ヒューマンエラー・交通事故を誘発する眠気の発生要因と対策に関する系統的研究 平成24年度（本報告）タカタ財団助成研究論文 ISSN 2185

ヒューマンエラー・交通事故を誘発する眠気の

発生要因と対策に関する系統的研究

― 平成 24 年度（本報告） タカタ財団助成研究論文 ―

研究代表者

駒田 陽子

ISSN 2185-8950

研究実施メンバー

研究代表者

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

駒田

陽子

研究協力者

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

井上

雄一

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

浅岡

章一

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

中島

俊

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

笹井

妙子

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

中村

真樹

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

對木

悟

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

岡島

義

東京医科大学睡眠学講座・公益財団法人神経研究所

小林

美奈

ሗ࿌᭩ᴫせ

  ᮏࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡣ㸪                          ╀Ẽࡣ㸪ࣄ࣮࣐࢚࣮࣭ࣗࣥࣛ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ୺せ࡞ཎᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬╀Ẽࡸ ᒃ╀ࡾࡀཎᅉ࡛㉳ࡇࡿ஦ᨾࡣ㸪ࣈ࣮ࣞ࢟ࡸࣁࣥࢻࣝ᧯స࡟ࡼࡿ༴㝤ᅇ㑊⾜ືࡀ࡜ࡽࢀࡎ㸪 㧗㏿ࡢࡲࡲ஦ᨾࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡓࡵ㸪Ṛஸ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾ⿕ᐖࡀ⏒኱࡟࡞ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪೺ᗣᡂேࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⾜ືୖ᫂☜࡞࢚࣮ࣛࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࢽ࢔࣑ࢫ ࡸ⾜ືୖ᫂☜࡛࡞࠸࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿὀព㓄ศ࡟ཬࡰࡍ╀Ẽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸪 ╧╀㞀ᐖ≉࡟╧╀᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌ࡢ㔜⑕ᗘ࡜஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪ࡭ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪 ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ἞⒪㛤ጞᇶ‽࡜἞⒪ࢥࣥࣉࣛ࢖࢔ࣥࢫࡢ┠ᶆ್ࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿࡇ ࡜㸪୍⯡ேཱྀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾࡢⓎ⌧せᅉ࠾ࡼࡧ᭷ຠ࡞╀Ẽᑐฎἲࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿ ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୍㐃ࡢ◊✲ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬 ᐇ㦂ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ◊✲࠿ࡽࡣ㸪╀Ẽࡢᙉ࠸≧ἣ࡛ࡣసᴗ࢚࣮ࣛࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪 ⮬ ⮬ศࡢ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟Ẽ࡙ࡃ⬟ຊࡀపୗࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬࢚࣮ࣛ࡟Ẽ࡙ࡃ⬟ຊࡀపୗࡍࢀࡤ㸪 ᙜ↛࢚࣮ࣛ㜵Ṇࡢࡓࡵࡢ⾜ືࢆ࡜ࢀࡎ࡟࢚࣮ࣛࢆᨺ⨨ࡋ࡚㸪኱ࡁ࡞஦ᨾ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿྍ⬟ ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬╧╀ࡢ㔞ࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㸪╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡀᝏ໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪᪥୰ ࡢ╀Ẽࡀ⏕ࡌ㸪஺㏻஦ᨾࡢࣜࢫࢡࡣቑ኱ࡍࡿ㸬⮫ᗋ㐃⥆౛◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪╧╀᫬↓࿧ ྾⑕ೃ⩌ࡢᝈ⪅࡛ࡣ஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜㸪≉࡟࿧྾㞀ᐖࡀ㔜⑕࡞ሙྜࡣ⮬ぬⓗ࡞ ╀Ẽホ౯ࡀ㕌໬ࡋ㸪ࡼࡾ஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬╧╀᫬↓࿧྾ ⑕ೃ⩌ࢆ἞⒪࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡣ೺ᗣ࡞⪅࡜ྠࡌỈ‽࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪᪩ ᮇⓎぢ࣭἞⒪ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬␿Ꮫㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪╧╀᫬㛫ࡀ  ᫬㛫ᮍ‶ࡢ⪅࡛ࡣ㸪 ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࡢࣜࢫࢡࡀ᭷ព࡟ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ኪࡢ╧╀ࢆ ࡁࡕࢇ࡜☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀఱࡼࡾ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠕ╀Ẽࠖࡣ㔜せ࡞㘽ࢆᥱࡿ㸬ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡢ╧╀ࡢ㔞࡜㉁ࡢᨵ ၿ㸪⏕ά⎔ቃ࣭ປാ᮲௳ࡢᩚഛ࣭ᕤኵ㸪㐠㌿᫬ࡢ╀Ẽ᳨ฟ࡜࠸ࡗࡓከ᪉㠃࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࣉࣟ ࣮ࢳ࡛㸪╀Ẽ࡟ࡼࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾ㜵Ṇ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࡇ࡜ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬



┠ ḟ

 ࣄ࣮࣐࢚࣮࣭ࣗࣥࣛ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆㄏⓎࡍࡿ╀ẼࡢⓎ⏕せᅉ࡜ᑐ⟇࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⣔⤫ⓗ◊✲  ➨  ❶ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ◊✲⫼ᬒ ◊✲┠ⓗ ➨  ❶ᐇ㦂ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ◊✲ ⫼ᬒ ᪉ἲ ⤖ᯝ ⪃ᐹ ➨  ❶⮫ᗋ㐃⥆౛◊✲ ⫼ᬒ ᪉ἲ ⤖ᯝ ⪃ᐹ ➨  ❶␿Ꮫ◊✲  ⫼ᬒ  ᪉ἲ ⤖ᯝ ⪃ᐹ ➨  ❶ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒ᚋࡢㄢ㢟 ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ ௜㘓  





➨  ❶



ࡣࡌࡵ࡟

 ◊✲⫼ᬒ ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࡀཎᅉ࡛㸪୍ᗘ࡟ከࡃࡢ࿨ࡀዣࢃࢀࡿ஦ᨾࡀ  ᖺ࡟࠸ࡃࡘ࠿㉳ࡇࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ グ᠈࡟᪂ࡋ࠸㸬*: ࡟㔠ἑ࠿ࡽᮾி࡟ྥ࠿ࡗ࡚㉮ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㧗㏿ࣂࢫࡀ㸪᫂ࡅ᪉㛵㉺⮬ື㌴㐨ࡢ 㜵㡢ቨ࡟⾪✺ࡋ㸪ࢶ࢔࣮ᐈ  ྡ࠶ࡲࡾࡀṚയࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦ᨾࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ㸬⌧ሙ࡟ࣈ࣮ࣞ࢟⑞ࡸ ࢫࣜࢵࣉ⑞ࡣぢࡘ࠿ࡗ࡚࠾ࡽࡎ㸪㐠㌿ᡭࡣ⩌㤿┴㆙࡟ࠕᒃ╀ࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠖ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬 ࡲࡓி㒔ᗓடᒸᕷ࡛㸪Ⓩᰯ୰ࡢඣ❺࡜ᘬ⋡ࡢಖㆤ⪅ࡢิ࡟㍍⮬ື㌴ࡀ✺ࡗ㎸ࡳ㸪ィ  ேࡀࡣ ࡡࡽࢀ࡚  ேࡀṚஸ㸪 ேࡀ㔜㍍യࢆ㈇ࡗࡓ஦ᨾࡶ㸪↓චチ࡛㐠㌿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ  ṓᑡᖺࡢᒃ╀ ࡾࡀཎᅉ࡜ሗ㐨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬╀Ẽࡸᒃ╀ࡾࡀཎᅉ࡛㉳ࡇࡿ஦ᨾࡣ㸪ࣈ࣮ࣞ࢟ࡸࣁࣥࢻࣝ᧯స ࡟ࡼࡿ༴㝤ᅇ㑊⾜ືࡀ࡜ࡽࢀࡎ㸪㧗㏿ࡢࡲࡲ஦ᨾࢆ㉳ࡇࡍࡓࡵ㸪Ṛஸ⋡ࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࡾ⿕ᐖࡀ⏒ ኱࡟࡞ࡿഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬                   ᅗ  ᮅ᪥᪂⪺  ᖺ  ᭶  ᪥ᮅห  ╀Ẽ࡜஦ᨾࡣᐦ᥋࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅗ  ࡣ⑂ປ࡟ࡼࡿ⮬ື㌴஦ᨾࡢⓎ⏕௳ᩘࢆ᫬ู้࡟ ୪࡭ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦0LWOHUHWDO㸧㸬୍᪉㸪ᅗ  ࡣ㸪ᐇ㦂ᐊෆ࡛ ᐃࡉࢀࡓᐈほⓗ ࡞╀Ẽࡢᣦᶆࢆࡶ࡜࡟㸪᫬้ᖏูࡢ╀Ẽࢆᶍᘧ໬ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦/DYLH㸧㸬╀Ẽ࡜஦ ᨾ௳ᩘࡣ㸪࡜ࡶ࡟῝ኪ࠿ࡽ᪩ᮅ࡜㸪᫨㐣ࡂࡢ᫬㛫ᖏ࡟ࣆ࣮ࢡࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪୧⪅ࡀᐦ᥋ ࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿ㸬  

               +RUQH 5H\QHU ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ㸪╀Ẽ࡟⏤᮶ࡋࡓ஦ᨾࡣ୍⯡㐨࡛ࡢ඲஺㏻஦ᨾࡢ 㸣㸪㧗㏿㐨㊰ ࡛ࡢࡑࢀࡢ 㸣ࢆ༨ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺㸦+RUQHHWDO㸧㸬◊✲࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ከᑡࡢᩘ್ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪࡝ࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ஺㏻஦ᨾࡢ 㸣⛬ᗘࡣ╀Ẽ࡜㛵㐃ࡋࡓ஦ᨾ࡛ ࠶ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦0D\FRFNHWDO㸧㸬ࡲࡓᾏୖ஺㏻࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ 㸣ࡢ஦ᨾࡀ ᒃ╀ࡾ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⾪✺࣭஌ࡾୖࡆ஦ᨾ࡟㝈ࢀࡤ 㸣ࡢ஦ᨾࡢཎᅉࡀᒃ╀ࡾ ࡜᥎ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᇼ㸧㸬ࡉࡽ࡟⯟✵ᶵ஦ᨾࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪ᶵ㛗ࡢ╧╀୙㊊ࡀ㛵୚ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ஦ᨾࡶᩓぢࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪㝣㸪ᾏ㸪✵ࡢ஺㏻Ᏻ඲ࢆ⪃࠼ࡿୖ࡛㸪ᒃ ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ᑐ⟇ࡀࡁࢃࡵ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㛫㐪࠸࡞࠸㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬/HJHU ࡣ㸪 ᖺࡢ㸯ᖺ㛫 ࡟࠾࠸࡚඲⡿࡛ 㹼 ൨ࢻࣝࡢᦆᐖࡀ╧╀࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡽࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿ࡜ヨ⟬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦/HJHU㸧㸬ࢃࡀᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᒃ╀ࡾ஦ᨾ࡟ࡼࡿ⤒῭ᦆኻࡣ㸪Ⳙ኱ ࡞㔠㢠࡟ࡢࡰࡿࡇ࡜ࡀண᝿ࡉࢀࡿ㸬   ◊✲┠ⓗ ╀Ẽࡣ㸪ࣄ࣮࣐࢚࣮࣭ࣗࣥࣛ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ୺せ࡞ཎᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬᪥୰࡟㐣๫ ࡞╀Ẽ㸦([FHVVLYHGD\WLPHVOHHSLQHVV('6㸧ࢆッ࠼ࡿேࡢ๭ྜࡣ㸪Ḣᕞ  ࢝ᅜ  ྡ ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓㄪᰝ㸦2KD\RQHWDO㸧࡞ࡽࡧ࡟᪥ᮏࡢᡂே  ྡࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓㄪᰝ㸦/LX HWDO㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶ 㸣࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬('6 ࡢཎᅉ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪╧╀㔞ࡢ⤯ ᑐⓗ࡞୙㊊㸪ᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒ᶵᵓࡢኚㄪ㸪㛢ሰᛶ╧╀᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌㸦26$6㸧࡞࡝࡟ࡼࡿ ኪ㛫╧╀ศ᩿࡞࡝ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿ㸬   ᅗ1-2 ⑂ປ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ஺㏻஦ᨾࡢ Ⓨ⏕᫬้㸦Mitler et al., 1996㸧 ᅗ1-3 ᫬้ᖏูࡢ╀Ẽࡢᙉࡉ 㸦Lavie, 1985㸧

                  ᅗ  ╀Ẽࡀཎᅉࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ኱஦ᨾࡢ౛ ᕥୖᅗ㸸ࢫ࣮࣐ࣜ࢖ࣝᓥཎᏊຊⓎ㟁ᡤ஦ᨾ㸦㸧㸪ᕥୗᅗ㸸ࢫ࣮࣌ࢫࢩࣕࢺࣝࢳࣕࣞࣥࢪࣕ ࣮ྕ஦ᨾ㸦㸧㸪ྑᅗ㸸࢚ࢡࢯࣥ♫ࣂࣜࢹ࢕࣮ࢬྕᗙ♋࣭ཎἜὶฟ஦ᨾ㸦㸧   ╀Ẽ࡜஦ᨾ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲ࡣ㸪᩿╀㈇Ⲵࡋ╀ẼỈ‽ࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡓ≧ἣୗ࡛ࡢ㐠㌿ ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢱ࣮ᐇ㦂࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡀከࡃ㸪␿Ꮫⓗᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡾᒃ╀ࡾ஦ᨾࡢⓎ⌧≧ἣࡸ஦ᨾࡢ ཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ╀ẼࡢⓎ⌧せᅉࢆヲ⣽࡟ゎᯒࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣᩘᑡ࡞࠸㸬ࡲࡓ㸪ᡃࡀᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪 ╧╀㞀ᐖ࡜஺㏻஦ᨾࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⣔⤫ⓗ࡟᳨ウࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣぢᙜࡓࡽ࡞࠸㸬ࡉࡽ࡟㸪஦ᨾࡢ㜵Ṇ࡜ ࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪࢚࣮ࣛᩘࡢపῶ࡜ྠᵝ㸪ࠕ࢚࣮ࣛࢆࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆࡍࡄ࡟Ẽ௜ࡃ࠿࡝࠺࠿ 㸦᳨࢚࣮ࣛฟ㸧ࠖ㸪ࠕ⾜ືୖ᫂☜࡛࡞࠸࢚࣮ࣛ㸦ࢽ࢔࣑ࢫࡸᚤ⣽࡞࢚࣮ࣛ㸧ࡢ᳨ฟ࣭ὀពࡀྍ⬟ ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠖ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢚ࣅࢹࣥࢫࡢ⵳✚ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᮾி་⛉኱Ꮫ╧╀Ꮫㅮᗙ࡜බ┈㈈ᅋἲே⚄⤒◊✲ᡤ╧╀Ꮫࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ◊✲ࣉࣟࢪ ࢙ࢡࢺ࡛ࡣ㸪㐠㌿୰ࡢ╀ẼⓎ⌧࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせᅉ࡜ண㜵⟇ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡓࡵ㸪␿Ꮫㄪᰝ࣭26$6 ᝈ⪅ࡢ⮫ᗋ㐃⥆౛◊✲࣭ᐇ㦂ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ◊✲ࢆ⣔⤫ⓗ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ㸪೺ᗣ ᡂேࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⾜ືୖ᫂☜࡞࢚࣮ࣛࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࢽ࢔࣑ࢫࡸ⾜ືୖ᫂☜࡛࡞࠸࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ ᑐࡍࡿὀព㓄ศ࡟ཬࡰࡍ╀Ẽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸪╧╀㞀ᐖ≉࡟╧╀᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌ ࡢ㔜⑕ᗘ࡜஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡢ㛵ಀࢆㄪ࡭ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ἞⒪㛤ጞᇶ ‽࡜἞⒪ࢥࣥࣉࣛ࢖࢔ࣥࢫࡢ┠ᶆ್ࢆ☜❧ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸪୍⯡ேཱྀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾ ࡢⓎ⌧せᅉ࠾ࡼࡧ᭷ຠ࡞╀Ẽᑐฎἲࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 

➨  ❶



ᐇ㦂ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ◊✲

 ⫼ᬒ ࣎ࢱࣥࡢᢲࡋ㛫㐪࠸ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㸪ㄗ཯ᛂ࡟ᥞ࠼࡚⬻Ἴࢆຍ⟬ᖹᆒࡍࡿ࡜㸪㢧ⴭ࡞  ࡘࡢ஦㇟ 㛵㐃㟁఩ࡢᡂศࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡿ㸬୰ᚰ㒊ࡼࡾࡸࡸ๓ࡼࡾࡢ㒊఩࡟ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ㝜ᛶᡂศࡣ㸪 (UURU5HODWHG1HJDWLYLW\(51࡜࿧ࡤࢀ㸪㐣ཤࡢ◊✲⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪᳨࢚࣮ࣛฟࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪୰ᚰ㒊ࡼࡾࡸࡸᚋࢁࡼࡾࡢ㒊఩࡟ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ㝧ᛶᡂศࡣ HUURU 3RVLWLYLW\3H࡜ࡼࡤࢀ㸪⮬ࡽࡢ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿヲ⣽࡞୺ほⓗホ౯㐣⛬ࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬3H ࡣ⮬ࡽࡢ࢚࣮ࣛ཯ᛂ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ 3 ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ኻᩋ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ ከࡃࡢὀពࢆᡶ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡛ࡢ᣺ᖜቑ኱ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬ࡇࡽࡽࡢ㟁఩ࡣ㸪ࣃ ࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ㸦࢚࣮ࣛฎ⌮㐣⛬㸧ࡢ᭷ຠ࡞ᣦᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ከࡃࡢ◊✲࡛⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿ㸬                ᅗ  ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟㛵㐃ࡋࡓ஦㇟㛵㐃㟁఩   ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛㸪╀Ẽࡢᙉ࠸≧ἣ࡛ࡣసᴗ࢚࣮ࣛࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪⮬ศࡢ࢚࣮ࣛ ࡟Ẽ࡙ࡃ⬟ຊࡀపୗࡋ㸪࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿὀព㓄ศࡶᦆ࡞ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿHJ 6FKHIIHUVHWDO7VDLHWDO㸬஺㏻஦ᨾ㜵Ṇ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜㸪࢚ ࣮ࣛᩘࡢపῶࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇࡢࡇ࡜㸪⮬ศࡢసᴗᡂ⦼ࢆࡁࡕࢇ࡜ホ౯࡛ࡁࡿ࠿㸪࢚࣮ࣛࡋࡓࡇ࡜ ࡟ࡍࡄẼ࡙ࡃ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿὀព㓄ศࡀࡁࡕࢇ࡜⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪࢚࣮ࣛ 㜵Ṇࡢࡓࡵ࡟⾜ືኚᐜࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡇࡢ࢚࣮ࣛ࡜㛵㐃ࡋࡓ஦㇟㛵㐃㟁఩ (51 ࡜ 3H ࢆᣦᶆ࡟⏝࠸࡚࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢᶵ⬟࡟୚ ࠼ࡿ╀Ẽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣ㸪ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟ࡶ」ᩘᏑᅾࡍࡿࡀ㸪ࡑࡢከࡃࡣ  ᫬㛫௨ୖࡢ

ㄗ཯ᛂ

౛: 䝪䝍䞁䛾ᢲ䛧㛫㐪䛔

Error-Related Negativity/error Negativity (ERN/Ne)

error Positivity (Pe)

•䜶䝷䞊᳨ฟ (⮬䜙䛾䜶䝷䞊䜈䛾Ẽ䛵䛝) 䜢཯ᫎ

(Falkenstein et al., 1994; Gehring et al., 1993)

•⮬䜙䛾䜶䝷䞊䛻ᑐ䛩䜛ヲ⣽䛺୺ほⓗホ౯㐣 ⛬ (ព㆑ⓗ෌ㄆ㆑) 䜢཯ᫎ(Falkenstein et al., 2004)

•⮬䜙䛾䜶䝷䞊཯ᛂ䛻ᑐ䛩䜛P3(Davies et al., 2001; Overbeek et al., 2005)

᩿╀࡟ࡼࡗ࡚⏕ࡌࡓ╀Ẽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓHJ6FKHIIHUVHWDO 7VDLHWDO0XUSK\HWDO㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪╀Ẽࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡢࡣ᩿╀᫬ࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸㸬 ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᡃࠎࡣ௬╀ᚋࡢ╧╀័ᛶぬ㓰ᚋ࡟╀Ẽࡀṧࡿ≧ែ࡟╔┠ࡋ㸪ࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᘬࡁ ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡓ╀Ẽࡀ࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ$VDRNDHWDO 㸬ᅗ  ࡣ㸪᪥୰࡟ྲྀᚓࡋࡓ  ᫬㛫ࡢ௬╀┤ᚋ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓㄢ㢟୰ࡢ (51࣭3H ࢆ㸪ྠ᫬้ ࡢఇ᠁ᚋࡢㄢ㢟୰ࡢ (51࣭3H ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ᅗࡢᕥഃࡢ 6HVVLRQ௬╀࣭ఇ᠁ࡢ ๓࡛ࡣ㸪ఇ᠁᮲௳◚⥺࡜௬╀᮲௳ᐇ⥺ࡢἼᙧࡢ㛫࡟኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗ ࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ 6HVVLRQ௬╀࣭ఇ᠁┤ᚋ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 3] ࡢ㒊఩ࡢἼᙧᅗྑୗ࡛ࡣ㸪ఇ᠁ᚋࡢ ᮲௳࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚㸪௬╀┤ᚋ࡛᭷ព࡟ 3H ࡢ᣺ᖜࡀῶ⾶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪௬╀┤ᚋࡢ╧╀ ័ᛶ᫬࡟ࡣ࢚࣮ࣛ࡬ࡢ୺ほⓗホ౯ࡸὀព㓄ศ㔞ࡀపୗࡋ㸪⮬ࡽࡢࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ㐣኱ホ౯ ࡋࡀࡕ࡟࡞ࡿ༴㝤ᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪ṇゎ⋡ࡸ཯ᛂ᫬㛫࡟ࡣ᭷ព࡞ᕪࡣ᮲ ௳㛫࡟ㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ⾲ 㸬ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪ṇゎ⋡ࡸ཯ᛂ᫬㛫ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⾜ືᣦᶆࡼࡾࡶ㸪 ࢚࣮ࣛ࡬ࡢὀព㓄ศࡸ୺ほⓗホ౯ࡢ㐣⛬ࡀ╀Ẽ࡟⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦ᦬ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼ࡽ ࢀࡓ㸬    ᅗ  ௬╀࣭ఇ᠁๓ᕥ6HVVLRQ࡜┤ᚋྑ6HVVLRQ࡟࠾ ࡅࡿ (51࣭3H᣺ᖜࡢẚ㍑$VDRNDHWDO     ⾲  ఇ᠁᮲௳ᕥ࡜௬╀᮲௳ྑ࡟࠾ࡅࡿㄢ㢟ᡂ⦼$VDRNDHWDO 

ᅗ  ࡣ㸪ୖグ࡜ྠࡌ  ᫬㛫ࡢ௬╀ࢆ῝ኪ  ᫬࡟࡜ࡽࡏࡓ㝿ࡢ (51࣭3H ࡛࠶ࡿ$VDRNDHW DO㸬ぬ㓰ࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㧗࠸  ᫬ࡢ᫬Ⅼ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚㸪῝ኪ  ᫬㸪 ᫬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 3H ࡣ᭷ ព࡟పୗࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ぬ㓰᫬㛫ࡢᘏ㛗࡟ࡼࡿ╀Ẽࡀ࢚࣮ࣛࡢ୺ほⓗホ౯㐣⛬ࡸ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ ὀព㓄ศࢆ㞀ᐖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪௬╀ࢆ࡜ࡗࡓሙྜኴ⥺࡛ࡶ㸪ఇ᠁ ࡢࡳ⣽⥺࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࡑࡢῶ⾶ࡢ௙᪉࡟ኚ໬ࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀࡎ㸪῝ኪᖏࡢ  ᫬㛫ࡢ௬╀ࡸࡑࡢ ᚋࡢ╧╀័ᛶࡣ࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ࡟㢧ⴭ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬୍᪉࡛㸪⾜ື ᣦᶆ࡟ࡣ௬╀ࡢ᭷↓࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᕪࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ㸪௬╀ࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪῝ኪ࠿ࡽ᫂ࡅ᪉ࡲ࡛ ࡢ᫬㛫ᖏ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ཯ᛂࡢṇ☜ᛶࡀ⥔ᣢࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓᅗ 㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࡇࡢ◊ ✲⤖ᯝࡶ㸪࢚࣮ࣛ཯ᛂࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ㐣⛬ࡀ╀Ẽ࡟⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿ⡆༢࡟ࡣᅇ᚟ࡋ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬   ᅗ ῝ኪࡢ  ᫬㛫ࡢ௬╀ࡀ (51࣭3H ᣺ᖜ࡟୚࠼ࡿຠᯝ$VDRNDHWDO    ᅗ ῝ኪࡢ  ᫬㛫ࡢ௬╀ࡀㄆ▱ㄢ㢟࡟࠾ࡅࡿ ṇゎ⋡࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪$VDRNDHWDO

ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲⤖ᯝࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼㸪ᡃࠎࡣୗグࡢ 2 Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡎ㸪ᐇ㦂Ϩ࡜ ࡋ࡚㸪╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡢపୗࡀ࢚࣮ࣛ཯ᛂࡢࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟ࡶ ╧╀୰࡟㡢ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿ࡞࡝ࡋ࡚╧╀ࡢ㉁ࢆᝏ໬ࡉࡏࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪⩣᪥ࡢㄆ▱ⓗࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥ

ࢫࡀᝏ໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ (e.g.,

Elmenhorst et al., 2010

)㸪࢚࣮ࣛ཯ᛂࡢࣔࢽ

ࢱࣜࣥࢢ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬⥆࠸࡚ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓᐇ㦂ϩ࡛ࡣ㸪࢚࣮ࣛࡢ኱ࡁ ࡉࡢ㐪࠸࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪╀Ẽࡀ࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ࡟୚࠼ࡿᙳ㡪ࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ㸬 ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪࣎ࢱࣥࡢᢲࡋ㛫㐪࠸ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣁࢵ࢟ࣜ࡜ࡋࡓ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣔࢽࢱࣜ ࣥࢢ㐣⛬࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀ㸪᪥ᖖ⏕ά࡛ࡣ࢚࣮ࣛࡢ኱ࡁࡉࡀ୍ᵝ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ ࡶከ࠸㸬ṇゎ࠿ࡽ࠿ࡅ㞳ࢀࡓ᫂☜࡞࢚࣮ࣛࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿ୍᪉࡛㸪ṇゎ࡟㠀ᖖ࡟㏆࠸࢚࣮ࣛࡶᏑ ᅾࡋ㸪࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ࡟୚࠼ࡿ╀Ẽࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ࢚࣮ࣛࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚␗࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡶྰ ᐃ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸㸬   ᪉ἲ ᐇ㦂Ϩ ╧╀㞀ᐖࡢ↓࠸  ྡࡢ⏨ᛶs ṓ  ṓࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚ᐇ㦂 ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ᐇ㦂๓ኪࡢ╧╀ࢆ  ࡟⤫ไࡋ㸪ᐇ㦂ᙜ᪥ࡢ᫨ᐷ࡜࢝ࣇ࢙࢖ࣥᦤྲྀࢆ⚗Ṇ ࡋࡓ㸬ᐇ㦂᪥௨๓࡟㸪㡰ᛂኪࢆタࡅᐇ㦂ᐊෆ࡛ 㸸㸸 ࡢ╧╀ࢆ࡜ࡽࡏ㸪36* ࢆグ㘓ࡋ ࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ࿧྾ࡸ⬮㒊ࡢ➽㟁ᅗࡶグ㘓ࡋ㸪╧╀㞀ᐖࡢ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓ㸬 ୖ㏙ࡢ㡰ᛂኪࡢᚋ㸪ᐇ㦂ཧຍ⪅ࡣᐇ㦂ᐊ࡛ 㸸 ࡢ╧╀ࢆ஧ኪ࡜ࡗࡓ㸬࠸ࡎࢀࡢ᮲ ௳࡛ࡶ╧╀୰ࡢ⬻Ἴ㸪║㟁఩㸪➽㟁఩ࢆグ㘓ࡋ3RO\VRPQRJUDSK36*㸪ᐇ㦂ᚋ࡟╧╀ẁ㝵 ࢆุᐃࡋࡓ㸬୍ᬌࡣ㏻ᖖ㏻ࡾ࡟╧╀ࢆ࡜ࡾQRUPDO ᮲௳㸪ࡶ࠺୍ᬌࡣᚎἼ╧╀ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ ࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ 3& ࠿ࡽ㡢ࢆ㬆ࡽࡋ࡚╧╀ࢆ㜼ᐖࡋࡓGLVWXUE ᮲௳㸬 ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ᮲௳࡛ࡶ㸪㉳ᗋᚋ࡟ㄆ▱ㄢ㢟ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬ㄢ㢟࡟ࡣ )ODQNHU ㄢ㢟ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ ㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ㸪ὀどⅬPV ࡛ࣛࣥࢲ࣒࡟ኚ໬ࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓᚋ㸪+++++㸪++6++㸪66666㸪66+66 ࡢ  ✀㢮ࡢ่⃭ࡢ࠺ࡕࡢ୍ࡘࢆᥦ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓ  ᩥᏐࡢ୰ኸࡀ 6 ࡢሙྜࡣྑᡭ࡛ + ࡢ ሙྜࡣᕥᡭ࡛ᑐᛂࡍࡿ࣎ࢱࣥࢆᢲࡍࡼ࠺ᩍ♧ࡋࡓ㸬  ᐇ㦂ϩ ╧╀㞀ᐖࢆ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸೺ᗣⱝᖺᡂே  ྡࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪㏻ᖖ╧╀ᚋࡢ᪥୰ ᪥୰᮲௳࡜㸪᩿╀୰῝ኪ᮲௳࡟ࡑࢀࡒࢀㄆ▱ㄢ㢟ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ㸪ㄢ㢟୰ࡢ⬻Ἴࢆグ㘓ࡋࡓ㸬 ࠸ࡎࢀࡢ᮲௳᪥୰࣭῝ኪ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪௨ୗࡢࢱ࢖࣑ࣥࢢㄢ㢟ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬ࡇࡢㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ㸪 ࡲࡎࣃࢯࢥࣥࡢࢹ࢕ࢫࣉࣞ࢖ୖ࡟㸪஧ᮏࡢ㯮⥺࡜ỈⰍࡢ㛗᪉ᙧ୍ࡘࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓ㸬ỈⰍࡢ㛗 ᪉ᙧࡣᕥࡢ㯮⥺ୖ࠿ࡽ㸪ྑࡢ㯮⥺᪉ྥ࡬࡜Ỉᖹ࡟⛣ືࡋࡓᅗ 㸬ཧຍ⪅࡟ࡣ㸪ᡭඖࡢ࣐ ࢘ࢫࢆ୍ᗘࢡࣜࢵࢡࡋ࡚⛣ືࡍࡿ㛗᪉ᙧࢆྑࡢ㯮⥺ୖ࡟೵Ṇࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺ᣦ♧ࡋࡓ㸬        㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 㻌 ᅗ 㻞㻙㻡㻌 ᮏᐇ㦂䛷⏝䛔䜛ㄢ㢟䛾ᶍᘧᅗᮏᐇ㦂 䜛ㄢ㢟 ᶍᘧ

 ⤖ᯝ ᐇ㦂Ϩ ᅗ  ࡟㸪࢚࣮ࣛ཯ᛂ᫬࡟ྜࢃࡏ࡚ຍ⟬ࡋࡓ஦㇟㛵㐃㟁఩ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬(51 ࡢ᣺ᖜ࡟ࡣ㸪᮲௳㛫࡟᭷ព࡞ᕪࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬3H ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ &] ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᣺ᖜࡀ 'LVWXUE ᮲௳࡛ 1RUPDO ᮲௳ࡼࡾࡶపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪3] ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ᣺ᖜ࡟᭷ព࡞ᕪࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀ ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬⾜ືᣦᶆ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪'LVWXUE ᮲௳࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪཯ᛂ᫬㛫ࡀ㐜ᘏࡋ㸪ṇ཯ᛂ⋡ࡶప ୗࡍࡿഴྥࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࡀ㸪ࡑࡢᕪࡣ᭷ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬  ᅗ  1RUPDO ᮲௳࡜ 'LVWXUE ᮲௳࡛ࡢ (53 ࡢẚ㍑   ᐇ㦂ϩ ೵Ṇ఩⨨࡜ᣦᐃ⠊ᅖ࡜ࡢࢬࣞࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢚࣮ࣛ཯ᛂࢆ኱࣭ᑠ࡟ศ㢮ࡋ ࡓ㸬᳨ᐃࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪኱࢚࣮ࣛ࡜↓཯ᛂࡢᅇᩘࡣኪ㛫᮲௳࡛ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ᑠ࢚࣮ࣛࡢᅇᩘ࡟ ࡣ᭷ពᕪࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬཯ᛂࢆࢺ࣮ࣜ࢞࡜ࡋࡓ஦㇟㛵㐃㟁఩࡛ࡣ㸪ᑠ࢚࣮ࣛ᫬ࡢ 3 ᣺ ᖜ࡟ࡢࡳ᮲௳㛫࡛ᕪࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ㸪ኪ㛫᮲௳࡛ࡑࡢ᣺ᖜࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬   ⪃ᐹ ᐇ㦂Ϩ࡟࠾࠸࡚ㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ 'LVWXUE ᮲௳࡛ࡢ &] ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ 3H ᣺ᖜࡢపୗࡣ㸪╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡢప ୗ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶ㸪࢚࣮ࣛ࡬ࡢ୺ほⓗホ౯㐣⛬ࡀ㞀ᐖࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪 ╧╀᫬㛫ࡢࡳ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡶ☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ஦ᨾ㜵Ṇ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬 ࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪3] ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ 3H ᣺ᖜ࡟ᕪࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࡢ ᐃ㒊఩࡟ࡼࡿ⤖ᯝࡢ㐪࠸࡟ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪๓㢌ⴥࡀ╀Ẽ࡟⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡀ㸪௒ᚋࡢヲ⣽࡞᳨ ウࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬 ࡲࡓ࢚࣮ࣛࡢ᳨ฟࢆ཯ᫎࡍࡿ (51 ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢ᣺ᖜ࡟ࡣ㐪࠸ࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇ ࢀࡣ㸪 ᫬㛫ࡢ᩿╀ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ 0XUSK\ ࡽࡢ◊✲0XUSK\HWDO⤖ᯝࡸ㸪ᡃࠎࡢ⾜ࡗ ࡓ᪥୰ࡢ௬╀┤ᚋࡢ╧╀័ᛶ᫬ࡢ⤖ᯝ$VDRNDHWDO࡜㢮ఝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢඛ ⾜◊✲ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㏙࡭ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪(51 ᣺ᖜ࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࡿ᳨࢚࣮ࣛฟᶵ⬟࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ 3H ᣺ᖜ࡟཯ᫎࡉࢀࡿ࢚࣮ࣛࡢ୺ほⓗホ౯㐣⛬ࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ╀Ẽ࡟⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ㸪ᐇ㦂Ϩ࡛ࡶ☜ ㄆ࡛ࡁࡓ㸬 ◊✲ϩ࡛ࡣ㸪῝ኪ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᑠࡉ࡞࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ 33H᣺ᖜࡣపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪᫂☜࡞ ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ 33H࡟ࡣపୗࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸬௒ᚋ㸪ࡼࡾヲ⣽࡞᳨ウࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲ せࡣ࠶ࡿࡀ㸪ࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ࢚࣮ࣛࡢ኱ࡁࡉ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢᶵ⬟࡟୚࠼ࡿ╀Ẽࡢᙳ 㡪ࡀ␗࡞ࡿࡇ࡜♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 _{600 ms}

Cz

Pz

Pe -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 ȝ9 _Normal Disturb 9

FCz

ERN/Ne

ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢᐇ㦂࠿ࡽࡣ㸪⮬ศࡢ⾜ືࢆᢕᥱ࣭ホ౯ࡍࡿ⬟ຊࡶ╀Ẽ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㞀ᐖࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜㸪 ࡇࢀࡣ༢⣧࡞⾜ືᣦᶆ㸦ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ㸧ࡼࡾࡶ╀Ẽ࡟⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪⾜ື ᣦᶆࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟పୗࡍࡿ࡯࡝ࡢ╀Ẽࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ㝿࡟ࡣ㸪ࡑࡢపୗࢆṇࡋࡃㄆ㆑࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ ែ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㸬௒ᅇ㸪ᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ  ࡘࡢᐇ㦂ࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡢపୗ࡟ ࡼࡗ࡚ࡶ࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢᶵ⬟ࡀ㞀ᐖࡉࢀ࠺ࡿࡇ࡜㸪᫂☜࡞࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚㸪ᑠࡉ࡞࢚࣮ࣛ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢࡢ࡯࠺ࡀ╀Ẽ࡟⬤ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᡃࠎࡣ㸪᩿╀ࡸ╧╀័ᛶ㸪╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡢపୗ࡞࡝㸪╀Ẽࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏࡿ」ᩘ ࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⏝࠸᳨࡚ウࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡀ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡢᡭ⥆ࡁࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ㝿࡟ࡶ࢚࣮ࣛࣔࢽࢱࣜࣥࢢ ᶵ⬟ࡣ㸪⾜ືⓗᣦᶆ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚╀Ẽ࡟᫝ᙅ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ㸬ࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚㸪ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ ࣮ᮏே࡟ࡼࡿࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡢ୺ほⓗุ᩿ࡸ㸪ࡸࡿẼ࣭ດຊ࡟㢗ࡽ࡞࠸௙⤌ࡳసࡾ㸦ࡓ࡜࠼ ࡤ㸪㐠㌿ᡭࡢປാ⎔ቃᩚഛࡸ㸪╀Ẽ᳨ฟᶵᲔࡢᦚ㍕㸧ࡀ㸪஺㏻Ᏻ඲ࡢࡓࡵ࡟㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸ ࠼ࡿ㸬 





➨  ❶



⮫ᗋ㐃⥆౛◊✲

 ⫼ᬒ  ᖺ࡟㐠㌿ኈࡀ╀ࡗࡓ≧ែࡢࡲࡲ᪂ᖿ⥺ࡀ㉮ࡾ⥆ࡅ㸪ᒸᒣ㥐࡛⥭ᛴ೵Ṇࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺஦௳ ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓ㸬ᚋࡢ᳨ᰝ࡛㸪6$6 ࡀ㐠㌿ኈࡢᒃ╀ࡾࡢཎᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᫂ࡋ㸪ࡇࡢ஦௳ࡢሗ㐨ࢆ ㏻ࡌ࡚㸪᪥ᮏ࡛ 6$6 ࡀᗈࡃㄆ▱ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓ㸬6$6 ࡣࡑࡢྡࡢ㏻ࡾ╧╀୰࡟࿧྾ࡀ೵ Ṇࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺╧╀㞀ᐖ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬╧╀୰࡟㢖⦾࡟࿧྾ࡀ೵Ṇࡋ㸪࿧྾෌㛤᫬࡟ぬ㓰཯ᛂࢆక࠺ ࡓࡵ㸪ኪ㛫ࡢ╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡀపୗ㸦ὸ໬࣭ศ᩿㸧ࡋ㸪᪥୰ࡢᙉ࠸╀Ẽࡀᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡿ㸬 6$6 ᝈ⪅࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⮬ື㌴ࡢᒃ╀ࡾ஦ᨾࡢ༴㝤ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪 ᖺ *HRUJH ࡽࡢሗ࿌ 㸦*HRUJH㸧௨᮶㸪ከᩘࡢ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦*HRUJH7UHJHDU㸧㸬6DVVDQL ࡽ࡟ࡼࡿ࣓ࢱ࢔ࢼࣜࢩࢫࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛ࡣ㸪6$6 ࡣ஺㏻஦ᨾࡢ࢜ࢵࢬẚࢆ 㸦㸣ಙ㢗༊㛫&, 㸧࡟ୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦6DVVDQL㸧㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽᡃࡀᅜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ ࡣ୍⯡ேཱྀ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࢫࢱࢹ࢕ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪26$6 ᝈ⪅ࡢ஦ᨾ㛵㐃せᅉࡶ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸㸬ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࡇࢀࡽࡢⅬࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ᣢ⥆㝧ᅽ࿧྾⒪ἲ㸦FRQWLQXRXV SRVLWLYHDLUZD\SUHVVXUH&3$3㸧἞⒪ᚋࡢ஦ᨾ㢖ᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㏣㊧ㄪᰝࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ≉ ࡟」ᩘᅇ஦ᨾ⤒㦂⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⑕≧ࡢ㔜⑕ᗘ࠾ࡼࡧ╀Ẽࡢ⮬ぬ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ㸬 ࡉࡽ࡟㸪26$ ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ἞⒪➨୍㑅ᢥࡣ &3$3 ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪஺᭰ไ໅ົࢆక࠺஺㏻ᶵ㛵㐠㌿ኈ࡟ ࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪↹㞧࡞ &3$3 ࢆᣢࡕṌࡁ㸪እฟඛ࡛౑⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⌧ᐇⓗ࡛࡞࠸㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪 ㏆ᖺ㸪⡆౽࡛࠶ࡿ 26$ ἞⒪ἲ࡛࠶ࡿཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨㸦2UDO$SSOLDQFH2$㸧ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿ㸬2$ ࡣ &3$3 ࡟ẚ㍑ࡋ἞⒪ຠᯝࡀຎࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࡍ࡛࡟ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪2$ ࡢ἞⒪ຠᯝࢆ ἞⒪๓࡟ண ࡍࡿ᭷ຠ࠿ࡘ⡆౽࡞᪉ἲࡀ⪃᱌ࡉࢀࢀࡤ㸪&3$3 ࡢ௦ࢃࡾ࡟ 2$ ࡢ౑⏝ࢆ᥎ዡࡍ ࡿ࠺࠼࡛᭷⏝࡞᝟ሗࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࠺ࡿ㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪ձ⫧‶ 26$ ᝈ⪅࡛ࡣୗ㢡๓᪉⛣ືࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶୖ Ẽ㐨㛢ሰᛶࡀᨵၿࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ࡇ࡜㸦)HUJXVRQHWDO㸧㸪ղẼ⟶ෆᤄ⟶ࡢᅔ㞴ᗘࢆ♧ࡍ࣐ ࣛࣥࣃࢳࢫࢥ࢔㸦0DOODPSDWL6FRUH06㸧ࡣཱྀ⭍ෆ㌾⤌⧊㔞ࢆどぬⓗ࡟ホ౯ࡍࡿ⡆౽࡞ᡭἲ ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪26$ ࡢ㔜⑕ᗘࡢᣦᶆ࡛࠶ࡿ↓࿧྾ప࿧྾ᣦᩘ㸦$SQHD+\SRSQHD,QGH[$+,㸧࡜ࡑࡢ 06 ࡀ┦㛵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜㸪ࡢ  Ⅼ࡟╔┠ࡋ㸪ࠕ⫧‶࠿ࡘ 06 ࡀ኱ࡁ࠸ᝈ⪅࡯࡝ཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ἞⒪ຠᯝ ࡀஈࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺௬ㄝࠖࢆ᳨ドࡋࡓ㸬   ᪉ἲ ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡣ㸪26$6JURXS㸸╧╀࿧྾㞀ᐖࢡࣜࢽࢵࢡࢆཷデࡋ㸪⤊ኪ࣏ࣜࢯ࣒ࣀࢢࣛࣇ࢕ ࡟ࡼࡾ☜ᐃデ᩿ࢆᚓࡓ 26$6 ⏨ᛶᝈ⪅  ྡ㸦ᖹᆒs6's ṓ㸧࡜&RQWUROJURXS㸸 ᖺ㱋ࢆ࣐ࢵࢳࣥࢢࡉࡏࡓᮾி㒔ෆࡢ୍⯡⏨ᛶࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ ྡ࡜ࡋࡓ㸬 ࢝ࣝࢸ࠾ࡼࡧ㉁ၥ⚊࠿ࡽ㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐠㌿஦ᨾࡢ᭷↓࠾ࡼࡧᅇᩘ㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ࡟࠾ ࡅࡿᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࡢ᭷↓㸪἞⒪๓ࡢ࢚ࣉ࣮࣡ࢫ╀Ẽホ౯ᑻᗘᚓⅬ㸦(66㸧㸪↓࿧྾ప࿧྾ᣦᩘ㸦$+,㸧㸪 %0,㸪ᬑẁࡢ╧╀᫬㛫ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆྲྀᚓࡋࡓ㸬 ཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ᳨ウ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪╧╀⥲ྜࢣ࢔ࢡࣜࢽࢵࢡ௦ࠎᮌ࡟࠾࠸ཱྀ࡚⭍ෆ⿦⨨἞⒪ࢆ 㛤ጞࡋ㸪ຠᯝุᐃࡢࡓࡵࡢ⤊ኪ࣏ࣜࢢࣛࣇ᳨ᰝ㸦36*㸧ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ 26$ ୰➼⑕౛  ྡ㸦⏨ᛶࡢ ࡳ㸧ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓ㸬ึデ᫬࡟⫧‶ᗘ%RG\0DVV,QGH[%0,࡞ࡽࡧ࡟࣐ࣛࣥࣃࢳࢫࢥ࢔

㸦0DOODPSDWL6FRUH06㸧ࢆṑ⛉་ᖌࡀグ㘓ࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᚋ࡟ཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࢆ⿦╔ࡋࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬 06 ࡣ㸪ᗙ఩࡛ኌࢆฟࡉࡎ࡟᭱኱㛤ཱྀࡋ㸪⯉ࢆ᭱኱๓✺ࡋࡓ㝿ࡢཱྀ⵹ᆶࡢぢ࠼᪉࡛㸪,㹼,9 㢮࡟ศ㢮ࡍࡿ1XFNWRQHWDO㸹 , 㢮㸸ཱྀ⵹ᆶࡀぢ࠼ࡿ㸪,, 㢮㸸ཱྀ⵹ᆶࡢඛ➃ࡀぢ ࠼࡞࠸㸪,,, 㢮㸸ཱྀ⵹ᆶࡢᇶ㒊ࡀ࠿ࢁ࠺ࡌ࡚ぢ࠼ࡿ㸪,9 㢮㸸ཱྀ⵹ᆶࡀ඲ࡃぢ࠼࡞࠸ᅗ 㸬          ᅗ  ཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ୍౛         ᅗ  ࣐ࣛࣥࣃࢳࢫࢥ࢔  ࡑࡢᚋ㸪ୗ㢡఩ࡢ๓᪉ㄪ⠇ࢆ⤊஢ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪2$ ⿦╔ୗ࡟࡚ 36* ࡢ᥇ᚓࢆ෌ᗘ⾜ࡗ ࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪26$ ᝈ⪅ࢆ἞⒪཯ᛂ⩌἞⒪ᚋ $+,࠿ࡘึデ᫬ $+, ࡢ ௨ୖῶᑡ㸪἞⒪㠀཯ ᛂ⩌㸦἞⒪ᚋ $+,! ࡲࡓࡣึデ᫬ $+, ࡢ ᮍ‶ࡢᨵၿ㸧࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓ㸬%0, ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ 5HFHLYHU 2SHUDWRU&KDUDFWHULVWLF52&᭤⥺ࢆసᡂࡋ㸪%0, ࡟ࡼࡿ἞⒪ຠᯝ᳨ฟຊࡢ᳨ウ࡜⮳㐺࢝ࢵ ࢺ࢜ࣇ್ࡢྠᐃࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬   ⤖ᯝ 㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡛ࡢ஺㏻஦ᨾ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせᅉࢆ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡᅇᖐศᯒࢆ⏝࠸᳨࡚ ウࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪⮬ぬⓗ࡞╀Ẽࡢ㧗ࡉ㸦(66 ᚓⅬࡀ  Ⅼ௨ୖࡢ㔜ᗘࡢ╀Ẽࡢ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡣ஺㏻஦ᨾ ࣜࢫࢡࡀ  ಸ㸧࡜↓࿧྾ࡢ㔜⑕ᗘᣦᩘ㸦$+, ࡀ  ௨ୖࡢ㔜⑕⪅ࡣ஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡀ  ಸ㸧 ࡀᢳฟࡉࢀࡓ㸬ᖺ㱋࡜㏻ᖖࡢ╧╀᫬㛫ࡣ᭷ព࡞㛵㐃せᅉ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬  ⾲ ̾ 㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾⓎ⏕ࡢ㛵㐃せᅉ  㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘 㼚 㼚 㻑 㻼 㻼 㻭㼓㼑 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻠㻣 㻟㻜㻡 㻟㻥 㻝㻞㻚㻤 㼚㼟 㼚㼟 㻌㻌㻌㻌䍹㻠㻣 㻟㻝㻝 㻟㻢 㻝㻝㻚㻢 㼁㼟㼡㼍㼘㻌㼟㼘㼑㼑㼜㻌㼘㼑㼚㼓㼠㼔 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻣㼔㼞 㻟㻝㻞 㻟㻣 㻝㻝㻚㻥 㼚㼟 㼚㼟 㻌㻌㻌㻌䍹㻣㼔㼞 㻞㻥㻢 㻟㻣 㻝㻞㻚㻡 㻱㻿㻿㻌㼟㼏㼛㼞㼑㻖㻞 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻝㻝 㻞㻡㻢 㻝㻣 㻢㻚㻢 㻌䚷㻌䍹㻝㻝㻘㻌㻨㻝㻢 㻞㻞㻤 㻞㻤 㻝㻞㻚㻟 㻝㻚㻥㻣 䠄 㻝㻚㻜㻡㻙㻟㻚㻣㻜 䠅 㻨㻜㻚㻜㻡 㻝㻚㻤㻣 䠄 㻜㻚㻥㻥㻙㻟㻚㻡㻟 䠅 㻩㻜㻚㻜㻡 㻌䚷㻌䍹㻝㻢 㻝㻟㻞 㻟㻜 㻞㻞㻚㻣 㻠㻚㻝㻠 䠄 㻞㻚㻝㻤㻙㻣㻚㻤㻟 䠅㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻝 㻟㻚㻡㻢 䠄 㻝㻚㻤㻡㻙㻢㻚㻤㻠 䠅 㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻝 㻭㻴㻵㻖㻟 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻠㻜 㻞㻥㻣 㻞㻠 㻤㻚㻝 㻌㻌䚷䍹㻠㻜 㻟㻝㻥 㻡㻝 㻝㻢㻚㻜 㻞㻚㻝㻣 䠄 㻝㻚㻟㻜㻙㻟㻚㻢㻞 䠅 㻨㻜㻚㻜㻡 㻝㻚㻣㻡 䠄 㻝㻚㻜㻟㻙㻞㻚㻥㻤 䠅 㻨㻜㻚㻜㻡 㻖㻝_{㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼞㼕㼟㼗㼟㻌㼍㼜㼜㼞㼛㼤㼕㼙㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㻌㼛㼐㼐㼟㻌㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼟㻚㻌㻯㻵㻌㼐㼑㼚㼛㼠㼑㼟㻌㼏㼛㼚㼒㼕㼐㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼢㼍㼘㼟} 㻖㻞_{㻱㼜㼣㼛㼞㼠㼔㻌㻿㼘㼑㼑㼜㼕㼚㼑㼟㼟㻌㻿㼏㼍㼘㼑㻌㼎㼑㼒㼛㼞㼑㻌㼠㼞㼑㼍㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠} 㻖㻟_{㻭㼜㼚㼑㼍㻌㼔㼥㼜㼛㼜㼚㼑㼍㻌㼕㼚㼐㼑㼤㻌㼎㼑㼒㼛㼞㼑㻌㼠㼞㼑㼍㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠} 㼁㼚㼕㼢㼍㼞㼕㼍㼠㼑㻌㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑 㻾㼕㼟㼗㻌㻔㻥㻡㻑㻌㻯㻵㻕㻖㻝 㻹㼡㼘㼠㼕㼢㼍㼞㼕㼍㼠㼑㻌㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑_{㻾㼕㼟㼗㻌㻔㻥㻡㻑㻌㻯㻵㻕} 㻌㻹㼂㻭

㐣ཤ  ᖺ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪⮬ぬⓗ࡞╀Ẽࡢ㧗ࡉ㸦(66 ᚓⅬࡀ  Ⅼ௨ୖࡢ୰ ➼ᗘࡢ╀Ẽࡢ࠶ࡿ⪅࡞ࡽࡧ࡟  Ⅼ௨ୖࡢ㔜ᗘࡢ╀Ẽࡢ࠶ࡿ⪅ࡣᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࣜࢫࢡࡀࡑࢀࡒ ࢀ  ಸ㸪 ಸ㸧࡜↓࿧྾ࡢ㔜⑕ᗘᣦᩘ㸦$+, ࡀ  ௨ୖࡢ㔜⑕⪅ࡣᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࣜࢫࢡࡀ  ಸ㸧ࡀ᭷ព࡞㛵㐃ᅉᏊ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬  ⾲ ̾ 㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿Ⓨ⏕ࡢ㛵㐃せᅉ  ஺㏻஦ᨾࡢᅇᩘ࡜ 6$6 㔜⑕ᗘ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᳨ウࡋࡓ㸬஦ᨾࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࡞࠸⪅㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟  ᅇ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ⪅㸪 ᅇ௨ୖࡢ⪅࡟ศ㢮ࡋ࡚㸪 ⩌㛫࡛ $+, ࡜ (66 ẚ㍑ࡋࡓ࡜ ࡇࢁ㸪஦ᨾࡀ  ᅇ௨ୖࡢ⪅ࡣ㸯ᅇࡢ⪅࡟ẚ࡭࡚㸪$+, ࡣ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸬୍᪉㸪(66 ࡣ᭷ព࡟ పࡃ㸪࿧྾㞀ᐖࡀ㔜⑕࡞๭࡟╀Ẽࡢ⮬ぬࡀ㕌໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬               ᅗ  ஺㏻஦ᨾࡢᅇᩘู࡟ࡳࡓ $+,㸦ᕥᅗ㸧࡜ (66 ᚓⅬ㸦ྑᅗ㸧 㼀㼛㼠㼍㼘 㼚 㼚 㻑 㻼 㻼 㻭㼓㼑 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻠㻣 㻟㻜㻡 㻝㻤㻣 㻢㻝㻚㻟 㼚㼟 㼚㼟 㻌㻌㻌㻌䍹㻠㻣 㻟㻝㻝 㻝㻢㻥 㻡㻠㻚㻟 㼁㼟㼡㼍㼘㻌㼟㼘㼑㼑㼜㻌㼘㼑㼚㼓㼠㼔 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻣㼔㼞 㻟㻝㻞 㻝㻣㻢 㻡㻢㻚㻠 㼚㼟 㼚㼟 㻌㻌㻌㻌䍹㻣㼔㼞 㻞㻥㻢 㻝㻣㻠 㻡㻤㻚㻤 㻱㻿㻿㻌㼟㼏㼛㼞㼑㻖㻞 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻝㻝 㻞㻡㻢 㻤㻥 㻟㻠㻚㻤 㻌䚷㻌䍹㻝㻝㻘㻌㻨㻝㻢 㻞㻞㻤 㻝㻡㻠 㻢㻣㻚㻡 㻟㻚㻥㻝 䠄 㻞㻚㻢㻤㻙㻡㻚㻣㻜 䠅㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻝 㻟㻚㻣㻥 䠄 㻞㻚㻡㻥㻙㻡㻚㻡㻡 䠅㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻝 㻌䚷㻌䍹㻝㻢 㻝㻟㻞 㻝㻝㻟 㻤㻡㻚㻢 㻝㻝㻚㻝㻢 䠄 㻢㻚㻠㻠㻙㻝㻥㻚㻟㻠 䠅㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻝 㻥㻚㻤㻣 䠄 㻡㻚㻢㻢㻙㻝㻣㻚㻞㻞 䠅㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻝 㻭㻴㻵㻖㻟 㻌㻌㻌㻌㻨㻠㻜 㻞㻥㻣 㻝㻠㻟 㻠㻤㻚㻝 㻌㻌䚷䍹㻠㻜 㻟㻝㻥 㻞㻝㻟 㻢㻢㻚㻤 㻞㻚㻝㻢 䠄 㻝㻚㻡㻢㻙㻟㻚㻜㻜 䠅㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻝 㻝㻚㻢㻤 䠄 㻝㻚㻝㻤㻙㻞㻚㻠㻜 䠅 㻨㻜㻚㻜㻝 㻖㻝 㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼞㼕㼟㼗㼟㻌㼍㼜㼜㼞㼛㼤㼕㼙㼍㼠㼑㼐㻌㼣㼕㼠㼔㻌㼛㼐㼐㼟㻌㼞㼍㼠㼕㼛㼟㻚㻌㻯㻵㻌㼐㼑㼚㼛㼠㼑㼟㻌㼏㼛㼚㼒㼕㼐㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㼕㼚㼠㼑㼞㼢㼍㼘㼟 㻖㻞 㻱㼜㼣㼛㼞㼠㼔㻌㻿㼘㼑㼑㼜㼕㼚㼑㼟㼟㻌㻿㼏㼍㼘㼑㻌㼎㼑㼒㼛㼞㼑㻌㼠㼞㼑㼍㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠 㻖㻟 㻭㼜㼚㼑㼍㻌㼔㼥㼜㼛㼜㼚㼑㼍㻌㼕㼚㼐㼑㼤㻌㼎㼑㼒㼛㼞㼑㻌㼠㼞㼑㼍㼠㼙㼑㼚㼠 㼁㼚㼕㼢㼍㼞㼕㼍㼠㼑㻌㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑 㻾㼕㼟㼗㻌㻔㻥㻡㻑㻌㻯㻵㻕㻖㻝 㻹㼡㼘㼠㼕㼢㼍㼞㼕㼍㼠㼑㻌㻾㼑㼘㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑 㻾㼕㼟㼗㻌㻔㻥㻡㻑㻌㻯㻵㻕 㻌㼐㼛㼦㼕㼚㼓㻌㼛㼒㼒 㼍㼠㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼣㼔㼑㼑㼘

Group without MVA: n = 496,

Group with one episode of MVA: n = 56, Group with twice or more of MVAs: n = 18

㰯⭍ᣢ⥆㝧ᅽ࿧྾ἲ㸦FRQWLQXRXVSRVLWLYHDLUZD\SUHVVXUH&3$3㸧἞⒪ࢆ㛤ጞࡍࡿ࡜㸪 ஦ᨾ⋡ࡣ᭷ព࡟ῶᑡࡋࡓ㸬஺㏻஦ᨾ⋡ࡣ἞⒪๓ 㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ㸪἞⒪ᚋࡣ 㸣࡟ῶᑡࡋ 㸦S㸧㸪ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ⩌ࡢ஺㏻஦ᨾ⋡࡜ྠỈ‽࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬   ᅗ  㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾⓎ⏕๭ྜ 㸫ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ⩌࡜ 26$6 ᝈ⪅⩌἞⒪๓ᚋࡢẚ㍑㸫   ཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ᳨ウ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ึデ᫬ $+, ࡣ sKUWRsKU࡬᭷ព࡟ῶᑡࡋࡓ S㸬 ྡ୰㸪 ྡࡀ἞⒪཯ᛂ⪅࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬  ⾲  26$ ࡟ᑐࡍࡿཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ἞⒪ຠᯝ               ࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡᅇᖐศᯒࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪06 ࡜ %0, ࡣ 2$ ࡢ἞⒪ຠᯝࢆண ࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛ࡢ⊂❧ࡋࡓ ᅉᏊ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬  0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% OSAS, Post-CPAP treatment

OSAS, Pre-CPAP treatment Control Yes No 4.7% 16.8%** 3.1% MVA

Diagnostic Characteristics Responders Non-responders Total

Subjects (%) 35 (37) 60 (63) 95 Age yrs 45±9 44±10 45±10 BMI kg/m2 23±3 # 26±4 25±4 Mallampati Score 2.7±0.9 # 3.2±1.0 3.0±1.0 ESS 13±5 # 11±5 12±5 AHI baseline /hr 21±5 20±4 21±4 AHI follow-up /hr 2±2 ##,** 13±8 ** 9±8 **

Responders were defined as patients who showed a follow-up Apnea Hypopnoea Index (AHI) of <5 events h-1 with a >50% reduction compared to the baseline AHI. BMI = Body Mass Index. ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *: p<0.05 versus baseline; **: p<0.01 versus baseline; #: p<0.05 versus non-responder; ##: p<0.01 versus non-responder.

⾲  ࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡᅇᖐศᯒ࡟ࡼࡿ 26$ ୰➼⑕౛1 ࡢཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨἞⒪ຠᯝண                 ḟ࡟㸪%0, ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ 52& ᭤⥺࠿ࡽỴᐃࡉࢀࡓ⮳㐺࢝ࢵࢺ࢜ࣇ್࡛࠶ࡿ NJP_{࡟╔┠ࡋࡓ࡜} ࡇࢁ㸦⾲ 㸧㸪⫧‶⪅%0,!NJP࠿ࡘ 06 ࡀ ,9 㢮࡛࠶ࡿ  ྡࡢ㝜ᛶⓗ୰⋡ࡣ 㸪ࡉࡽ ࡟㝜ᛶᑬᗘẚࡣ  ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ⾲ 㸬  ⾲  ࣐ࣛࣥࣃࢳࢫࢥ࢔࡜⫧‶ᗘ࡟╔┠ࡋࡓཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ἞⒪⤖ᯝ                   

Some airway visible = Mallampati score of Class I to III, No airway visible = Mallampati score of Class IV, Non-obese = body mass index < 24 kg/m2, Obese = body mass index > 24 kg/m2. Note that the obesity cut-off in this study was determined by a receiver-operating characteristic curve. **: <ates ǘ2 =10.7, p<0.01 versus responders, ˆˆ: ǘ2 =7.81, p<0.01 versus responders, #: <ates ǘ2 =4.59, p<0.05 versus responders, : <ates ǘ2 =4.72, p<0.05 versus responders.

A

Responders Non-responders Total Mallampati score

Some airway visible 28 26 54 No airway visible 7 34 41 Total 35 60** 95 Obesity Non-obese 22 20 42 Obese 13 40 53 35 60xx 95 B

Obesity Mallampati score Responders Non-responders Total Non-Obese Some airway visible 17 8 25 No airway visible 5 12 17 Total 22 20# ₄₂

Obese Some airway visible 11 18 29 No airway visible 2 22 24 Total 13 40$ 53

Data are presented as the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI). BMI = Body Mass Index. AHI = Apnea Hypopnea Index. *: p<0.05. Increases in both BMI and the Mallampati score are significantly more likely to be associated with treatment failure with an oral appliance in patients with moderate OSA.

Diagnostic Characteristics Odds ratio 95%CI p-value

Univariate model Age 0.99 0.95-1.04 0.70 BMI 0.82 0.71-0.96 0.01* Mallampati score 0.55 0.34-0.89 0.02* AHI baseline 1.10 0.98-1.22 0.10 Multivariate model BMI 0.83 0.72-0.97 0.02* Mallampati score 0.61 0.38-0.97 0.04*

⾲  ࣐ࣛࣥࣃࢳࢫࢥ࢔࡜⫧‶ᗘ࡟ࡼࡿཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ἞⒪ຠᯝண                  ⪃ᐹ ᾏእ࡛ࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪6$6 ᝈ⪅࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡢୖ᪼ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦<RXQJHWDO 㸧㸬╧╀᫬ࡢ࿧྾㞀ᐖࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேࡣ㸪ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ே࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ᅇࡢ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ☜⋡ࡀ 㹼 ಸ࡟㐩ࡍࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡉࡽ࡟ 」ᩘᅇࡢ஦ᨾࢆ  ᖺ㛫࡟㉳ࡇࡍ☜⋡ࢆࡳࡿ࡜㸪࿧྾㞀ᐖࢆᣢࡓ࡞࠸ே࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚㸪୰➼ᗘ௨ ୖ㸦$+,!㸧ࡢ࿧྾㞀ᐖࢆᣢࡘே࡛ࡣ  ಸ࡟࡞ࡿ㸬௒ᅇ㸪ࢃࢀࢃࢀࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪೺ᖖ⪅ ࡢ஺㏻஦ᨾ⤒㦂๭ྜࡀ 㸣࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪἞⒪๓ࡢ 6$6 ᝈ⪅࡛ࡣ 㸣࡜  ಸ௨ୖ࡜ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ &3$3 ἞⒪ᚋ࡛ࡣ㸪೺ᖖ⪅࡜ኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ࡲ࡛஺㏻஦ᨾ⤒㦂๭ྜࡀ పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ」ᩘᅇ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮࡛ࡣ㸪࿧྾㞀ᐖࡢ⛬ᗘࡣ᭷ព࡟㧗࠸୍ ᪉㸪⮬ぬⓗ࡞╀Ẽࡣ᭷ព࡟పࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ㸪࿧྾㞀ᐖࡀ㔜⑕࡞๭࡟╀Ẽࡢ⮬ぬࡀ 㕌໬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬௨ୖࡼࡾ㸪஺㏻஦ᨾ㜵ṆࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ㔜⑕ 6$6 ᝈ ⪅ࡢ᪩ᮇⓎぢࡢ㔜せᛶࡀ෌☜ㄆࡉࢀ㸪≉࡟࿧྾㞀ᐖ㢖ᗘࡢ㧗࠸⑕౛࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⮬ぬⓗ╀Ẽ ࡢ᭷↓࡟ࡼࡽࡎ᪩ᮇ࡟἞⒪㛤ጞࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ุ᩿ࡉࢀࡓ㸬 ࡲࡓ㸪ཱྀ⭍ෆ⿦⨨ࡢ᳨ウ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ᙜึࡢ௬ㄝ㏻ࡾ⫧‶࠿ࡘ 06 ࡀ ,9 㢮࡛࠶ࡿሙྜ㸪2$ ࡢ἞⒪ຠᯝࢆᮇᚅࡋ㞴࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀุ᫂ࡋࡓ㸬ゝ࠸᥮࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࡤ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ᮲௳ࢆ‶ࡓࡉ࡞࠸ࠕ⑭ ࡏᆺ࠿ࡘཱྀ⵹ᆶࡀぢ࠼ࡸࡍ࠸㸦06 ࡀ ,,,,㢮㸧ᝈ⪅࡟ᑐࡋ㸪✚ᴟⓗ࡟ 2$ ࡢ౑⏝ࢆ່ࡵࡿ ࡇ࡜ࡀྍ⬟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾ㸪2$ ࡣ &3$3 ࡢ௦᭰⒪ἲ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ7VXLNLHWDO㸬௨ୖࡢ⤖ᯝ ࡣ㸪஺㏻ᶵ㛵㐠㌿ኈࡢ㐣╀ࢆࡣࡌࡵ࡜ࡍࡿ 26$ ⑕≧ࢆ㐺ษ࡟ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡍࡿ࠺࠼࡛㔜せ࡞ ᝟ሗ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡓ㸬 





Non-obese = body mass index < 24 kg/m2, Obese = body mass index > 24 kg/m2. PPV = positive predictive value; NPV = negative predictive value. LR+ = positive likelihood ratio; LR- = negative likelihood ratio.

Prediction Variable

Mallampati Obesity Mallampati Mallampati

score score & score &

Non-obese Obese (N=42) (N=53) Sensitivity 80 63 77 85 Specificity 57 67 60 55 PPV 52 52 68 38 NPV 83 75 71 92 LR+ 1.85 1.89 1.93 1.88 LR- 0.35 0.56 0.38 0.28

➨  ❶



␿Ꮫ◊✲

 ⫼ᬒ ⌧௦ேࡢ⏕άࡣ㸪௙஦ࡸፗᴦࡢᘏ㛗࡛ኪᆺ໬࠿ࡘ୙つ๎໬ࡀ㐍ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ㸬1+. ᅜẸ⏕ά᫬ 㛫ㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜㸪 ᫬௨㝆࡟㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡣ⃭ቑࡋ㸪᪥ᮏேࡢ╧╀᫬㛫ࡣ㐣ཤ  ᖺ ࡢ㛫࡟㸯᫬㛫㏆ࡃῶᑡࡋࡓ㸦1+. ᅜẸ᫬㛫⏕άㄪᰝᅗ 㸬ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣛ࢖ࣇࢫࢱ࢖ࣝࡢ ኚ໬ࡣ☜ᐇ࡟╧╀ၥ㢟ࡢቑຍࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦2KLGDHWDO㸧㸬≉࡟╧╀୙㊊ࡣ㸪 ᪥୰ࡢぬ㓰Ỉ‽ࢆపୗࡉࡏ㸪సᴗ࢚࣮ࣛࡶࡋࡃࡣ㐠㌿஦ᨾࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ㧗 ࠸㸦/HJHU5RHKUVHWDO㸬              ᅗ  ᪥ᮏேࡢ╧╀᫬㛫࡜ኪᆺ໬ࡢ᥎⛣  ᖺࡢ᪥ᮏேࡢᖹ᪥ᖹᆒ╧╀᫬㛫࡜ኪ  ᫬࡟㉳ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡢ ๭ྜࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬 ᖺ࡟ࡣኪ  ᫬࡟ࡣ  ๭ࡢᅜẸࡀᑵᗋࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪 ╧╀᫬㛫ࡣ  ᫬㛫ࢆ㉸࠼࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ᖺࢆ⤒ࡿࡈ࡜࡟ኪᆺ໬࡜╧╀᫬㛫ࡢ ▷⦰ࡀ㐍ࡳ㸪 ᖺ࡛ࡣኪ  ᫬࡟ࡣ༙ᩘࡢ⪅ࡀ㉳ࡁ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ᖹᆒ╧╀ ᫬㛫ࡣ  ᫬㛫  ศ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬㸦1+. ᅜẸ᫬㛫⏕άㄪᰝࡼࡾసᡂ㸧   ៏ᛶⓗ࡞╧╀୙㊊࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚᪥୰ࡢ╀Ẽࢆ⏕ࡌࡿ⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌㸦%HKDYLRUDO ,QVXIILFLHQW VOHHS V\QGURPH%,,66㸧ࡣ㸪╧╀㞀ᐖᅜ㝿デ᩿ศ㢮➨஧∧㸦,&6'㸧࡟࠾ ࠸࡚㐣╀⑕≧ࢆ࿊ࡍࡿ⑌ᝈ༢఩࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦$PHULFDQ$FDGHP\RI6OHHS 0HGLFLQH㸧㸬᪥୰࡟㐣ᗘࡢ╀Ẽࢆッ࠼㸪ᒃ╀ࡾࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡍᝈ⪅ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ㸪ࢼࣝࢥࣞࣉࢩ ࣮࡛ࡶ⑓ⓗ࡞╧╀ศ᩿࡛ࡶ࡞ࡃ╧╀᫬㛫ࡀ៏ᛶⓗ࡟▷࠸⪅ࡀᑡ࡞࠿ࡽࡎᏑᅾࡋ㸪ᾏእࡢሗ࿌ ࡛ࡣ㸪╧╀㞀ᐖࢭࣥࢱ࣮ࢆゼࢀࡿ඲ᝈ⪅ࡢ⣙ 㸣㸪᪥୰ࡢ㐣๫࡞╀Ẽࢆッ࠼ࡿᝈ⪅ࡢ 㸣ࡀ⾜ ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦5RHKUVHWDO㸬ᡃࠎࡀ㐣ཤ࡟ᐇ ᪋ࡋࡓㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪᪥୰ࡢ㐣๫࡞╀Ẽࢆ୺ッ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷデࡋࡓᝈ⪅  ྡࡢ࠺ࡕ㸪⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ

╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌࡜デ᩿ࡉࢀࡓ⪅ࡢ๭ྜࡣ 㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦.RPDGDHWDO㸧㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪 ╧╀᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌㸪≉Ⓨᛶ㐣╀⑕㸪ࢼࣝࢥࣞࣉࢩ࣮࡞࡝ࡢ௦⾲ⓗ࡞㐣╀ᛶ⑌ᝈ࡟ḟࡄࡶࡢ ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒╧╀㞀ᐖࡸ࿘ᮇᛶᅄ⫥㐠ື㞀ᐖࡼࡾࡶ㧗Ỉ‽࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬ࡇࡢࡇ ࡜࠿ࡽࡳ࡚㸪៏ᛶⓗ࡞╧╀୙㊊ࡀ᪥୰ࡢ㐣๫࡞╀Ẽࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡣ↓ど࡛ࡁ࡞ ࠸ࡶࡢ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪୍⯡ேཱྀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ៏ᛶ╀Ẽࡢᐇែ࠿ࡽࡳ࡚㸪╧╀୙㊊ࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚ࡶ ་⒪ᶵ㛵ࢆཷデࡋ࡞࠸⪅ࡀ኱ከᩘ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌ணഛ ㌷࡜ࡶ࠸࠺࡭ࡁ₯ᅾⓗᝈ⪅ࡀከࡃᏑᅾࡍࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬  ⾲  ᪥୰㐣╀ࢆ୺ッ࡜ࡋ࡚ཷデࡋࡓᝈ⪅ࡢෆヂ㸦Q 㸧                ⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌ࡢ⑕≧࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⑂ປ㸪࠸ࡽ࠸ࡽ㸪ᢚ࠺ࡘ㸪➽⫗ࡢ③ࡳ㸪㞟୰ᅔ 㞴㸪ㄆ▱ᶵ⬟ࡢపୗ㸪ぬ㓰ᗘࡢపୗ࡞࡝ࡀⓎ⌧ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡢ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᣦ᦬ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ 㸦$OGULFK%URPDQHWDO㸧㸪≉࡟ὀពຊࡸぬ㓰ᗘࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿㄢ㢟ࡢᡂ⦼ࡀప ୗࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦5RHKUVHWDO㸧㸬ᡃࠎࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙ ㊊⑕ೃ⩌ࡢึデ᫬࡟࠾ࡅࡿ (66 ᚓⅬࡣ s Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪࢝ࢵࢺ࢜ࣇ್ࡢ  Ⅼࢆୖᅇࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡓ㸦.RPDGDHWDO㸧㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ࢼࣝࢥࣞࣉࢩ࣮ࡢࡑࢀࡼࡾ᭷ព࡟ప࠸ࡶࡢࡢ㸪╧╀ ᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌࡜ᴫ᪥ࣜࢬ࣒╧╀㞀ᐖࡼࡾࡣ᭷ព࡟㧗࠸ᚓⅬ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪≉Ⓨᛶ㐣╀⑕࡜ྠỈ‽ ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬  

⾲  ୺せ㐣╀⑕  ⑌ᝈ࡛ࡢ⮫ᗋ⫼ᬒࡢẚ㍑           ࡲࡓ⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌ࡢ୰࡟ࡣ㸪㐠㌿୰࡞ࡽࡧ࡟ປാ୰ࡢ஦ᨾࡶࡋࡃࡣࢽ࢔࣑ࢫ ⤒㦂᭷ࡾ࡜⟅࠼ࡓ⪅ࡀ 㸣Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ࡇࡢ⩌࡛ࡣ஦ᨾ࣭ࢽ࢔࣑ࢫ⤒㦂࡞ࡋࡢ⩌࡟ẚ࡭ ࡚㸪(66 ᚓⅬࡀ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸦஦ᨾ⤒㦂࠶ࡾ⩌s Ⅼ஦ᨾ⤒㦂࡞ࡋ⩌s ⅬSᅗ 㸧㸬୍⯡ேཱྀ࡛ࡢ㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫ࡢᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾ⋡ࡀ 㸣௨ୗ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡿ࡜ ࡢሗ࿌㸦7XUNLQJWRQHWDO㸧࠿ࡽ⪃࠼࡚㸪⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌࡛ࡢ஦ᨾ⋡ࡣ࠿ ࡞ࡾ㧗࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚ࡼ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬         @     ᅗ  ⾜ືㄏⓎᛶ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌࡟࠾ࡅࡿ ஺㏻஦ᨾ᭷↓࡟ࡼࡿ╀ẼᚓⅬࡢẚ㍑  ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㸪␿Ꮫⓗᡭἲ࡟ࡼࡾᒃ╀ࡾ஦ᨾࡢⓎ⌧≧ἣࡸ஦ᨾࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ╀ẼࡢⓎ⌧せᅉ ࢆヲ⣽࡟ゎᯒࡋࡓ◊✲ࡣᩘᑡ࡞࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㸪୍⯡ேཱྀ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾࡢⓎ⌧せᅉ࠾ ࡼࡧ᭷ຠ࡞╀Ẽᑐฎἲࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪␿Ꮫㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓ㸬     デ᩿ྡ ึデ᫬ᖺ㱋 Ⓨ⑕ᖺ㱋㻌㻝㻕 ึデ᫬㻱㻿㻿ᚓⅬ 㻮㻹㻵 㻌 _{ᖹ᪥╧╀᫬㛫} 㻹㼑㼍㼚 㻿㻰 㻹㼑㼍㼚 㻿㻰 㻹㼑㼍㼚 㻿㻰 㻹㼑㼍㼚 㻿㻰 㻹㼑㼍㼚 㻿㻰 ╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌䠄㻮㻵㻵㻿㻿䠅 㻟㻜㻚㻞 㻣㻚㻟 㻞㻤㻚㻢 㻣㻚㻡 㻝㻟㻚㻢 㻟㻚㻠 㻞㻞㻚㻞 㻞㻚㻤 㻡㻚㻡 㻜㻚㻤 ╧╀᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌ 㻠㻡㻚㻝 㻝㻞㻚㻝 㻖㻖㻖 _{㻙 㻙 㻝㻞㻚㻡 㻟㻚㻢} 㻖㻖 _{㻞㻣㻚㻠 㻠㻚㻥} 㻖㻖㻖 _{㻢㻚㻝 㻝㻚㻜} 㻖㻖㻖 ≉Ⓨᛶ㐣╀⑕ 㻟㻝㻚㻠 㻥㻚㻜 㻝㻥㻚㻞 㻣㻚㻟 㻖㻖㻖 _{㻝㻠㻚㻟 㻟㻚㻜 㻞㻝㻚㻤 㻟㻚㻝 㻢㻚㻟 㻝㻚㻝} 㻖㻖㻖 䝘䝹䝁䝺䝥䝅䞊 㻟㻝㻚㻜 㻝㻟㻚㻟 㻝㻣㻚㻞 㻣㻚㻡 㻖㻖㻖 _{㻝㻡㻚㻣 㻟㻚㻜} 㻖㻖㻖 _{㻞㻟㻚㻠 㻠㻚㻝} 㻖 _{㻢㻚㻠 㻝㻚㻟} 㻖㻖㻖 ᴫ᪥䝸䝈䝮╧╀㞀ᐖ 㻞㻣㻚㻣 㻤㻚㻝 㻝㻤㻚㻥 㻢㻚㻠 㻖㻖㻖 _{㻝㻞㻚㻠 㻟㻚㻣} 㻖 _{㻞㻝㻚㻥 㻟㻚㻤 㻣㻚㻤 㻞㻚㻟} 㻖㻖㻖 㻖㻖㻖_{㻦㻌㼜㻨㻜㻚㻜㻜㻜㻝㻧㻌}㻖㻖_{㻦㻌㼜㻨㻜㻚㻜㻝㻘㻌}㻖_{㻦㻌㼜㻨㻜㻚㻜㻡䠄╧╀୙㊊⑕ೃ⩌䛸䛾஦ᚋẚ㍑䠅} 㻝㻕_{㻌╧╀᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌䛷䛿䚸Ⓨ⑕ᖺ㱋䛜୙᫂䛾䛯䜑᳨ウ䛧䛺䛛䛳䛯䚹} 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Non-accident group(n=67) Accident group(n=19) ES S s co re p< 0.01

 ᪉ἲ ㆙どᗇᗓ୰㐠㌿චチヨ㦂ሙ࡛㸪஦ᨾࡸᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿࡜╧╀᫬㛫࡜ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡋࡓ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝ⚊㸦௜㘓 㸧ࢆ㓄ᕸࡋࡓ㸬ᅇ཰ᩘࡣ  ௳࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ᛶู࣭ ᖺ㱋࣭㌟㛗࣭య㔜ࡀ୙᫂ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ࡜චチྲྀᚓᚋࡢᮇ㛫ࡀ  ᖺᮍ‶࣭୙᫂ࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆ㝖እࡋ㸪 ゎᯒᑐ㇟ࢆᅄ㍯ࡢࡳࢆ㐠㌿ࡍࡿ⪅㸪 ṓ௨ୖ  ṓᮍ‶ࡢ⪅㸪୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࢆゎᯒᑐ㇟࡜ ࡋࡓ㸦 ௳㸧㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬 ㄪᰝෆᐜࡣ㸪ᇶᮏᒓᛶ㸦ᛶู㸪ᖺ㱋㸪㌟㛗㸪య㔜㸪⫋ᴗ㐠㌿ኈ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪ኪ໅ᚑ஦ࡢ᭷↓㸧㸪 㐌᪥ࡢᖹᆒ╧╀᫬㛫㸪╧╀ၥ㢟ࡢ᭷↓㸪㐠㌿࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㡯┠㸦ᖺ㛫㉮⾜㊥㞳࡞࡝㸧㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫 ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஦ᨾࡢ᭷↓࡞ࡽࡧ࡟஦ᨾⓎ⏕᫬㛫ᖏ㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࡢ᭷↓࡞ࡽࡧ ࡟Ⓨ⏕᫬㛫ᖏ㸪୺ほⓗ╀Ẽ㸦᪥ᮏㄒ∧࢚ࣉ࣮࣡ࢫ╧╀ㄪᰝ⚊㸧㸪㐠㌿୰ࡢ╀Ẽࡢண㜵⟇࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓ㸬    ᅗ  ㄪᰝᑐ㇟⪅࣭ゎᯒᑐ㇟⪅࡜஦ᨾ⤒㦂⪅ࡢேᩘ  ఱࡽ࠿ࡢ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡢ᭷↓㸪ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࡢ⤒㦂ࡢ᭷↓ࢆᚑᒓኚᩘ㸪♫఍ேཱྀ ⤫ィᏛୖࡢኚᩘ㸦ᛶู㸪ᖺ㱋㸪%0,㸪චチྲྀᚓᚋࡢᮇ㛫㸪 ࣨ᭶ࡢ㐠㌿㢖ᗘ㸪ᖺ㛫ࡢ㉮⾜㊥㞳㸧㸪 ╧╀㛵㐃ኚᩘ㸦஺௦ไ໅ົᚑ஦⪅࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪኱࢖ࣅ࣭࢟╧╀୰ࡢ࿧྾೵Ṇࢆᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪ᖹ᪥ࡢᖹᆒ╧╀᫬㛫㸪㐠㌿୰ࡢ╀Ẽࡢ᭷↓㸧ࢆ⊂❧ኚᩘ࡜ࡋࡓከኚ㔞ࣟࢪ ࢫࢸ࢕ࢵࢡᅇᖐศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ㸬   ⤖ᯝ ゎᯒᑐ㇟⪅ࡢᇶᮏ≉ᛶ㸦ᖺ㱋㸪ᛶู㸧ࡣ⾲  ࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬   

⾲  ゎᯒᑐ㇟⪅ࡢᇶᮏ≉ᛶ           ㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪㐠㌿୰࡟╀Ẽࢆឤࡌࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡣ 㸣㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ࡟ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠 ㌿ࢆࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡢ࠶ࡿࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡣ 㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬 ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿせᅉࢆ㸪ඹኚ㔞࡛ㄪᩚࡋࡓ࠺࠼࡛㸪ᖹ᪥ࡢ╧╀᫬㛫㸪኱࠸ࡧࡁ ࡶࡋࡃࡣ↓࿧྾ࢆᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿㸪㐠㌿᫬╀Ẽࡢ㢖ᗘ࡜ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆࣟࢪࢫࢸ࢕ ࢵࢡᅇᖐศᯒࢆ⏝࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪╧╀᫬㛫ࡀ  ᫬㛫ᮍ‶ࡢ⪅࡛ࡣ  ಸ㸦S㸧㸪 ᫬㛫࠿ࡽ㸵᫬㛫ࡢ⪅࡛ࡣ  ಸ㸦S 㸧ࡢ࢜ࢵࢬẚࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬ࡲࡓ㸪࠸ࡧࡁ↓࿧྾᭷࡜⟅ ࠼ࡓ⪅ࡣ  ಸࡢ࢜ࢵࢬẚࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡀ㸪╧╀᫬㛫ࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗࠸࢜ࢵࢬẚࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬  ⾲  ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾࡢ㛵㐃せᅉ                 ୖグࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࢆ㸪୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮㸦 ྡ㸧࡜⫋ᴗ㐠㌿ኈ㸦 ྡ㸧࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓ㸬⫋ᴗ ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡣ୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮࡟ẚ࡭࡚㸪ࢩࣇࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ๭ྜࡀ᭷ព࡟㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸦㸣YV S㸧㸬ࡲࡓ⫋ᴗ㐠㌿ኈࡣ㸪୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮࡟ẚ࡭࡚╀Ẽ࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᨾࡸᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ ࡢ㢖ᗘࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 㸧㸬

 ⾲  ୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮࡜⫋ᴗ㐠㌿ኈࡢᇶᮏ≉ᛶࡢẚ㍑            㐠㌿୰࡟╀Ẽࡀ⏕ࡌࡓ㝿࡟㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᑐฎἲࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ㸪  ᭱ࡶከ࠿ࡗࡓᑐฎἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕఇ᠁ࢆ࡜ࡿ࡛ࠖ㸪୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮㸪⫋ᴗ㐠㌿ኈ࡜ࡶ࡟  ๭ ௨ୖࡢࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡀ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡑࡢ௚ࡢᑐฎἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕ࣒࢞ࢆჶࡴࠖ㸪ࠕ❆ࢆ㛤ࡅࡿࠖ㸪 ࠕࢥ࣮ࣄ࣮ࢆ㣧ࡴࠖ㸦ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡢ  ๭㸧㸪ࠕ௬╀ࢆ࡜ࡿࠖ㸪ࠕႚ↮ࠖ㸦 ๭㸧㸪ࠕࣛࢪ࢜ࢆ⫈ࡃࠖ㸪 ࠕྠ஌⪅࡜ヰࢆࡍࡿࠖ㸦 ๭㸧࡞࡝ࡢᅇ⟅࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ 㸧㸬   ᅗ  ୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮㸪⫋ᴗ㐠㌿ኈࡢ㐠㌿୰╀Ẽ࡬ࡢᑐฎ᪉ἲ  ୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮࡛ࡣ㸪ࢩࣇࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡟ᚑ஦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡾ╧╀ࡀ୙㊊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡞࡝㸪╀Ẽࡀᙉ ࠸࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿሙ㠃࡛ࡣ㸪✚ᴟⓗ࡟㐠㌿᫬ࡢ╀Ẽ࡬ࡢᑐฎἲࢆᐇ㊶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬୍᪉㸪⫋ᴗࢻࣛ ࢖ࣂ࣮࡛ࡣࡇ࠺ࡋࡓഴྥࡣㄆࡵࡽࢀࡎ㸪㐠㌿᫬࡟╀Ẽࡀ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜ࡟௬╀ࢆ࡜ࡗ࡚ᑐฎࡍࡿ ࡢࡣ㸪㐣ཤ࡟ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿࡟ࡼࡾ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓ⤒㦂ࡢ࠶ࡿ⪅࡟㝈ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬  

 ⪃ᐹ ࠸ࡧࡁ↓࿧྾᭷࡜⟅࠼ࡓ⪅ࡣᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾࡢⓎ⏕ࡀ  ಸࡢ࢜ࢵࢬẚࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡓࡔ ࡋᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾࡢ࢜ࢵࢬẚࡣ㸪╧╀᫬㛫ࡢῶᑡࡢ᪉ࡀ㧗࠿ࡗࡓ㸬ࡇࢀࡣ㸪ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾ ࣜࢫࢡ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ↓࿧྾ࡢㄆ▱ᗘࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓ⤖ᯝ㸪↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌ᝈ⪅࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᨾࡀῶࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ ⤖ᯝ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸㸬୍᪉࡛㸪╧╀୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿ஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡቑຍࢆ㜵ࡄࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࢻࣛ࢖ ࣂ࣮ࡢ╧╀᫬㛫ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᑐ⟇ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬஺㏻஦ᨾࡸᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࢆண㜵 ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ  ᫬㛫௨ୖࡢ╧╀᫬㛫ࢆ☜ಖࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ♧ ၀ࡉࢀࡓ㸬 ࡇࢀࡲ࡛࡟ᐇ㦂ᐊෆ࡛⾜ࢃࢀࡓከࡃࡢᐇ㦂⤖ᯝࡣ㸪៏ᛶⓗ࡞╧╀୙㊊ࡀㄆ▱ⓗࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ ࣥࢫࢆపୗࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ᅗ  ࡣ  ᫬㛫㸪 ᫬㛫㸪 ᫬㛫╧╀ࢆ  ᪥㛫࡟ࢃࡓ ࡗ࡚⥆ࡅࡓ㝿ࡢ㸪่⃭཯ᛂㄢ㢟࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫ㸦ぢⴠ࡜ࡋᩘ㸹㸿㸧࡜୺ほⓗ╀Ẽ㸦㹀㸧 ࢆ  ᪥㛫ࡢ඲᩿╀ࢆࡋࡓ㝿ࡢ⤖ᯝ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࡓᅗ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦9DQ'RQJHQHWDO㸧㸬 ᫬㛫 ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ  ᫬㛫╧╀ࡀ  ᪥㛫⥆ࡃ࡜㸪୍ᬌᚭኪࡋࡓ㝿࡜ྠ➼௨ୖ࡟ㄢ㢟࡟࠾ࡅࡿぢⴠ࡜ࡋࡢ ᩘࡣቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪୺ほⓗ╀ẼࡢᚓⅬࡣึࡵࡢᩘ᪥㛫࡟࠾࠸࡚ୖ᪼ࡋࡓᚋࡣ㸪 ࡯ࡰ୍ᐃ࡟ಖࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ㸪⮬ぬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ╀Ẽࡢ⛬ᗘ௨ୖ࡟㸪⣼✚ⓗ࡞╧╀ ୙㊊࡟ࡼࡿㄆ▱ᶵ⬟ࡢపୗࡀ῝้࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬 ᫬㛫ࡢ㐃⥆ぬ㓰ࡀ࢔ࣝࢥ࣮ࣝ ⾑୰⃰ᗘ 㸣Ỉ‽┦ᙜ㸦㓇Ẽᖏࡧ㐠㌿ࡢᇶ‽ࡣ 㸣㹼㸧࡟ࡲ࡛ㄆ▱ᶵ⬟ࢆᝏ໬ࡉࡏࡿࡇ ࡜㸦'DZVRQHWDO㸧ࢆ⪃࠼ࢀࡤ㸪╧╀୙㊊ࡀ✚ࡳ㔜࡞ࡗࡓ≧ែ࡛㸪ㄆ▱ᶵ⬟ࡀపୗࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⮬ぬࡋ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ㌴ࢆ㐠㌿ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪㧗࠸༴㝤ᛶࢆᏎࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸬            ᅗ  ඲᩿╀࠾ࡼࡧ㒊ศ᩿╀ࢆ⥆ࡅࡓ㝿ࡢ่⃭཯ᛂㄢ㢟࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣃࣇ࢛࣮ ࣐ࣥࢫ㸦ᕥᅗ㸧࡜୺ほⓗ╀Ẽ㸦ྑᅗ㸧ࡢኚ໬㸦9DQ'RQJHQHWDO㸧  ᮏ␿Ꮫㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽࡣ㸪㐠㌿᫬╀Ẽ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪╀Ẽࢆ⤒㦂ࡍࡿ࡜⟅࠼ࡓ⪅ࡣ  ಸࢆ㉸ ࠼ࡿ㧗࠸್ࡢ࢜ࢵࢬẚ࡛ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿஦ᨾ࡜㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ࡇࡢࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪㐠㌿᫬╀Ẽࡢపῶ ἲ࣭㆙࿌ἲࡢὙ⦎໬ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡲࡓ㐠㌿᫬࡟╀Ẽࡀ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪ఇ᠁ࡋࡓࡾ㸪ࢥ࣮ ࣄ࣮ࢆ㣧ࡴ࡞࡝ࡢᑐฎἲࢆ࡜ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪╀Ẽࡀపῶࡋ㐠㌿ࣃࣇ࢛࣮࣐ࣥࢫࡀୖࡀࡿࡇ ࡜ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪୍⯡ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮࡟ẚ࡭࡚⫋ᴗ㐠㌿ኈࡣ㸪໅ົୖࡢไ⣙ ࡢࡓࡵ࡟㸪㐠㌿᫬ࡢ╀Ẽ࡬ࡢᑐฎἲࢆ✚ᴟⓗ࡟࡜ࡽ࡞࠸㸦࡜ࢀ࡞࠸㸧ഴྥࡀ࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪㐠㌿ኈࡸ௻ᴗ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡢ╧╀ᩍ⫱ࡀ௒ᚋ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿ㸬

➨  ❶



ࡲ࡜ࡵ࡜௒ᚋࡢᒎᮃ

ࠕ╀Ẽࠖࡣ㸪ࣄ࣮࣐࢚࣮࣭ࣗࣥࣛ஺㏻஦ᨾࢆᘬࡁ㉳ࡇࡍ୺せ࡞ཎᅉࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ᐇ㦂ᚰ⌮Ꮫⓗ◊✲࠿ࡽࡣ㸪╀Ẽࡢᙉ࠸≧ἣ࡛ࡣసᴗ࢚࣮ࣛࡀቑຍࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪⮬ศࡢ ࢚࣮ࣛ࡟Ẽ࡙ࡃ⬟ຊࡀపୗࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ㸬࢚࣮ࣛ࡟Ẽ࡙ࡃ⬟ຊࡀపୗࡍࢀࡤ㸪ᙜ↛࢚ࣛ ࣮㜵Ṇࡢࡓࡵࡢ⾜ືࢆ࡜ࢀࡎ࡟࢚࣮ࣛࢆᨺ⨨ࡋ࡚㸪኱ࡁ࡞஦ᨾ࡟ࡘ࡞ࡀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬஺ ㏻஦ᨾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿୖ࡛ࠕ╀Ẽࠖࡣ㔜せ࡞㘽ࢆᥱࡿ㸬ࢻࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡢ╧╀ࡢ㔞࡜㉁ࡢᨵၿ㸪⏕ά ⎔ቃ࣭ປാ᮲௳ࡢᩚഛ࣭ᕤኵ㸪㐠㌿᫬ࡢ╀Ẽ᳨ฟ࡜࠸ࡗࡓከ᪉㠃࠿ࡽࡢ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛㸪╀Ẽ ࡟ࡼࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾ㜵Ṇ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ㸬 ␿Ꮫㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ࡽ㸪╧╀᫬㛫ࡀ  ᫬㛫ᮍ‶ࡢ⪅࡛ࡣ㸪ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࡢࣜࢫࢡࡀ᭷ព࡟ୖ᪼ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬ᖹᡂ  ᖺᅜẸ೺ᗣ࣭ᰤ㣴ㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪╧╀᫬㛫  ᫬㛫ᮍ‶ࡢ⪅ࡣ⏨ᛶ࡛ 㸪ዪ ᛶ࡛ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬஺㏻஦ᨾࢆ㜵Ṇࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ኪࡢ╧╀ࢆࡁࡕ ࢇ࡜☜ಖࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀఱࡼࡾ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬╧╀ࡢ㔞ࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㸪╧╀ࡢ㉁ࡀᝏ໬ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪᪥୰ࡢ╀Ẽࡀ⏕ࡌ㸪஺㏻஦ᨾࡢࣜࢫࢡࡣቑ኱ࡍࡿ㸬⮫ᗋ㐃⥆౛◊✲ࡢ⤖ᯝ࠿ ࡽ㸪╧╀᫬↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌ࡢᝈ⪅࡛ࡣ஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡀ㧗࠸ࡇ࡜㸪≉࡟࿧྾㞀ᐖࡀ㔜⑕࡞ሙྜ ࡣ⮬ぬⓗ࡞╀Ẽホ౯ࡀ㕌໬ࡋ㸪ࡼࡾ஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬╧╀᫬ ↓࿧྾⑕ೃ⩌ࢆ἞⒪࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪஺㏻஦ᨾࣜࢫࢡࡣ೺ᗣ࡞⪅࡜ྠࡌỈ‽࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪 ᪩ᮇⓎぢ࣭἞⒪ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬 ⮫ᗋ㐃⥆౛◊✲࡛ࡣ㸪㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾ⤒㦂๭ྜࢆ㸪೺ᖖ⪅࡜ 6$6 ᝈ⪅ࡢ &3$3 ἞⒪ࡢ๓ᚋ࡛ẚ㍑ࡋࡓ㸬㐣ཤ  ᖺ㛫࡟࠾ࡅࡿ஺㏻஦ᨾ⤒㦂๭ྜࡣ㸪୍⯡ᡂேࡀ 㸣࡛࠶ࡿ ࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪἞⒪๓ࡢ 6$6 ᝈ⪅࡛ࡣ 㸣࡜஺㏻஦ᨾ⤒㦂๭ྜࡀ  ಸ௨ୖ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋ &3$3 ἞⒪ᚋ࡛ࡣ㸪೺ᖖ⪅࡜ኚࢃࡽ࡞࠸ࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟ࡲ࡛஺㏻஦ᨾ⤒㦂๭ྜࡀపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸬஺㏻ Ᏻ඲ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪ᮍ἞⒪ࡢ㔜⑕ 6$6 ࢆ᪩ᮇ࡟Ⓨぢ㸪デ᩿ࡋ㸪㐺ษ࡞἞⒪ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ኱ษ࡛ ࠶ࡿ㸬 ࡋ࠿ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪6$6 ᝈ⪅⮬㌟ࡀ 6$6 ࡢᏑᅾ࡟Ẽ࡙࠸࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶከ࠸㸬ࡑࡇ࡛㔜せ࡟࡞ ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡢࡀ㸪6$6 ࡢ␲࠸ࡢ࠶ࡿேࢆぢࡘࡅฟࡍࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡢᡭἲ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡇࡢࢫࢡࣜ ࣮ࢽࣥࢢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᩘከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪⫧‶ࡢᣦᶆ࡜࡞ࡿ %RG\0DVV,QGH[㸦%0,㸧 ࡸ㸪㰲ࡸ╧╀୰ࡢ࿧྾೵Ṇ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐙ᪘ࡸྠ൉࠿ࡽࡢᣦ᦬ࡢ᭷↓㸪㧗⾑ᅽ࡞࡝ࡀ᭷ຠ࡞ࢫࢡ ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡢᣦᶆ࡟࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦0DLVOLQHWDO5DPDQFKDQGUDQHWDO 2NDED\DVKLHWDO㸧㸬ࡉࡽ࡟ᦠᖏᆺࡢࣃࣝࢫ࢜࢟ࢩ࣓࣮ࢱ࣮ࢆ⏝࠸࡚㸪⮬Ꮿ࡛ ࡢࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࢆ⾜࠺᪉ἲ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦&KHVVRQHWDO㸧㸬 ᅜᅵ஺㏻┬࠿ࡽࡶ㏻㐩ࡀฟࡓࡇ࡜࡛㸪බඹ஺㏻ᶵ㛵ࡸࢺࣛࢵࢡᴗ⏺࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㐠㌿ኈࢆᑐ㇟ ࡜ࡋࡓ 6$6 ࡢࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࢆ⤌⧊ⓗ࡟ᐇ᪋ࡍࡿ࡞࡝㸪஦ᨾ㜵Ṇ࡟ྥࡅࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀጞࡲࡗ ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ㸬ࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪6$6 ࡢᏑᅾࡢ᭷↓ࡢࡳ࡛ࡣ㐠㌿୰ࡢ╀Ẽࢆ༑ศ࡟ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ ࡞࠸ࡢࡶ஦ᐇ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪௚ࡢከࡃࡢ╧╀㞀ᐖࡶࡲࡓ஺㏻஦ᨾࡢࣜࢫࢡࢆୖ᪼ࡉࡏࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦$OGULFK㸧㸬ᒃ╀ࡾ㐠㌿ࡢཎᅉ࡜࡞ࡾ࠺ࡿ╧╀㞀ᐖ඲⯡࡟ᑐᛂࡋࡓࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽ ࣥࢢ᪉ἲࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡜㸪⤌⧊ⓗ࣭㞟ᅋⓗ࡞ࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࢽࣥࢢࡢᐇ᪋ࡀᛴົ࡛࠶ࡿ㸬ࡓࡔࡋ㸪⫋ᴗࢻ ࣛ࢖ࣂ࣮ࡀኻ⫋࡞࡝ࢆᜍࢀ㸪デ᩿ࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿഴྥ࡟࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦3DUNVHWDO

㸧㸬㐺ษ࡞἞⒪ࢆཷࡅࢀࡤ╀Ẽࡀᨵၿࡍࡿࢣ࣮ࢫࡶከ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡢ࿘▱ࡸ㸪╧╀㞀ᐖ࡜ุᐃࡉ ࢀࡓேࡀ㐣๫࡞୙฼┈ࢆཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞యไసࡾࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺㸬௒ᚋ㸪ᅜࡸ௻ᴗࢆ୰ᚰ࡜ ࡋࡓ╧╀㞀ᐖᑐ⟇࡬ࡢ㸪ࡼࡾ୍ᒙࡢྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࡀ஺㏻Ᏻ඲ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡶᮇᚅࡉࢀࡿ㸬



ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩

$OGULFK 06 $XWRPRELOH DFFLGHQWV LQ SDWLHQWV ZLWK VOHHS GLVRUGHUV 6OHHS  'HF

$OGULFK06,QVXIILFLHQWVOHHSV\QGURPH,Q6OHHS3K\VLRORJ\,QYHVWLJDWRLQVDQG 0HGLFLQH%LOOLDUG0HGS.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3OHQXP3XEOLVKHUV1HZ<RUN 

$PHULFDQ$FDGHP\RI6OHHS0HGLFLQH,QWHUQDWLRQDOFODVVLILFDWLRQRIVOHHSGLVRUGHUV 'LDJQRVWLF DQG FRGLQJ PDQXDO QG HG $PHULFDQ $FDGHP\ RI 6OHHS 0HGLFLQH :HVWFKHVWHU,OOLQRLV

$VDRND60DVDNL+2JDZD.0XUSK\7,)XNXGD.<DPD]DNL.3HUIRUPDQFHPRQLWRULQJ GXULQJVOHHSLQHUWLDDIWHUDKGD\WLPHQDS-6OHHS5HV6HS $VDRND6)XNXGD.0XUSK\7,$EH7,QRXH<7KHHIIHFWVRIDQLJKWWLPHQDSRQWKH HUURUPRQLWRULQJ IXQFWLRQV GXULQJ H[WHQGHG ZDNHIXOQHVV 6OHHS  -XQ  %URPDQ-(/XQGK/*+HWWD-,QVXIILFLHQWVOHHSLQWKHJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ1HXURSK\VLRO &OLQ &KHVVRQ$/-U%HUU\5%3DFN$$PHULFDQ$FDGHP\RI6OHHS0HGLFLQH$PHULFDQ7KRUDFLF 6RFLHW\$PHULFDQ&ROOHJHRI&KHVW3K\VLFLDQV3UDFWLFHSDUDPHWHUVIRUWKHXVHRI SRUWDEOHPRQLWRULQJGHYLFHVLQWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIVXVSHFWHGREVWUXFWLYHVOHHS DSQHDLQDGXOWV6OHHS1RY

'DZVRQ ' 5HLG . )DWLJXH DOFRKRO DQG SHUIRUPDQFH LPSDLUPHQW 1DWXUH  -XO 

(OPHQKRUVW(0(OPHQKRUVW':HQ]HO-4XHKO-0XHOOHU80DDVV+9HMYRGD0%DVQHU 0(IIHFWVRIQRFWXUQDODLUFUDIWQRLVHRQFRJQLWLYHSHUIRUPDQFHLQWKHIROORZLQJ PRUQLQJ GRVHUHVSRQVH UHODWLRQVKLSV LQ ODERUDWRU\ DQG ILHOG ,QW $UFK 2FFXS (QYLURQ+HDOWK2FW )HUJXVRQ.$&DUWZULJKW55RJHUV56FKPLGW1RZDUD:2UDODSSOLDQFHVIRUVQRULQJDQG REVWUXFWLYHVOHHSDSQHDDUHYLHZ6OHHS)HE *HRUJH&)1LFNHUVRQ3:+DQO\3-0LOODU7:.U\JHU0+6OHHSDSQRHDSDWLHQWVKDYH PRUHDXWRPRELOHDFFLGHQWV/DQFHW$XJ *HRUJH&)6OHHSDSQHDDOHUWQHVVDQGPRWRUYHKLFOHFUDVKHV$P-5HVSLU&ULW&DUH 0HG1RY ᇼᛅ㞝 ஺㏻஦ᨾ࡜╧╀㞀ᐖ╧╀Ꮫ㸫╀ࡾࡢ⛉Ꮫ࣭་ṑ⸆Ꮫ࣭♫఍Ꮫ ࡌ࡯࠺  +RUQH-$5H\QHU/$6OHHSUHODWHGYHKLFOHDFFLGHQWV%0-0DU .RPDGD<,QRXH<+D\DVKLGD.1DNDMLPD7+RQGD07DNDKDVKL.&OLQLFDOVLJQLILFDQFH DQGFRUUHODWHVRIEHKDYLRUDOO\LQGXFHGLQVXIILFLHQWVOHHSV\QGURPH6OHHS0HG 'HF /DYLH3㸸8OWUDGLDQUK\WKPVJDWHVRIVOHHSDQGZDNHIXOQHVV,Q+6FKXO]DQG3/DYLH

㸦(GV㸧8OWUDGLDQUK\WKPVLQSK\VLRORJ\DQGEHKDYLRU%HUOLQ6SULQJHU9HUODJ SS /HJHU'7KHFRVWRIVOHHSUHODWHGDFFLGHQWVDUHSRUWIRUWKH1DWLRQDO&RPPLVVLRQRQ 6OHHS'LVRUGHUV5HVHDUFK6OHHS)HE /HJHU'7KHFRVWRIVOHHSLQHVV6OHHS0D\ /LX;8FKL\DPD0.LP.2NDZD06KLEXL..XGR<'RL<0LQRZD02JLKDUD56OHHS ORVVDQGGD\WLPHVOHHSLQHVVLQWKHJHQHUDODGXOWSRSXODWLRQRI-DSDQ3V\FKLDWU\ 5HV)HE 0DLVOLQ*3DFN$,.ULEEV1%6PLWK3/6FKZDUW]$5.OLQH/56FKZDE5-'LQJHV') $VXUYH\VFUHHQIRUSUHGLFWLRQRIDSQHD6OHHS$SU 0D\FRFN*6OHHSLQHVVDQGGULYLQJWKHH[SHULHQFHRI8.FDUGULYHUV-6OHHS5HV 'HF 0LWOHU000LOOHU-&0HWKRGVRIWHVWLQJIRUVOHHSLQHVV>FRUUHFWHG@%HKDY0HG :LQWHU 0XUSK\7,5LFKDUG00DVDNL+6HJDORZLW]6-7KHHIIHFWRIVOHHSLQHVVRQSHUIRUPDQFH PRQLWRULQJ,NQRZZKDW,DPGRLQJEXWGR,FDUH"-6OHHS5HV0DU 1+. ᅜẸ⏕ά᫬㛫ㄪᰝ  ᖺᗘᅜẸ⏕ά᫬㛫ㄪᰝ඲ᅜ⦅ ᮾி᪥ᮏᨺ㏦ฟ∧༠఍ 1+. ᨺ ㏦ᩥ໬◊✲ᡤ 1XFNWRQ7-*OLGGHQ'9%URZQHU:6&ODPDQ'03K\VLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQ0DOODPSDWLVFRUH DV DQ LQGHSHQGHQW SUHGLFWRU RI REVWUXFWLYH VOHHS DSQHD 6OHHS  -XO

2KD\RQ 00 3ULHVW 5* =XOOH\ - 6PLUQH 6 3DLYD 7 3UHYDOHQFH RI QDUFROHSV\ V\PSWRPDWRORJ\DQGGLDJQRVLVLQWKH(XURSHDQJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQ1HXURORJ\ -XQ

2KLGD7.DPDO$08FKL\DPD0.LP.7DNHPXUD66RQH7,VKLL77KHLQIOXHQFHRI OLIHVW\OHDQG KHDOWKVWDWXV IDFWRUV RQ VOHHS ORVV DPRQJ WKH -DSDQHVH JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ6OHHS0D\ 2NDED\DVKL..DVDKDUD(8FKL\DPD+<RNRWD.7RJDVKL<.RQR&<DPDGD<$PDQR+ <DPDJXFKL7.DZDPRWR7)XMLKDUD+8HWD<2EVWUXFWLYHVOHHSDSQHDK\SRSQHD V\QGURPHSDWLHQWVZLWKRYHUZHLJKWDQGK\SHUWHQVLRQLQD-DSDQHVHZRUNSODFH-2FFXS +HDOWK0DU 3DUNV3'XUDQG*7VLVPHQDNLV$-9HOD%XHQR$.DOHV66FUHHQLQJIRUREVWUXFWLYH VOHHSDSQHDGXULQJFRPPHUFLDOGULYHUPHGLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQV-2FFXS(QYLURQ0HG 0DU

5DPDFKDQGUDQ 6. -RVHSKV /$ $ PHWDDQDO\VLV RI FOLQLFDO VFUHHQLQJ WHVWV IRU REVWUXFWLYHVOHHSDSQHD$QHVWKHVLRORJ\$SU

5RHKUV7=RULFN)6LFNOHVWHHO-:LWWLJ55RWK7 ([FHVVLYHGD\WLPHVOHHSLQHVV DVVRFLDWHGZLWKLQVXIILFLHQWVOHHS 6OHHS

5RHKUV 7 7LPPV 9 =Z\JKXL]HQ'RRUHQERV $ %X]HQVNL 5 5RWK 7 3RO\VRPQRJUDSKLF SHUIRUPDQFHDQGSHUVRQDOLW\GLIIHUHQFHVRIVOHHS\DQGDOHUWQRUPDOV6OHHS

2FW

5RHKUV 7$ 5RWK 7 &KURQLF LQVXIILFLHQW VOHHS DQG LWV UHFRYHU\ 6OHHS 0HG  -DQ

6DVVDQL $ )LQGOH\ /- .U\JHU 0 *ROGOXVW ( *HRUJH & 'DYLGVRQ 70 5HGXFLQJ PRWRUYHKLFOHFROOLVLRQVFRVWVDQGIDWDOLWLHVE\WUHDWLQJREVWUXFWLYHVOHHS DSQHDV\QGURPH6OHHS0D\ 6FKHIIHUV0.+XPSKUH\'*6WDQQ\55.UDPHU$)&ROHV0*(UURUUHODWHGSURFHVVLQJ GXULQJDSHULRGRIH[WHQGHGZDNHIXOQHVV3V\FKRSK\VLRORJ\0DU 7UHJHDU65HVWRQ-6FKRHOOHV.3KLOOLSV%2EVWUXFWLYHVOHHSDSQHDDQGULVNRIPRWRU YHKLFOHFUDVKV\VWHPDWLFUHYLHZDQGPHWDDQDO\VLV-&OLQ6OHHS0HG'HF 5HYLHZ 7VDL//<RXQJ+<+VLHK6/HH&6,PSDLUPHQWRIHUURUPRQLWRULQJIROORZLQJVOHHS GHSULYDWLRQ6OHHS-XQ 7VXLNL6,WR(,VRQR65\DQ&).RPDGD<0DWVXXUD0,QRXH<2URSKDU\QJHDOFURZGLQJ DQG REHVLW\ DV SUHGLFWRUV RI RUDO DSSOLDQFH WUHDWPHQW UHVSRQVH WR PRGHUDWH REVWUXFWLYHVOHHSDSQHD&KHVW>(SXEDKHDGRISULQW@

7XUNLQJWRQ306LUFDU0$OOJDU9(OOLRWW0:5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQREVWUXFWLYHVOHHS DSQRHDGULYLQJVLPXODWRUSHUIRUPDQFHDQGULVNRIURDGWUDIILFDFFLGHQWV7KRUD[ 2FW

9DQ'RQJHQ+30DLVOLQ*0XOOLQJWRQ-0'LQJHV')7KHFXPXODWLYHFRVWRIDGGLWLRQDO ZDNHIXOQHVV GRVHUHVSRQVH HIIHFWV RQ QHXUREHKDYLRUDO IXQFWLRQV DQG VOHHS SK\VLRORJ\IURPFKURQLFVOHHSUHVWULFWLRQDQGWRWDOVOHHSGHSULYDWLRQ6OHHS 0DU

<RXQJ7%OXVWHLQ-)LQQ/3DOWD06OHHSGLVRUGHUHGEUHDWKLQJDQGPRWRUYHKLFOH DFFLGHQWV LQ D SRSXODWLRQEDVHG VDPSOH RI HPSOR\HG DGXOWV 6OHHS  $XJ



௜㘓

௜㘓  ஦ᨾㄪᰝ࣭ㄪᰝ⚊