• 検索結果がありません。

中央学術研究所紀要 第36号 237Max JOHNSON「第12回法華経国際会議 報告書(英文)」

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

シェア "中央学術研究所紀要 第36号 237Max JOHNSON「第12回法華経国際会議 報告書(英文)」"

Copied!
7
0
0

読み込み中.... (全文を見る)

全文

(1)

ConferenceRePort

SheべvhoHearstheCriesoftheぺvorld:

I:)1()ceedingsofthe2007AnnualLotusSutraSeminar

N/laxJohnson HowdidAvalokitesvara,themalebodhisattvaofSouthAsia,Southeast Asia・andTibetbecomein(2reasinglyidentifiedinmostofChinaasKuan­yin (moreproPerlyKuan­5;hitl yin・alsowrittenGuanyin,andinJapanese pronunciationKannonandKanzeon),thebelovedanddecidedlyfemale GoddessofMercy andbodhisattva Rcjg£1rderoftheCriesoftheW〔〕rld, famouslydepictedin(;haptertwentyfiveoftheLotusSutra?Whenexactly didthistransf;()rmationtakePlace?Underwhats;o(;io­culturalconditions? AndwhydidKuan­yinbecomesopopularthatherinnuencespreadwell beyondthebordersofChinaandChineseBuddhismintoseemingly anachronisticspheressuchaswestemNeo­PaganismandvariousNewAge movements? Theseque5stionshadlong厄riguedBuddhism5;cholarChiin­FangYU (Columbiaun如・うrsity),whogrewuPinafamilywhereworshipofKuan­yin wastakenforSII・£111ted,andinspiredhertogoonaquestolT5;ortsins;earchof answers.Theresultofmanyyearsofresearchincludingpilgrimagesto famoustemplesandarchaeologicalsitesalloverChinawasamaS; terial, nearlysix­hundredPage脚agz7M琲θρ心entitled££IJ7­y加.・7 ̄77ごC/z加どM? 77mμがゎr脚αz加/7げ/hノa/θだ 諮1ノara(NewYork:ColumbiauniversityPress, 2001).YU sbook,whichmanyscholarsconsidertheddinitiveworkonthe subject,servedasthethematic泊5;PirationforthisyearslntemationaILotus SutraSeminar,whichtookplaceJune4­9inChinaontheislandof Putuoshan.Theislandislocatedabout150milessouthofShanghai,across theHangzhouBay,andisfamousforitsnumerouspilgrimagesites,including caves,rockformations,monasteries,andlavishlydecorated,s;t2ttue­mled temples,allofwhicharedevotedtothebodhisattvaKuan­yin. I)articipatingscholarsfromNorthAmerica,JaPan,andChinawereaskedto readYUsbookandprepareessaysthatexpanded,renectedupon,responded to,orotherwiseengagedwiththetext.Ther6ultingpapersweree­mailedto 237

(2)

中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 6 号 allthepar血;iPantswellbeforethecol115eうrence池elf・makingitpossibleto focusnloreon(廿5;ctlssionthanonpresentation.Eachdayconsistedofa momings;6sion,duringwhichtwoofthePal尨cipant spaperswere (I弛(;ussed;afu11­(;oursegrouplunch;agroupfieldtriptooneormoreofthe islandstemplesorothersa(2reds;ites;andas;ingle­topiceへ/ening5;ession, whichtookplaceafterahearty,clc?1iciousandauthenticChinesedinner.Each scholarbeganbybrieny5summarizinghisorherl)al)er,andafteranol゛fTicial resPonsefromapreJe把rminedresP()ndent,thenoorwasopeneduPfor round­tabled臨cussion.Thedi5;cussionswerelively,andoccasionallyquite heated,butthegeneraltoneofthesessionswasalwaysresPectfulandgood­ natured.EachdaysproceedingsconcludedwithacasualrecePtioninoneof thehote1 subiquitouskaraokeroonls.Asittumedout,noneofthe participantswasseizedbyanoverwhelmingurgetostandinfrontof everyoneandbeltoutChinesepopsongs,butwine,cheese,andexotic Chinesefruitwasconsumedbya11. Thenrstday sproceedingsstartedo仔withabang,asDanielBoucher s (Come1IUniversity)Provocativeessay, lsThereanEaflyGandharanSource fortheAvalokitesvaraCult? wasdiscussed.Boucherwantedtoraisesome Potentiallycontentiousquestionsaboutthetraditionalassumptionsheldby zごx皿α/scholarsandthoseheldbyaμ垣肩θΓ加心,inparticularconcemingthe lndian GandharanPrakrit artforms,andtheearlyMahayananteraryworks. TheproblemFmaddressing, Bouchersaid, Seemstobetheapparent discrepancybetweenthenteraryinterPretationsofAvalokitesvarainthe earliestChineseliteうrature,andrepresentationsofthebodhisattvaintheplastic media,inatimethatisthoughttoberoughlycontemporaneouswiththe transmissionofthetexts. Partoftheproblem,hepointedout,wasthe extremelackofevidenceofKuan­yinandAvalokitesvaraintheearliest Chinesesources.AndthefewearlyMahayanatextsthatdidmention bodhisattvastaughtthatoneshouldstriveto/?Ecθ琲Eabodhisattva,notto wθ阿/zφthem.ForBoucher,then,thefundamentalquestionwas, lsitnot morelikelythatwhenwereadculticvisualizationd(35;criptionsof Avalokitesvarainthelitel4ature,thattheywereinsPiredbyalready­Present artworks,andnottheotherwayaround?Andifthat strue,thenitwould meanthat,consistentwithourntel゛aryevidenceabouttheearlyMahayana, thatthelvlahayanaseemstohavehadverylittlePublicPresenceinlndia, includingGandhara,initsnrstfewcerlturiesofexistence.Boucherbelieves thatearlycls()把ricplacticesdidnthaveaPublic,materialpresence,until 238

(3)

muchlater,aroundthe4thor5th(2enturyoftheCon!n!onEra. These(;olldplescntatiollwasbyKoichiShinohara(Yaleun沁e,rsity),based onhisessay, TheWonder­w()rkingMonkRevealsHimselftobethe Twelve­HeadedAvalokiteうwara:MiracleorEsotericRitua1? Shinoharaused writingsfromthecultofAvalokitesvaratoexplorearnoregeneralquestion ofhowancientmiraclestoriesmayhavebeeninnuencedbyvariousforms andtraditionsofe5sotericritua1.Hisessay170cusedontwolelatedbut somewhatd汀ferentstoriesfromanotable13th(;enturyhistoryofBuddhism, the77θこMr皿が,featuringthefamousmonkBaozhi,whoisbdievedtohave livedfronlabout425­514.The17厄tstorywassetin482,duringthereignof EmperorGaooftheSouthemQidynasty;thesecondwassetin503,during theruleofEmperorM/uoftheLiangdynasty.Boths;toriesfeatureaclimatic momentinwhichthemasterpeelsawayhisfacetorevealhimselfasthe Twelve5­facedAvalokitesvara. ShinoharasuggestedthattheEmPei170rsmarkedlydifferentzぞad心心tothe monksrevelationinthes;tories(disgustfromGaointhecaseofthefirst, wondermentfromべvuinthecaseofthesecond)itselfrevealedapossible shiftinpowerandstatusfromtheeうarliercultofBaozhi,whichtreasuredthe monksordinary,humanform,tothelatercultofAvalokitesvara,withits emphasisonthepossibilityofactuallybecomingadeity. Themomingsessionconcludedwithabriefs;eriesofrenectionsfrom authorChUn­FangYUonboththesomewhatcontroversialnatureofher historicald(うtectivestory approach,andonherappleciationofherbook beingchosenasthecentralfocusforthisyearsconference. TheeveningsessionwasdevotedtoapaPerfromvi(うtorN/lair(University ofPennsylvania),called Form,Formulary,andFormationoftheEarliest TalesConcemingGuanyinMiracleTalelぶMairwasirltel­estedinexploring whatwasbelievedtobetheeal 1iestknownlayeroftheKuan­yinmiracle stories,asfoundinthreeancientmanuscriptcollectionsφΓeservedatthe 5;e・l^ireninTempleinKyoto).Thesecollectionsalltookthe150rmof GMa/尽裁砂加y加gyan丿( RecordsofProofsofGuanl;s;hiyin sResponses ), andtheywereessentiallyusedas prooftexts ofKuan­yinsabilitytosave allthosewhosin(;erelycalleduponhel・.lvlairpointedoutthat,althoughthe earlySa打裁可ztextsofthetalesuggestavarietyofwaystodosuch calling, inmostoftheC/功?心どtextstheprimarywayofinvokingthedeitywasto 雨αz7her.Theproblem,accordingtoMair,isthat/7加打isanotoriously ambiguousword,meaninganythingfrom thinkof, to missj to,even。 239

(4)

中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 6 号 readaloud. MuchofMair spaper,whichhewasinthel)1 ocessof expandingintoalargerwork,was(:levotedtoinvestigatingthisandsimilar linguisticmylstelies.lnaddition,heshowedhowthephilosophicalbasisfor theearlylndianBuddhi・;t・;tories(theparticularlyChinesenotionofJiむz/痢昭, or stimulusresponse ),andthe triggeringmechanismof雨aμ(aterm which,MairexPlained, embodiesabasiclndianBuddhistdoctrineina peculiarlyChinesefashion )geatlyfacilitatedKuan­yinsacceptanceasan authenticC/7加心どBuddhistbodhisattva. Thesecondday sl)I ()ceedingsbeganwithapaperfromMariaHabito (MuseunlofWorldR(・㈲ions),titled AIjen­taiPIopagationoftheGrどと7「 Cθ1男7a 吋θ/?£」/zと7rと7雨inSungChina:Chih­1i sCθ珊珊ど几反7ry加訥どGrごar Cθ肌/7α 加几μどpa7だ7ηcど7?jm❹. lnherPaperfortheconferenceHabito sPokenotofthej/?am❹itse凪butofthegreatChinesemasterChih­1i s commentaryonit,whichwaspartofhisinnuential RepentanceRitual (the C/7加/7­ θa­yどμた7?d­/75加c/zθM/M加gや,or RitualProcedurefor Perfo汀ningtheGreatCompassionateHeart£)/zam❹oftheThousandHands andEyes ). ReflectingonasimilarchapterinYii sbook,sheagreedwithYfs suggestionthatChih­liswritingsg14eatlycontributedtothedomesticationof the6otericj/7αΓと7❹ byfacilitatingthe£1cceptanceofthethousand­armed Kuan­yinasanintegraIPartofChineseBuddhism.Shewondered,however, ifChih­li,inexPlicitlyplacinghiscommentarywithintheframeworkof 7 泌ηイ❹Buddhistthought,didn thaveanadditionalagenda;namely,to defendhisbeliefinthenon­dualrelationshipbetweenphenomenaandmind. HabitospresentationwasfollowedbyapaperbyJinhuaChen(University ofBritishColumbiaλ JiangZhiqiandtheMiaoshanL(,gend. Chensl3aPer tumedthesPotlightontothelittle­exploredtopicofthelifeandtimesofthe Chinesescholar,palacecensor,c豆麿訟or,financier,andskilledmilitarysoldier JiangZhiqi(1031­1104),whoisbdevedtohavebeen柚strumentalinthe creationanddisseminationofthelegendofthebelovedprincessλ/liaoshan. Accordingtotradition,Miaoshan,asaresultofherextraordinaryl;21(こrifices (irldudingthe donation ofbothofhereyesandhands!)wasbdievedto havebeenareincamationofAvalokitesvara,andwaseventuallyrebomasthe thousand­handed­and­eyedKuan­yin.TheadoPtionofthelegendbySong andPost­SongPeoPleintum,isthoughttobecentraltothe feminizing and the sinicizing ofAvalokjtesvara,helPingtosetthestagefor his Chinese transformationintotheGoddessofMercy.ChenPresentedthegroupwitha 240

(5)

(letailedbiograPhyofZhiqisnurnerousacademicandpolitica1ぶ;hievements, andintheendarguedthatZhiqisinvolvementintheNliaoshanlegend was anaturalexPressionofhislongstandingintaestinBuddhismingeneral,and inParticular,hispassionforthe(Songdynasty­1)ased]5;(うngqie/Guanyincult, thelatterofwhichseemstohavebeenrootedinthecontemPorarypolitical anddiplomaticsituation. Next,Pr(汀essorMiriamLevering(UniversityofTenrle・ssee)gavea PresentationonGuanyin/AvalokitesvarainEncounterDialogues:Creatinga PlaceforGuanyininChineseChanBuddhism, which,atlscうventy­fivepages, hadthedistinctionofbeingthelengthiestpaPeroftheconfRerence,apoint humolouslym(mtionedby5;everalofthosescholarswhohadlu容姿dful1­sized PrintedcoPiesoftheconfleうrencepaperstoChinawiththem!Leveringwas pal4ticularly吊terestedintherelationshipbetweenKuan­yin sriseto prominenceasafigureofvenerationintheChantradition,andthetraditions generalaccePtanceofwomenas worthy V皿皿lsofenlightenment.She arguedthatbothoftheseeventsoccurredrelativelylate.Kuan­yinisnot reallymentionedatallinearlyChanstories,andtherewasalong­standing view,stillpresentinmanyBuddhistmonasticcommunities,thatawomans besthoPeforenlightenmentwastoberebomasanlan!Muchofanun s training,Leveringpointedout,fromtheshavingofherhair,tobeingtaught tolowerthetimbreofhervoice,tokamingtowalkwithoutswayingher hips,wasa11Partofane汀ortto masculinize herinprc5parationforftlture l・ebirth.Asmanyoftheattendingscholarswerewornen,needlesstosay, Levering spapersParkedmuchd包cussiononthePatriarchalnatureof religioninlgc5nera1,andofmanyformsofBuddhisminpalticular! AfteranotherheartydinnerofvariousChinesedelicacies,theevening sessioncommencedwithaPaperfromArthistorianDortothyM/ong (Universityofv卜ginia), EarlyTransmissionofEsotericlmagesfromChina toJapanintheSeventhandEighthCentuljes丿Asthetitleindicates,ぺVong arguedthatthecommonlyaccePtedviewthateうK)teric(tantric)BuddhistArt wasfirstintroducedintoJapanfromChinaduringtheninthcenturywas incorrect.lnfact,asshedemonstratedwithnumerousphotographs,early formsofe5s;otericimageshadreachedJapanseveraldecadesbdore,during thes;eventhandeighth(;cう11turies.Theseindudedseverale5;otericfo皿sof Kuan­yin,suchasthefamous Eleven­headed form. Thethirddaysl,IJ(:)(zeedingsbeganwithMarkMullins(Sophiaun沁ersity, Japan)andhisessay TheManyFormsandFunctionsofKannoninJapanese 241

(6)

中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 6 号 ReligionandCulture. Anexpertonnewsectsandnewreligiousmovements inJaPan,Mullinswasparticularly泊telestedinthewaysinwhichthesalvific imageofKuan­yin(尺ど7zmθ月)asthe Goddessof`Nlercy inthisworldand thenexthadbecome,inhiswords, atransdenominationa1Buddhist phenomenon.Hisstudiesrevealedthat,despitetheirdoctrinalandritualistic di汀erences,Kuan­yindevotionalismwasl)resentinJapaneseBuddhist traditionsasdiverseasTendai,Shingon,SotoShuandRinzaiShu. Furthermore,MullinsfoundthatmanyJapanesehadlongagoseparated Kuan­yinfromherBuddhistmoorings,andsimplythoughtofheras one moredivinebeinginthelargerPantheonofbenevolentdeitieswhocanbe calledintoserviceintimesofneed. Mullinsdiscoveredthatthiswastrue evenanl()ngstthejlar)aneseChristiancommunity,withtheirad()ptionofthe MariaKannon figure,acamounagedformofthevirginMary. T h e s e c o n d P a p e r o f t h e m o m i n g w a s K a n n o n s C o m P a s s i o n : t h e ThinkingofNikkyoNiwano, Ply・うsentedbyMichioShinozaki(RisshoKosei­ kaiGakurinSeminary).5;111nozakigaveaconcisebutdetailedoverviewof theRjsshoKosei­kaisfoundersmeticulousanalysisofthemuch­recited Kuan­yin ChaPteroftheThreefoldLotusSutra(Chapter25).Accordingto Shinozaki,Rev.Niwanobelievedthataco汀ectunderstandingoftheconcept andfunctionofbodhisattvaswasessentialto弛aminghowtoproperly interpretthegreats;(;171pture.Niwanowasparticularlycriticalofthecommon l)1721cticeofpetitioningKuan­yinforselfそ;ervingpurPoses.Heinsisted insteadthatKuan­yin scompassionate embrace oftheworld ssu汀ering wasmeanttoinspireustobecomemorelikeher.M/eshouldallstriveto becomebodhisattvas,notsimPlyrelyonthem. Shinozaki spaperwasfollowedbyabriefpresentationonPutuoshan monasticlifefromoneoftheisland sresidentmonks,theven.Huixian, headoftheZhoushanBuddhistAssociation. lnthePlaceofaneveningpapersession,thescholarsweretreatedtoan informativepresentationonthepasthistory,presentPrqjects,andfuturegoals oftheRisshoKosei­kaiorganization,fromthehard­workingRKK sta罵 includingKatsumasalmai,N.Kobayashi,NobuyukiAinoya,andKoichi Kawamoto. ThelastdayofplJeserltationsbeganwithnewscholarjrelTWilson(Univ.of ぺVaterloo)andaprovocativeessaycalled DeeplyFemaleandunivel­sally Human:TheRiseofKuan­yinM/orshipinAmerica. ぺvilsonisasociologist ofreligionwhosefocusisonnewreligiousmovementsinAmerica,andon 242

(7)

theintcうrsectionofreligionandpopular(Jtllture.Hisessayhighlightedthe amazingpopularityofKuan­yinintheU.S。notonlyinBuddhist(jrdes,but alsoamongvariousNewAge,Neo­Pagan,andunitarian­Univ(うrsalistgrouPs. Healsopointedoutsomesubtlebuts址nificantdi汀erencesbetweenmany Mそstem Buddhists,mostofwhomare converts, andtheirEastem counterparts,mostofwhom廿e home­grown :ぺvestc5merstendto Psychologize bodhisattvaslikeKuan­yin,focusingontheirsymbolicvalue asarchetypes,whileintheEastoneismorelikelytofindbodhisattvas petitionedandveneratedasactual,sPiritualbein匹。べvilsonalsorevealedthe factthatKuan­yinimageshavegracedabewilderingarrayofM弛stem magazinecoversoflate,andwasthetopicofalargenumberof poPular Buddhistnon­fictionbooks。 ThefinalofficialpaperoftheconferencewasPresentedbyPhilipClart (Universityoflvlissouri­Columbia), TheotherLotusSutra:TheRevelation ofaNewGuanyinScriptureinTaiwan. ClartsinterestinChinesePOPular religionsledtothediscoveryofa newlyrevealed Kuan­yins;(う171Pture, Gaanμが 乙θΓ心S町几7げ治∼A右7rFdθ心£)αθ.Thes;cl゛ipturewaswritten between1998and2000byaspirit­writingcultinTaichung,acityincentral Taiwan. Spirit­writing isatyPeoftran(2eう­statePIactice,notunlikethe channeled writingsfoundinmanyNewAgecirdes.Clartgavea fascinatingoverviewofhowsuchtextsare self­published anddistributed, aswellasexploringthestyleandcontentofthesutraitself.Amongother things,ClartPointedouttheimportantroleofDaoistPriestsinthe (1isseminationofBuddhistlit(・1ature,aswellasthe(・う・;sentiallypolitica1)use ofKuan­yinasamouthPieceforse(;tariandoctrine. TheconferenceProperconcludedthatmomingwithsomeinsightful dosingreflectionsfromtheθ治どrwonlanofthehour,thegraciousscholar andauthor,Chiin­fangYU.TherestofthedaywassPentnapPing,sight­ seeing,packing,andstockinguponlastminutesouvenirs.Thefollowing momingthescholarswavedgoodbyetothegiant,m4jesticstatueofKuan­yin BodhisattvaandboardedtheferrybacktoShanghai. 243

参照

関連したドキュメント

郷土学検定 地域情報カード データーベース概要 NPO

11 Properties of a Complex Logistic Equation and... 13 Properties of a Complex Logistic

7.2 第2回委員会 (1)日時 平成 28 年 3 月 11 日金10~11 時 (2)場所 海上保安庁海洋情報部 10 階 中会議室 (3)参加者 委 員: 小松

・ 改正後薬機法第9条の2第1項各号、第 18 条の2第1項各号及び第3項 各号、第 23 条の2の 15 の2第1項各号及び第3項各号、第 23 条の

社会学文献講読・文献研究(英) A・B 社会心理学文献講義/研究(英) A・B 文化人類学・民俗学文献講義/研究(英)