Ꮫ࠾ࡅࡿ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㛤Ⓨᐇ㊶ࡢヨࡳ
⡦⏣ ⏤ᕫᏊ
Developing Effective Study Abroad Program for College Students
Yukiko Yabuta せ᪨ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊΎἨዪᏛ㝔Ꮫ࣭▷ᮇᏛ࠾ࡅࡿ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ⌧ᅾࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ ᡂࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒⦋ࢆ㏙ࡿࠋ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟࢆ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊ⫱ᡂࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡋ࡚ࡽ࠼ࠊ2014 ᖺᮏ ᱁ⓗᨵ㠉╔ᡭࡋࠊࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗタᐃࠊάືෆᐜࡢ⪃ࠊ๓◊ಟ 5 ᅇࠊᚋ◊ಟ 2 ᅇࡢᑟධࠊ ◊ಟࡢ༢ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋDeardorff㸦2006㸧ࡢ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࡢࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࣔࢹࣝࢆࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᨵ㠉ࡢᇶ ┙ࡋࠊ2016 ᖺᗘࡽࡣ 6 ࡘࡢ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ㐠⏝ࡍࡿ⮳ࡗࡓࠋ ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟࠊ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࠊ␗ᩥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠊᾏእయ㦂άື 1㸬ࡣࡌࡵ ΎἨዪᏛ㝔Ꮫ࣭▷ᮇᏛ㸦௨ୗࠊΎἨዪᏛ㝔㸧࡛ࡣࠊ2016 ᖺᗘ࠾࠸࡚ࠊኟఇࡳ 4 ࡘࠊఇࡳ 2 ࡘࠊྜィ 6 ࡘࡢ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ㐠Ⴀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋཧຍ⪅ࡣẖᖺࡢ 60㹼70 ྡ࡛ࠊࡢࣉ ࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶࢥࣥࢫࢱࣥࢺཧຍ⪅ࢆ㞟ࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢᙧែ࡞ࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊከࡃࡢᩍ⫋ ဨࡀ㛵ࢃࡾࠊᵝࠎ࡞㐣⛬ࢆ⤒࡚ࡁࡓࠋ1987 ᖺ➨ 1 ᅇࡢᾏእ◊ಟࡀ࣓࣭ࣜ࢝࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ࡚ ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢࢆࡣࡌࡵࡋࠊ1991 ᖺ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ Saint Joseph Collegeࠊ1995 ᖺ㡑ᅜࡢ₎㝧ዪᏊᏛࠊ2009ᖺࣔࣥࢦࣝࡢࢳ࣭ࣙࣟࣈࢧࣥࢪࣕࣈゝㄒᩥ᫂Ꮫࠊ2010 ᖺ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ Kapiolani Community Collegeࠊ2012 ᖺྎ‴ࡢᅜ❧㧗㞝➨୍⛉ᢏᏛᥦᦠࢆ⤖ࢇ࡛ࡁࡓࠋᾏእ◊ಟ㛤ጞࡽ 2010 ᖺ㡭ࡲ ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽᥦᦠᰯࢆ㊊ࡾࡋ࡚◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ❧ࡕୖࡆࠊᏛ⏕ࢆᾏእὴ㐵ࡍࡿࡇࡀࡁ ࡞┠ᶆ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ2010 ᖺࠕ⏘Ꮫ㐃ᦠࡼࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝேᮦ⫱ᡂ᥎㐍㆟ࠖࡀタࡉࢀࠊ ᅜⓗࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝேᮦ⫱ᡂࡀ㧗➼ᩍ⫱ᶵ㛵ࡢࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚⨨ࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ㸦⏘Ꮫ㐃 ᦠࡼࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝேᮦ⫱ᡂ᥎㐍༠㆟, 2011㸧ࠋࡇࡢ㡭ࡽ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊࡑࢀࡣ༢࡞ࡿ ᾏእ᪑⾜࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᩍ⫱ࡢ୍㒊ࡋ࡚ࡽ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊࠕぢࡿ᪑ࠖࡽ⮬ࡽࡀ㑅ࢇ࡛ࠕṌࡃ᪑ࠖ ࠊࡑࡋ࡚Ώ⯟๓⋓ᚓࡉࢀࡓ▱㆑⌧ᆅ࡛ࡢయ㦂ࢆᏛࡧࡢᩥ⬦ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠕᏛࡪ᪑ࠖኚ ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦⸨ཎ, 2013㸧ࠋ㏆ᖺ࡛ࡣᏛ⏕ᾏእΏ⯟ࢆ⤒㦂ࡉࡏࡿࡔࡅࡢ◊ಟࡣࢇ࡞ࡃࠊయ㦂ࡢ ࢘ࢺ࣒࢝ࡽ࠸Ꮫ⏕ࡀᏛࡧࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡀࠊᾏእ◊ಟ࠾ࡅࡿ㔜せ㡯࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ➹⪅ࡀᅜ㝿ὶࢭࣥࢱ࣮㛗ࡋ࡚ົࡵࡓᮇ㛫ᦠࢃࡗࡓࠊ6 ࡘࡢᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᨵ 㠉ࡢ㐣⛬ࠊ◊ಟక࠸ᑟධࡋࡓ๓ᚋ◊ಟ༢ࠊࡑࡋ࡚᭱ᚋᚋࡢᒎᮃࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡓ࠸ࠋ 2㸬ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ࣮࣋ࢫ࡞ࡿ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊ⫱ᡂ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᨵ㠉ࡣࠊ2013 ᖺᵓࢆ㛤ጞࡋࠊ2014 ᖺࡽ╔ᡭࡋࡓࠋ2013 ᖺ௨๓ࡶΎἨዪᏛ㝔 ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ」ᩘࡢᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ㐠Ⴀࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ࠸ࡃࡘࡢㄢ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1 ࡘ┠ࠊ◊ ಟ࠾ࡅࡿᏛࡧࡢ┠ⓗࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊఱࢆᏛࡧࡍࡿࡣཧຍ⪅ಶே௵ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࠊ2
ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⍴ᦼᶏᄖ⎇ୃࡊࡠࠣࡓ㐿⊒ߣታ〣ߩ⹜ߺ ࡘ┠ࠊ๓◊ಟࡀ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊΏ⯟ඛࡢ▱㆑ࢆࡋࡗࡾᚓࡿࡇ࡞ࡃ◊ಟ⮫ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ ࡇࠊ3 ࡘ┠ࠊ◊ಟࡢᏛࡧࢆࡾ㏉ࡾ⮬ศ࡞ࡾᾘࡍࡿᶵࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡀ࡞ㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ᣲ ࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࡢㄢ㢟ࢆゎỴࡋࠊࡼࡾ῝࠸Ꮫࡧࢆཧຍ⪅࠼ࡿࡓࡵࠊΎἨዪᏛ㝔ࡢᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ ࢆᨭ࠼ࡿ⌮ㄽࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ๓ᥦࡋ࡚ࠊᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢࡁ࡞┠ⓗࢆࠕ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊ 㸦intercultural competence㸧ࡢ⫱ᡂࠖᐃࡵࡓࠋ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࡢࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ௦⾲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊDeardorff ࡢ ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋDeardorff㸦2009㸧ࡣ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࢆࠊࠕ⮬ศࡀᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ␗ᩥᑐࡍࡿ▱㆑ࠊែᗘࠊ ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆࡗ࡚ࠊຠᯝⓗࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡋࡓࡾ␗ᩥࡢ⎔ቃ࡛ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࡿ⯙࠸ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⬟ ຊ㸦p. 479㸧ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 1 ࡣ Deardorff ࡢᥦၐࡍࡿ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࢆ♧ࡋࡓࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࣔࢹࣝ㸦Pyramid
Model of Intercultural Competence㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࣔࢹࣝࡣࠊձែᗘ㸦Requisite Attitude㸧ࠊղ▱㆑㸦Knowledge and Comprehension㸧ࠊճࢫ࢟ࣝ㸦Skills㸧ࠊմᮃࡲࡋ࠸ෆⓗ⤖ᯝ㸦Desired Internal Outcome㸧ࠊյᮃࡲࡋ࠸ እⓗ⤖ᯝ㸦Desired External Outcome㸧ࡽᡂࡾࠊୗࡢせ⣲ࡽୖࡢせ⣲ẁ㝵ⓗⓎ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࣔࢹ ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࠋ୍␒ୗࡣែᗘࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢୖ▱㆑ࢫ࢟ࣝࡀ⨨ࢀ┦ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ ▱㆑ࢫ࢟ࣝࡢୖࡣᮃࡲࡋ࠸ෆⓗ⤖ᯝࠊ᭱ୖẁࡣᮃࡲࡋ࠸እⓗ⤖ᯝࡀ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ᅗ 1 ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࡢࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࣔࢹࣝ㸦Deardorff, 2006㸧 ᅗ 2 ␗ᩥ㛫ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࣔࢹࣝ㸦Byram, 2009㸧
␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊఝ࡚࠸ࡿᴫᛕࡋ࡚ࠊByram 㸦2009㸧ࡀᥦၐࡋࡓࠊ␗ᩥ㛫ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ ຊ㸦Intercultural Communicative Competence㸧ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᅗ 2 ࡽࢃࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ␗ᩥ㛫ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮
ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࡣࠊࠕ⯆ࡸᗈ࠸ᚰࢆྵࡴែᗘ㸦attitudes-curiosity/openness㸧ࠖࠕᢈุⓗ࡞ᩥࡢẼ࡙ࡁ
ࡸ ▱ ㆑ 㸦 critical cultural awareness 㸧ࠖࠕ Ⓨ ぢ ࡋ ࣥ ࢱ ࣮ ࣛ ࢡ ࢩ ࣙ ࣥ ࡍ ࡿ ࢫ ࢟ ࣝ 㸦 skills of discovery/interaction㸧ࠖࠕ⌮ゎࡋࠊ㛵ಀ࡙ࡅࡿࢫ࢟ࣝ㸦skills of interpreting/relating㸧ࠖຍ࠼࡚ࠊゝㄒࢆ ࡗࡓࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ㛵ࢃࡿࠕゝㄒ⬟ຊ㸦linguistic competence㸧ࠖࠊࠕ♫ⓗゝㄒ⬟ຊ㸦sociolinguistic competence㸧ࠖࠊࠕㄯヰ⬟ຊ㸦discourse competence㸧ࠖࡢ 3 ࡘࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋゝㄒ㛵ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ㝖࠸
ᷡᴰᅚቇ㒮⍴ᦼᄢቇ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐ㧔╙ภ㧕 ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣඹ㏻ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࠊΎἨዪᏛ㝔ࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣࠊ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࢆ⫱ࡴࡓࡵࡢࠕែ ᗘࠖࠕ▱㆑ࠖࠕࢫ࢟ࣝࠖࢆ㌟ࡘࡅࡽࢀࡿᶵࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ᶆࡋࡓࠋ ࠕែᗘࠖࠕ▱㆑ࠖࠕࢫ࢟ࣝࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡶ࠺ᑡࡋヲࡋࡃ㏙ࡓ࠸ࠋࡇࡢ 3 ࡘࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿせ⣲ࡣࠊDeardorff 㸦2006㸧ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆཧ⪃タᐃࡋࡓࠋࠕែᗘࠖ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ⪅ᑐࡋ࡚࣮࢜ࣉ࡛ࣥ࠶ࡾࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ ࢆᏛ⩦ࡍࡿࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࠊ┦ᡭࡢᩥࢆᑛᩗࡋࠊᐶᐜ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋSpitzberg and Changnon㸦2009㸧ࡣࠊ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࡢ᰿ᗏࡣែᗘࡀ࠶ࡾࠊែᗘࡢ⫱ᡂ࡞ࡋࡣ▱㆑ࡸࢫ࢟ࣝࡣ㌟ ࡘ࡞࠸ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊែᗘࡣ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊ⫱ᡂࡢ᰿ᖿ࡛࠶ࡿ⨨ࡅࡓࠋࠕ▱㆑ࠖࡣࠊ┦ᡭࡢᩥ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࠊ⮬ศࡢᩥࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱㆑ࠊ♫ⓗ࣭ಶேⓗ࡞ࣥࢱ࣮ࢡࢩࣙࣥࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ▱㆑ ࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࢀࡽࡢ▱㆑ࡀࠊ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞ὸ࠸ࡔࡅࡢ▱㆑ࡲࡽࡎࠊ῝࠸ࣞ࣋ࣝ฿㐩ࡍࡿ ࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠕࢫ࢟ࣝࠖࡣࠊ⪺ࡃࠊほᐹࡍࡿࠊゎ㔘ࡍࡿࠊศᯒࡍࡿࠊホ౯ࡍࡿࡇࡀྵࡲࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࠊ㌟ࡘࡅࡓ࠸ࡇࢆྲྀࡾධࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛෆᐜࡸάືࢆ⪃ࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋ 3㸬◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᨵ㠉 ᮏ᱁ⓗᨵ㠉╔ᡭࡋࡓ 2014 ᖺᙜࡶࠊΎἨዪᏛ㝔ࡣ 6 ࡘࡢᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓ㸦⾲ 1㸧ࠋ2014 ᖺᗘࡢཧຍ⪅ࡣࡢ 56 ྡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐣ཤࡶ⣙ 60 ྡࡽ 70 ྡࡀཧຍࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࣉࣟ ࢢ࣒ࣛ⩌࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㡑ᅜࠊྎ‴ࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ◊ಟඛࡣጜጒᰯ㸦㡑ᅜ㸧࠾ࡼࡧᏛ⾡༠ᐃᰯ㸦ྎ‴ࠊ࣓
ࣜ࢝㸧ࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢ Sun Pacific College ࡣ⌧ᆅㄒᏛᏛᰯ࡛࠶ࡾࠊㄒᏛ◊ಟࢆጤクࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᩍ⫱ᶵ
㛵࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡢㄢ㢟ࡣ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡞ࡿࡀࠊ1㸧◊ಟ࠾ࡅࡿᏛࡧࡢ┠ⓗࡀタᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗ ࡓࡇࠊ2㸧๓◊ಟࡀ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࠊ3㸧◊ಟࡢᏛࡧࢆࡾ㏉ࡾᾘࡍࡿᶵࡀ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ ࠸࠺ 3 Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㄢ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡃࠊ2013 ᖺࡽᨵ㠉╔ᡭࡋࡓࠋㄢ㢟ࢆゎỴࡋࠊࣉ ࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊࠕᴦࡋࡗࡓ௨ୖࡢᏛࡧࢆཧຍ⪅ࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇࠖࠕ⮬ศࡢᏛࡧࢆ ࡋࡗࡾㄆ㆑ࡋࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ⏕ά⏕ࡍࡇࠖࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࢀࡤࡼ࠸⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋᡭ㡰ࡋ࡚ ࡣࠊձࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗタᐃࠊղάືࡢᇶ┙タᐃࠊճ┠ⓗᇶ࡙࠸ࡓάືෆᐜࡢタᐃ࠸࠺㡰␒࡛⾜ ࡗࡓࠋ ⾲ 1 2014 ᖺᗘΎἨዪᏛ㝔ᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ ᮇ ◊ಟඛ ᐟἩᙧែ ὶゝㄒ 㡑ᅜጜጒᰯὶ ኟఇࡳ ࢯ࣭࢘ࣝ₎㝧ዪᏊᏛ ࣍ࢸࣝ 㡑ᅜㄒ࣭᪥ᮏㄒ ྎ‴Ꮫ⏕ὶ ኟఇࡳ 㧗㞝࣭ᅜ❧㧗㞝➨୍⛉ᢏᏛ Ꮫ⏕ᑅ ⱥㄒ
࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜㄒᏛ◊ಟ ኟఇࡳ ࢣࣥࢬ࣭Sun Pacific College ࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸ ⱥㄒ
ࣔࣥࢦࣝᩥ◊ಟ ኟఇࡳ ࢘ࣛࣥࣂ࣮ࢺࣝ㑹እ 㺬㺡㺷㺃㺬㺎㺯㺛㺡㺐 ᪥ᮏㄒ㸦㏻ヂ㸧
ࣇࣜࣆࣥᩥ◊ಟ ఇࡳ ࣐ࢽࣛࠊࢶࢤ࢞ࣛ࢜ ࣍ࢸࣝ ⱥㄒ
࣓ࣜ࢝ㄒᏛ◊ಟ ఇࡳ ࣁ࣭࣡Kapiolani Community College ࣍ࢸࣝ ⱥㄒ
1㸧ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗタᐃ
ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࠾࠸࡚ࠊDeardorff㸦2006㸧ࡢ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࡢࣔࢹࣝࡢࠕែᗘࠖࠕ▱㆑ࠖࠕࢫ
࢟ࣝࠖࡢ 3 㡿ᇦࢆᛕ㢌┠ⓗタᐃࡾࡗࡓࠋ
ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⍴ᦼᶏᄖ⎇ୃࡊࡠࠣࡓ㐿⊒ߣታ〣ߩ⹜ߺ ࡢୗ⥺㒊ศ㸧ࠋ◊ಟࡢ᭱⤊┠ⓗࡣࡇࡢၥ࠸⮬ศ࡞ࡾࡢ⟅࠼ࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢၥ࠸ࡣࠊࠕྎ ‴᪥ᮏࡢᩥࡢ㐪࠸ࡣఱࠖ࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞⾲㠃ⓗ࡞ẚ㍑⤊ࢃࡿၥ࠸࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡸࡸ῝ࡃᛮ⪃ࢆᕠ ࡽࡋ⪃࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺タᐃࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊDeardorff ࡀᥦၐࡍࡿࠊ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞ὸ࠸ࡔࡅࡢ▱㆑ ࡲࡽࡎࠊ῝࠸ࣞ࣋ࣝ฿㐩ࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ࠸࠺Ⅼࢆ⪃៖ࡋࡓ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢᚋࠊ▱㆑㸦⮬ᩥࠊᩥ㸧ࠊែᗘࠊࢫ࢟ࣝࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ◊ಟࡢෆᐜࢆ㚷ࡳ࡞ࡀࡽࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ◊ ┠ⓗࢆタᐃࡋࠊ᭱⤊ⓗࡣ⾲ 2 ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ⾲ 2 ྛ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗ 㡑ᅜጜጒᰯὶ ࣭㡑ᅜ᪥ᮏࡢࡲ࡛ࡢ㛵ಀࠊࡇࢀࡽዲ㛵ಀࢆ⠏࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡣ࠺ࡋࡓࡽ࠸࠸⪃࠼ࡿ㸦▱㆑࣭⮬㸧 ࣭㡑ᅜᩥࡢయ㦂ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ㡑ᅜࡢṔྐࡸ⩦័ࢆᏛࡪ㸦▱㆑࣭㸧 ࣭⌧ᆅᏛ⏕ࡢὶ࡛ࡣᚰࢆ㛤ࡁࠊ✚ᴟⓗ␗ᩥࢆ▱ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ㌟╔ࡅࡿ㸦ែᗘ㸧 ࣭▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵほᐹࡋࠊᚓࡓሗࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢၥ࠸㛵㐃ࡅࡿ㸦ࢫ࢟ࣝ㸧 ྎ‴Ꮫ⏕ὶ ࣭ࡲ࡛ࡢྎ‴᪥ᮏࡢ㛵ಀࠊࡇࢀࡽዲ㛵ಀࢆ⠏࠸࡚࠸ࡃࡣ࠺ࡋࡓࡽ࠸࠸⪃࠼ࡿ㸦▱㆑࣭⮬㸧 ࣭Ꮫ⏕ࡢὶࡸᕷෆぢᏛࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊྎ‴ࡢᩥࢆᏛࡪ㸦▱㆑࣭㸧 ࣭ྎ‴Ꮫ⏕ࡢὶ࡛ࡣᚰࢆ㛤ࡁࠊ✚ᴟⓗ␗ᩥࢆ▱ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ㌟╔ࡅࡿ㸦ែᗘ㸧 ࣭▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵほᐹࡋࠊᚓࡓሗࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢၥ࠸㛵㐃ࡅࡿ㸦ࢫ࢟ࣝ㸧 ࣭ᅾ୰ࡢⱥㄒࢆࡗࡓ⏕άࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥㄒຊࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿ㸦ゝㄒ⬟ຊ㸧 ࣔࣥࢦࣝᩥ◊ಟ ࣭ࣔࣥࢦࣝࡢ⏕άࠊ᪥ᮏࡢ⏕ά࠾ࡅࡿ౯್ほࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ㸦▱㆑࣭⮬㸧 ࣭࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸ➼ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊࣔࣥࢦࣝࡢᩥࢆᏛࡪ㸦▱㆑࣭㸧 ࣭࣍ࢫࢺࣇ࣑࣮ࣜࡢὶ࡛ࡣᚰࢆ㛤ࡁࠊ✚ᴟⓗ␗ᩥࢆ▱ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ㌟╔ࡅࡿ㸦ែᗘ㸧 ࣭▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵほᐹࡋࠊᚓࡓሗࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢၥ࠸㛵㐃ࡅࡿ㸦ࢫ࢟ࣝ㸧 ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ ㄒᏛ◊ಟ ࣭࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ᪥ᮏࡢ⏕άࡢ㐪࠸ࢆⓎぢࡋࠊ㐪࠸ࡢ⫼ᬒࡣఱࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㸦▱㆑࣭⮬㸧 ࣭࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸ➼ࢆ㏻ࡋࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢᩥࢆᏛࡪ㸦▱㆑࣭㸧 ࣭࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸ࡛ࡣᚰࢆ㛤ࡁࠊ✚ᴟⓗ␗ᩥࢆ▱ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ㌟╔ࡅࡿ㸦ែᗘ㸧 ࣭▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵほᐹࡋࠊᚓࡓሗࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢၥ࠸㛵㐃ࡅࡿ㸦ࢫ࢟ࣝ㸧 ࣭᪥ᮏㄒ⚗Ṇࡢ⎔ቃࡢ୰࡛ࠊⱥㄒຊࢆࡘࡅࡿ㸦ゝㄒ⬟ຊ㸧 ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ ᩥ◊ಟ ࣭㛤Ⓨ㏵ୖᅜࡢ⌧≧ࢆ▱ࡾࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ㸦▱㆑࣭⮬㸧 ࣭ୡ⏺㑇⏘ࡢゼၥࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪࡢᩥࢆᏛࡪ㸦▱㆑࣭㸧 ࣭⌧ᆅࡢேࡸᏊ౪ࡓࡕࡢὶ࡛ࡣᚰࢆ㛤ࡁࠊ✚ᴟⓗ␗ᩥࢆ▱ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ㌟╔ࡅࡿ㸦ែᗘ㸧 ࣭▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵほᐹࡋࠊᚓࡓሗࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢၥ࠸㛵㐃ࡅࡿ㸦ࢫ࢟ࣝ㸧 ࣓ࣜ࢝ㄒᏛ◊ಟ ࣭ࣃ࣮ࣝࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࡢぢᏛ➼ࡽࠊ᪥ᮏࣁ࣡ࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿ㸦▱㆑࣭⮬㸧 ࣭ࣇࣛయ㦂ࡸᩥࡢࢡࣛࢫࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊࣁ࣡ᩥࡢ࣮ࣝࢶࡣఱࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ㸦▱㆑࣭㸧 ࣭⌧ᆅᏛ⏕ࡢὶ࡛ࡣᚰࢆ㛤ࡁࠊ✚ᴟⓗ␗ᩥࢆ▱ࢁ࠺ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ㌟╔ࡅࡿ㸦ែᗘ㸧 ࣭▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿࡓࡵほᐹࡋࠊᚓࡓሗࢆศᯒࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ศࡢၥ࠸㛵㐃ࡅࡿ㸦ࢫ࢟ࣝ㸧 ࣭ⱥㄒࡢ㞟୰ㅮ⩏ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊⱥㄒຊࢆࡘࡅࡿ㸦ゝㄒ⬟ຊ㸧 ㄒᏛࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࠊⱥㄒ࡛ὶࢆ⾜࠺ྎ‴࡛ࡣࠊㄒᏛ⬟ຊࡢ┠ⓗࡶ タᐃࡋࡓࠋࣇࣜࣆࣥ◊ಟࡣ 2014 ᖺᗘࡣ⾜ࢃࢀࡎࠊ2015 ᖺࡽ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪᩥ◊ಟ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ᷡᴰᅚቇ㒮⍴ᦼᄢቇ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐ㧔╙ภ㧕 2㸧άືࡢᇶ┙タᐃ ┠ⓗタᐃᚋࠊྛ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢෆᐜࢆ⪃ࡋࡓࠋ6 ࡘࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢࣉࣟࢢ ࣒ࣛ≉㛗ࢆࡶࡓࡏࠊྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞άືࡀ㔜࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺⪃៖ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊάືࢆ⤌ࡳ❧࡚࡚࠸ࡃ ࠶ࡓࡾࠊࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡶ⌧ᆅࡢேࡢὶࢆࢇ࡞ᙧ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ 2013ᖺࡽ 2014 ᖺ⾜ࡗࡓㄪᰝ㸦⡦⏣, 2015㸧࠾࠸࡚ࠊ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟࡽᏛࢇࡔࡇࡣఱࡘ࠸ ࡚ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡇࢁࠊཧຍ⪅ࡢᏛࡧࡢ᰿ᗏ࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣேࠎࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࡸὶ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋཧຍ⪅ࡣேࠎࡢ㛵ࢃࡾࡢ୰࡛ⴱ⸨ࡋࠊࡣⱞࡋࡳࡣ႐ࡧࢆឤࡌࠊ⮬ ศࡀ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ἣࢆほᐹࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᵝࠎ࡞ࡇẼ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢẼ࡙ࡁࢆ᪂ࡓ࡞▱㆑ࡸ ど㔝ࠊពḧࠊ✚ᴟⓗ࡞⾜ືࡸࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢫ࢟ࣝࡢྥୖ⤖ࡧࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ ࡽࠊ༢ᾏእࢆゼࢀࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊேࡢὶࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚Ꮫࡧࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿάືࢆ㑅ࡪࡼ࠺ ᚰࡀࡅࡓࠋ ጜጒᏛࡸᏛ⾡ᥦᦠᰯࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㡑ᅜࠊྎ‴ࠊ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ⌧ᆅᏛ⏕ࡢὶࢆ⤌ࡳධࢀࡓࠋྎ ‴࡛ࡣ┦ᡭᏛࡀ Teaching Assistant ࠸࠺ไᗘࢆసࡾࠊᅾࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ྎ‴ேᏛ⏕ࡀࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆࢧ࣏ ࣮ࢺࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿయไࢆᩚ࠼࡚ࡃࢀࡓࠋ㡑ᅜ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㡑ᅜேᏛ⏕ࡀᅾࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࢧ࣏࣮ࢺࡋ࡚ࡃࢀ ࡓࠋ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ⌧ᆅᏛࡢࢡࣛࢫࢆゼࢀࠊࣁ࣡ᩥࠊ᪥ᮏᩥࡘ࠸࡚Ꮫࡪᶵࢆᚓࡓࠋࣔࣥࢦ ࣮ࣝ࢜ࢫࢺ࡛ࣛࣜࡣ࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࡛ࡣ⌧ᆅ NGO ࡢタゼၥ࣎ࣛࣥࢸ άື࡛ゼࢀࡓᏙඣ㝔࡛⌧ᆅࡢᏊ౪ࡓࡕゐࢀྜ࠺ᶵࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ 3㸧┠ⓗᇶ࡙࠸ࡓάືෆᐜࡢタᐃ ◊ಟෆᐜࡣࠊ◊ಟࡢ┠ⓗࡀ㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺άືࢆ⪃ࡋࡓࠋ⪃ࡍࡿ࠶ࡓࡗ࡚⪃࠼ࡓࡇࡣࠊ ๓㏙ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠕᴦࡋࡗࡓ௨ୖࡢᏛࡧࢆཧຍ⪅ࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ጜጒᰯࡸᏛ⾡༠ᐃᰯࡣ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗࢆఏ࠼ࠊ࡛ࡁࡿࡂࡾࡑࡢ㐩ᡂࡢࡓࡵάືࢆ⤌ࢇ ࡛ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺౫㢗ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᮏᏛࡢᏛ⏕ࡔࡅࡢ࣓ࣜࢵࢺ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ࠊ᪉ࡢᏛ⏕ࡀ ఱࢆᏛࡧྲྀࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࡶ㔜Ⅼࢆ࠾࠸ࡓࠋྎ‴࡛ࡣྎ‴ேᏛ⏕ࡀᅾ୰ࡰẖ ᪥⾜ືࢆඹࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࡀࠊᤵᴗෆᐜࡸάືࡶࠊᙼࡽࡗ࡚ࡶ᪂ࡋ࠸▱㆑ࢆᚓࡓࡾࠊᬑẁࢃ࡞࠸ ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆࡗࡓࡾ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢࡋࡓࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᑡᩘẸ᪘ࡢఏ⤫ᕤⱁࢆయ㦂ࡍࡿࢭࢵࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊྎ‴ே Ꮫ⏕ࡗ࡚ࡶ᪂㩭࡛࠶ࡾࠊ୰ᅜㄒࢆ᪥ᮏேᩍ࠼ࡿࢭࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊᬑẁ࠶ࡓࡾࡲ࠼ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ẕㄒࢆ࠺ࡍࢀࡤእᅜேୖᡭఏ࠼ࡽࢀࡿᕤኵࢆจࡽࡍࡇࡣࠊᙼࡽࡗ࡚ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ᣮᡓ ࡞ࡿࠋ㡑ᅜ࡛ࡶ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡶࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡢᩥࢆእᅜேᩍ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊᨵࡵ࡚⮬ᩥࢆぢ┤ ࡍᶵ࡞ࡾࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿ᪥ᮏேᏛ⏕ඹᏛࡧࢆᚓࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪࣔࣥࢦ࡛ࣝࡣࠊ࣎ࣛࣥࢸάືࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࠋࡶࡶᮏᏛ࡛ࡣ࣎ࣛࣥࢸάື ࡀάⓎ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᾏእ࡛ࡶཧຍࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸࠸࠺Ꮫ⏕ࡢせᮃࡣ௨๓ࡽ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࢝ࣥ࣎ࢪ࡛ ࡣᏙඣ㝔࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸࢆࠊࣔࣥࢦ࡛ࣝࡣᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࡢ࣎ࣛࣥࢸࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࠋࡕࡽࡶᏊ౪ࡓ ࡕࡢὶࡀ࡞άື࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊྠ⾜ࡍࡿ⌧ᆅ㏻ヂࡢ᪉ࡽࠊᏊ౪ࡓࡕࡀ࡞ࡐᏙඣ㝔࡛ᬽࡽࡉ࡞ࡅࢀ ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢࠊᑠᏛᰯࡽᐤᐟ⯋࡛Ꮫࡪ⫼ᬒࡣఱࡀ࠶ࡿࡢࢆ⪺ࡃࡇࡼࡾࠊ⌧ᆅࡢ≧ἣᑐ ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࢆ῝ࡵࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࡶ㓄៖ࡋࡓࠋ 4㸬๓◊ಟ࣭ᚋ◊ಟࡢᑟධ༢ ᅇࡢᨵ㠉ࡢࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢᰕ࡛࠶ࡿ๓࣭ᚋ◊ಟ༢ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿࠋᨵ㠉๓ࡲ࡛ࡶ๓◊ಟ ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ◊ಟࡈෆᐜࡀ␗࡞ࡾࠊࡲࡓࡑࡢෆᐜࡶΏ⯟ᡭ⥆ࡁ㛵ࡍࡿࡇࡸⲴ≀ࡢ‽ഛ
ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⍴ᦼᶏᄖ⎇ୃࡊࡠࠣࡓ㐿⊒ߣታ〣ߩ⹜ߺ ೨⎇ୃ ᷰ⥶వᢥൻߩࠨ࠴ ⇣ᢥൻ㩄㩚㨷㩐㩃㨺㩆㨸㩧㩇㩁㩣 ᷰ⥶ߦ㑐ߔࠆᵈᗧὐ ᶏᄖ⎇ୃ ቇ↢ߣߩᵹ ࡎࠬ࠻ࡈࠔࡒߣߩ ᵹ ᓟ⎇ୃ ᶏᄖ⎇ୃႎ๔ࡐ࠻ ࠣ࡞ࡊߢߩᝄࠅࠅ ੱᚑᨐ⊒ ⍮⼂ ᘒᐲ ⍮⼂ ࠬࠠ࡞ ⍮⼂ ࠬࠠ࡞ ߥߤ߇ਥߥౝኈߢߞߚޕߘߎߢޔ೨ᓟ⎇ୃߦ߽ Deardorff ߩࡕ࠺࡞ࠍㆡᔕߒޔ೨⎇ୃψ⎇ୃ ᧄψᓟ⎇ୃࠍ৻ൻߒޔߘߩਛߢ⇣ᢥൻ㑆⢻ജࠍ⢒ᚑߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦ⹜ߺߚ㧔࿑ 3㧕ޕ ࿑ 3 ⎇ୃࡊࡠࠣࡓߣ⇣ᢥൻ㑆⢻ജߣߩ㑐ଥ ᬺ߿ߘߩઁⴕߣߩߨวࠍ⠨߃ޔ೨⎇ୃߪ 5 ࿁ޔᓟ⎇ୃߪ 2 ࿁ⴕ߁ߎߣࠍቯߒߚޕౝ ኈߪ 3ޔ 4 ߩㅢࠅߢࠅޔߔߴߡߩ⎇ୃߦ߅ߡหߓࠞࠠࡘࡓߢⴕ߁ࠃ߁ߦߒߚޕߎߩߎߣ ߦࠃࠅޔએ೨ߪ⎇ୃߏߣߦ⺑ࠍߒߡߚᷰ⥶ߦ㑐ߔࠆᵈᗧὐ߿ޔᶏᄖߢߩⴕേߦ㑐ߔࠆߎߣ߽৻ᢧ ߦ⻠⟵ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ޔੱ⊛⽶ᜂ߽ᤨ㑆⊛ല₸߽ߍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚޕ߹ߚޔቇㇱ߿ቇ⑼߇⇣ߥࠆ ቇ↢߇ෳടߔࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޔ೨ᓟ⎇ୃߩᤨ㑆⏕߇㔍ߒߊߥߞߡߚ߇ޔ⎇ୃߩᤨ㑆ࠍㅢᏱߩᤨ㑆 ഀߦ⚵ߺㄟߺޔᬺߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡ 1 ࿁ 90 ಽⴕ߁ߎߣߣߒߡޔߎߩὐ߽⸃ᶖߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚޕ 3 ೨⎇ୃౝኈ ࠖ ࠹ ࡆ ࠖ ࠹ ࠢ ࠕ ࡑ ࠹ 1 ࠝࠛࡦ࠹࡚ࠪࡦߣࡔࡦࡃ⚫ ࠕࠗࠬࡉࠠࡦࠣޔ⥄Ꮖ⚫ޔ࠴ࡓࡆ࡞࠺ࠖࡦࠣ 2 ⇣ᢥൻℂ⸃ࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊ ⇣ᢥൻㆡᔕޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊޔ⸒⺆㕖⸒⺆ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ 3 ᷰ⥶వߩࠨ࠴ ࠣ࡞ࡊߦಽ߆ࠇߡ࠹ࡑࠍㆬቯޔࠨ࠴ࠍⴕ߁ ⊒↪ߦࡂࡦ࠼ࠕ࠙࠻߆ࡄࡢࡐࠗࡦ࠻ࠍᚑ 4 ᷰ⥶వߩࠨ࠴⊒ ᷰ⥶ߩᵈᗧὐޔᶏᄖߢߩⴕേ ࠨ࠴⚿ᨐࠍ⊒ ᶏᄖᷰ⥶ߢߩᵈᗧὐࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ 5 ᷰ⥶⋥೨ߩ⏕ 㓸ว႐ᚲ⏕ޔࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᦨ⚳⏕ޔ࠴ࠤ࠶࠻߿㒾⸽ᦠߩฃᷰߒ 4 ᓟ⎇ୃౝኈ 1 ࠣ࡞ࡊߢߩᝄࠅࠅ ᢥൻ⑂⊒↪ಽᜂ ⎇ୃߩᝄࠅࠅ ᢥൻ⑂ߢ⊒ߔࠆࡐࠬ࠲ᚑߩಽᜂࠍࠆ 2 ⎇ୃᚑᨐ⊒ ੱߢ⎇ୃᚑᨐߦߟߡ⊒ࠍⴕ߁ 1㧕೨⎇ୃ ೨⎇ୃߢᣂߚߦขࠅࠇߚߎߣ߇ 2 ߟࠆޕ1 ߟ⋡ߪ⇣ᢥൻℂ⸃ߩߚߩࡢ࡚ࠢࠪ࠶ࡊࠍขࠅ
ᷡᴰᅚቇ㒮⍴ᦼᄢቇ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐ㧔╙ภ㧕 ධࢀࡓࡇࡔࠋཧຍ⪅ࡢ୰ࡣึࡵ࡚ᾏእࢆయ㦂ࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋᏛ⏕ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ␗ᩥࢥ࣑ ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆᢅ࠺ᤵᴗࢆᒚಟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊဨ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᪥ᮏࢆ㞳ࢀ࡚⏕άࡍࡿࡁࠊ ⮬ศࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືࢆࢀࡤࡼ࠸ࡢࠊពᛮ⾲♧ࡣ࠺ࡋࡓࡽ࠸࠸ࡢࠊᅾඛࡢᩥ࡛ዲࡲࡋࡃ ࡞࠸ࡇࡣఱ࡞ࡢࠊࡃ▱㆑ࡀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲΏ⯟ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡢࡣ࠶ࡲࡾࡶ༴㝤࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࣮࣡ࢡࢩ ࣙࢵࣉ࡛ࡣࠊ1㸧ึࡵ࡚ㄡࡗࡓࡁࠊ2㸧ゝㄒࡼࡿࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࠊ3㸧㠀ゝㄒࡢࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ ࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࣮ࣟࣝࣉࣞࢆྲྀࡾධࢀ࡞ࡀࡽᏛࡪࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ᪥ᮏேࡣ⾲ࡢኚࡀ࠶ࡲࡾ࡞ ࡃࠊእࡽࡣఱࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢࢃࡽ࡞࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡀࡕ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࡍࡇࡋࡆࡉ࡞ࡃࡽ࠸⾲ࢆసࡿ ࡼ࠸ࡇࠋ᪥ᮏேࡣᩥ⬦౫Ꮡࡀ㧗࠸ࡓࡵ࠶ࡲࡾゝⴥ࡛ᛮ࠸ࢆ⾲ࡍࡇࢆࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊすὒ࡞ࡢᩥ⬦ ౫Ꮡࡢప࠸ᅜ࡛ࡣࡣࡗࡁࡾゝⴥฟࡋ࡚ゝࢃ࡞࠸㝈ࡾ┦ᡭࡣఏࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡞ࠊ␗ᩥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽ ࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᚲせ࡞ࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࠋ 2 ࡘ┠ࡣࠊΏ⯟ඛࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣࠊᅾ㒔ᕷࡢሗࠊ┦ᡭᅜࡢᩥ ࣭⩦័࡞ᚲせ࡞ሗࡣᏛഃࡽ༳ๅ≀࡛㓄ᕸࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡣ▱㆑ࡋ࡚ཧຍ⪅ࡢ୰ ✚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿሗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ◊ಟࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡢࡣ⮬ศࡓࡕࡔ࠸࠺ ព㆑ࡶపࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊ๓◊ಟࡢࣜࢧ࣮ࢳ࡛ࡣࠊᏛᰯഃࡀ▱ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡋ࠸ࡇຍ࠼ࠊཧຍ ⪅ࡀ▱ࡾࡓ࠸ࡇࢆヰࡋྜ࠸ࠊ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡈࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࢆタᐃࡍࡿࡇࡋࡓࠋࡑࡋ ࡚タᐃࡋࡓࢸ࣮࣐ࢆᩘே࡛ᢸᙜࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࡋࠊྠࡌ◊ಟཧຍࡍࡿ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮Ⓨ⾲ࡍࡿ᪉ἲኚ᭦ࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⮬ࡽ▱ࡾࡓ࠸ࡇࢆ⬟ືⓗㄪࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⯆ࡶࢃࡁ◊ಟᑐࡍࡿព㆑ࡢ㧗ࡲࡾ ࡶぢࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋ 2㸧ᚋ◊ಟ༢ ᨵ㠉๓ࡣᚋ◊ಟࡀ࡞ࡃሗ࿌࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡢᥦฟࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ2 ᅇࡢᚋ◊ಟࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࠊ◊ಟ࡛Ꮫ ࢇࡔࡇࢆෆ┬ࡍࡿᶵࢆタࡅࡓࠋ ◊ಟᮇ㛫୰ࡣẖ᪥ࡢάື㏣ࢃࢀࠊ⌧ᆅࡢ⏕άᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡛⢭࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊ◊ಟࢆ㏻ ࡋ࡚⮬ศࡀఱࢆᏛࢇࡔࡢࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࡣࠊ◊ಟࡀ⤊ࢃࡗ࡚ࡽࡺࡗࡃࡾάືࢆࡾ㏉ࡿࡇࡀᚲせ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡾ㏉ࡾ◊ಟ┠ⓗ࡛タᐃࡉࢀࡓࢸ࣮࣐ᑐࡍࡿ⮬ศ࡞ࡾࡢ⟅࠼ࢆ◊ಟሗ࿌ࣞ ࣏࣮ࢺ࠸࠺ᙧ࡛ᩥᏐࡋ࡚ᥦฟࡉࡏࡓࠋᚋ◊ಟࡢ 1 ᅇ┠ࡣࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛Ꮫࡧࢆヰࡋྜ࠸ࠊ2 ᅇ┠ ࡣಶேࡋ࡚◊ಟࡢᡂᯝࢆⓎ⾲ࡍࡿᶵࢆᣢࡗࡓࠋ⮬ศࡢᛮ࠸ࢆゝⴥࡋ࡚ཧຍ⪅ྠኈࡀศࡕྜ ࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᏛࡧࢆ῝ࡵࡿࡇࡶ࡛ࡁࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀຍ࠼࡚ᩥ⚍࡛ࡣᾏእ◊ಟࡢෆᐜࢆᏛእ ࡢ᪉ࡶ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡓࡵ࣏ࢫࢱ࣮Ⓨ⾲ࡶ⾜࠺ࡇࡋࡓࠋ ୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞๓◊ಟ 5 ᅇࠊᚋ◊ಟ 2 ᅇࠊ◊ಟሗ࿌࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡢᥦฟࢆࡶࡗ࡚ 2 ༢ࢆࡍࡿࡇ ࢆࠊᏛࡢᩍົࡶヰࡋྜࡗ࡚Ỵᐃࡋࡓࠋ 5㸬࠾ࢃࡾ 2014 ᖺᮏ᱁ⓗᾏእ◊ಟࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᨵ㠉╔ᡭࡋࠊࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗタᐃࠊάືෆᐜࡢ⪃ࠊ ๓ᚋ◊ಟࡢᑟධࠊ◊ಟࡢ༢ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ┠ⓗタᐃ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊDeardorff㸦2006㸧 ࡢ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࡢࣆ࣑ࣛࢵࢻࣔࢹࣝࢆᇶ┙ࡋࠊ◊ಟ୰ࡢάືࡣ┠ⓗࡢ㐩ᡂ⤖ࡧࡃࡼ࠺タᐃࡋ ࡓࠋ๓◊ಟ࡛ࡣ⬟ືⓗ▱㆑ࢆ⋓ᚓࡋࠊΏ⯟ඛࡢᩥࡘ࠸࡚⯆ࢆࡶࡗ࡚◊ಟ⮫ࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࣜࢧ࣮ࢳάືࢆྲྀࡾධࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊΏ⯟ᚋ┤㠃ࡍࡿ␗ᩥࡢᵝᑐᛂࡋࡓࡽࡼ࠸ࠊ ࣮ࣟࣝࣉࣞࢆࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ␗ᩥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢫ࢟ࣝࡢ⋓ᚓࡶヨࡳࡓࠋࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡣ◊ಟሗ࿌ࡢࣞ ࣏࣮ࢺࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓᚋࡢάືࢆࠊ࣏࣮ࣞࢺసᡂຍ࠼࡚ࠊࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡛ࡢࡾ㏉ࡾಶே࡛ࡢᡂᯝⓎ
ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⍴ᦼᶏᄖ⎇ୃࡊࡠࠣࡓ㐿⊒ߣታ〣ߩ⹜ߺ ⾲ࡶ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣏࣮ࣞࢺ࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊάືࡢሗ࿌ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ◊ಟࡈタᐃࡉࢀࡓࢸ࣮࣐ ࡘ࠸࡚⮬ศ࡞ࡾ⪃࠼࡚ㄽࡎࡿ࠸࠺ࠊࡸࡸ῝࠸ᩥࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ┠ࢆྥࡅࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞⤌ࡳࡶసࡗ ࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ๓◊ಟࡽᚋ◊ಟࡲ࡛ࡢάືࢆ༢ࡋ࡚ㄆᐃ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡇࡣࠊᅜ㝿ὶ άືࢆᏛࡧࡋ࡚ࡽ࠼ࡿయไࢆసࡿࡇᑡ࡞ࡽࡎᐤࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᛮ࠺ࠋ 2014ᖺ௨᮶ẖᖺᑡࡋࡎࡘ✚ࡳୖࡆ࡚ࡁࡓࡶࡢࡀ 2016 ᖺᗘࡢ◊ಟ࡛ࡼ࠺ࡸࡃᙧ࡞ࡾࠊῧ㈨ᩱࡢ ࡼ࠺࡞◊ಟෆᐜࡀ୍┠࡛ࢃࡿࡼ࠺࡞࣮ࣜࣇࣞࢵࢺࢆసᡂࡋ࡚ㄝ࡛᫂㓄ᕸࢆ⾜࠺⮳ࡗࡓࠋࡲ࡛ ࡢᨵ㠉ࡀࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᡂᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡣࠊᚋᘬࡁ⥆ࡁ᳨ドࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2016 ᖺᗘࡢኟఇࡳ◊ಟࡢ ཧຍ⪅ࡀᥦฟࡋࡓ࣏࣮ࣞࢺࢆぢ࡚ࡳࡿࠊ◊ಟᮇ㛫ࡢᵝࠎ࡞య㦂ࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ⤖ࡧࡅࠊࡉࡽ᪂ࡓ࡞ ࣜࢧ࣮ࢳࡶຍ࠼ࡓ࣏࣮ࣞࢺࡀᥦฟࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࠊ◊ಟࡢᏛࡧࡣ୍ẁ῝࠸ࡶࡢ࡞ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ឤࡌ ࡿࠋࡲࡓᚋ⾜ࡗࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ๓◊ಟ࡛⾜ࡗࡓ␗ᩥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢫ࢟ࣝࢆ⌧ᆅ࡛ ࡶࡗ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸࠺グ㏙ࡶぢࡽࢀࠊ๓◊ಟࡣ୍ᐃࡢᡂᯝࢆฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ᭱ᚋࠊᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ 2 Ⅼᣲࡆࡓ࠸ࠋ1 ࡘࡣຠᯝ᳨ドࡢ⤌ࡳࢆᩚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ▷ᮇ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ ࡶᾏእయ㦂ࡀཧຍ⪅ኚࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ␗ㄽࢆၐ࠼ࡿ⪅ࡣᑡ࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊࡑࡢຠᯝࡢྍど ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇࡶᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࡣᅜ㝿ὶࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛タᐃࡋࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ㡯┠ࢆ⏝࠸࡚ཧຍ⪅⮬㌟ ࡀ⮬ᕫホ౯ࢆࡍࡿ᪉ἲࢆࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㡯┠ࡣ┠ⓗࡸ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛྜ⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ ⌧ᅾࡣࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢయⓗ࡞༳㇟ࢆᑜࡡࡿ㉁ၥࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊຠᯝࢆ ᐃ࡛ࡁࡿ㡯┠ࢆ㏣ຍࡍࡿᚲ せࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 2 ࡘ┠ࡣࠊᾏእ◊ಟ࡛㧗ࡵࡽࢀࡓࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢ⥔ᣢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᾏእ◊ಟ୰ཬࡧᖐᅜ┤ᚋࡢཧຍ⪅ ࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㠀ᖖ㧗࠸ࠋ␗ᩥᏛ⩦ࡸㄒᏛᏛ⩦ࡶࡗྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡓ࠸࠸࠺グ㏙ࡀሗ࿌࣏ࣞ ࣮ࢺ࡛ࡶ㢖⦾ࡳࡽࢀࡿࠋ⌧ᆅᏛ⏕ࡢὶࡸ࣮࣒࣍ࢫࢸࡢ⤒㦂ࡽࠊ⮬ศࡢㄒᏛຊ㊊ࡸ▱㆑ ㊊ཧຍ⪅⮬㌟࡛Ẽࡀࡘࡃሙྜࡶከ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ␗ᩥయ㦂ࡸ᪂ࡋ࠸▱㆑ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡢᴦࡋࡉࢆ㌟ࢆࡶ ࡗ࡚ឤࡌࠊࡉࡽ⤒㦂ࢆ✚ࡳࡓ࠸ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⏕ࡶᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢࣔࢳ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆ࡞ࢇḟ ࡢࢫࢸࢵࣉࡘ࡞ࡆࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞⤌ࡳ࡙ࡃࡾࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣ▷ᮇ㛫࡛࠶ࡿࡓ ࡵࠊᾏእᅾᮇ㛫ࡔࡅ࡛ࡍ࡚ࢆᚓࡿࡇࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ๓ᚋࡢᤵᴗࡸࡑࡢࡢάືࢆ⤌ࡳྜࢃ ࡏࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ㛗ᮇ㛫ࢃࡓࡗ࡚␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࢆ⫱ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡣྍ⬟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ᮏᏛ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡣᏛ⏕㈗㔜࡞య㦂ࢆ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣ☜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢయ㦂 ࢆࡼࡾ῝࠸᭷ព⩏࡞Ꮫࡧኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃࡓࡵࡣࠊᚋࡶࡓࡺࡲࡠດຊࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋୡ⏺ࡢໃࡶࠊ Ꮫ⏕ࡢ㉁ࡶኚࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡃࡀࠊཧຍ⪅ࡢ␗ᩥ㛫⬟ຊࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿ࠸࠺᰿ᮏࢆษࠊࡇࢀࡽࡶ ᨵၿࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ ⤖ࡧ࠼࡚ࠊࡲ࡛ΎἨዪᏛ㝔࡛ᅜ㝿ὶάື㛵ࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ᪉ࠎࠊ⌧ᅾࡢᾏእ◊ಟࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ ᐇ⌧ࡢࡓࡵඹⱞປࢆࡋ࡚ࡃࡔࡉࡗࡓᩍ⫋ဨࡢ᪉ࠎࠊᚰࡽឤㅰࢆ⏦ࡋୖࡆࡓ࠸ࠋ ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩ ⏘Ꮫ㐃ᦠࡼࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝேᮦ⫱ᡂ᥎㐍༠㆟. (2011). ࠗ⏘Ꮫᐁ㐃ᦠࡼࡿࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝேᮦࡢ⫱ᡂࡢ ࡓࡵࡢᡓ␎࠘http://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/06/ 01/1301460_1.pdf ⸨ཎᏕ❶. (2013).ࠕࢫࢱࢹࢶ࣮࠾ࡅࡿࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡙ࣛࡃࡾʊࠕṌࡃ᪑ࠖࡽࠕᏛࡪ᪑ࠖࡢ㌿ࠖࠗᅜ 㝿⌮ゎᩍ⫱࠘Vol. 20, 42-50. ⡦⏣⏤ᕫᏊ. (2015).ࠕ▷ᮇᾏእ◊ಟࡢᏛࡧ␗ᩥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᩍ⫱ࠖࠗΎἨዪᏛ㝔▷ᮇᏛ◊ ✲⣖せ࠘33, 65-68.
ᷡᴰᅚቇ㒮⍴ᦼᄢቇ⎇ⓥ♿ⷐ㧔╙ภ㧕
Byram, M. (2009). The intercultural speaker and the pedagogy of foreign language. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence. NewburyPark, CA:Sage.
Deardorff, D. K. (2006). Identification and assessment of intercultural competence as a student outcome of internationalization. Journal of Studies in International Education, 10, 241-266.
Deardorff, D. K. (2009). Implementing Intercultural Competence Assessment. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence. NewburyPark, CA:Sage.
Spitzberg, B.H. & Changnon, G. (2009). Conceptualizing intercultural competence. In D. K. Deardorff (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence. NewburyPark, CA:Sage.
SUMMARY
This paper describes the reformation process of study abroad programs in Seisen Jogakuin College. The reformation started in 2013 and completed in 2016 with six study abroad programs. Deardroff Pyramid Model of Intercultural Competence (Deardroff, 2006) was used as a basic concept of the programs. This model proposes that attitude, knowledge and skills are the essential elements of intercultural competence. After the reformation, the new study abroad program consists of three parts: pre-training, study abroad and post-training. Pre-training sessions focus on acquiring intercultural communication skills and knowledge on the target culture. Post-training includes reflection of the program and individual presentation on accomplishment through the oversea experience.
ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ⍴ᦼᶏᄖ⎇ୃࡊࡠࠣࡓ㐿⊒ߣታ〣ߩ⹜ߺ 㘓㈨ᩱ ◊ಟෆᐜ⤂ࢩ࣮ࢺ㸦㸧 ȗȭǰȩȠӸ ǫȳȜǸǢ૨҄ᄂ̲ Ӌьᝲဇ Ü ๛נᣃࠊ ǷǧȠȪǢȃȗ ᄂ̲έ ǷǧȠȪǢȃȗԗᡀ ܱ ବ˞LjᲢ உɶକ᳸ɦକᲣ ܱ᧓ ଐ᧓ ܭՃ ʴ Ճࡽྙ ƋǓ ȗȭǰȩȠ̅ဇᚕᛖ ଐஜᛖᲢྵעᡫᚪƋǓᲣ ܿජ࢟७ țȆȫ ȗȭǰȩȠႸႎ ȷႆޒᡦɥưƷྵཞǛჷǓŴᅶƨƪƕưƖǔƜƱƴƭƍƯᎋƑǔᲢჷᜤȷᐯᲣ ȷɭမᢡငƷᚧբǛᡫƠƯŴǫȳȜǸǢƷ૨҄ǛܖƿᲢჷᜤȷ˂Უ ȷྵעƷʴǍ܇̓ƨƪƱƷʩ්ưƸ࣎ǛƖŴᆢಊႎƴီ૨҄ǛჷǖƏƱƢǔ७ࡇǛ៲ƴბ ƚǔᲢ७ࡇᲣ ȷჷᜤǛࢽǔƨNJƴᚇݑƠŴࢽƨऴإǛЎௌƠƯŴᐯЎƷբƍƴ᧙ᡲ˄ƚǔᲢǹǭȫᲣ ȗȭǰȩȠಒᙲ ȷžƔNjƷƸƠȗȭǸǧǯȈſᚧբ ᝢڡࣱƷૅੲǛᘍƬƯƍǔ0)1 ƔNjƷƸƠȗȭǸǧǯȈƷdzȟȥȋȆǣȸȕǡǯȈȪ ȸǛᚧբƠŴᨥңщƷྵཞǛᙻݑƠŴᝢܼࡊƷྵཞƱբ᫆ໜŴȕǡǯȈȪȸƷࢫлƴ ƭƍƯܖƿ ȷǢǭȸȩȸ൞ƷעᩑҦཋᙸܖ ϋሁǛᡫƠƯŴǫȳȜǸǢƴƸٶƘƷעᩑƕ؈NJǒǕƯƓǓŴʻNjગӊƕዓƍƯƍǔŵ ƦƷྵཞǛҦཋƷޒᅆƳƲǛᡫƠƯܖƿŵ ȷδᇜᜱᚨưƷȜȩȳȆǣǢ ᚨưဃƢǔ܇̓ƨƪƱŴଐஜƷᢂƼǛƑƨǓŴǫȳȜǸǢƷȀȳǹǛ፼ƬƨǓƠƳ ƕǒʩ්Ƣǔ ȷɭမᢡငưƋǔŴǢȳdzȸȫȯȃȈŴǢȳdzȸȫȈȠŴǿȷȗȭȸȠƷᢡួǛᙸܖŴǪȸ ȫȉȞȸDZȃȈưᝰƍཋNjưƖǔ Ӌьவˑ ȷ˳щƕƋǔƜƱŴƞƴࢍƍƜƱ ȷδᇜᜱᚨưȜȩȳȆǣǢǛƢǔƷưŴ܇̓ƱᢂƿƷƕڤƖƳƜƱŴജǍಏ֥ƕƚǔ ƜƱŴዋƕ੨ƚǔƳƲཎ২ƕƋǔƱǑƍ ҥˮᛐܭ ʙЭ ׅŴʙࢸ ׅƷᄂ̲ǁƷӋьŴᄂ̲ࢸƷȬȝȸȈ੩ЈŴᄂ̲ௐƷႆᘙǛNjƬƯ ҥˮǛᛐܭƢǔ
