Sagami Bay, central Japan
著者名(英)
Saburo AOKI
journal or
publication title
Journal of Toyo University. Natural science
number
51
page range
127-132
year
2007-03
URL
http://id.nii.ac.jp/1060/00002527/
Creative Commons : 表示 - 非営利 - 改変禁止
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.ja
Clay minerals in near-shore sediments of Sagami Bay,
central JapanSaburo AOKI
Abstract
Nine samples from siX localities in central and western near-shore sediments of the Sagami Bay, Kanagawa Prefecture were examined for clay mineral using X・-ray diffractometry(XRD) and analy目cal transmission electron microscopy(ATEM).Chlorite is the most abundant clay mineral, followed in order by smectite, illite,and kaolinite in this clay mineral assemblage. Distribution of clay minerals in this limited area shows no systematic pattern. However, chlorite concentrations of a sediment sample taken 8 cm deep show a clear vertical change in the three layers of 2-4 cm,4-6 cm, and 68 cm. This result suggests that vertical changes in clay minerals of the sediment core can change during a very short time. Smectite seems to belong to di-octahedral Al-Fe beidellite and tri-octahedral Mg-Fe saponite. Most clay minerals in this study had been supplied from the Sagami and Sakawa rivers and their distribution is controlled by the coastal current, which is a branch of the Kuroshio. Key words:Sagami Bay, near-shore sediments, clay minerals,㎜Introductio11
Sagami Bay is a typical open bays, similar to its adjacent Suruga Bay and neighboring Toyama Bay in the Sea of Japan, All have depth greater than 1,000m.The central part of the bay has the Sagami Trough, which extends to the area off the southern tip of the Boso Peninsula. An active volcano, Oshima Island, just to sea revel from the deep sea more than 1,500mdeep in the southern part of the bay. Geology of the surrounding land areas of the Bay is that lzu Peninsula west to the bay comprises Quaternary and Tertiary volcanic rocks and the discharging areas of Sagami and Sakawa rivers to the northern part of the bay are characterized by Quaternary mudstone and sandstone. In addition, distributed Cretaceous sedimentary rocks exist in their upper streams. The Miura Peninsula to the east of the bay is comprises Tertiary tuffaceous and volcanic sedimentary rocks. According to Uda(1937),the branch of Kuroshio current flows toward north from the mouth of the bay and is divided into * Natural Science Laboratory, Department of Economics,5-28-20, Hakusan Bunkyou-ku Tbkyo 112-8606, Japantwo flows:one is counterclockwise flow;the other且ows to Miura peninsula. On the other hand, coastal waters mixed with ocean current and fresh water discharging from rivers are distributed from the mouth of Sakawa River to the east coast of Izll Peninsula. Regarding the distribution of clay minerals in sediments of the Sagami Bay, Otsuka(1976) reported the presence of three clay mineral types:smectite, chlorite, and illite. Aoki(1983), on the other hand, analyzed four clay minerals in surface sediments of the Sagami Bay and its vicinity:smectite illite, and kaolinite. Aoki also analyzed clay minerals in sediment samples of five rivers discharging into the Sagami Bay from the surrounding land areas. In the present study, the author analyzed nine sediment samples from six localities collected from central and western coastal areas of the Sagami Bay. This report describes the clay mineral composition and chemical characteristics of smectite.
Sample and analytical procedures
Samples analyzed in this study were collected from the central and western near shores of the Sagami Bay. Locality of samples is illustrated in Fig.1. Nine samples from six localities were first depikled in distilled water;then clay fractions smaller than 2 micron were collected by sedimentation. IdentMcation and quantification of clay minerals followed the method reported by Sudo et al.(1961)and Oinuma(1968).The detailed analytical method is described elsewhere(for example, Aoki and Kohyama,1998).Chemical analysis of smectite is based on Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy(ATEM)reported by Kohyama(1984). fig.1. Sample locality in this studyResUltS and Discussion
Three major clay minerals were contained in all samples:chlorite,smectite, and illite. However, kaolinite was present only two samples. Chlorite was most abundant in all six surface sediment samples and was 81%45%(average 65%).Smectite was next most abundant: and ranges 35%-8%(average 18%).Illite was 23%-8%(average 13%).Kaolinite was observed in only two samples:its content were 12%on average. Regarding distribution of the clay minerals, whichd formed that was 8 cm deep, the author examined contents in three layers of 2-4cm,4-6cm, and 6-8cm. Results revealed a systematic vertical change in chlorite concentration:the 79%content of the upper layer decreased remarkably to 58%in the middle layer and 28%in the lower layer. In contrast, the contents of illite and smectite were greater in the lower layers. Chemical analyses revealed that smectite is classMable into di-octahedral and t目一〇ctahedral t}Tl/)es. The di-octahedral tyl)e is A1-Fe beidemte and the tri-octahedarl培)e is Mg-Fe saponite The clay mineral compositions in six surface sediments are illustrated in Fig.2. Chlorite shows the highest concentration of fbur clay mineral assemblages in all stations. Chlorite tends to decrease westward along the coast from the mouth of the Sagami River;it again increases westWard from the mouths of Sakawa and Hayakawa Rivers as shown in Fig.3. This fact suggests that chlorite can be transported丘om these rivers and that it originates 丘om altered rocks such as green tuff distributed in the Tanzawa mountain area in the upper reaches of the Sagami River.St.21
St.18
St.14
St.19
St.12
St.11
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
fig.2. Clay mineral composition in each station90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
..一一 1 |El
「li|1
;lil 1[1 /x、. ‘| L / /,. D.・/ ^/ \、 ノ.、、 、 へ @、L.} / ! ノ「「、///1
_ 1へ\ 1 ■+smectite
+chlorite
illite .+・.汲≠盾撃奄獅奄狽St.11St.12St.19St.14St.18St.21
㎏.3. Ho丘zontal dist亘bution of clay m血erals桓each stadon ResUlts of chemical analysis show that smectites in samples of Sts.12 and 14 are 1argely di- octahedral A1-Fe beideUite and partly tri-octahedral Mg-Fe saponite. Table 1 shows data f()r chemical analysis. Chemical characteristics of smectites are fUndamenta皿y concordant to those in ma血e sediments from other seas and oceans reported by the author(e.g.Aold et aL, 2001).The vertical change in chlorite concentration in three layers of 2-4cm,4-6cm, and 6-8cm deep at St.11 collected off the mouth of Sagami r iver suggests that supplied chlortte 丘om the Sagami River has changed greatly du血g a very short time. The vertical change hl chlorite concentration in sample St.11 is iUustrated in Fig.4. This drastic change in chlorite concentration might be explained by a sudden supPly such as a tUrbidity current.AcknowledgementS
The author thanks Emeritus Professor A. Kamatani of the Tokyo Univserity of Marine Science and Technology for supplying sediment samples used in this study. Professor N. Kohyama of Toyo University permitted use of the ATEM at the National Institute of Industrial Health.References
Aoki, S.(1983)Clay mineral distribution in surface sediment samples of Sagami Bay and its Vicinity, central Japan. La mer, 21, No.2,113-120.ST,12A St,12B St 14A St.14B Sio2 A1203 MgO Fe203(FeO) CaO MnO Tio2 Na20 K20 Tota1(%) 61.62 11.23 17,31 2,63 2,19 2.76 2,19 2.26 100.00 62.41 11、88 2.90 15.26 1.52 1.19 2.25 0.66 1.93 100.00 63.17 16.03 158 t4.98 0.66 0.49 0,80 2。29 100.00 42.64 13.79 13.98 (17.95) 2,00 3.41 1.82 2.36 2.05 100.00 Al Tetra. Al 吻 Fe3(Fe2) 血 Ti Octa. da K Na ㎞、 3.92 0.08 4.00 0.76 0,83 0.12 0.13 1.84 0,18 0.18 0.36 3,92 0,08 4.oo O.80 0.27 0.72 0.06 0.11 1.96 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.33 3.91 0.09 4.oo LO8 0.15 0.70 0,03 0,(>4 2.oo O.04 0,18 0.22 2.99 1.OI 4.oo O.13 1.46 (1.05) 0.20 0.10 2.94 0.15 0.工8 0.32 0.65 Table 1. Chemical composition and structUral formulae of smectite in some selected samples Structural formulae based on O10(OH)2
2-4cm
4-6cm
6-8cm
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
圏smectlte
■chlorite
口iIlite
fig.4. Vertical change in clay mineral composition at St.110ff Sagami RiverAoki, S. and Kohyama, N.(1998)Cenozoic sedimentation and clay Mineralogy in the northern part of the Magellan Trough, Central Pacific Basin. Mar. Geol.,148,21-47. Aoki, S., Kohyama, N. and Oinuma, K(2001)Clay mineral distribution In surface sediment in the seas and ocean along the eastern Asian Continent, with special reference to the relation to morphology and chemistry Clay Sci.,11,431-449. Otsuka, K.(1976)Regional distribution of clay minerals in the sediments of Sagami Bay, Japan. Rep. Fac. Sci. Shizuoka Univ.,11,179-190. Oinuma, K(1968)Method of quantitative estimation of clay minerals in sediments by X-ray diffrac廿on analysis. J. Toyo Univ.(Nat. Sci.),11,179-190. Sudo, T, Oinuma, K., and Kobayashi, K(1961)Mineralogical problems Concerning rapid clay mineral analysis of sedimentary rocks. Acta Univ. Carolinae, Geologica Suppl,1, 189-219. Uda, M.(1937)Relationship between sea current and meteorological conditions in yellowtail fishing season in Sagami Bay. Fisheries Laboratory Report(8),1-50.