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Factors associated with health service use by the elderly from the viewpoint of ethnic diversity: Focus on war-displaced Japanese returning from China and

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多様なエスニックの視点からの高齢者の保健サービス利用に関連する要因 -中国帰国者,定住コリアンを対象として-

呉珠響

1.目的

日本の総人口は減少し,高齢化率は 27.3%と上昇している(内閣府,2017)。一方で,

外国人労働者数の増加(厚生労働省,2016)に伴い,在留外国人は約 250 万人に達し,そ のうち永住者・特別永住者は 100 万人以上となっている(法務省,2017)。このように,

日本は,在留外国人をはじめとする多様な出自や文化的習慣を有する人々が共生する社会 へと変化している。なお,出自や文化的習慣を共有する集団の一員となる特徴について は,「エスニック」という用語が使用されることが多いため,本研究でも「エスニック」

を使用する。多様なエスニックを有する人々のうち,中国帰国者や定住コリアンは,一般 の日本人(以下,日本人)と同様に高齢化が進んでいる。中国帰国者の平均年齢は 76 歳 であり,70 歳代が全体の 7 割,80 歳以上が 2 割を占めている。一方,定住コリアンは 65 歳以上が全体の 24.9%であり,65 歳以上のうち 70 歳代が 5 割,80 歳以上が 2 割である

(法務省,2016)。このような現状を背景として,多様なエスニックを有する高齢者に対 する看護職による取り組みの必要性も増大している。しかし,中国帰国者や定住コリアン の生活習慣病の発症や心身機能低下に関わる健康や生活の実態,保健サービス利用の実態 は明らかにされていない。そこで,本研究は,多様なエスニックの視点から,高齢者の保 健サービス利用の実態と,保健サービス利用と関連する要因を明らかにすることを目的と した。

2.研究方法

初めに,多様なエスニックを有する高齢者の実態を把握することを目的として,65 歳以 上の中国帰国者 50 名,定住コリアン 50 名の計 100 名を対象として,自記式質問紙による 集合調査を実施した。調査項目は,基本属性,社会経済的状況,身体的健康,精神的健 康,主観的健康観,社会関係,リテラシー,文化変容の 8 項目とした。なお,本研究は,

平成 28 年度首都大学東京荒川キャンパス研究安全倫理委員会の承認を得て実施した(承 認番号 16077,2017 年 3 月 8 日承認)。調査の結果,中国帰国者と定住コリアンは,生活 習慣病に罹患している人の割合が高く,重症化予防のために保健サービスの利用を促進す ることが必要であることが明らかとなった。

次に,65 歳以上の日本人 220 名,中国帰国者 200 名,定住コリアン 334 名の計 754 名を 対象に,自記式質問紙による集合調査を実施した。研究枠組みとして,ヘルスサービス利 用の行動モデル(Anderson & Davidson, 2007)を用い,保健行動に関連する個人の「素 因」,「利用促進要因」,「ニード要因」として,調査項目を設定した。素因として,性別,

年齢,エスニック,エスニックアイデンティティ等,利用促進要因として,社会経済的状 況,ヘルスリテラシー,社会関係,ニード要因として,メタボリックシンドロームに関わ

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る現病歴を調査項目とした。1 次予防の保健サービスとして,行政主催の健康に関する講 演会・健康教室参加の有無,2 次予防の保健サービスとして,定期健康診査受診の有無,

乳がんまたは大腸がん検診受診の有無を設定した。群間比較は,χ2 検定,フィッシャー の正確確率検定,マンホイットニーの U 検定,保健サービスと各要因との関連では,ロジ スティック回帰分析を実施した。なお,有意水準は 5%とした。本研究は,平成 29 年度首 都大学東京荒川キャンパス研究安全倫理委員会の承認を得て実施した(承認番号 17034,

2017 年 7 月 25 日承認)。 3.結果

754 票配布し,回収数は 450 票(回収率 59.7%)であった。群間比較ではこれらの 450 人を分析対象とした。なお,保健サービス利用に関連する要因の分析では,保健サービス に関する 3 項目に回答がなく,全項目の回答率が 50%未満の 43 票を分析から除外し,407 票(有効回答率 90.4%)を分析対象とした。

分析対象者 450 人中,女性が 62.7%(282 人),75 歳以上が 55.1%(248 人)であっ た。日本人は 116 人,中国帰国者は 130 人,定住コリアンは 204 人であった。慢性疾患患 者向けヘルスリテラシー尺度(以下,FCCHL)得点の中央値(四分位範囲)は,日本人は 3.2 点(2.8, 3.6),中国帰国者は 1.8 点(1.0, 2.2),定住コリアンは 2.8 点(2.2, 3.3),日本語版 Lubben Social Network Scale 短縮版得点(以下,日本語版 LSNS-6)の 中央値(四分位範囲)は,日本人は 18.0 点(14.0, 21.0),中国帰国者は 15.0 点(12.0, 18.0),定住コリアンは 16.0 点(10.5, 20.0)であった。また,1 次予防としての行政主 催の健康に関する講演会・健康教室に参加していた人は,日本人は 55.2%(64/116 人), 中国帰国者は 15.4%(20/130 人),定住コリアンは 12.3%(25/204 人),2 次予防として の定期健康診査,乳がんまたは大腸がん検診を受診した人は,日本人は 90.5%(105/116 人),中国帰国者は 46.9%(61/130 人),定住コリアンは 75.0%(153/204 人)であっ た。

日本人と中国帰国者,定住コリアンそれぞれの 2 群間の比較では,中国帰国者,定住コ リアンいずれも日本人と比較し,同居者がいる人の割合,エスニックアイデンティティを 日本人と認識している人の割合,日本生まれの人の割合,日本語の読み・書きがそれぞれ 簡単である人の割合等が有意に低かった。また,日本人と比較し,中国帰国者または定住 コリアンは,主観的経済状況が苦しくない人の割合,年金を受給している人の割合等が有 意に低かった。日本人と比較し,中国帰国者,定住コリアンいずれも FCCHL 得点が低く,

日本語版 LSNS-6 得点も低かった。健康状態では,日本人と比較し,中国帰国者は,脂質 異常症と回答した人の割合が有意に高かった。保健サービス利用では,日本人と比較し,

中国帰国者,定住コリアンいずれも,1 次予防,2 次予防としての保健サービス利用者の 割合が有意に低かった。

1 次予防としての保健サービス利用と関連する要因では,素因のエスニックが日本人

(OR=5.54, 95%CI[2.58, 11.88]),利用促進要因の日本語版 LSNS-6 得点がより高いこと

(OR=1.09, 95%CI[1.04, 1.15])が関連していた。2 次予防としての保健サービス利用と

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関連する要因では,エスニックが日本人(OR=11.47, 95%CI[2.52, 52.18]),日本語版 LSNS-6 の得点がより高いこと(OR=1.06, 95%CI[1.00, 1.11])が関連していた。

4.考察

本研究の結果,高齢者の保健サービス利用にはエスニックが日本人であること,また社 会的ネットワークをより幅広くもっていることが関連していることが明らかとなった。こ れらのことから,日本社会の中でエスニックマイノリティと考えられる中国帰国者及び定 住コリアンに対して,1 次予防,2 次予防としての保健サービス利用促進に向けた支援 や,支援のためのネットワークの拡大に向けた働きかけの必要性が示唆された。

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Factors associated with health service use by the elderly from the viewpoint of ethnic diversity: Focus on war-displaced Japanese returning from China and

Korean residents of Japan

Chu-Hyang Oh

1. Objective

The population of Japan has been continuously decreasing, and the ratio of elderly persons has reached 27.3% (Cabinet Office, 2016). However, in contrast, the number of foreign workers is increasing (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2016). Specifically, the population of foreign residents in Japan is approximately 2.5 million; one million are considered permanent residents and special permanent residents (Ministry of Justice, 2017). As a result, Japan is becoming an inclusive

society with people from different places of origin and diverse cultural habits, including foreign residents. Furthermore, war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans are increasingly aging in Japan. The mean age of war-displaced Japanese returning from China is 76 years; approximately 70% were in their 70s and 20% in their 80s. Moreover, 24.9% of resident Koreans are older than 65 years;

approximately 50.0% were in their 70s and 20% in their 80s. The term “ethnic” is used to describe characteristics of members of groups including persons with shared origins, cultural customs, and values. With these changes in society, the need for nursing services for the elderly of different ethnic groups is increasing. Regarding war- displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans, the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases, actual health status and rates of impaired physical and mental functions, and health service use have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to clarify the actual situation of health service use and factors

associated with it among war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans, from the viewpoint of ethnic diversity.

2. Methods

To understand the elderly from diverse ethnic groups, first a self-administered questionnaire was given to 100 persons (50 war-displaced Japanese returning from China and 50 resident Koreans over the age of 65). The questionnaire contained eight items (basic attributes, socio-economic status, physical health, mental health,

subjective health status, social relationships, literacy, and acculturation). This study

was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Tokyo

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Metropolitan University, Arakawa Campus in 2017 (Approval No. 16077; approved on March 8, 2017). The results showed that a high percentage of war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans have lifestyle-related diseases, and it is therefore necessary to promote the use of health services for these diseases

Next, we gave another self-administered questionnaire to 754 people aged 65 or older, including 220 Japanese, 200 war-displaced Japanese returning from China, and 334 resident Koreans. The behavioral model of health services use (Anderson &

Davidson, 2007) was adopted as an analytical framework. Questionnaire items were determined based on the concepts of “predisposing factors,” “enabling factors,” and

“need factors” related to individual characteristics. Items were as follows: sex, age, ethnicity, ethnic identity, and others for predisposing factors; socioeconomic status, health literacy, and social relationships for enabling factors; and history of present illness related to metabolic syndrome for need factors. To inquire about primary prevention health service use, history of participation in municipal-sponsored health classes or lectures was surveyed. Then, history of annual health examinations as secondary prevention health services and history of breast cancer or colorectal cancer screening examination were also surveyed. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, and Mann- Whitney U test were used to compare ethnic groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between health service use and each factor. The level of significance was less than 5%. This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Tokyo Metropolitan University, Arakawa Campus in 2017 (Approval No. 17034; approved on July 25, 2017).

3. Results

A total of 754 questionnaires were distributed, and 450 were collected (response rate: 59.7%). Factors related to health service use were analyzed for 407 respondents (valid response rate: 90.4%), excluding 43 respondents who did not answer the three health items and answered less than 50% of the questions. Overall, 62.7%

(282) were women and 55.1% (248) were aged 75 or older. In total, 116 were Japanese,

130 were war-displaced Japanese returning from China, and 204 were resident

Koreans. The median (quartiles) scores on the health literacy scale for chronic disease

patients (Functional, Communicative, and Critical Health Literacy, FCCHL) were 3.2

(2.8, 3.6) for Japanese, 1.8 (1.0, 2.2) for war-displaced Japanese returning from China,

and 2.8 (2.2, 3.3) for resident Koreans. The median (quartiles) scores on the Japanese

version of the abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale (Japanese LSLS-6) were 18.0

(14.0, 21.0) for Japanese, 15.0 (12.0, 18.0) for war-displaced Japanese returning from

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China, and 16.0 points (10.5, 20.0) for resident Koreans. Primary prevention service use rates were 55.2% (64/116) for Japanese, 15.4% (20/130) for war-displaced Japanese returning from China, and 12.3% (25/204) for resident Koreans. Secondary prevention service use rates were 90.5% (105/116) for Japanese, 46.9% (61/130) for war-displaced Japanese returning from China, and 75.0% (153/204) for resident Koreans.

Comparative surveys were conducted between Japanese and war-displaced Japanese returning from China, and Japanese and resident Koreans. Compared with the Japanese, both war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans had higher rates of living alone, lower rates of having Japanese ethnic identities, lower rate of born in Japan, and lower rates of Japanese reading and writing skills. In

addition, compared with the Japanese, both war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans had a higher rate of subjectively difficult economic conditions and lower rate of receiving pensions, and so on. Compared with the Japanese, both war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans had lower scores in FCCHL and LSNS-6. With respect to health condition, compared with the Japanese, war-displaced Japanese returning from China had significantly higher rates of dyslipidemia and comorbid diseases (three or more comorbid diseases).

As for health service use, both war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans had significantly lower rate of use of primary prevention services and secondary prevention services. Factors ‘being a Japanese’ (OR=5.54, 95% CI [2.58, 11.88]) and ‘having a high score on LSNS-6’ (OR=1.09, 95% CI [1.03, 1.15]) were related to the use of primary prevention services. Factors ‘being a Japanese’ (OR=11.47, 95%

CI [2.52, 52.18]) and ‘having a high score on LSNS-6’ (OR=1.06, 95% CI [1.01, 1.12]) were related to the use of secondary prevention services.

4. Discussion

As a result, it became clear that use of health services by the elderly was

related to Japanese ethnicity and having wider social networks. For these reasons,

war-displaced Japanese returning from China and resident Koreans need support for

using primary and secondary prevention health services, and they also need support

for expanding their social networks.

参照

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