奈良教育大学学術リポジトリNEAR
Crossed Products of Commutative Finite Hypergroups
著者 KAWAKAMI Satoshi, ITO Wataru journal or
publication title
奈良教育大学紀要. 自然科学
volume 48
number 2
page range 1‑6
year 1999‑11‑10
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10105/1434
奈良教育大学紀要 第48巻 第2号(自然)平成11年
Bull Nara Umv Educ,Vol.48, No.2(Nat.), 1999
Crossed Products of Commutative Finite Hypergroups
Satoshi KAWAKAMI and Wataru ITO*
(Departmtent of Mathematics, Nara University of Educaわon, Nara 630‑8528, Japan) (Received April 30, 1999)
Abstract
This paper is devoted to giving a definition of crossed product K刃a G of a commutative finite hvpergroup
A under an action of a finite abelian group G. We begin by constructing the dual of the crossed product AxiaG, modified with fusion rules of representations of a semi‑direct product group. Next, taking its dual, we get the desired crossed product KX G. For a semi‑direct product JVMaG of a finite abehan group Nby
an action a of a finite abelian group G, we show that the class hypergroup K(N刈aG) is equal to thecrossed product K{N)y.a G of the hypergroup K(N) by G
Key Words: crossed product, hypergroup, fusion rule.
1. INTRODUCTH〕N
For a finite group L, we obtain canomcallv two commutative finite hvpergroups K(Lj and K(L), called a class hvpergroup of L and a character hypergroup of L respectively. The character hypergroup K(L) is obtained by the fusion rule on representations of L. In this paper, when L is given as a semi‑direct product group A7XS G under an action α of a finite abehan group G on a finite abelian group TV, we construct directly the character
^hypergroup K(NAaG) in the ‑algebra ‑4(AO を′
A(G)恒, the action a of G on AT Applying to
some examples, our construction is seen to be very simple
As a first step, we briefly review the fusion rule of representations of L‑Na] aG bv Macke1,‑machine of induced representations [ M J.
Next, inter、pretmg those phenomena b, notions of hypergroups, our purpose may be realized. In a similar way to this, we can construct a hypergroup K(K,G,α) for an action of α of G on a commuta‑
tive finite hypergroup K as follows.
Let Dn,Du‥..Dm denote all orbits of K under the
induced action a of G on the dual Kof K, and let G, denote the stabilizer at x^D,. We set
xto) ‑孟x買Dr,
r(G,)‑ia t'eG
p脇,r) ‑ z(D.)ョr・r(G,) for x∈d
Then, K(K,G,a) is defined by the set of p(D,,i)
wherej‑0,1,2,…,m and r∈ !(;) ‑G/G, .
The crossed product KA G is defined as the dual
of K(K,G,a) and we show that A'(AO>1ォG‑
K(NyiaG) holds.
2. PRELIMINARIES
We recall some notions and facts on commutative
finite signed hvpergroup according with Wildbeト
ger' paper [W] K‑(K,ノ4) is called a commuta‑
tive finite signed hy,pergi、oup if the following conditions (1)‑ 6) are satisfied
(1)J is a *‑algebra over C with the unit c。.
(2)K‑{cォ,cx ‥,cn} is a basis ofJ.
* Cui,rentlv enrolled in Nara University of Education as a student
河 上
(3)K*‑ K.
n
(4) c,c,‑ ∑ nf,ck, where n't, is a real number such
k‑0 that
c, ‑Q⇔n!,J> 0 and c"≠cT ⇔ rii,‑0.
n
(5) ∑/I*‑1 for any i,j.
fc‑O
(6) c,c,‑ c,c, for any i,i.
In the case that n㌘1≧0, it is called a commutative finite hypergroup.
For a commutative finite signed hypergroup K, a function x on Kis called a character of Kif
n n
X(c,)x(c) ‑ ∑rilX(cサ) when ac,‑ ∑射た.
k‑0 k‑0
The set K of all characters of K also becomes a commutative finite signed hypergroup and the duality K ‑ if as hypergroups holds.
For a finite group G, two h¥‑pergroup K(G) and K(G) are canonicallv defined. K(G) is called a class hvpergroup and each element 。f K(G) corres‑
ponds to a conjugacv class of G under the adjoint action of G. K(G) is called a Character hypergroup
and t′he product in K(G) corresponds to the fusion
rule of representations of G. Fc>r A,p, ∈ G, name!1,, for irreducible representations A,P‑ of G,
n
when p,Op,‑ MIp々h。Ids,x.x,‑云mrx>.
iZ‑ k‑(l
in A'(G) is defined by the relations x(g) T,(p(g)) where ml, dim(pO
ど) dim(β′)
dim(〟)
M . More‑
ら ま■
over, a beautiful relations K(G) ‑K(G) holds in
general.
For a finite abelian group G, K(G) and K{G) are sometimes identified with G and G respectively.
Other detailed descriptions are referred tn W].
3. FUSION RULES ON REPRESENTATIONS OF A SEMトDIRECT PRODUCT GROUP
Let L be a semi‑direct product groin:) NペaG where α is an action of a finite abelian group G on a finite abelian group N. Applying Mackey‑
machine [M] on induced representations, we review
fusion rule of representations of L‑N刈uG, namely, irreduCIble decompositions of tensor prod‑uct of two irreducible representations of L.
The action a of G on Ninduces an action a of
哲・伊 藤 航
G on N. Let D<、,D,,…,Dn denote orbits of N under
the action a of G. For each x∈D, , Gx denotes the stabilizer of G,i.e., Gx‑ {g∈G;a(g)x‑x]
Since G is assumed to be abelian, Gx does not depend on x^D,, but depends only on the orbit D,.
Take r∈Gxand lf' denotes an induced represen‑
tation of a character x①r‑j; r of a subgroup Lx‑N刈aGx to L ‑N刈aG, which we denote bv
ぴxT' ‑ind;,xt
Then, the following are well known (see[Mj).
(!) [/* ' is an irreducible representation of L.
(2) If'‑:メ is unitarily equivalent to U''T''if and only まま
if xuxi∈D,and r,‑r,in G,‑G,,.
(3) All irreduC蝣Ible representations of L are obtained
bv this form.
Hence, we can parとimetrize the dual L of L blT
L‑ {Urこ j ‑0,1,2,...M.T∈GT)
where U T ‑UxI'and G ‑G, for some y∈ D,.
Next, we ml,estimate a irreducible dec、omposition
of tensor product U"'̀ 、〔〔r'h'ト of tw‑ educible
representatiolis of L, owing to Mackev‑machine [M]. First, we consider an action a of G on D,,X
Dらdefined bさ, α(ォKxi.xこ)‑(α(g)x..α(a)x=) for
(Z..xJ ∈D,A XD,,. Let Ox,0」 ,On denote all
orbits of D.,×D, ulider this action a Then, it is easさ, to see that each stabilizer of a at (xi,X^J
∈O, is uniformly G, 「 G,′ where G. and Gh are
stabilizei、s at Xi∈D,, and x*‑∈Dh respective!1‑. For (xi.Xt)∈0, an induced representatiC>n of
xiXtT^T。 Of i nU‑Nン1。(G,nGb) to L does not
depend on (xuxご) but depends on the orbit O, so
that we denote it bl,
Ulり,、‑indu (xiX^r,し).
Then, bv Theorem 7.2 m [M], we obtain
T71
uJ‑ き‥U"‑ ≡㊤Lr
1However, the representation U"'、
irreducible. Therefore, we need
irreducible decomi)OSlt′ion of u J、
‑equivanant map from D,\DらtO
xd) ‑xiX。. Then, each orbit O, some orbits D, in N through f where G, is the stabilizer at some denote the set of rEu such that
is not nee,esanll, to consider an Let <P be G
DDb by <P((xu
is transferee! to
and G.nGh⊂G。
x∈D。 Let BO')
t(a)‑1 for any
Crossed products of hypergroups
9亡(;,":(了・.
Under these situations, we get the following
u0‑ ‑ ind,'a ゎ(xl*2TiTiっ)
竺indu ind^Lh(xiXiT*Td
竺indu O xl^TaTいT reiJ(,)
‑ C indi(xiX2T^Tr,z),
丁∈B(j)
where zazらis an extension to a character of G,
from a character of G。nGh. Each component repre‑
sentation
Uxxノ ‑mdL, (xIX2T,7‑,I)
where y¥xJED,I.ThT∈G。 is known to be irreduci‑
ble. We note that <P(O,)‑D, mav happen for another orbit O, m Zl xD,,.
We will observe the above fusion rule on represen‑
tations of the semi‑direct product group上ノ‑A'ォaG
as representations of ATand G. Let I'and lrdenote the restriction of the representation U of L‑h/iaG
t() the subgroup N and G respectively Then, we
obtain thビfollowing.
(1) I「 CD x.
eras
‑ こJ ‑守:‑′‑ (OO<′二(ゥx') r:‑O, ̀ ∈D,
XX′
(I,x′)∈!>/fl
/rt
XX′
7‑1 (x.x′',∈(),
T7?
‑ ゥi.ゥx
l‑1 xJl>
where I,‑¥0¥/W,¥ and V(O,)‑D,.
(2川「I・ ( r,,r where r言s considered as
T EC∴
an extension of a character of G.. to a character of G and G,,' means the annihilate)!、 of CL m G.
lV ll*!/>. *i
‑ ( r,r)蝣‑>( hT′)
T∈(!, T≡G,
‑T.,Th CD TT′
(I.T7)∈Gー/(了,r
‑r,,t>,m CD I
T∈C;,‑ ∫̲7,
= Ta Tb m 0 T
T∈(G。n Gh)
‑ m Ta TちT
T∈CGdn a,)‑
T7l
‑0 0 ( TaTbTX′
j‑1 refltj)t'Efi,
whereB(j) ‑ (GォnGゎ)7G,J ≡ B(j) and i,‑
¥B(j) ‑¥B(j)
4. CONSTRUCTION OF THE CHARACTER HYPERGROUP OF L‑NXQG
Referringto the fusion rules of L‑NAaQ, N, and
G, described as above, we Construct directly t′he
character hypergroup K(L) of L from the action
a of G on the dual N of TV. Let D。,D,,‥.,」>
denote all orbits of A'under this action a and DH
‑ ( ∠ where J is the tnlial character (the unit
of AO. Let (A'(A0,.4(AO) and (K{G),A(G)) denotethe character hypergroup of N and G reppPCtll‑ell∴
where K(N) [resp.K(G)} is mdentified with ∴'
[resp.G] andノ40V)[resp.」(G)] is the associated
*‑algebra with K(N)[respK{G)]. We will realize
(AIL), AID) m AGVK,」(G) as follows, For an
orbit D, in八' G denotes the stabilizer of G at x∈D.. Put
x(D,)‑読;∑ x'inA(N)‑
x Efl
t(G.)‑去∑丁′ ‑A(G)‑
丁∈(;,
p(D,,r)‑x(D,主 蝣r(G.) for r∈G, and
A'GV.G,α)‑{p(D,,r) :/‑0,1,2,…,柁
and x∈G/Gr≡G)
Then, the following facts are easily obtained.
[I?
・I) x(D.)x(Df)‑ ∑Lm*・ zttO
ノ‑1
・2) r(G")t(Gハ)‑r(G‑>‑. ∑ r‑T(G)
T∈B(ll
L ‑ I
・3) p(」>,rjp(D,,z・,)‑ ∑ ∑!n∴p(A,r,r,,r)
ノ=1 7∈β(∫)
Here, we remark that
T77
G !G,MG′
G. GJ
¥D,
m ,,b = T一一二
a ¥g. ¥aノ
D,. Z>, G,‑¥ G, G¥,G
Dj‑忠‑│B(;)
(G.nGb)つ I G言
河 上 哲・伊 藤 航
¥GrGanGbl andm・L・m∑‑1.
Bytheabovefacts,wecanseethattheproduct inK(N,G,d)coincideswiththefusionruleof representationsofL‑GX3aN.Itiseasytoseethat K(N,G,d)satisfiestheaxioms(1)‑(6)ofaco‑
mmutativefinitehypergroup.Inageneralsitua‑
tion,weshallcheckit.Hence,weseethatK(N.G, a)isarealizationofthecharacterhypergroup K(NyiaG)ofthesemi‑directproductgroupN‑<aG.
Example1.S3‑二JXa二2whereN‑二3andG :qれ事
#(AO‑{x。,zi,Zj}.
xi‑Xi,XiXz‑Xi,X2‑Xi‑
K(G)‑{T。,rj,Tl‑T。.
∂(*i)‑X。a(x=)‑Xi.
D。‑{/},Di‑{Yl.X2}.
Go‑.G.‑{0}.
pサ‑X*国TD,Pi=Xo㊦Tl,
・‑((x.+xoM去(l‑n+Ti)) Then,
pi豊ectco
p.p.≡putations,w霊,.三pJ,
4' ′ 2'
KiSi) ‑ ¥pサ,<Oi,pj.
Example 2. Dご・6‑ニb)つ where A7一 二 and G
=̲A̲.
K(N)‑ {x。,xux2,X3,XuXr}
y/‑ z*(fc‑l,2,‥‥,5), x?‑xサ.
K(G)‑{zo,ri), rr‑zォ.
a(xO‑xぅ, αix‑J‑x>
D。‑{y。}, I>. ‑{z>.z5}, D∠‑{xi,xJ,D,‑ixt
G.,‑. 。, Gi‑ 0上 Gi‑ 0}, G,‑ニ2.
pi‑Xo㊦Tr‑, Pi=Xサ㊤Tl,
・,‑(去(Z.+zs))a(吉(TO+ r,)),
・‑(吉(z=+*O)cぅ(吉(Tい+rO), Q¥‑XsョTO, Pa=Xi'<4Ti.
Then, we get
K(Lk*.)‑ {pi,,jOi,P2,Pi,Pi,Ps}.
】D
5. CONSTRUCTION OF CROSSED PRODUCTS OF COMMUTATIVE FINITE SIGNED HYPERGROUPS
Let 〟 be a commutative finite signed hvpergroup
and α be an action of a finite abelian group G on
K. Then, the action a induces the action a of G
on the dual hypergroup K‑ {xサ,Xi X*)of K.
Modifying with the above arguments, we construct commutative finite signed hypergroup K(K, G, a ) associated with the action a and we define a crossed product K刈 G as the dual ofK{K, G, a).
Let Du.Di Dr.. denote all orbits of K under the
action a, where D。 ‑{xサ主 and G, is the sta‑bilizer at x∈D,, which does not depend on %∈D).
Let K(G) ‑ {rり.Tl‥‥ t.}be the character hvper‑
group of G, which is identified with G. Set
xiD:)‑丁吉∑x
x^D
五gFGα鉦)forso‑exieA.
r(G,)‑‑.‑
IG,1[EGr.
pCD,,r)‑x(A)C、,Tr(G,)forz∈G.
K(K,G,a)denotesthesetofp(D,,T)where
;‑0,1,2,…,mandr∈B{j)‑G/Gr≡G,.
WhentheactionαofGi∬satisfiesthefollowing condition(*),wecallitaregularaction.
(*)*.*.‑∑m′;ノXを&‑,(%蝣)‑X',anda,(x,)‑
k
x,impliesthat"d,(xた)‑X々ifm乍,≠0,namely, GLnG,⊂Gをifm守,≠0,foranyi,j‑0,1,2..‥、Tl.
Then,〜,vegetthefollowingtheorem.
TheoremLetabeanactionofafiniteabelian
groupGonaCommutativefinitesignedhypergroup K.IftheinducedactionaofGonKisregular,
theaboveK(K,G,a)isacommutativefinite
signedhypergroup.WhenKistheclasshypergroup A'(iV)ofafiniteabeliangroupAr,K(K,G,a) coincideswiththedualoftheclasshypergroup A'(N^aG)ofthesemトdirectproductN^aG.
Proof.Letmh,,beastructureconstantofK‑
{xォ,x¥…x‑),namely,forx‑X,∈K,theproductof
Aisgivenby
Crossed products of hypergroups
n x.x,‑∑mixi..
k‑0
Theautomorphism∂,of〟inducesthepermuta‑
tiona,ofKbya(xd‑xa,(i)andsatisfiesthat mZ:!㌘)a,i,)勅foranyg∈Gandi,j,k.
ForxWa)andx(A),takingx,∈Daandx∈Db, weget
・CO)x(A)‑孟」ォ.(*.) 9EG志hEGd.(x.)
忘9EGftEG
忘星,写Tna,',)ah(ノ)Xh n
EG ftEG k‑0
‑ ∑勅xh.
k‑0 where
所号,‑孟j」GftEGく)ah(])・
We note that, for any a∈G,
痢さ, ‑疏,(。l 雇
This fact implies that所乍ノdoes not depend on i,j,k
but depends on the orbits Da, Db and Dc such that
xL∈Da, x,∈Dtand x>∈Dt,so that we denote痢′乍r
by就. For each orbit Da in K, [a] denotes the set U;x.∈Da) and sometimes we use i∈[a] when xl∈Da. Hence, we get
'‑:
x(DJx(Db)‑ ∑所,│」>clxWJ‑
C‑0
It is easy to check that
n
私¥D,¥‑∑mil,and ∑m",,‑l
h∈ c k‑U
Therehore, we obtain the normalized condition:
l I ・
∑mu, ¥D。 ‑1.
c‑0
For z(GJ and r(G>,), we get r(GJ r(G,)‑r(G,nG,,)
‑吉x r‑rcGJ,ifG.nGと,⊂GL,
where云‑云(a,b,c)‑(GサnG6)7Gcland」‑廟.By theabovearguments,wecandescribetheproduct ofp(Da,t。)andp(DゎtOinK(.K,G,a)as
follows.
p(Da,Ta)p(Db,Tk)
U(Z>.)㊨rォr(G。)XzU)>)珍z‑4r(GO)
‑z(D.)z(Dゎ)㊦TaTbT(Ga)T(Gb)
〃i ‑1
c=。些欝∑xtto㊤Tt,:‑(G,) T∈月 ,rr:
21
c=。rEBmib¥ap(D,,TaThT).
LetA(K,G,a)denotethelinearspanoverCof K(K,G,a).Then,weseethatA(K,G,∂isan algebra.
Next,weobserve*‑operationin A(K,G,a).
Sincetheautomorphisma,(g∈G)ispreservingthe
*‑operationinK,foreachorbitZ)ォinK,Dl‑
DtholdsforsomeorbitDb.Then,itiseasytosee thatpWa,Ta)'‑PWt,Tb)ifandonlyifDb‑D'a, x¥Db)‑x(Da)*,Ga‑Gb,andri'‑r..Inthiscase, thecoefficientoftheunitp(Do,Oattheproduct mlhD。
p(Dz,T。)p(Dh,Tb) is given by
where mi>
孟乙吾α‑‑‑.1 (x;‑xX¥dォ¥‑u‑¥g/g言
Hence, the coetfcient at the unit is seen to be positive. Inthecase that %CD,,)*≠x(D>), x¥ ≠x, holds for any x'∈Da and x,∈Db. For such i and
/, m‑‑0. This fact implies that m‑s‑O. In other words, when p(D,,rJ*≠p(D, ら), the coeffcient
Of p{Da,I)p(Db,zb) at the unit must be 0.
Hence, we have seen that 〟(〟,G,α) satisfies all axioms (1)‑(6) of a commutative finite signed hypergroup, described in [W]. The latter part of the statement in Theorem was already checked.
[Q.E.D.]
We denote the dual of K(K,G,d ) by K鶴G and
we call it t′he crossed product of 〟 by the action α of G. Owing to the above theorem, we see that Kim刃,G‑K(N ^a G) bv the duality when TV and G are finite abelian groups.
Acknowledgements The first named author would like express his gratitude to Professors
C.E.Sutherland and N.J Wildberger for their warm
hospitality at the Department of Mathematics of
河 上
the New South Wales University and for introduc‑
ing him into the field of hypergroups.
References
[M] Mackey, G.WっInduced representations of locally compact groups I, Ann. Math., Vol.55, 1952, 10ト139.
哲・伊 藤 航
[W] Wildberger, N.J., Finite commutative hyper‑