SOME THEOREMS ON THE EXPLICIT EVALUATION OF RAMANUJAN’S THETA-FUNCTIONS

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PII. S0161171204111058 http://ijmms.hindawi.com

SOME THEOREMS ON THE EXPLICIT EVALUATION OF RAMANUJAN’S THETA-FUNCTIONS

NAYANDEEP DEKA BARUAH and P. BHATTACHARYYA Received 8 October 2001

Bruce C. Berndt et al. and Soon-Yi Kang have proved many of Ramanujan’s formulas for the explicit evaluation of the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction and theta-functions in terms of Weber-Ramanujan class invariants. In this note, we give alternative proofs of some of these identities of theta-functions recorded by Ramanujan in his notebooks and deduce some formulas for the explicit evaluation of his theta-functions in terms of Weber- Ramanujan class invariants.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11A55, 11F20, 11F27.

1. Introduction. Ramanujan’s general theta-functionf (a,b)is given by

f (a,b)= ^∞

k=−∞

a^k(k+^1)/2b^k(k−^1)/2, (1.1)

where|ab|<1. If we seta=q^2iz,b=q⁻^2iz, andq=e^πiτ, wherez is complex and Im(τ) >0, thenf (a,b)=ϑ3(z,τ), whereϑ3(z,τ)denotes one of the classical theta- functions in its standard notation [9, page 464]. After Ramanujan, we define the following special types of his theta-function.

If|q|<1, then

φ(q):=f (q,q)=1+2 ∞ k=1

q^k², (1.2)

ψ(q):=fq,q³

= ∞ k=0

q^k(k+1)/2, (1.3)

f (−q):=f

−q,−q²

= ∞ k=0

(−1)^kq^k(3k−^1)/2+ ∞ k=1

(−1)^kq^k(3k+^1)/2, (1.4) χ(q):=

−q;q²

∞, (1.5)

where(a;q)_∞:=Π^∞_k=0(1−aq^k). The functionχ(q)is only for notational purposes. Also, note thatf (−q)=q^−1/24η(z), whereq=e^2πizandηdenotes the Dedekind eta-function.

Much of Ramanujan’s discoveries about theta-functions can be found in Chapters 16–

21 of the organized pages of his second notebook [8]. Proofs and other references of all

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the identities can be found in [1]. However, in the unorganized pages of his notebooks [8], Ramanujan recorded many other beautiful identities. Proofs of these identities can be found in [2,3]. InSection 2, we prove some of these identities by using some other identities of theta-functions. Berndt [2,3] proved these identities via parameterization.

At scattered places in his notebooks [8], Ramanujan recorded several values of his theta-functionφ(q). Proofs of all the values claimed by Ramanujan can be found in [3, Chapter 35]. Berndt and Chan [4] also verified all of Ramanujan’s nonelementary values ofφ(e^−nπ)and found three new values forn=13, 27, and 63. Kang [6] also calculated some quotients of theta-functionsφandψ. InSection 3, we give some theorems for the explicit evaluation of the quotients of theta-functionsφ,ψ, andf, by combining Weber-Ramanujan class invariants with the identities proved in Section 2 and some other identities of theta-functions. Some of these evaluations can be used to find explicit values of the famous Rogers-Ramanujan continued fractionR(q)defined by

R(q):=q^1/5 1 +

q 1+

q² 1+

q³

1+···, (1.6)

where|q|<1.

We end this introduction by defining Weber-Ramanujan class invariantsG_nandg_n. Forq=exp(−π√n), wherenis a positive rational number, the Weber-Ramanujan class invariantsGnandgnare defined by

G_n:=2^−1/4q^−1/24χ(q), (1.7) g_n:=2^−1/4q^−1/24χ(−q). (1.8) 2. Theta-function identities. The following identity was recorded by Ramanujan on page 295 of his first notebook [8]. Berndt [3, page 366] proved this by using parameterization. Here we give an alternative proof.

Theorem2.1. Ifφ(q),ψ(q), andχ(q)are defined by (1.2), (1.3), and (1.5), respec- tively, then

ψ²(−q)+5qψ²

−q⁵

= φ²(q)

χ(q)χq⁵. (2.1)

Proof. From [1, Entry 9(vii), page 258, and Entry 10(v), page 262], we find that

ψ²(q)−qψ² q⁵

=φ

−q⁵ f

−q⁵

χ(−q) . (2.2)

From [1, Entry 24(iii), page 39], we note that

f (q)=φ(q)

χ(q). (2.3)

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SOME THEOREMS ON THE EXPLICIT EVALUATION 2151 From (2.2) and (2.3), we deduce that

ψ²(q)−qψ² q⁵

= φ²

−q⁵ χ(−q)χ

−q⁵. (2.4)

Now, we recall from [1, Entry 9(iii), page 258] that φ²(q)−φ²

q⁵

=4qχ(q)f

−q⁵ f

−q²⁰

. (2.5)

Replacingqby−qin (2.5), we deduce that φ²

−q⁵

=φ²(−q)+4qχ(−q)fq⁵f

−q²⁰. (2.6)

Employing (2.6) in (2.4), we find that ψ²(q)−qψ²

q⁵

= φ²(−q) χ(−q)χ

−q⁵+4qf q⁵

f

−q²⁰ χ

−q⁵ . (2.7)

Again, by [1, Entry 24(iii), page 39], we find that f

−q⁴

=ψ q²

χ

−q²

. (2.8)

Using (2.8) in (2.7), we obtain ψ²(q)−qψ²

q⁵

= φ²(−q) χ(−q)χ

−q⁵+4qf q⁵

ψ q¹⁰

χ

−q¹⁰ χ

−q⁵ . (2.9)

Now, by [1, Entry 24(iv), page 39], we note that χ(q)χ(−q)=χ

−q²

. (2.10)

Thus, from (2.9), we obtain ψ²(q)−qψ²

q⁵

= φ²(−q) χ(−q)χ

−q⁵+4qf q⁵

ψ q¹⁰

χ q⁵

. (2.11)

From [1, Entry 25(iv), page 40], we note that φ(q)ψ

q²

=ψ²(q). (2.12)

Employing (2.3) and (2.12), withqreplaced byq⁵, we conclude from (2.11) that ψ²(q)−qψ²

q⁵

= φ²(−q) χ(−q)χ

−q⁵+4qψ² q⁵

. (2.13)

Replacingqby−qin (2.13), we complete the theorem.

The next theorem was recorded by Ramanujan on page 4 of his second notebook [8].

Berndt [2, page 202] proved this theorem by parameterization. Here we give an alternative proof by using some identities of theta-functions.

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Theorem2.2. Withψ(q)andχ(q)defined in (1.3) and (1.5), respectively, χ³(q)

χ

q³=1+3qψ

−q⁹

ψ(−q) , (2.14)

χ⁵(q) χ

q⁵=1+5qψ²

−q⁵

ψ²(−q) . (2.15)

Proof of(2.14). From [1, Chapter 16, Corollary (ii) of Entry 31, page 49], we find that

ψ(q)−qψ q⁹

=f q³,q⁶

. (2.16)

Using the Jacobi triple product identity, Berndt [1, page 350] proved that fq,q²

=φ

−q³

χ(−q) . (2.17)

Replacingqbyq³in (2.17) and then using the resultant identity in (2.16), we find that ψ(q)−qψ

q⁹

=φ

−q⁹ χ

−q³. (2.18)

Now, from [1, Corollary (i) of Entry 31, page 49 and Example (v), page 51], we find that

φ

−q⁹

=φ(−q)+2qψq⁹χ

−q³. (2.19)

Invoking (2.19) in (2.18), we deduce that ψ(q)−3qψq⁹

= φ(−q) χ

−q³. (2.20)

Thus,

1−3qψ q⁹

ψ(q) = φ(−q) χ

−q³ψ(q). (2.21)

Now, from [1, Entry 24(iii), page 39], we note that χ(q)= ³

φ(q)

ψ(−q). (2.22)

Replacingqby−qin (2.21) and then using (2.22), we complete the proof of (2.14).

Proof of(2.15). FromTheorem 2.1, we find that 1+5qψ²

−q⁵

ψ²(−q) = φ²(q) χ(q)χ

q⁵

ψ²(−q). (2.23)

Employing (2.22) in (2.23), we arrive at (2.15), which completes the proof.

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SOME THEOREMS ON THE EXPLICIT EVALUATION 2153 3. Explicit evaluations of theta-functions

Theorem3.1. Ifψ(q),G_n, andg_nare defined by (1.3), (1.7), and (1.8), respectively, then

e^−π^√ⁿψ

−e^−9π^√ⁿ ψ

−e^−π^√ⁿ =1 3

2G³_n

G9n−1

, (3.1)

e^−π^√ⁿψ e^−9π^√ⁿ ψ

e^−π^√ⁿ =1 3

1− 2g_n³

g_9n

. (3.2)

Proof. From (2.14) and the definition ofG_nfrom (1.7), we easily arrive at (3.1). To prove (3.2), we replaceqby−qin (2.14) and then use the definition ofgnfrom (1.8).

SinceG_9n andg_9n can be calculated from the respective values ofG_n and g_n [5], from the theorem above, we see that the quotients of theta-functions on the left-hand sides can be evaluated if the corresponding values ofG_nandg_nare known. We give a few examples below.

Corollary3.2.

e^−πψ

−e⁻^9π ψ

−e^−π = 3

2√ 3−1

−1

3 . (3.3)

Proof. Puttingn=1 in (3.1), we find that e^−πψ

−e^−9π ψ

−e^−π =1 3

2G³₁

G9−1

. (3.4)

From [3, page 189],

G1=1, G9= 1+√

√ 3 2

1/3

. (3.5)

Employing (3.5) in (3.4) and then simplifying, we complete the proof.

From [1, Entry 11(ii), page 123], we find that ψ

−e^−π

=φe^−π

2^−3/4e^π/8. (3.6)

Since

φe^−π

= π^1/4

Γ(3/4) (3.7)

is classical [9], (3.3) and (3.6) provide an explicit evaluation forψ(−e^−9π).

Corollary3.3.

e^−π^√^5/3ψ

−e⁻^3π^√⁵ ψ

−e^−π^√^5/3= 3+√

5√

5−√ 3

−2

6 . (3.8)

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Proof. Puttingn=5/9 in (3.1), we obtain e^−π^√^5/3ψ

−e⁻^3π^√⁵ ψ

−e^−π^√^5/3=1 3

2G³_5/9

G5 −1

. (3.9)

Now, from [3, pages 189 and 345], we note that G5=

1+√ 5 2

1/4

, G5/9=

5+21/4√ 5−√

√ 3 2

1/3

. (3.10)

Employing (3.10) in (3.9) and then simplifying, we arrive at (3.8).

Corollary3.4.

e^−π^√²ψe⁻^9π^√² ψe^−π^√² =1−√

2³√ 3−√

2

3 . (3.11)

Proof. Puttingn=2 in (3.2), we find that e^−π^√²ψe^−9π^√²

ψ

e^−π^√² =1 3

1− 2g³₂

g18

. (3.12)

From [3, page 200], we note that

g2=1, g18= 2+

21/3. (3.13)

Using (3.13) in (3.12), we easily arrive at (3.11).

Theorem3.5. Withψ(q),Gn, andgndefined in (1.3), (1.7), and (1.8), respectively,

e^−π^√ⁿψ²

−e⁻^5π^√ⁿ ψ²

−e^−π^√ⁿ =1 5

2 G_n⁵ G_25n−1

, (3.14)

e^−π^√ⁿψ² e⁻^5π^√ⁿ ψ²e^−π^√ⁿ =1

5

1−2 g⁵_n g_25n

. (3.15)

Proof. From (2.15) and the definition of G_n from (1.7), we easily arrive at (3.14).

Replacingqby−qin (2.15) and then using the definition ofg_nfrom (1.8), we arrive at (3.15).

If the class invariants are known, then we can explicitly find the values of the quotients of the left-hand-side expressions of the theorem. Next we give some examples.

Corollary3.6[6].

e^−πψ²

−e^−5π ψ²

−e^−π = 1 5√

5+10. (3.16)

Proof. Puttingn=1 in (3.14), we find that e^−πψ²

−e⁻^5π ψ²

−e^−π =1 5

2G⁵₁ G25−1

. (3.17)

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SOME THEOREMS ON THE EXPLICIT EVALUATION 2155 From [3, page 189],

G1=1, G25=1+√ 5

2 . (3.18)

Employing (3.18) in (3.17) and then simplifying, we complete the proof.

Corollary3.7.

e^−π/^√⁵ψ²

−e⁻^√^5π ψ²

−e^−π/^√⁵=√1

5. (3.19)

Proof. We putn=1/5 in (3.14) to obtain e^−π/^√⁵ψ²

−e⁻^√^5π ψ²

−e^−π/^√⁵=1 5

2G⁴₅−1. (3.20)

Since, from [3, page 189],

G5= 1+√

5 2

1/4

, (3.21)

we can easily complete the proof by (3.20).

Corollary3.8.

e^−π√_3/5 ψ²

−e^−π^√¹⁵ ψ²

−e^−π√_3/5=3−√ 5 5+√

5. (3.22)

Proof. Puttingn=3/5 in (3.14), we obtain e^−π√_3/5 ψ²

−e^−π^√¹⁵ ψ²

−e^−π√_3/5=1 5

2G⁵_3/5 G15 −1

. (3.23)

Now, from [3, page 341], we note that G15=2⁻^1/12

1+ 51/3

, G3/5=2⁻^1/12

5−11/3

. (3.24)

Employing (3.24) in (3.23) and then simplifying, we arrive at (3.22).

Corollary3.9.

e^−π^√²ψ²e^−5π^√² ψ²e^−π^√² =1

5 1−2 a

, (3.25)

where

a=g50=1 3



1+ 5+√

5 4

1/3

3

1+7 5+6

6+³ 1+7

5−6 6

. (3.26)

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Proof. We putn=2 in (3.15) to obtain e^−π^√²ψ²e^−5π^√²

ψ²e^−π^√² =1 5

1−2g₂⁵ g50

. (3.27)

From [3, page 201], g50=1

3



1+ 5+√

5 4

1/3

3

1+7 5+6

6+³

1+7 5−6

6

. (3.28)

Employing (3.13) and (3.28) in (3.27), we complete the proof.

Since for q= e^−π^√ⁿ, npositive rational, the explicit formulas for φ²(q⁵)/φ²(q), φ(q⁹)/φ(q), andφ⁴(q³)/φ⁴(q)are known [3, page 339, (8.11); page 334, (5.7); page 330, (4.5), respectively], namely,

φ² e⁻^5π^√ⁿ φ²e^−π^√ⁿ =1

5

1+2G25n

G⁵n

, (3.29)

φe^−9π^√ⁿ φ

e^−π^√ⁿ =1 3

1+ 2G_9n

G³_n

, (3.30)

φ⁴ e^−3π^√ⁿ φ⁴

e^−π^√ⁿ =1 9

1+2 2G³_9n

Gn⁹

, (3.31)

we now derive some identities by which the corresponding values of the quotients ψ²(−q⁵)/ψ²(−q),ψ(−q⁹)/ψ(−q), andψ⁴(−q³)/ψ⁴(−q)can be found.

Theorem3.10[7]. Ifφ(q)andψ(q)are defined by (1.2) and (1.3), respectively, then qψ²

−q⁵

ψ²(−q) = 1−φ² q⁵

/φ²(q) 5φ²

q⁵

/φ²(q)

−1. (3.32)

Proof. We replaceqby−qin (2.4) and then divide the resulting identity by (2.1) to obtain

φ²q⁵

φ²(q) = ψ²(−q)+qψ²

−q⁵ ψ²(−q)+5qψ²

−q⁵. (3.33)

This is indeed equivalent to (3.32).

Theorem3.11. Withφ(q)andψ(q)defined in (1.2) and (1.3), respectively,

qψ

−q⁹

ψ(−q) = 1−φ q⁹

/φ(q) 3φq⁹/φ(q)

−1. (3.34)

Proof. Replaceq by−qin (2.18) and (2.20) and then, dividing the first resulting identity by the second, we find that

φ(q)

φq⁹= ψ(−q)+qψ

−q⁹ ψ(−q)+3qψ

−q⁹. (3.35)

It is now easy to see that (3.35) and (3.34) are equivalent.

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SOME THEOREMS ON THE EXPLICIT EVALUATION 2157 Theorem3.12. Withφ(q)andψ(q)defined in (1.2) and (1.3), respectively,

1+9qψ⁴

−q³

ψ⁴(−q) = 8 9φ⁴

q³

/φ⁴(q)

−1. (3.36)

Proof. FromTheorem 3.11, we note that

1+3qψ

−q⁹

ψ(−q) = 2 3φ

q⁹ /φ(q)

−1. (3.37)

From the third equality of [1, Entry 1(ii), page 345] and the second equality of [1, Entry 1(iii), page 345], we note that

1+3qψ

−q⁹ ψ(−q) =

1+9qψ⁴

−q³ ψ⁴(−q)

1/3

,

3φ q⁹ φ(q) −1=

9φ⁴

q³ φ⁴(q) −1

1/3

,

(3.38)

respectively. Employing (3.38) in (3.37) and then cubing the resultant identity, we complete the proof.

Corollary3.13.

e^−πψ⁴

−e⁻^3π ψ⁴

−e^−π =2−√ 3 3√

3 . (3.39)

Proof. It is known from [3, page 327] (or can be found easily from (3.31)) that φ⁴e^−3π

φ⁴

e^−π = 1 6√

3−9. (3.40)

The proof of the corollary now follows immediately by puttingq=e^−πinTheorem 3.12 and then using (3.40).

Now, from [1, Entries 24(ii) and 24(iv), page 39], we note that f³(q)=φ²(q)ψ(−q), f³

−q²

=φ(q)ψ²(−q). (3.41)

From (3.41), we find the following quotients offin terms ofφandψ:

F1(q):= f⁶(q) qf⁶

q⁵= ψ²(−q) qψ²

−q⁵× φ⁴(q) φ⁴

q⁵, F2(q):= f⁶

−q² q²f⁶

−q¹⁰= φ²(q) φ²

q⁵× ψ⁴(−q) q²ψ⁴

−q⁵.

(3.42)

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The values ofF1(q)andF2(q)can be determined explicitly forq=e^−π^√ⁿby employ- ingTheorem 3.5and (3.29). We give a couple of examples below.

Corollary3.14.

F1

e^−π/^√⁵

=5 5, F2

e^−π/^√⁵

=5

5. (3.43)

Proof. As inCorollary 3.7, by puttingn=1/5 in (3.29), it can be easily seen that φ²

e⁻^√^5π φ²e^−π/^√⁵=√1

5. (3.44)

Puttingq=e^−π/^√⁵in (3.42) and then employing (3.44) andCorollary 3.7, we complete the proof.

Corollary3.15.

F1

e^−π√_3/5

=5(5+√ 5)

2 ,

F2e^−π√_3/5

=5(25+11√5)

2 .

(3.45)

Proof. As inCorollary 3.8, by puttingn=3/5 in (3.29), it can be easily seen that φ²

e⁻^√^15π φ²e^−π√_3/5= 2

5−√

5. (3.46)

Puttingq=e^−π√

3/5in (3.42) and then employing (3.46) andCorollary 3.8, we complete the proof.

Now, for the explicit evaluation ofR(q)defined in (1.6), we note from [6] that 1

R⁵q²)−11−R⁵q²

= f⁶

−q² q²f⁶

−q¹⁰, 1

S⁵(q)+11−S⁵(q)= f⁶(q) qf⁶

q⁵,

(3.47)

whereS(q)= −R(−q).

From (3.47) and (3.42), we see that to find the explicit values ofR(q²)andS(q), for q=e^−π^√ⁿ, it is enough to findF1(q)andF2(q). See [6].

Acknowledgment. The authors thank Bruce C. Berndt for sending some of his books and reprints. They also thank the referee for helpful suggestions.

References

[1] B. C. Berndt,Ramanujan’s Notebooks. Part III, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991.

[2] ,Ramanujan’s Notebooks. Part IV, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994.

[3] ,Ramanujan’s Notebooks. Part V, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998.

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SOME THEOREMS ON THE EXPLICIT EVALUATION 2159 [4] B. C. Berndt and H. H. Chan,Ramanujan’s explicit values for the classical theta-function,

Mathematika42(1995), no. 2, 278–294.

[5] B. C. Berndt, H. H. Chan, and L.-C. Zhang,Ramanujan’s class invariants and cubic continued fraction, Acta Arith.73(1995), no. 1, 67–85.

[6] S.-Y. Kang,Ramanujan’s formulas for the explicit evaluation of the Rogers-Ramanujan con- tinued fraction and theta-functions, Acta Arith.90(1999), no. 1, 49–68.

[7] ,Some theorems on the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction and associated theta function identities in Ramanujan’s lost notebook, Ramanujan J.3(1999), no. 1, 91–

111.

[8] S. Ramanujan,Notebooks. Vols. 1, 2, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, 1957.

[9] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson,A Course of Modern Analysis, Cambridge Mathematical Library, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.

Nayandeep Deka Baruah: Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784 028, Sonitpur, Assam, India

E-mail address:[email protected]

P. Bhattacharyya: Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784 028, Sonitpur, Assam, India

E-mail address:[email protected]

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Guest Editors

Lean Yu,

Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;

Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong;

[email protected]

Shouyang Wang,

Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; [email protected]

K. K. Lai,

Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong; [email protected]

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