Ȫـ໮છచ؊́خȫͬ௡಍̯̹̞ͦȃാિဇြ͈΃Ϋ͉ͅ૽

ఘͅခٺ͈̈́͜͜ఉ̩ȄธႺٝତ̦ਹ̈́ͦ͊ͺτσΆȜ͜܄͛ᑋ͈ۛܓࡏ଻̹ࣞͥ͛͘͜Ȅ౜

൚৪͈༷͉֚ͤ͢ͅ௄͈ಕփͬ௯̱̹̞ȃ

! ව৒ప৒শ͈કඉ༹༷̞͉̾̀ͅȄ̥̾̀൐ނ໲ا़ࡄݪਫ਼̥͈ͣ੩࡞́γσζςῧકඉ ဥ΀ΗΦȜσȪ࿩70 v/v%΀ΗΦȜσȫͬˍȇ˕͈ڬࣣ́ई̶̹γσζςϋȽ΀ΗΦȜσဣסͬ

ဥ̞̞࡛̀ͥા̦ఉ̞̦ȄγσθͺσΟΪΡ͉อ΄ϋ଻໤ৗ̜́ͤȄঀဥ̜̹͉̽̀ͅࡤݟဥ

༗ࢌߓȪέσέͿͼΑ̦བ̱̞͘Ȅခܥ΄Αဥ̜̞͉ͥγσθͺσΟΪΡဥ͈ݟਓसͬঀဥȫ

͈͕̥Ȅະ૫൫଻਀న͈௡಍̦ຈါ̜́ͥȃ̷̭́Ȅ࿪स͈ঀ̞໦̫̞͉̾̀ͅ୆໤شڠࡄݪ

৒࿐୼ͬಎ૤ͅ࠿൦̱̞̦̀ͥȄ૽ఘ͈͒հ஠଻ْٰ̤͍͢൝͈͒גޣͬۻ͙̀Ȅ࡛ह͉́ո ئ͈̠͢ͅచ؊̳̭̦ͥ͂ఉ̞ȃ

ͼ! ව৒ஜ͈਀௷͞ঀဥܕߓ͈̈́̓કඉȄೄ୪਀́૘ͦͥخෝ଻̦̜ͥैު͈फ़޿͉ͅȄક ඉဥ΀ΗΦȜσͬঀဥȃͼΕίυΩΦȜσ͉ඉ଻̦ޑ̞̹͛Ȅ૽ఘ͉ͅঀဥ̱̞̈́ȃ υ! કඉဥ΀ΗΦȜσͅఛ଻͈̜ͥ޿႒ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅခܥ΄Αဥݟਓ۲̫̹ͬ̾ࡤݟဥ༗ࢌ

ߓ̤͍͢ະ૫൫଻਀నͬ௡಍̱̀ȄકඉဥͼΕίυάσͺσ΋ȜσȪ࿩70 v/v%ȫͬफ़޿

ͅঀဥȃࣗ໤଻܏ၳͥ͢ͅद૗̜́ͦ͊Ȅٰ͈̜̭ͥ͂ͧ͜ঀဥ͉خȃ

Χ! ΀ΗΦȜσ͞ͼΕίυάσͺσ΋Ȝσͅఛ଻͈̜ͥ޿႒ͅచ̱͉̀Ȅခܥ΄Αဥݟਓ۲

ͬ ̾ ̫ ̹ ࡤ ݟ ဥ ༗ ࢌ ߓ ̤ ͢ ͍ ະ ૫ ൫ ଻ ਀ న ͬ ௡ ಍ ̱ ̀ Ȅ ͼ Ε ί υ ά σ ͺ σ ΋ Ȝ σ Ȫ75v/v%ȫ͂γσθͺσΟΪΡȪˍv/v%ȫ͈ईࣣ࿪स́फ़޿Ȫঌ์͈37ɓγσζςϋဣ סͬકඉဥͼΕίυάσͺσ΋Ȝσ́37෼ͅถ͛̀ैͥȫȃ

ːȅ̤ͩͤͅ

! ࡣ໩͈ା๵ેޙ̞͉̭͕̾̀ͦ́͂ͭ̓͘ͅ঩ၳ̦̩̈́Ȅ୆໤๭ٺેޙ̞͉̾̀ͅȄ͈̓೾

ഽ͈ڬࣣ́อ୆̱̞̥̀ͥ৓ٯ಺औ̦ຈါ̈́ેޙ̜̹̽ͅȃུ಺औ́Ȅ௡ૐࡣ໩͈ఉ̞ඵࡇ́

͈ેޙ̦̜ͥ೾ഽ෤՜̧́Ȅࣽࢃ͈ࡣ໩͈༗ం۪ޏ͈ࡄݪ͈ଔૺͅਹါ̈́ܖய঩ၳͬං̭ͥ͂

̧̦̹́͂এ̠ȃ̴͉͘ةͤ͢͜Ȅན̱̞ࣣۼͬ༽̽̀Ȅུ಺औ̮ͅފႁ̞̹̺̞̹ঌ಴ఆޗ

֗տ֥͈ٛ౜൚৪͈ٯအͅȄ૤ͤ͢ࢄႛ૭̱ષ̬̹̞ȃ

! ಠ৪͉̭͈ͣ಺औࠫضͅܖ̧̿Ȅ༗ంା๵ࢃ͈Ⴆا͈ম႕ਓਬ͂࢖ٳȄ࢖ٳ͂ۯၑ͈̹͈͛

۪ޏκΣΗςϋΈ͂ܖ੔ै଼Ȅ΃Ϋ๭ٺဲଷ਀༹͞फ़޿൝ܿ੅ૂ༭̞̾̀ͅȄܖயࡄݪ࣐̞ͬȄ

̹̳͙̥͘͞ͅࡄݪ଼ضͬ࢖ٳȆຽݞ̳ͥထ೰̜́ͥȃ

ུ಺औ͉৽ͅȄ໲໐شڠજشڠࡄݪ๯༞੩߄! ܖ๕ࡄݪȪ˝ȫȶࡣ໩༃ْ͈༗ం۪ޏͅ۾̳ͥ

ࡄݪȷȪࡄݪయນ৪२׆೰ੇȄ໹଼17ȡ19ාഽȫ͈༞੩࣐̹̽̀ͩͦ͢ͅȃ

΅ȜχȜΡȇࡣ໩Ȫburial moundȫȈ୆໤๭ٺȪbiodeteriorationȫȈͺϋΉȜΠ಺औ(questionnaire survey)Ȉ΃Ϋ(mold)ȈჃକ(flood and water leakage)

֨ဥ໲ࡃ!

ˍȫࢺུ݅ତȆࢺུ݅ၑȇ௡ૐࡣ໩ඤ͈๷୆໤಺औȽ໛ؖࡇؐ೓ࡣ໩ȄߧུࡇΙή΍ϋࡣ໩ȽȄ༗ంش ڠȄ12Ȅ95-102(1974)

ˎȫऎ࿤୷ٰȇ଼ࣣ঳౓ˍ࣢໩͈༗ం۪ޏ̞̾̀ͅȄȸ଼ࣣ঳౓ˍ࣢໩Ƚ༃࿂௡ૐږ෇಺औ༭࣬ȹȄଳ

ࣞ಴ޗ֗տ֥ٛȄpp.16-17Ȅ(2004)

ˏȫ঩ၳ! ࣭ࡩ༞੩߄ͥ͢ͅା๵মު൝Ȅȸঃ୥൝ା๵̧͈͍̀Ƚ༗ం͂ڰဥ͈̹͛ͅȽȹԅ! ௙୰༎

Ȇ঩ၳ༎Ȅ໲ا಩໲ا़໐ܱැ໤ه۬ਘȄpp.228-230,Ȫڼȫ൳଼২Ȅ(2005)

Questionnaire Survey on the Present Situation and Biodeterioration Risk of Burial Mounds

in Kyushu

Chie SANO, Takeshi ISHIZAKI and Sadatoshi MIURA

To study how to maintain burial mounds, a questionnaire survey was conducted on conservation problems at burial mounds in Fukuoka, Kumamoto, Oh-ita, and Nagasaki, prefectures. The rate of return was 68.8% (January 2004) in Fukuoka and 62.5% (May 2005) in Kumamoto.

Boards of education of 53 cities in Fukuoka administrate approximately 130 burial mounds;

boards of education of 15 cities in Kumamoto administrate approximately 142 mounds.

It was found that biodeterioration had occurred in 10% of the mounds. Overgrowth of lichen is a serious problem for the conservation of mounds which are open without any interception of light. Floods and water leakage into chambers from cracks of mounds made by invasion of plant roots are serious threats to the maintainance of the mounds. It was also mentioned in many of the comments that the collapse of trees on the mounds occurred often due to heavy rain and big typhoons and that the boards of educations are always financially distressed. Molds were recognized in some chambers and it was also pointed out that mold growth was suppressed after partition by glass with sealing.

Many boards of education also hoped that specific instructions to maintain mounds - for example, how the mounds should be remade, what their ideal structures and thicknessare, which plants should be used to cover the mounds, and so on - be proposed as standard.