ேᩥ⛉Ꮫ⛉ CROSS CULTURAL SERVICES AUSTRALIA
1950 ᖺ௦ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿཎ⇿ᢠ㆟ࡍࡿ᪥⣔సᐙ
ࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺ
㛗 ᚿಖ
㸨ྜྷỌ ┈ஂ
㸨㸨㸦2016 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 24 ᪥ཷ⌮㸧
ࡣࡌࡵ
ᡓ๓ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ᨻᗓࡼࡿே✀ᕪูᨻ⟇ᡞᝨ࠺᪥⣔ே ࡗ࡚ᡓதࡢຨⓎࡣ᪥⣔ேᙉไᐜ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆࡶࡓࡽ ࡋࡓࠋ᪥⣔ேࡢከࡃࡀ࣓ࣜ࢝ᅜ⡠ࢆᣢࡘࡶࢃࡽࡎ ே✀ࡢ㐪࠸ࡔࡅࡼࡗ࡚ᙉไᐜࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ ࡣᕷẸࡢᇶᮏⓗேᶒࢆ↓どࡋࡓ᪥⣔ேᙉไᐜᡓதࠊே 㐨ࡍࡿཎ⇿ᢞୗᑐࡋ࡚ᖹ⩏⪅࡛࠶ࡿࣄࢧ࢚࣭ࣖ ࣐ࣔࢺࡀ⾜ࡗࡓ⌮ᛶຬẼࡼࡿᢠ㆟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡍࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡍࡁࡇࡣࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᢠ㆟ࢆᑐ ᪥ឤࡀᴟࡵ࡚✜࡞♫≧ἣࡢୗ࡛⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢᙜཎ⇿ᢞୗࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡿࡇࡢᅔ㞴ࡉࢆ⪃࠼ࡿᙜ ࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࠊᙼዪࡢᢠ㆟ࡽ 30 ᖺ௨ୖ㐣ࡂࡓ 1995 ᖺࢫ࣑ ࢯࢽࣥ༤≀㤋࡛⏬ࡉࢀࡓཎ⇿ᒎࡀ㏥ᙺ㌷ே༠ࢆࡣࡌ ࡵከᩘࡢᕷẸࠊᅜ㆟ဨࡢᑐࡼࡗ࡚୰Ṇ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ ࢆ㉳ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡇࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 1980 ᖺ௨㝆᪥⣔ேࡼࡿᗈᓥࠊ㛗ᓮࡢཎ⇿ᢞୗࢆᢅࡗࡓ సရࡀฟ∧ࡉࢀጞࡵࡓࠋࡲࡓ᪥ᮏேసᐙࡼࡿཎ⇿㛵ࡍ ࡿᩥᏛసရࡶከࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ1995 ᖺ௨㝆ࡑࢀࡽ ཎ⇿ᩥᏛࡢᏑᅾࡍࡿព⩏➼ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㆟ㄽࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓὶࢀࡽ⪃࠼ࡿࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢཎ⇿ᢞୗ ᑐࡍࡿసရࡣࠊ1951 ᖺ࠸࠺ẚ㍑ⓗ᪩࠸ᮇⓎ⾲ࡉࢀ ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡣୡ௦ࢆ㉸࠼࡚ᑐฎࡍࡁၥ㢟ࡢᥦ㉳࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ࣓ࣜ࢝࠸࠺ከᩥᅜᐙ࠾࠸࡚ே✀೫ ぢࠊᙉไᐜࠊཎ⇿ᢞୗᑐࡋ࡚᪥⣔ୡసᐙ࡛࠶ࡿ࣐ࣖ ࣔࢺࡢ♧ࡋࡓࡇࡢ⌮ᛶຬẼࡣࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢬ࣒ࡢ㐍⾜ࡍ ࡿ୰࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᡓதࡢ⤯࠼࡞࠸⌧௦♫⏕ࡁࡿ⚾ࡓࡕࡢ ㈗㔜࡞ᣦ㔪࡞ࡿࡶࡢ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㸯㸬┿⌔‴ᨷᧁ᪥⣔ேᙉไไᐜ
᪥ᮏࡽࡢฟ✌ࡂ⛣Ẹࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝Ώ⯟ࡀᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ࡿࡢ ࡣ 1890 ᖺ௨㝆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᙜึ᪥ᮏே⛣Ẹࡣࡑࡢຮࡉࡼࡾᛌࡃཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࡋࡋ⛣Ẹࡀᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ࡾࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⛣Ẹࡢ༙ࡀ㎰ᴗ ᑵປࡋࠊከࡃࡢ᪥ᮏேࡀ㎰ሙࢆ㉎ධࡋࠊၟࢆጞࡵࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡿᚎࠎ᪥ឤࡀ㧗ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⤀ኈ༠ᐃࡼࡗ࡚⛣Ẹࢆไ㝈ࡉࢀࠊእᅜேᅵᆅ ἲࡼࡾᅵᆅᡤ᭷ࡀ⚗Ṇࡉࢀ⮬Ⴀ㎰Ẹࡢ㐨ࡀ㛢ࡊࡉࢀࠊ බ❧ᏛᰯࡢධᏛ⚗Ṇࠊⓑே✀ࡢ⤖፧ࡢ⚗Ṇࠊࡉࡽ 1924 ᖺ⛣Ẹἲࡢᡂ❧ࡼࡾ⛣Ẹࡢ㠃ⓗ⚗Ṇࠊ᪥⣔ேᑐࡍ ࡿே✀ᕪูࡣ࢚ࢫ࣮࢝ࣞࢺࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽே✀ᕪู ᨻ⟇ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ᪥⣔⛣Ẹࡣࡶࡼࡾ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᏛ࡛Ꮫ ࢇࡔ᪂Ώᡞ✄㐀ࠊෆᮧ㚷୕ࡽࡶᛣࡾᢈุࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࡓ㸦cf. ࢳ࢜࢝ 274㸧ࡀࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡣ᪥⡿㛵ಀࡢᝏࢆពᅗࡋࡓ ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ᥎ࡋ㐍ࡵ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1941 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 7 ᪥㸦⌧ᆅ㛫㸧ࡢ┿⌔‴ᨷᧁࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ ᪥ᮏ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡣ㠃ᡓத✺ධࡍࡿࠋ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡢ᪥ ឤࡀࣄࢫࢸ࣮ࣜࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ୰࡛ࠊ1942 ᖺ 2 ᭶ࣇࣛࣥࢡ ࣭࣮ࣜࣥࣟࢬ࣋ࣝࢺ⤫㡿ࡣࠊ⾜ᨻ௧ 㸦Executive Order 9066㸧ࢆฟࡍࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ኴᖹὒἢᓊఫࡴ ࡚ࡢ᪥⣔ே࠾ࡼࡑ 12 ேࡀࠊෆ㝣㒊ࡢ◁₍ࡸᒣᓅᆅᖏ࠶ ࡿ 10 ࣨᡤࡢᙉไᐜᡤ㸦Internment Camp㸧ᐜࡉࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ⾜ᨻ௧ࡣࢻࢶ⣔ࠊࢱࣜ⣔ఫẸࡶᩛᛶእᅜே ࡋ࡚ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᐇ㝿ᙉไᐜᡤᐜࡉࢀࡓࡢ ࡣ᪥⣔ேࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࢻࢶேࠊࢱࣜேࡀⓑ ே࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡶ㛵ಀࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝♫༨ࡵࡿ ᙼࡽ/ᙼዪࡽࡢྜࡀࡁ࠸ࡓࡵࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢேࠎᢤࡁ࡛ࡣᆅ ᇦ♫ࡀṇᖖᶵ⬟ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓ࠸࠺⌮⏤ᣐࡿࡇࢁࡀ ࡁ࠸ࠋࡇࡢࡇࡣࣁ࣡ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡢሙྜࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡾ 㸦ࢲࢽ࢚ࣝࢬ 94,95㸧ࠊࣁ࡛࣡ࡣ୍㒊ࡢ᪥⣔ேࡀᙉไᐜ ࡉࢀࡓࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࣁ࣡ࡢ⛣Ẹࡣୖ㏙ࡢ⤀ኈ༠ᐃࡢ ⥾⤖ࡉࢀࡓ 1908 ᖺࡲ࡛⣙ 15 ேᙉ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦cf. ࢲ ࢽ࢚ࣝࢬ㸧ࡀࠊ┿⌔‴ᨷᧁ௨㝆ࡢࣁ࣡࠾ࡅࡿ᪥⣔ேࡢ ᙉไᐜၥ㢟ࡣࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ᮏᅵࡣ࡞ࡾ␗࡞ࡿ⤒⦋ࢆ㎺ ࡿࡓࡵᮏ✏ࡣྵࡵ࡞࠸ࡇࡍࡿࠋ ᡓᚋ⣙ 40 ᖺ㛫ࠊᐜᡤయ㦂ࡣ᪥⣔ேࡢグ᠈ࡢ୰࡛ᢚᅽࡉ ࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ᪥⣔ேࡢᩥ࠾࠸࡚ಶேࡣࡑࡢ♫ࡸ ྡࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡉࢀࠊᙼࡽ/ᙼዪࡽࡣᐜయ 㦂㛵ࡋ࡚㯲ࡋ࡚ㄒࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓ 1950 ᖺ௦ࡣ࣐ࢵ࢝ࢩ ࣮᪕㢼ࡀ྿ࡁⲨࢀࠊ෭ᡓᮇࡢ⥆ࡃ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣᙉไᐜࡸ ᡓதࡢࡇࢆㄒࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞♫⎔ቃ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ᪥⣔ே ࠉࠉࡓࡕࡢᐙ᪘ྐ࠾ࡅࡿ✵ⓑࡢ㒊ศࢆࠊ୕ୡࡓࡕࡀၥ࠸ࡅ ጞࡵࡓࡢࡣ 1960㹼1970 ᖺ௦࡞ࡗ࡚ࡽ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ ࡢከᵝ࡞࣐ࣀࣜࢸ㞟ᅋࡀᶒᣑᙇࢆ᥎㐍ࡋࡓ௦୍ ⮴ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊᙉไᐜࡼࡗ࡚ኻࢃࢀࡓ㈨⏘ᑐࡍࡿ ⿵ൾࢆ࣓ࣜ࢝ᕷẸࡢᶒࡋ࡚せồࡍࡿୡࠊ୕ୡࡓࡕ ࡢ㐠ືࡀጞࡲࡾࠊࡑࢀࡣከࡃࡢ᪥⣔ேࢆࡣࡌࡵࡑࡢࡢ ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࢆࡶᕳࡁ㎸ࢇࡔ㐠ືⓎᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ ࣟࢼࣝࢻ࣭࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥ⤫㡿ࡣࠊ1988 ᖺ㈺ൾἲ 㸦the Civil Liberties Act of 1988㸧ᮏព࡞ࡀࡽࡶ⨫ྡࢆࡍࡿࡇࡼ ࡾࠊ᪥⣔ேࡢᙉไᐜᑐࡋ࡚ṇᘧㅰ⨥ࡋࠊᐜࡉࢀࡓ ᪥⣔ேᑐࡋ୍࡚ேᙜࡓࡾ 2 ࢻࣝࡢ㈺ൾ㔠ࡀ 1990 ᖺࡽ ᨭᡶࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓ㸦cf. ࢲࢽ࢚ࣝࢬ 195㸧ࠋࡇࡢᙉไ ᐜᑐࡍࡿㅰ⨥⿵ൾ࠸࠺Ṕྐⓗ⤒㦂ࡣࠊࠕ᪥⣔ேࡢ ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢಙ㢗ࢆᅇࡉࡏࠊ᪥⣔ேࡗ࡚ࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ே ࡋ࡚ࡢᅜẸព㆑ࢆ㧗ࡵࡉࡏࠖ㸦᳃ⱱ 180㸧ࡓࠋ௨ୖࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞᪥⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢṌࡳࡣࠊከࡃࡢୡసᐙࡼࡗ࡚సရ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦cf. 㛗, 2013, p.149㸧ࠋ
㸰㸬ࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺᙉไᐜ
ࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣ 1921 ᖺ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋ ༑௦࡛ᇳ➹άືࢆጞࡵ࡚ࠊ27 ṓࡢࡁᢞ✏ࡋࡓసရࡀึࡵ ࡚ᩥⱁㄅ᥇⏝ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࡶసᐙάືࢆ⥆ࡅ࣓ࣜ࢝ ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ඃ⚽▷⦅సᐙ㑅ࡤࢀࡓ᪥⣔ୡసᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᙼዪࡣ➨ḟᡓᚋࡢ᪥ឤࡢࡲࡽ࡞࠸࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ 㧗ࡃホ౯ࡉࢀࡓ᪥⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ே▷⦅సᐙ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢసရ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡇࢀࡲ࡛ከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺ ࡀసရ࡛ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡿࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ⏕ࡲࢀࡢ୍ୡࡢ୧ぶ ୡࡢᏊ౪ࡓࡕࡢᏳᐃ࡞㛵ಀࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿ୍ୡࠊ ≉ዪᛶࡢᅔ㞴࡞㐺ᛂ≧ἣࠊ᪥⣔ேᙉไᐜᡤࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࡢ ᰿ᗏ࠶ࡿே✀ᕪูၥ㢟ࠊᖜᗈ࠸㡿ᇦ㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣖ ࣐ࣔࢺసရࡢከࡃࡣࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢ⤒㦂ࡸぢ⪺ࡋࡓฟ᮶ ᐦ᥋㛵㐃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛⮬ఏⓗ࡞㊃ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢసရࡣ῝࠸⌮ᛶᡴࡕࡉࢀࡓෆ┬ⓗ࡞⪃ᐹࢆ ᥥฟࡍࡿⅬ࠾࠸࡚ࠊࡢከࡃࡢୡసᐙࡼࡿླྀ㏙ⓗ࡞ ᅇ㘓ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࠋ ୡࡣᙉไᐜࡼࡗ࡚ᩛᅜேࡋ࡚࿘⦕ࡉࢀࠊಶࠎ ேࢆࡶྰᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋୡసᐙࡣⓑேㄞ⪅ࡢ⾪✺ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿ ࡓࡵࠊ㝿❧ࡘಶᛶࡢ࡞࠸“discursive agency”ࢆᥥࡃࡇ ࡞ࡾࠊసᐙಶேࡢ┿ࢆྤ㟢ࡍࡿࡇࢆᕪࡋ᥍࠼ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ ࡋ࡚ࠊୡసᐙࡣ␗ᖖㄞ⪅ࢆព㆑ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊⓑே ୰ᚰ♫ཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ゝⴥࢆ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⮬ఏ ࢆ᭩ࡃ࠸࠺⤖ᯝ㝗ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊᙼࡽ/ᙼዪࡽࡣᙉไᐜ ࠾࠸࡚ಶேࡢయᛶࡢྰᐃࡲࡽࡎࠊ᪥⣔ே♫ యࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࢆࡶྰᐃࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊୡసᐙࡣ“I am an American”࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ“We are Americans”࠸࠺㞟ᅋⓗ࡞ ᚑᒓᛶࢆពࡍࡿㄒᙡࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥⣔ேࡢ “Americanness”ᑐࡍࡿⓑேࡢ࠸ࢆྰᐃࡋࡼ࠺ດࡵࡿ 㸦cf. Traise Yamamoto 105-09㸧ࠋ ᪥⣔సᐙࡢࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ഴྥࡣࠊᩋᡓࡋࡓẸ᪘࡛࠶ࡿ᪥ᮏ ேᡓᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢᨻᗓཬࡧ࣓ࣜ࢝ᅜẸࡽ⤊ ᡓᚋཷࡅࡓࠊ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㠃࠾ࡅࡿᕪูࡸไ㝈➼ࡢᢚᅽࡢ⤖ ᯝ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࢻࢶࡀᩋᡓᅜ࡞ࡗࡓ≧ἣୗ࡛ࠊ ࣘࢲࣖேࡀ࣍ࣟࢥ࣮ࢫࢺࢆㄒࡿሙྜࡣࡁ࡞㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡗ ࡓ⌮ゎࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ 1976 ᖺ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝグ㍕ࡉࢀࡓグ “. . . I Still Carry It Around” ࡛ࠊᐜయ㦂ࡘ࠸࡚ࠕ᪥⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ ᩥᏛࡣ᪥⣔ேࡢᙉไᐜࢆᢤࡁࡋ࡚ࡣㄒࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ ࠸ࠖ㸦69㸧㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࠊᐜయ㦂ࢆㄒࡗ ࡓࢻ࣓࢟ࣗࣥࢱ࣮ࣜࡢࢸࣞࣅ␒⤌ࢆぢ࡚ࠊẼࡀࡃἽࡁ ྉࢇ࡛࠸ࡓ࠸࠺࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ࢻࡶㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕࡇࡢ࢚ࣆࢯ࣮ ࢻࡣ࠾ࡑࡽࡃ1970㹼1974 ᖺ㡭ࡢฟ᮶ࡔ᥎ ࡉࢀࡿࠖ㸦㛗 , 2012, p.149㸧ࡀࠊ⣙ 30 ᖺ㛫ࡶ᪥⣔ேᙉไᐜ࠸࠺ྜ ⌮࡞ฟ᮶ࡀࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢព㆑ࡢዟ῝ࡃᢚᅽࡉࢀࡓࡲࡲ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡀศࡿ㸦cf. 㛗, 2012, p.149㸧ࠋ ᙉไᐜ⤒㦂ࡀ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘࡞ࡗ࡚㛗࠸㛫ᙼዪ ࢆᢚᅽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡣᙼዪ⮬㌟ࡢㄒࡿࡇࢁ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ సရࡢ࡞࡛⮬㌟ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆ୍ே⛠࡛ㄒࡿࡇࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘ࡣࡑࡢᙧࢆኚ࠼࡞ࡀࡽከࡃࡢసရࡢ୰ ⾲ฟࡍࡿࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡀࡇࡢᢚᅽࡽ⮬ᕫࢆ㛤ᨺ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ ࡣᙉไᐜᑐࡍࡿ⿵ൾ㐠ື࠾࠸࡚᪥⣔ேࡀࡑࡢయ㦂ࢆ බࡢሙ࡛ㄒࡾጞࡵࡓ 1981 ᖺࡶ㐣ࡂ࡚ࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡗ࡚㛗 ᖺࢃࡓࡿᢚᅽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓᙉไᐜࡢ᰿※࡞ࡗࡓே✀೫ぢ ᑐࡋ࡚ᙼዪࡀ฿㐩ࡋࡓ⤖ㄽᛮࢃࢀࡿసရࠕࣇ࢛ࣥࢱࢼ ࡢⅆࠖ㸦1985㸧ࡢⓎ⾲௨㝆࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᙉไᐜࡘ࠸࡚࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࡑࡢ㛗⦅リࠕ㏣ᨺ 1942̺45 ᖺࠖ㸨ࢆ1981 ᖺⓎ⾲ࡋࠊᙉไᐜࢆ③Ⅿᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᙼዪࡀᙉไᐜࡢᮏ㉁ゐࢀࡓ୍㒊ศࡔࡅࢆᢤ ⢋ࡍࡿࠋWe go through the motions of living as though they are of moment, accidie the order of each day, as we play at this hapless game of patience. But this limbo is only the shadow of the substance, even so. The real horror, unbelievable Even now, is left to others.
Hermetically sealed in this arid semblance of bliss, we are purblind: the skies will soon entertain a flowering more ࠉࠉ7+(*810$̻.2+6(15(9,(:1R
spectacular than all the cherry blossoms of any given year put together, so dazzling as to be shrivel man’s hope for aye; as well as unaware of
millions more over there, uprooted, handpicked much as we, being refined in such stunning ways, as to make our much too dusty, much too sunny sojourn approach in review, their land, usurped, of milk and honey.
(The Rafu shimpo 19 December 1981)
ືࡃࡇࡔࡅࡀ⏕ࡁ࡚ࡿドࡋ ࡑࢀࡶ᮰ࡢ㛫ࠋ᪥ࠎࡢ⛛ᗎࡣ ࡲࡿ࡛ពẼࡀ࠶ࡀࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇࢆࡃࡄࡾࡠࡅࡼ࠺ ࠾ࡶࡋࢁࡃࡶ࡞࠸ࢺࣛࣥࣉ㐟ࡧࠋ ࡇࡢ↢⊹ࡶᐇయࡢᙳࡍࡂ࡞࠸ࡢࡣࡓࡋࠋ ࢇ࠺ࡢᜍᛧ ࠸ࡲ࡛ࡶಙࡌࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࡀ ࢇ࠺ࢇ࠺ࡢᜍᛧࡣ ࡢேࡓࡕࡲࡏࡿࠋ ⚄ࡢᜨࡳࡶ࠾ࡶ࠼ࡿ⎔ቃ ᐦ㛢ࡉࢀ࡚ ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ ༙┣ேࠋࡶ࠺ࡍࡄ✵ࡀ ⰼࡢᏘ⠇ࢆࡅ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋ ୍ᖺศࡢᱜࢆ㒊㞟ࡵࡓࡼࡾࡶ ⳹࡞ගᬒ ࡑࡢࡲࡪࡋࡉ ྍ⬟ᛶࡢክࡀࡕࡖࢇ࡛ ⚾ࡓࡕྠᵝ ᰿ࡇࡑࡂࡉࢀ ࠾ࢁࡠࢀࡿ ࡛ࡶྥࡇ࠺ഃࡢ ఱⓒேࡣࡳ࠼࡞࠸ ⚾ࡓࡕྠᵝ ṧ㓞࡞ࡸࡾࡓ࡛ ◊☻ࡉࢀࡿ ࡦࡍࡂࡿ◁ࡰࡇࡾࡦࡍࡂࡿⅎ⇕ࡢ ᣊ␃ࢆࡩࡾ࠼ࡿ ࠺ࡽࡀ࠼ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓⓑேࡓࡕࡢ ங⻤ࡢὶࢀࡿᅜࡀ㔜ࡋ࡞ࡿࠋ (୰ᒣ 9-18) ࠕࢇ࠺ࡢᜍᛧࡣ ࡢேࡓࡕࡲࡏࡿࠖ࠸࠺୍ ⠇ࡣࠊᙜ᪥⣔ேࢆ௦⾲ࡋ࡚࣓ࣜ࢝ᨻᗓᢡ⾪ᙜࡓ ࡗࡓ᪥⣔ேᕷẸ༠ JACL㸦Japanese American Citizens League㸧ࡢᙉไᐜᨻ⟇ࡢ༠ຊⓗ࡞ែᗘᑐࡍࡿస⪅ࣖ ࣐ࣔࢺࡢᢈุࢆឤࡌࡿࠋJACL ࡣᙜᴟᗘࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝୰ᚰ♫ ࡢྠᚿྥࡽࠊᙉไᐜᨻ⟇ࠕྠពࠖ㸦ࢲࢽ ࢚ࣝࢬ 100㸧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᙉไᐜࡼࡗ୍࡚Ẹ᪘ࢆࠕཤ ໃ≧ែࠖࡋ࡚⁛ࡰࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࣓ࣜ࢝࠸࠺ᅜࡢᮏ㉁ࢆ ࠕங⻤ࡢὶࢀࡿࠖ㇏࡞ᅜࡣ⭡࡞⢭⚄ⓗ㈋ࡋ࠸㔝 ⻅࡞ᅜ࡛࠶ࡿ⣕ᙎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸱㸬ᡓதᑐࡍࡿ⌮ᛶࡼࡿᢠ㆟
ࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ᢈุࡢグࢆᥖ㍕ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊࡓ࠼⾲⌧ ᕤኵࢆจࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊỴࡋ࡚ᐜ࡛᫆ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡣ ࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ㸦2008, p.404㸧ᒣᮏᒾኵࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊࣖ ࣐ࣔࢺࡀᡓᙉไᐜࠊࡲࡓᡓᚋཎ⇿ᢞୗࡘ࠸࡚ᢠ㆟ ࡋࡓ௦ࡣࠊゝㄽࡢ⮬⏤ࡀチࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ⌧௦᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ⌮ゎ ࡋࡀࡓ࠸♫≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ᐜᡤෆ࡛ࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ᢈุⓗ࡞グࢆฟ∧≀㍕ࡏ ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺ᡓ㌿ఫᒁࡀཝࡋ࠸᳨㜀ࢆ࠾ࡇ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࠕ⚾ࡓࡕࡣ⮬ᕫ᳨㜀ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠖ㸦ࠗ⨶ᗓ࣐࢞ࢪࣥ࠘ 1992 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 12 ᪥ྕ㸧࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡀ࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ ࣏ࠗࢫࢺ࣭ࣥࢡࣟࢽࢡࣝ࠘࠾࠸࡚ࡶᙼዪࡓࡕࡣᥖ㍕グ ⮬ᕫつไࢆࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㸦ᒣᮏᒾኵ, 2008, p.404㸧 ᡓᚋ࠾࠸࡚ࡶ᪥⣔సᐙࡣㄞ⪅ࢆព㆑ࡋ࡚┿ࢆㄒࡿࡇ ࢆᕪࡋ᥍࠼ࡓࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣ࣏ࠗࢫࢺ࣭ࣥࢡࣟࢽࢡ࡛ࣝ࠘ ᐜᡤࢆฮົᡤ㸦prison㸧⾲⌧ࡋࠊ㸦1943 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 30 ᪥㸧ࡲࡓ ᪥⣔රኈࡀࠊᐙ᪘ࡢᕷẸᶒࡀᡠࡿࡲ࡛ࡣ㌷ົᖐࡍࡿࡇ ࡣ࡞࠸ᙇࡋ࡚ࠊ࣏ࢫࢺࣥᙉไᐜᡤ࠸ࡿ୧ぶࡢඖ ࢆཤࢁ࠺ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓරኈࡘ࠸࡚࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࠊྠࡍࡿ ࢚ࢵࢭࢆ᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿ㸦1943 ᖺ 4 ᭶ 18 ᪥㸧㸦cf. ᒣᮏᒾኵ, 2008, p. 403-404㸧ࠋ 1943 ᖺ 1 ᭶࣓ࣜ࢝ᨻᗓࡣ᪥⣔ୡࡼࡿᡓ㜚㒊㝲ࢆ⦅ ᡂࡍࡿࡓࡵᚿ㢪රࢆເ㞟ࡍࡿࡇࢆỴᐃࠊࠕ࣮ࣟࢬࣦ࢙ࣝࢺ ⤫㡿ࡣ࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣே✀ࡸ♽ඛࡢၥ㢟࡛ࡣỴࡋ ࡚࡞࠸࠘࠸࠺ኌ᫂ࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊࡇࡢỴᐃࢆ㈹㈶ࡋࡓࠖ㸦ࢲࢽ ࢚ࣝࢬ 131㸧ࠋྠࡌ⤫㡿ࡀ 1942 ᖺ 2 ᭶ࠊ᪥⣔ேࢆே✀ࡢ 㐪࠸ࠊ᪥ᮏேࢆඛ♽ᣢࡘࡔࡅࡢ⌮⏤࡛ᙉไᐜᡤ㏦ࡗ ࡓࡇࡣࠊ⓶⫗࡞ࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢᘵࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࢶࣚࢩ࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡶࡇࡢ㒊㝲ࡢ୍ රኈࡋ࡚ᡓ࠸ࢱ࡛ࣜᡓṚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣᡓᚋ 㛫ࡶ࡞࠸ 1945 ᖺᘵࡢᅇ㘓ࢆ᪂⪺ᥖ㍕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࣖ ࣔࢺࡣࡇࡢᅇ㘓ࢆࠊ⳹ࠎࡋ࠸ࡕᡓࡢᵝᏊࢆᮇᚅࡍࡿ ࣓ࣜ࢝ឡᅜ⪅ྥࡅࡢグ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ๓⨨ࡁࡋ࡚⮬ศࡓࡕ ࡢᐙ᪘ࡢࡇࠊᘵࡲࡘࢃࡿヰࢆࡋࡴࡼ࠺ῐࠎㄒ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Los Angeles Tribune, Nov. 26, 1945㸧ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ᅜ⡠࡛࠶ࡿᘵࡀ㧗ᰯ༙ࡤࡋ࡚ᐙ᪘ ࡶᙉไᐜᡤ⾜࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࠊᮍᡂ ᖺ௦ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿཎ⇿ᢠ㆟ࡍࡿ᪥⣔సᐙࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺࠉࠉᖺࡢᙼࡀ࣓ࣜ࢝㌷ධ㝲ࡍࡿࡓࡵぶࡢᢎㄆࢆᚲせࡋࡓ ࠊ୧ぶࡣࡑࡢᅜᐙࡼࡗ࡚ࣜࢰࢼࡢᐜᡤධࢀࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࠊࡑࡋ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃᡓ⥺࡛࣓ࣜ࢝රࡋ࡚ࢻ ࢶරᡓ࠸◙ᙎࢆ⬚ཷࡅ࡚ᡓṚࡋࡓ࠸࠺ᤄヰࡶධࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࢀࡣࠊබẸᶒࢆᐖࡉࢀ࡞ࡀࡽࡶ࣓ࣜ࢝රࡋ࡚ᡓ Ṛࡋࡓᘵࡢ୧ぶࡀ࣓ࣜ࢝ᨻᗓࡼࡗ࡚ᙉไᐜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡓ࠸࠺▩┪ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ1945 ᖺ࠸࠺᪥୍Ⰽࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝ ♫࠾࠸࡚࣐ࣖࣔࢺฟ᮶ࡓ⢭୍ᮼࡢᢠ࡛࠶ࡗࡓᛮ ࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢసရࠕࣇࣞࣥࢶ࢙ࡢᗞࠖ㸦1995㸧ࡣࡇࡢᘵࡢ ᗂᑡ௦ࡽᡓṚ⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࡢᐙ᪘ࡲࡘࢃࡿヰࡀᅇ㘓 ࡋ࡚ㄒࡽࢀࡿࠋసရ࡛ࡣ࣐ࣖࣔࢺ⮬㌟ࢆࣔࢹࣝࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿᛮࢃࢀࡿᬌᖺࡢኵ፬࣑࢟ࢥࣝࡀࢱࣜࠊࣇࣛࣥ ࢫࢆ᪑⾜ࡋ࡚ᘵࡢࡢ࠶ࡿࢱࣜࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝රᆅࢆゼ ࡡࡿᵝᏊࡀ୕ே⛠ࡢㄒࡾ࡛ㄒࡽࢀࡿࠋ࣑࢟ࢥࡀᘵࡢࢆ᥈ ࡋᙜ࡚ࠊ▼้ࡲࢀࡓᘵࡢྡ๓ᑐ㠃ࡋࡓࡢᅇ࡛ࠕⓑ ࠸༑Ꮠᯫࡢୗࣂࣛࡢⰼࢆ⨨ࡃࠋࡑࡋ࡚࣑࢟ࢥࡣ 46 ᖺ๓ ⪺࠸ࡓᘵࡢṚࡢ▱ࡽࡏࡀࠊࡓࡗࡓᒆ࠸ࡓࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ㌟ ࢆษࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᝒࡋ࠸႙ኻឤࡉࡽ࡞ࡀࡽくࢃࢀࡿࠋ ᘵࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࢀࡇࢀീࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊࡶ࠺ࡸࡵ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ㸦࣐ࣖࣔࢺ, 2008, p.369㸧ㄒࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣑࢟ࢥࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝රᆅࢆゼࢀࠊࡑࡇࡢ☃ᩥࡢ୍ࡘࠕᙼ ࡽࡣຬẼࢆᣢࡕࠊᩛ㏆࡙ࡁᑐᓖࡋࡓࠋᡓ㜚ࡢ⾪ᧁࡀ㉳ࡇ ࡗࡓࠊṚࡀ㏕ࡿᙼࡽࡢ┠ࡣࠊᜍᛧ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃᰤග‶ࡕ ࡚࠸ࡿᛮ࠼ࡿୡ⏺ࡽ㞳ࢀ࡚ࠊே⏕ࡢ㡬Ⅼ୍࡛▐ᜌᝮឤ ᾐࡗࡓࠖ࠶ࡿࡢࢆㄞࢇࡔࠋࠕᜌᝮ࡞ࡢࡋࡽࠊ࣑࢟ࢥࡣ ࡑ࠺ࡣᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠋࡶ࠺ㄞࡴࡢࢆࡸࡵࡿࠋ⭡ࡀ❧ࡘࡔࡅࡔࠖ 㸦ibid.,p.383㸧ࠋᘵࡀ㌷㝲ධ㝲ࡋࡓ⌮⏤࡛࠶ࡿᙼࡢࠕᖹ ⩏ࡀ⌮ᛶࡼࡾࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁឤ᰿ࡊࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ㸦ibid.,p. 376㸧 ࡢࡣᑐ↷ⓗࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡗ࡚ࡢᡓ㜚ࡼࡿṚࡣᰤග ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ῝࠸ᝒࡋࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢసရ࡛ᘵࡀ㌷㝲ᚿ㢪ࡋࡓࡇࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕ✺↛ࠊࢺ ࣑࣮㹙ᘵ㹛ࡣ㌷㝲ᚿ㢪ࡋࡓᐙ᪘▱ࡽࡏ࡚ࡃࡿࠋᙼࡢ ࡑࡶࡑࡶࡢᖹ⩏ࡀ⌮ᛶࡼࡾࡶࠊࡴࡋࢁឤ᰿ࡊࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࡇ࣑࢟ࢥࡣ࡚ࡶ㦫ࡉࢀࡿࠋᙼዪࡣࡲࡓࠊṇᙜ ࡞⌮⏤ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࢆᙉไ㏥ཤࡉࡏࠊ◁₍ࡢ࡞⨨ ࡁཤࡾࡋࡓᅜࡢࡓࡵṊჾࢆࡶࡘࡇࡢ⓶⫗ࡉ㦫ࡃࠖ 㸦ibid.,p.376㸧ㄒࡿࡇࡽࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡀ⌮ᛶࡢே࡛࠶ࡿ ࡇࡀ࠺ࡀࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞⌮ᛶࢆࡶࡘᙼዪࡗ࡚ࠊ ࣓ࣜ࢝ᨻᗓࡼࡿἲ࡞ᙉไᐜࡣチࡋ㞴࠸ฟ᮶࡞ࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
㸲㸬ཎ⇿ᢞୗᑐࡍࡿᢠ㆟
ᒣᮏ⚽⾜㸦2014㸧ࡼࢀࡤࠊ᪥⣔࣓࣭ࣜ࢝࢝ࢼࢲே ࡼࡿཎ⇿㛵ࡍࡿసရࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࢪ࣭ࣙࢥ࢞࣡ࡢࠗ࠾ࡤ ࡉࢇ࠘㸦1981㸧ࠊࢪ࢙࣒ࢬ࣭N ࣭࣐ࣖࢨ࢟ࡢࠗཎ⇿ࡢᏊ౪ ࡓࡕ࠘㸦1994㸧ࠊࣄࢹࢥ࣭ࢱ࣒࣭ࣛࢫࢼࢲ࣮ࡢࠗ࠶ࡿᬕࢀ ࡓ᪥―ᗈᓥࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ࠶ࡿᏊࡶࡢグ᠈࠘㸦1996㸧➼ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ ࡲࡓ᪥ᮏ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊཎẸ႐ࠗኟࡢⰼ࠘㸦1947㸧ࠊኴ⏣ὒᏊ ࠗᒈࡢ⾤࠘㸦1948㸧ࠊఅ㫟ࠗ㯮࠸㞵࠘㸦1960㸧࡞ࡢࡶࡢ ࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦65㸧ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢసရࡣ࠸ࡎࢀࡶᗈᓥ࣭㛗ᓮࡢ⿕⇿⪅ ࡢᝒࡉⱞᝎࡑࡋ࡚㠀ே㐨ⓗ࡞ཎ⇿ᢞୗࡘ࠸࡚ㄒࡽࢀ ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡶཎ⇿ᢞୗ㛵ࡋ࡚⤊ᡓࡽ㛫ࡶ࡞࠸ 1951 ᖺ ࡼࡾ⥅⥆ࡋ࡚᪂⪺ࡸࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣝࡢグᢞ✏࠾ࡼࡧసရ࡛ ྲྀࡾୖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢࡇࢀࡽࡢཎ⇿㛵ࡍࡿグࠊ సရࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊୖ⤂ࡋࡓཎ⇿ᩥᏛࡢసရࡀᗈᓥࠊ㛗ᓮ ࡽࡢⓎಙࡢᙧࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ࡚ࡀ᪥⣔ ேࡢཎ⇿ᢞୗࡲࡘࢃࡿ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡽࡢⓎಙࡢᙧ࡛ㄒࡽࢀ ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣఅ㫟ࡢࠗ㯮࠸㞵࠘ࢆㄞࡳ ཎ⇿ࡢᅽಽࡉࢀࡘࡘክ୰࡛ㄞࢇࡔᑐㄯ࡛ㄒࡗ࡚࠾ ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡢཎ⇿ᩥᏛࡶ㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀศࡿ㸦cf. ࣐ࣖࣔࢺ, 1987, p. 14㸧ࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࠊ“The Streaming Tears”㢟ࡉࢀࡿ▷⦅࠾࠸ ࡚ཎ⇿ࢆᢞୗࡋࡓ⇿ᧁᶵࡢࣃࣟࢵࢺࡢヰࢆ⤂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢㄒࡾࡢᗏὶࡣࠊཎ⇿ᢞୗࡢᢠ㆟ࡀ࠺ ࡀࢃࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ 1951 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 20 ᪥⨶ᗓ᪂ሗᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ ࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢ∗ぶࡀࣔࢹࣝᛮࢃࢀࡿࣃࣃࡀࣛࢫ ࣋࢞ࢫࡢ㊰ୖ࡛ཎ⇿ࢆᢞୗࡋࡓB-29 ⇿ᧁᶵࡢࣃࣟࢵࢺ ⛠ࡍࡿⓑேฟࡗࡓࡢヰࢆᏊ౪ヰࡋ࡚⪺ࡏࡿ࠸ ࠺ᙧ࡛ㄒࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡑ࠺ⱝࡃࡣ࡞࠸㢌ࡶⷧࡃ࡞ࡾࡅࡓᑠኴࡾࡢࣃࣟࢵࢺ ࡢ⏨ࡣᬑ㏻ࡢ᭹ࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㓇㓉ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᵝᏊࡶ࡞࠸ ࡢࠕཎ⇿ࢆᢞୗࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ከࡃࡢேࢆẅࡋࡓࠖ ᾦࢆὶࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࣃࣃࡢ๓࡛Ἵ࠸ࡓࠋᙼࡣ⥆ࡅ࡚ࠕ⚾ࡣ ࠺ࡍࡿࡇࡶฟ᮶࡞ࡗࡓࠊ⚾ࡀẅࡍࠊࡉࡶ࡞ࡃࡤ⚾ࡀ ẅࡉࢀࡿࡔࡗࡓࡢࡔࠖ⏨ࡣἽࡁ࡞ࡀࡽㄒࡿࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺ ࡀࣔࢹࣝᛮࢃࢀࡿࠕ⚾ࠖࡣࡇࡢ⏨ࡀࠊ㉃༤࡛ᩥ↓ࡋ࡞ ࡗࡓࡢ࡛Ἵ࠸ࡓࡢࠊᗈᓥࡢᑐࡋ࡚Ἵ࠸࡚ぢࡏࢀࡤࠊ ᪥ᮏேࡀ႐ࡪࡳ࡚Ἵ࠸࡚ぢࡏࡓࡢࠊ࡞࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ ᛮ࠸ࢆ㥅ࡏ࡚ࡳࡿࠋࠕ⚾ࠖࡣࠊཎ⇿ᢞୗࡢ࣎ࢱࣥࢆᢲࡋࡓ ࠸࠺⏨ࡀࠊᝎࢇࡔᮎ࢝ࢼࢲࡢಟ㐨㝔ධࡗࡓࡢ୕ᩥグ ᢅ࠸ࡢࢽ࣮ࣗࢫࢆ᪂⪺࡛ㄞࢇࡔࡇࢆᛮ࠸ฟࡍࠋࡶࡋࠊ ᾦࢆὶࡋࡓ⏨ࡀಟ㐨㝔⾜ࡗࡓ⏨ྠ୍ே≀࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊࣃ ࣃࡽ⪺࠸ࡓࣃࣟࢵࢺࡢヰࡣࠕࣘࢲࡢᾦࠖࡶఝࡓᝒ ࡛࠶ࡾ⨾ࡋ࠸ヰ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ≀ㄒࡣᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚ᕦጁ࡞ᡭἲ࡛ ཎ⇿ᢞୗࢆᬯᢈุࡋ࡚࠸ࡿゝ࠼ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊಟ㐨㝔ධࡗࡓ⏨ࡢグࡀ୕ᩥ グᢅ࠸࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺༢ᐇࢆ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺࡞୍⠇ࠊ ࣓ࣜ࢝♫ࡢཎ⇿ᢞୗᑐࡍࡿព㆑ࡢపࡉࡢ࣐ࣖࣔࢺ ࡢᢠ㆟ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼዪࡣࡇࡢ▷⦅ࡀ⤊ᡓ┤ᚋ ࡢ♫ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㌷ຊࢆ♧ࡍࡿᅜᐙࡣཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ ࠉࠉ7+(*810$̻.2+6(15(9,(:1R
࡞࠸ࡇࢆ༑ศㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛ࡶࠊࣖ ࣐ࣔࢺࡣே㐨ࡍࡿཎ⇿ᢞୗࢆ㯲ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡣฟ᮶࡞ ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙼዪࡢ⌮ᛶࡣ㯲ㄆࡍࡿࡇࢆ⮬㌟チࡉ ࡞࠸ࠋ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࠊࣇࣜ࢝⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேᑐࡍࡿே✀ᕪ ูᢠ㆟ࡋ࡚ࠊே✀ᕪูࡢᢠ㆟㞟࡞ཧຍࡋࡓࡇࡶ ࠶ࡗࡓ㸦Los Angeles Tribune, July 5, 1947㸧ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ᙼዪࡣࠊ ⩏ົࡋ࡚ཎ⇿ᢞୗࢆ㐙⾜ࡋࡓරኈࡢⱞࡋࡳࢆᥥࡃࡇ ࡼࡗ࡚ཎ⇿ᢞୗࢆṇᙜࡍࡿᅜᐙ♫ᑐࡋ࡚ᢠ㆟ࡋࡓ ࡇࡀㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࠋ ࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ࡢ୰ࡢཎ⇿ㄽத―ᡓᚋ 50 ᖺࢫ࣑ࢯࢽࣥᒎ ♧ࡢἼ⣠―࠘ࡼࡿࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ୡㄽࡀཎ⇿⏝㈶ᡂࡢ ᪉ྥࡁࡃഴ࠸ࡓࡇࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞⤒⦋ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࠕ⤊ ᡓ┤ᚋࡢඵ᭶ᮎ⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡓୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡢ 85 ࣃ࣮ࢭࣥࢺࡀཎ⇿ࡢ⏝㈶ᡂពぢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠖ㸦NHK ྲྀ ᮦ⌜ 120㸧ࠋࡋࡋࠊ1946 ᖺ 8 ᭶ 31 ᪥ࠊࠗࢽ࣮࣮࣮ࣗࣚ࢝࠘ ࡣࠊࢪ࣭ࣙࣥࣁ࣮ࢩ࣮࠸࠺ࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣜࢫࢺࡢ≉㞟࣏࣮ࣞ ࢺࡼࡗ࡚ࣄࣟࢩ࣐ࡢⲨᗫࡢᵝᏊࢆఏ࠼ࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ ᯝࠊࠕཎ⇿ࡢᢞୗᑐࡍࡿၥࡸࠊཎ⇿ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡢ㐨⩏ᛶࢆ ၥ࠺ࠖ㸦ibid., p.121㸧ୡㄽࡀ㧗ࡲࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ༴ᶵឤࢆເࡽ ࡏࡓࢺ࣮࣐ࣝࣥ⤫㡿ࢆྵࡵࡓཎ⇿ᢞୗỴᐃ㛵ࡋࡓ ேࠎࡣ 1947 ᖺࠕཎ⇿⏝ࡢỴ᩿ࠖ㢟ࡍࡿ࣮࣭࣊ࣥࣜࢫࢸ ࣒ࢯࣥࡢㄽᩥࢆࠗࣁ࣮ࣃ࣮ࢬ࣭࣐࢞ࢪࣥ࠘ᥖ㍕ࡋࡓࠋ ࡑࡢ୰࡛ࠊཎ⇿ᢞୗࡀࠕ100 ே௨ୖࠖ㸦ibid., p.128㸧ࡢ࣓ ࣜ࢝රࡢ≛≅⪅ࢆᮍ↛㜵࠸ࡔࠊ᰿ᣐࡢ࡞࠸ᩘᏐࢆฟࡍ ࡼࡾࠊୡㄽࡣࡧཎ⇿⏝㈶ᡂࡢ᪉ྥࡁࡃഴ࠸ ࡓ࠸࠺ࠋ
ࡑࡢ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣࠊ1956 ᖺ “A Man From Hiroshima” 㸦The Rafu Shimpo, 20 December 1956㸧ࡢグ࡛ࠊᖐᅜࡋ࡚࠸ ࡓጔ 2 ேࡢᏊ࡛࠶ࡿᐙ᪘ဨࢆཎ⇿࡛ஸࡃࡋᏙ⊂࡞ࡗ ࡓ᪥⣔ே⏬ᐙࡀࠊ㓇⁒ࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡾタ࡛ᬽࡽࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠊᡓதཎ⇿ᢞୗࡢࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓᝒࡶ⤂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ࠗࣄࣟࢩ࣐࣭࣭ࣥࢨ࣭࣮ࣔࢽࣥࢢ࠘ࡢ୰࡛ࠊⴭ⪅ࣞ ࢼ࣭ࣞࢥ࣭ࣜࢬࢵࢺࡀࠊ⿕⇿⪅ࡢࣥࢱࣦ࣮ࣗࢆ㏻ࡋ ࡚ 9࣭11 ࢆྵࡵࡓࠕ࣓࡛ࣜ࢝㐍⾜୰ࡢࢸࣟࡼࡾࡶࠊ༑ ᖺ௨ୖ๓ࡢᗈᓥཎ⇿ࡢ᪉ࡀࡣࡿࠗᖖ㌶ࢆ㐓ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠘ ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇẼࡀ࠸ࡓࠖ㸦70㸧ࡇࢆᒣᮏ⚽⾜ࡣゝ ཬࡋࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺ࡶ⥆ࡅࡿࠋ ࣜࢬࢵࢺࡣ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ 9࣭11 ࢸࣟᗈᓥ࣭㛗ᓮࡢཎ ⇿ࢆ㛵㐃࡙ࡅ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺ࡶぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ ᑐ↷ⓗ 9࣭11 ࢸࣟࡢ┤ᚋࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾࠸࡚ࠊឡᅜ ⩏㥑ࡽࢀࡓከࡃࡢ࣐ࢫ࣓ࢹࡣࠊࡑࡢ༝ຎ࡞ ௳ࢆ 1941 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 7 ᪥ࡢ᪥ᮏ㌷ࡼࡿ┿⌔‴ᨷᧁ㛵 㐃ࡉࡏࠊࠕ➨ࡢࣃ࣮࣭ࣝࣁ࣮ࣂ࣮ࠖ㸦“Second Pearl Harbor”㸧ࢇࡔࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ୍⯡⾗ ࡗ࡚ 9࣭11 ࡢࢸࣟࡼࡗ࡚ࡧ㉳ࡇࡉࢀࡓࢺ࣐ࣛ࢘ⓗ 㞟ྜⓗグ᠈ࡣࠊ┿⌔‴ᨷᧁ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊỴࡋ ࡚ᗈᓥ࣭㛗ᓮࡢཎ⇿࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸦70㸧 1995 ᖺࢫ࣑ࢯࢽࣥ༤≀㤋࡛⏬ࡉࢀࡓཎ⇿ᒎࡀ㏥ᙺ㌷ ே༠ࢆࡣࡌࡵከᩘࡢᕷẸࠊᅜ㆟ဨࡢᑐࡼࡗ࡚୰Ṇ ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊཎ⇿ᢞୗࢆࡵࡄࡗ୍࡚⯡ᕷẸࠊṔྐᏛ⪅ࠊᨻ ᐙࠊࢪ࣮ࣕࢼࣜࢫࢺࢆࡶྵࢇࡔࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠾ࡅ ࡿάⓎ࡞ㄽ㆟ࢆࡲࡁ࠾ࡇࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᐇࡣཎ⇿ᢞୗ࣓ ࣜ࢝♫ࡀ㧗࠸㛵ᚰࢆ♧ࡋࡓࡇࡢド࡛᫂࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞㆟ㄽࡢ㍯ࡀୡ⏺ᗈࡀࡾࠊேࠎࡀᗈᓥ࣭㛗ᓮࡢࡀே 㢮⁛ஸࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࠸࠺ㄆ㆑ࢆ῝ࡵ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠊ⌧ᅾ୍ྥ 㐍ᒎࢆぢࡿࡇࡢ࡞࠸᰾ᣑᩓ㜵Ṇ᮲⣙ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡶኚࢃࡗ ࡚ࡃࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋᅇ㛤ࢀࡓ᰾ᣑᩓ㜵Ṇ᮲⣙ ᳨ウ㆟ 㸦2015㸧࠾࠸࡚᪥ᮏࡣࠕྛᅜࡢᣦᑟ⪅ࡀᗈᓥ࣭ 㛗ᓮࡢ⿕⇿ᆅࢆゼၥࡍࡿࡇࠖࢆᥦࡋࡓࡀྜព⮳ࡽ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡࡢ 9࣭11 ࢸࣟࡼࡿ㔞ẅேࡀᗈᓥ࣭ 㛗ᓮࡢࢆேࠎࡧ㉳ࡇࡍ᪥ࡣࠊࡲࡔࡲࡔ㐲࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ
࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡣತඃࡢ William Schallert ࡸḷᡭࡢ Joan Baez ࡀ ཧຍࡋࡓ᰾රჾ㐠ື⮬ศࡶཧຍࡋࡓࡇࢆ 1986 ᖺ 12 ᭶ 20 ᪥ࡢ Rafu Magazine ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺᭩࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋ65 ṓ ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓᙼዪࡣࠊ࡛ࡣࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ദࡋཧຍࡋ࡚ࡶሙ ࡢ⦕࡛ᰕࡶࡓࢀࡾ࡞ࡀࡽᗙࡗ࡚άືᐙᢿᡭࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࡀࠊᙼዪࡢಙᛕࡀ⦆ࢇࡔࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᕼᮃࡢぢ࠼࡞࠸ ୡ⏺ໃ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊฟ᮶ࡿࡇࡣࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞᪉ἲࡋ࡞࠸ ☜ಙࡍࡿࠋࣂࢫࡗ࡚ሙ⾜ࡁࠊࡑࡇ࡛ⱝ⪅ࡓࡕ ᢿᡭࢆࡍࡿࠋࡦ࠸㑇≀ࠊࡃࡔࡽ࡞࠸ᙧぢࡑࡋ࡚ḧࡋࡃࡶ ࡞࠸┦⥆ᑐ㠃ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊຬẼឡ࡛ṇ㠃ࡽࡇࡢ㞴ၥ ྥ࠸ྜࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⱝ⪅ࡓࡕࡣࠊୡ⏺ࡣᏲࡿ್ࡍࡿ ⨾ࡋ࠸ ࡇࢁ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࠋ㸦cf. Rafu Magazine, 1986㸧 ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢ 40 ᖺ௨ୖࢃࡓࡿసရࡸάືࢆᴫほࡍࡿࠊ ⌮ᛶࡼࡗุ࡚᩿ࡋ⾜ືࡍࡿே≀࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙼዪࡢᖹ⩏ ࡶ⌮ᛶᨭ࠼ࡽࢀࡓᙉࡉࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࠊࡑࡢᖹ⩏ ᇶ࡙࠸࡚ຬẼ࠶ࡿᢠ㆟ࢆᐇ㊶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࠸࠺ࡇࡀゝ࠼ ࡿࠋ
㸳㸬ὀ
㸯㸧ࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢリ “Exile 1942-45” ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒヂࡣࠊ ୰ᒣᐜ, ᪂ᘯὈࡢヂࢆࢃࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࠋ ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢࠗࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺసရ㞟―ࠕ༑ᩥᏐࠖ ༑ඵ⦅―࠘ࡽࡢᘬ⏝ᩥࡢヂᩥࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ㑥ヂࢆࢃ ࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸ࡓࡀࠊ୍㒊ᩥ❶ࢆኚ᭦ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏ࡣࠕࣄࣟࢩ࣐ࢼ࢞ࢧ࢟ᢞୗࡉࢀࡓཎ⇿ࡘ࠸࡚ ⪃࠼ࡿୡዪᛶࡢጼࠖ㸦ii㸧ࢆ♧ࡋࡓࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢ “The Streaming Tears”㸦1951㸧ࢆྵࡵࡓ Six Short Stories by JapaneseAmerican Writers㸦1992㸧 ࠊᡓᚋࡲࡶ࡞࠸ᮇࡽᡓதࡸ
ཎ⇿ᢞୗࢆᢈุࡋࡓࠕ࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢຬẼࠖ㸦402㸧ὀ┠ࡋࡓ ᖺ௦ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝࠾ࡅࡿཎ⇿ᢠ㆟ࡍࡿ᪥⣔సᐙࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺࠉࠉ
ࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺసရ㞟―ࠕ༑ᩥᏐࠖ༑ඵ⠍―㸦2008㸧 ࡢᒣᮏᒾኵ࣭ᱠཎ⨾ᜨࡼࡿヂ⪅࠶ࡀࡁ╔ࢆᚓ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋ ᮏㄽࡣࠊ➨ 30 ᅇ␗ᩥࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥᏛᖺḟ ࠕᮍ᮶ྥࡅ࡚ࡢࢲ࣮ࣟࢢ㸸ᡓதᖹࢆ⪃࠼ࡿࠖ㸦ᱜ ⨾ᯘᏛ 2015 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 20 ᪥㸧࠾ࡅࡿཱྀ㢌Ⓨ⾲ຍ➹ಟṇ ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ㅰ㎡
ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊᖹᡂ 27 ᖺᗘⱝᡭᩍဨዡບ◊✲ࡢຓᡂࢆཷࡅࡲ ࡋࡓࠋ ᘬ⏝ᩥ⊩Daniels, Roger. Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in
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㛗ᚿಖ㸦2012㸧. ࠕࣄࢧ࢚㺃࣐ࣖࣔࢺࡢ “A Fire in Fontana” ࠾ࡅࡿே✀ᕪู‘Fear of Responsibility’ࠖࠗᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶ Ꮫㄽ㞟࠘➨ 13 ྕ, pp.147-154. .㸦2013㸧. ࠕ᪥⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேᙉไᐜ᪥⣔ୡ సᐙࣄࢧ࢚࣭࣐ࣖࣔࢺ―ே✀ᕪูయ㦂ࡢඹ᭷ࡶ ࡞࠺ⱞᝎࠖࠗࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣝ࠘➨ 11 ྕ, pp.147-163. NHK ྲྀᮦ⌜㸦1996㸧.࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ࡢ୰ࡢཎ⇿ㄽத―ᡓᚋ 50 ᖺࢫ࣑ࢯࢽࣥᒎ♧ࡢἼ⣠―࠘ࢲࣖࣔࣥࢻ♫. ᳃ⱱᓅ㞝㸦1999㸧.ࠕ࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢṔྐᩍ⫱࠾ࡅࡿᅜẸ⤫ྜ ከᩥ⩏ࠖ, Ἔ୕㑻࣭㐲⸨ᗣ⏕㸦⦅⪅㸧ࠗከ ᩥ⩏ࡢ࣓ࣜ࢝―ᦂࡽࡄࢼࢩࣙࢼ࣭ࣝࢹࣥ ࢸࢸ࠘ᮾிᏛฟ∧, pp.165-185. ᒣᮏ⚽⾜㸦2014㸧.ࠕ᪥⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேࡀᥥ࠸ࡓࠑࣄࣟࢩ࣐࣭ ࢼ࢞ࢧ࢟ࠒ㸫᪥⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ேཎ⇿ᩥᏛ࠾ࡅࡿグ᠈ ≀ㄒࠖᑠᯘᐩஂᏊ㸦┘ಟ㸧▼ཎ๛࣭✄ᮌጁᏊ࣭ཎ ᜨ⌮Ꮚ࣭㯞⏕ᚿ࣭୰ᇉᜏኴ㑻㸦⦅⪅㸧ࠗ៰౫ࡍࡿ㐣 ཤ―ࢪ⣔࣓ࣜ࢝ᩥᏛ࠾ࡅࡿࢺ࣐࣭ࣛ࢘グ ᠈࣭⏕࠘㔠ᫍᇽ. ࠉࠉ7+(*810$̻.2+6(15(9,(:1R
Nisei Writer Hisaye Yamamoto’s Protest against Atomic
Bombing in the 1950s
Shiho NAGAI and Masuhisa YOSHINAGA
This paper examines the courage in the 1950s of Hisaye Yamamoto, one of the most well-known Nisei writers. While other Japanese American writers mentioned atomic bombing only after 1980, Yamamoto voiced protest against the use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in “The Streaming Tears” in 1951. In this story, she criticized the low level of US public awareness concerning atomic bombing. At the time of publication, anti-Japanese sentiments had not yet been suppressed, and the US and Russia were competing in a nuclear arms race during the Cold War. Yamamoto may have fully recognized that her works would not be accepted in the US, which boasted a strong military force. However, she was intolerant of atomic bombing, which disregarded the laws of humanity. By describing the suffering of an A-bomb pilot, she protested against the use of nuclear weapons justified by the US government.
