アメリカ主流社会と黒人 : 1990年代トゥパック・シャクールをめぐる考察 利用統計を見る
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(250) +321 -0. , Jon Pareles, “Critic’s Notebook ; The Disappearance of Ice-T’s ‘Cop Killer,’” The New York Times, Thursday Jul. -*, +33,, +-. - !" #$%&'()* ++ , #-. /0% & ,%12 34 +333 .3ῌ/* . Jon Pareles, “Pop View ; Rap after the Riot : Smoldering Rage and No Apologies,” The New York Times, Sunday Dec. +-, +33,, ,1. / Los Angeles Watts Riot of +30/. http : //www.africana.com/Articles/tt_*,-.htm ,**, +* 5 2 6 0 A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., Anderson Bellegarde Francois and Linda Y Yuen, “The O. J. Simpson Trial : Who Was Improperly ‘Playing the Race Card,’?” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case, .0. Quoted from Federal Judicial Center, The Consequences of Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms : A Summary of Recent Findings, ,- (+33.). 1 Ibid., ./. Quoted from Federal Judicial Center, The General E#ect of Mandatory Minimum Prison Terms, ,* (+33,). 2 78. 9 #:; +333 < ,1 )=>?)@ABC7D( 3 George Lipsitz, ,*. Quoted from Time, October 3, +33/, -3. +* Anonymous, “Thug life : Where do the children play?” Billboard (Sep. ,2, +330) Vol. +*2, No. -3. ++ “Dare to Struggle” by Mutulu Shakur and ,Pac, released, June +0th, ,**,. http : //www.mumia.org/ sundiata/messages/.0.html ,**- 1 5 . 6 +, “Code’s of the Thug Life,” Tupac : Resurrection +31+ῌ+330, eds. Jacob Hoye and Karolyn Ali (New York : Atria Books, ,**-), ++0ῌ+1.. ῌ῎ῒῑ῏῍ Alexander, Frank with Cuda, Heidi Siegmund. Got Your Back : Protecting Tupac in the World of Gangsta Rap. New York : St. Martin’s, +332. Als, Hilton. “Foreward,” If He Hollers Let Him Go, by Chester Himes. New York : Thunder’s Mouth Press, ,**,. Anderson, Lisa. “Presumed Guilty : Or, I Thought This Was the Movie of the Week,” The Black Scholar (Fall +33/) Vol. ,/, No. . : .*ῌ.,. Davis, Mike. City of Quartz : Excavating the Future. New York : Vintage, +33,. DeBois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York : Bantam Books, +323. Dimitriodis, Greg. Performing identity/performing culture : hip hop as text, pedagogy, and lived practice. New York : Peter Long, ,**+. Dundes, Alan, ed. Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel. Jackson : UP of Mississippi, +33*. Dyson, Michael Eric. Holler If You Hear Me. New York : Basic Civitas Books, ,**+. Edwards, Walter. “From Poetry to Rap : The Lyrics of Tupac Shakur,” Western Journal of Black Studies (Summer ,**,) Proquest ,**- - 5 ,2 6 George, Nelson. Hip Hop America. Harmondsworth : Penguin books, +332. 0EF
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(253) ,**, Giovanni, Nikki. “Foreward : Tupac, C U in Heaven,” The Rose That Grew from Concrete, by Tupac Amaru Shakur. NewYork : Pocket Books, +333. :S$#Tῌ /EῌUVT%EI WXYZM [
(254) T%: <\](^ _`abc ,**+ Guevara, Nancy. “women writin’ rappin’ breakin’,” Droppin’ Science : Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture, ed. William Eric Perkins. Philadelphia : Temple U, +330 : .3ῌ0,. Haskins, James. Black Dance in America : A History Through Its People. New York : Thomas Y. Crowell, +33*.. 124.
(255) 34+_%Q56 +33* &g*]rῌ r. v -F. Hayes, Floyd W., ῌ. “Fuhrman Tapes Confirm LAPD’s Racializd Tyranny”, The Black Scholar (Fall +33/) Vol. ,/, No. . : .2῍3. Higginbotham, Jr., A. Leon, Francois, Anderson Bellegarde and Yuen, Linda Y. “The O. J. Simpson Trial : Who Was Improperly ‘Playing the Race Card,’?” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case, eds. Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky Lacour, with an Introduction by Toni Morrison. New York : Pantheon Books, +331 : -+῍/0. Hoye, Jacob. And Ali, Karolyn. Eds. “Code’s of the Thug Life,” Tupac : Resurrection +31+῍+330. New York : Atria Books, ,**- : ++0῍+1. Ice T and Heidi Siegmund. The Ice Opinion. New York : St. Martin’s Press, +33.. Tῌῌ
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(257) !" #$% +33. &' Ja#rey, Zia. “The Salon Interview.” http : //archive.salon.com/books/int/+322/*,/cov-si-*,int.html ,**. & 2 ( +3 )' Keeling, Kara. “‘Homegrown Revolutionary’? Tupac Shakur and the Legacy of the Black Panther Party,” The Black Scholar : Journal of Black Studies and Research (Spring +333) Vol. ,3, No. ,/- : /3῍0-. Kochman, Thomas. Black and White : Styles in Conflict. Chicago : The UP of Chicago, +32+. * ῌ+ ,
(258) -./ 01$2 34+56789:;< " =>? +33. &' Lipsitz, George. “The Greatest Story Ever Sold : Marketing and O. J. Simpson Trial,” Birth of a Nation’ hood. -῍,3. Massood, Paula J. Black City Cinema : African American Urban Experiences in Film. Philadelphia : Temple UP, ,**-. Morrison, Toni.Ed. “Introduction : Friday on the Potomac,” Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power : Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. New York : Pantheon Books, +33, : vii-xxx. Morrison, Toni and Lacour, Claudia Brodsky. Eds. “Introduction,” Birth of a Nation’hood : Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O. J. Simpson Case. New York : Pantheon Books, +331 : vii-xxviii. @A ῌBA *
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(260) LM" N O PQ +31- & Newton, Huey P. Revolutionary Suicide' =CRF STUVWXYZ[\]^_` a H6b2c` 34+XY de fgh i" ,**, & +* (' jk% ++0῍+-- lm Ojumu, Akin. “Review : Hip Hop Hero,” Guardian (June ,1, ,**.). Powell, Kevin. “This Thug’s Life,” Tupac Amaru Shakur +31+῍+330, eds. by Editors of VIBE. New York : Three Rivers Press, +331 : ,+῍-+. Ross, Andrew. “The Private Parts of Justice,” Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power : Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. with an Introduction by Toni Morrison (New York : Pantheon Books, +33, : .*῍0*. Samuels, Allison and Leland, John. “Trouble Man : The shooting death of a rapstar Tupac Shakur ended a turbulent life,” Newsweek September ,-, +330. nopq S\]^ῌA ]rstuv[e 56wxyz" 56wxQ{ j|}~ ,**. & ,//῍ ,0. lm. 125.
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(262) .--+ ( ,**/ ). Abstract. Black People in the Dominant American Society : The Case of Tupac Shakur in the +33*’s. Yoko MITSUISHI This essay considers the relationship of black people in the United States to the dominant society near the end of the twentieth century.. One approach is to. understand the race problem in the United States, which has remained a unique problem for the black community in their history and culture. At the beginning of the twentieth century, W.E.B. DuBois expressed anxiety he felt living as a black American in the United States. He said he was forced to have a double consciousness, and could only see himself through the eyes of others. Racism would not permit him to simply be himself, both black and American. This was the period when civil rights, that African Americans had gained following their Emancipation, were being deprived of them again, and the color line was becoming an increasingly serious problem in American society. In +3/. segregation was finally declared to be illegal and the civil rights movement won the equal citizenship of black people. Today, many black people are active and quite outstanding in their ability to succeed in the dominant American society.. On the other hand, we also see poverty and discrimination that still. characterizes the Black community in the wealthy United States.. In order to. understand the race problem in present day America, this essay focuses on the hip hop artist, Tupac Shakur, who was a successful performer, in the early +33*’s as a gangsta rapper on the West coast, and considers how he related to the dominant American society. Hip hop culture has had a di#erent paradigm from the value system of the dominant society since its origin, and it has often clashed with the law as well as the norm of morality and acceptable behavior within the dominant society. Gangsta rap, which evolved in the mid-eighties from the inner city of Los Angeles, was particularly aggressive and boasted of a life of violence, guns, drugs, and pimping. However, the criticism of it by the dominant society is in stark contrast to the appreciation of it by the black community. The reason for the 126.
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(265) +33* ῌ . !". di#erence in perception becomes clear when considering the discourse on the two race riots, at Watts in +30/ and at South Central, Los Angeles in +33,, and also on the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Judge Clarence Thomas (+33+) and the verdict of the O. J. Simpson Trial (+33/) from the same period.. 127.
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