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中央学術研究所紀要 第34号 180Stephen COVELL「第10回法華経国際会議 報告書(英文)」

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ConfercnceReport

TheTenthlntemationa1LotusSutraConfe17en(耳B(3りing,China:

I;tdtllTlingtothe5E;(:)tJlrc{:う汀endaiandtheLotusSUtra

StePhenCove11

Justovertwelvehundredyearsago,followinghisdecadelongretreatonMt.Hiei, Saich6joumeyedtoChinatodeepenhisunderstandingofTendaiandtheLotusSu­ tra.I)c?rhapstakingtheircuefromSaich6,GeneRc・eves,Rissh6KC521­kai(RKK), andtheChuoAcademicR5earchlnstituted!oosetoholdthetenthlntemationaILo­ tusSatraConfelTenceinBe巧ing,China.Thechoicewasanexcellentoneand, thoughthehotsPringsofJaPanandthewarmwelcomeoflocaIRKKchurchmem­ bersweremissed,therewardsweregreat.ParticiPantswereabletofurthertheir knowledgeoftheLotusSUtrawhileatthesametimeobserveandexperiencefirst handthechangingfaceofcontemPoraryChina,thegreatstridesBuddhismhasmade inChinainthelastdecade,andthekindnessandwarmthoftheChinesePeoPle. ScholarsfromtheU.S,Japan,andChinagatheredonlvlay22ndattheJingshi HotelonthecamPusoftheBe小ngNormaluniversityforanextendedfour­daycon­ velsationontheLotusSatraandTendaiBuddhism.PaperpresentersincludedPaul (:)11oner(Universityofv卜ginia),Kanno}{iroshi(SokaU❹x/ersity),LeoD.LelSe・bure (Geう()rgetownun沁(・rsity),LindaPenkower(UniversityofPittsburgh),Shinozaki Michio(Rissh5KC5sei­kaiSerl!illary),,121(;(11jlelineStone(I)rincetonun沁(・rsity),5E;andra Wawrytko(SanDiegoStateU❹V(・rsity),MarikoxNjlkers(Buckne!Un沁ersity),Wei Dedong(Renminun㈹(・rsity),ZhangFenglei(Renminun沁e・rsity),andBrookZipo­ ryn(NorthwestemU❹V(・rsity).PapersbyDanielSte・vc・11son(UniversityofKansas) andRubinHabito(S()1jlthemM(:・thodistun沁el`sity)werealsod心cussedintheirab­ sence.FOIlowingthew(211­e5;tablishedformatofthepastLotuscon化1・(うnces,each l:)resenterwasgivenfivetotenminutestoremindtheaudienceofthecontentsand goalsofhisorherpaperafterwhichtheresPondentcommentedonthepaperand raisedquestionsfordiscussion.Thisformatgavethepartidpantsampleopportunity todisctlssthel)aperindetailandtobuildacorlversationthatwouldcalTyfronlone papertothenext,andoftenwellintotheeveningsfreetjme。 180

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PerhapsitisanaturalconclusiongiventhetopicofTendaiandtheLotusSUtra, butthePaperssharedseveralthenlesincommonjncludingtheuseofcreativeinter­ I)retationbyTendaimastersandothers,theimportanceofpracticetotheTendaitra­ ditionsunda`standingoftheLotusSutra,thefocusofTendaionthislife(orthe sec 1肌li゛ed`゛olJld),andthequestionofklsentientBuddhanature.Thefollowing arethetitlesofthepaPerspresented:PaulGroner, RationalesfortheLaxAdher­ encetothePrecepts:SomeTendailnte5rpretationsofthePreceptsBasedontheLo­ tusSutra ;RubinHabito, UltimateRealityandR(うligiousPraxis:TheLotusSutra, T ienT ai,andNictlil en ;Kanno}1仔oshi, AComparativeStudyo八heConceptsof RelativeSubtlety and AbsoluteSubtlety intheNvorkofZhiyiandJizang ;Leo D.Lefebul ら Xvisdom,ComPassionandCharity:TheLotusSntraandAugustine LindaPenkower, viewedthroughtheLotus:ZhanranslnsentientBuddha­nature Theory ;ShinozakiMichio, Makingvows intheLotusSntra­TheOriginal vowoftheBuddha­ ;DanieIStevenson, ThどPureandEveHastingFacultiesBom ofFatherandλ/lother SuddenEnlightenmentandtheSensesinHuisisAfぞ?ぴ雨/7刄げ 泊どC(珀埓ε9/ 五回託と7μと7Z?/f ;JacqueHneStone, LotusSutraCommentaryinMe­ dievalJapaneseTendai:SonshunsPrivateCOIlectionontheM/ordsandPhrasesof theLotus N/larikoM/alters, TheLotusSUtraandtheSilkRoad ;Sandra xvawrytko, HoldinguptheMilTortoBuddhaNature:DiscemingtheGheeinthe LotusSatra ;XveiDedong, ZhanransArgumentabouttheNatureoflnsentientBe­ ingsanditsEcologicallmplications;ZhangFenlglei,EarthlyOrientationofTendai BuddhistDoctrine ;BrookZiporyn, Mind­nature,MindsNature,MindandNature, Mind/Natureorthe­Nature­as­theMind?:IN/lind­observation,lnherence­observation andtheMeaningofxinxinginZhanranandZhili .Unfortunately,thereisnot enoughsPacetoo汀eranextendedreviewofeachpaPerandthediscussionthatfol­ 1owedit.Thefollowingpagesinsteadseektobrienyintroducethepapersandsome oftheconversationsthatdeveloPedoutofthem.lndiscussingthepaPers,lfollow theorderofpreう1;entationattheconference.lnconcludingldescribebrienythetrip takenbyconferenceparticipantstothefamouscenterofBuddhistPIactice,M/utais­ han. 0negoalofthisconl゛c?rence5;erieshasbeentobringtoS;e5therscholarsfromavari­ etyoffieldsandtotherebybroadenthetypesofconversationthatcantakeplace. Towardsthisend,thenrstPresenter,LeoLefebure,wasanexcellentchoice.Profes­ sorLefebureisaChristiantheologianwhohasanextensivebackgroundinint(lr­faith dialogue.Hispaper,whichcomparedtheLotusSutraandAugustine,broughttothe noorimPortantquestionsabouthowtoreadasacredtext.lnhiswrittencomments 181

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 4 号 onP17017essorLefeburespaper,RubinHabitoremarkedthatscholarsoftheLotusSn­ traoftentendtolosesightofthesacrednatureofthetext,seeingitmoreasanob­ jectforcold,ot!jectivestudy.I)r()1うessorLefeburespaperactedasaco汀ectiveto thisaPProach,callingonscholarstoseethetextassacred­asopeningagatewayto theunknown.Fulthermore,Pr()IRessorLefebureintroducedthel)alticipantstothe valueofcom皿匹vetheology,afieldinwhichheseeshimselfaspal`ticipating.The (ニ1沁cussionofPro17essorL(111cうI)urespaperpavedthewayfortherestoftheconfer­ ence.lnPal­ticular,therewasmuchdebateregardingtheveryideaofreadingatext assacredversusreadingitasanhistoricalobject.ProlsessorGronerremindedpaf­ ticipantsthatwhenreadingthetextassacredonemustrefrainfromthenreading onesowninterpretationbackoverthoseofothers.lnparticular,hecalledforusto considerthatthosereadingitinChineseorJapanesewilltakeawayadi仔erentread­ ingandthosereadingit1000yearsagowmlikelytakeawayadi汀erentmeaning thanthosereadingittoday.Embeddingareadingofthetextinitshistoricalcontext isequallyasimPortantasrememberingitssacrednatureand,surely,helpsonebetter appl4eclateltssacredness. Anothe5rissueraisedbyLefeburesPaperwasthatofhowtoviewrePentanceand sinwithinBuddhism.PIolSessorZiporynnotedthatinBuddhism(andespecially withinT(・ndai)the170cusison・;eeingPastbehavior(jl゛IRc・rently.Thus,forexample, rePentanceofthesenseorgans(aqu奮認証ssentiaITendair)1`a(;tice)isrePentinghaving letattachmentsderivedfromeachorganblockrightseeing.lntheLotusSntra, ZiPorynwentontonote,rePc5nt21nceisnotforPride(asitisinsorneintel゛I)retations oftheChristiantladition)butfornothavingenoughbeliefinwhatonecanactually t)ecome(namelyinnotrealizingthaton6s/canbecomeaBuddha). Marikoヘヘノalterspapertooktheconve17sationinanoth(:?1fascinatingdirection.Pro­ fessorxvalterspaperdescribedthespreadofLotusSUtraBuddhisminCentralAsia. AsPI017essorStonenotedinhercomments,thisPapercomPlicatedthestandardnar­ rativeofthetmnsmissionofBuddhism.NolongercouldweseeBuddhismashav­ ingbeentransmittedinlinearfashionfromlndia,toChina,toJapanandtothexvest. へvenowhadtounderstanditastransmittedtoChina,thenbacktoCentralAsiaand thenbackagain.ThisvisionofamigratingBuddhismaddsnewandprovocative layerstoourunderstandingofBuddhisthistory.Moreover,thispaperdemonstrated themannerinwhicheachlocalcommunityusedlanguage.Sonletextsweretrans­ latedintothelocalvemacular,sometextsremainedinChineseorSanskrit,andsome Nvereanlixofthetwo.Amongtheinterestingtopicsbroughtupforconvel・sation wasthepo iblerolethatmerchantsPlayedinthespreadofpol〕ularBuddhistprac­ 182

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tices. DanStevensonspaperonsuddenenlightenmentandthesixfacultiesroundedout thef1rstdaystalks.ThediscussionthatensuedcenteredontheimportanceofPrac­ ticetotheTendaitradition.M/hatattimesaPpeartobefreewheelinginterpretive strategiesaregroundedinthemeditativeexperience.Tendaimastersdisplayagreat self­confidencebomofmeditativeexperienceandinterPrettexts5;electivelytosup­ portthatexperience・This,however,doesnotamounttoadenialoftextualauthority ortheauthorityofonesteacher.ltonlymeansthat,intheend,enlightenmentmust befoundwithinoneぅself,itdoesnotcomefromateacher,thoughateacherandtex­ tualstudyareimportantmeanstodiscoveringthisaboutoneself. Thefollowingdaysschedulewasanexhausting5;eriesofback­to­backpapers,but theresultwasanintriguingdiscussion.ThemomingbeganwithapaperbyZhang Fenglei.AsZhangstatedinhisoPeningremarks,thekeypointofhispaPerwasto demonstratethatShakyamunipaidattentiontohumanlivesandthattheTendai schoolinheritedthisearthly­needsorientation.Amongthemanyinterestingpoints madeduringdiscussionwasthatthefamedideaof加/7加ご灯心7ηyμ(inonemoment ofthoughtthreethousandrealms)was,forZhiyi,justthelogicalconclusion,derived fromnleditation,oftheideathatallthingsareinherentlyinclusive.Scholarlydebate hasmistakenlyelevatedthistoanontologicalclaim,whereforZhiyiitwassimply meantasapartofPractice. Alsoofnotewasthediscussionthataroseregardingthethr(2e­foldtruth.Zhang showedhowZhiyitranscendedNargRjunastwo­truthpositionbymeansofthemid­ dletruth.ForNag剛una,theconventionaltruthcamefirstandledtoemptiness, whereasforZhiyithemiddlere­integratestheconventional.Thisiswherethesecu­ 1arorientationofZhiyicanbefound.Zhiyiputsthespot1塘htontheexpressedand (ぅ)cplessible(thehypotheticalinZhanどstlJanslationyratherthanontheine・(pressible, whichiswhereNagaljunasemphasislies.Regardingthethr(ごe­foldtruth,itwas notedthatinJapaneseTendaitheemphasisisplacedontheconventionalbecauseit isllc(;essible(thoughinthe()reticaldebatethemiddlewasoften・;tlJeぅssed),whereasin Chinatherewasnorankingofthethreetruths. Followingthemeatyconversiononthethl ee­foldtruth,HiroshiKanno,oneofthe worldsleadingexpertsonLotusSatracommentaries,treatedpartidpantstoanin­ vestigationoftheconcePtsofrelativesubtletyandabsolutesubtletyandthedevelop­ mentofcommentariesonthetitlesofs;Utras.べVithinthediscussionperiod,conver­ sationtumedtowardsexploringtheideaspr()1;essorKannoraisedin1拙htofthoseof hisownteacher,TamuraYoshiro.Pro15essorStonenotedthatTamurarelatedthe 183

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 4 号 relativeabsoluteandtheabsoluteabsolutetopractice.lnthecaseoftheabsolute absolutewhateveronedoesis,asitis,theonevehicle.lnthecaseoftherelative absoluteonedistinguishesonel〕1acticeoveranother(asinthecaseofH6nen, Nichiren,etc.).ProfessorKannorespondedthatthiswasthemannerinwhichTa­ muraframedKamakuranewBuddhism,lntheageoftheLatterDaysofthe Dharma師と777/7 )Buddhistpractitionerssoughtnewpl`acticesi;1)ecifictotheirtimes. Thediscussionfrompro17essorKannospaperhardlyhadamomenttocoolbefore athirdweightyexplorationofTendaiphilosophybegan.BrookZiporyn spaper t)roughttol;etherthedaysd弛cussionsbys(・ekingtounderstandZhanran(711­782) andZhm s(960­1028)useofthetermえ昭(性八11ature)inlightofthemeうditative l:・121cticesknownasmillcl­obsel・vation(観心gullnxin)and血11erence­obse,I・vation(観 具guanju).ThebulkofZφ()rynspaperwas(:1(・dicatedバhus,tointerPretingthe termλ7加が/尽(七`jl生mind­natl,1re,mindsnature,mindandnature,mjnd/nature, nature­as­mind). ZiPorynspapermadeextensiveuseofmeditationtextstogetatthemeaningof theseterms.Alongtheway,importantpointswereraisedsuchastheideathatany­ thingdesignatedasnaturemustbeeverywhereand everywhen, unconditioned,in­ eradicablefromanytimeorPlace.However,r)rolRcうssorZiporynwascarefultonote thatdidnotimplyasinglefixednature,but,rather,manynatures(3000byTendai counting).Themind,hestated,ischamcterizedasthatwhichdivides,calculates, andseParates.Thisactofparsingがvesidentityandinthatsensethemjndiscrea­ tor.Theabovediscussionledtotheconceptof in­ness .Thisistheideathat nothingcanbeinsomethingwithoutbeinginherenttoit.Nothingexiststotally separatefromeve5rythingelse・Allofthisisnot,inTendai,merelyPhilosophical speculationbutisintegraltopl7actice.Meditation,professorZiporynclaimed,is aboutexploringthegreyareas,theborderlinesbetweenindividualidentityandin­ n5s.ltisaboutseeingdistinctionsandtheircoexistence. Thediscussionpickedupontheseideasandledp170fessorZiporyntocommenton theideaofinherentevil.Herespondedthatinherentevilisthebasisforpractice. 0necannotsingleoutorcreatesonlethingseparate,includingevil.Toseekto changepartoftheworldbutnotallistomanifestdesireanddesireleadstosuffer­ ing.Thcllel;ore,hestated,thegoalofpracticeistoeliminatemotivation.Evilisnot overcomebyeradicatingitbutbyfullyrealizingit,whichmeanstoseeitinaII things.Thisthenremovesthemotivationfordoingtheactinthefirstplace,sinceit existseverywhereandeverywhen.lnthissense,Buddhistl)I­acticeisitselfinher­ entlyevilbecauseitrequires(:lilTerentiation.Nevertheless,Ziporynremarked,here 184

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onecannlakeadistinctionbetweenwhichevilsaremoreconduciveforeliminating motivation.Buddhism,thus,becomesagoodevilbecauseitisconducivetoelimi­ natlngmotlvatlon. TheconvelsationcontinuedwithLindaPenkowerspaPeronZhanransinsentient Buddha­naturetheory.Herpaperfitnicelywithinthedevelopingconvel4sationon thethreうe­foldtruth,inclusiveness,etc.asthefollowingshows: ForZhanran,the Tiantaiadditionofthethirdtruthofthemiddle,whichinsiststhatpracticeisaninte­ gralandnecessarypartoftruth,I­eう5;olutelyrernovesfromcons;klerationanyoption thatbifurcatesorlocalizescauseandresult,mindandmatter,bodiesandlands,the provisionalandthereal,vairocanaandtheAvicihe11,delusionandenlightenment, thesentientandinsentient. PenkowersPapergaveapleciseoverviewofthehis­ toryoftheearlydebateoverwhetherornotinsentientbeingshaveBuddha­nature. Herpaperraisedint(うrestingpointsregardingthecontemPoraryimportanceofthis now1300year­olddebate.First,shedemonstratedthattheearlydebatewasas muchaboutsectarianpositioningasitwasaboutthenatureofinsentientlife.Penk­ owershowedhowthoseinvolvedinthedebateusedittoidentifythemselvesagainst ()therrivalinterpletersofBuddhism(andDaoismforthatmatter).lmportantlyto contemporaryc1心cussionsofBuddhismandecology,shealsomadeclearthatatthe timethefocusoninsentientbeingswasnotreallyabouttheinsentientbeings(i.e. Peoplewerenott{うITibly吊terestedinwhetherarockhadenlightenmentornot)but wasameanstotalkabouthumannature,Zhanran,sheclaimedinthedis;cussionPe­ riod,wastryingtoeliminatefalsenotionsaboutBuddha­nature,esPeciallytheidea thatBuddha­naturesomehowimpliedpos;sessionofasoul.Forplantsandthelike tohaveBuddha­natureonlymeantthattheyshowthequalitiesofBuddhahood.This canbeseenintheviewthato汀ensesoccurwhenone(;I­eatessufferingbut,since plantsandthelikewereunderstoodnottosuffer・causingthemharmisnotanof­ fense(orisaminoroned(・pen(lingonthetimeperiodandtladition).Asasidenote, duringthed柚cussionprof;essorGronerraisedanimportantpointr昭ardingtheprac­ ticeofdebate.5;c:tlolars,he,;tilted,tendto,;c,parateclebateandPractice(understood asmeditationorritualperformance)butthisdistinctiondidnotexistuntilcompara­ tivelyrecently­debatewasaformofplactice. ThetopicofinsentientBuddha­naturecametothelRorefrontagainwithxveiDe dong spaPeronthesametopic.Muchaswithpro15essorPenkower sPaper,which centeredonthedebateduringZhanranstime,prolSess()rぺveispaperelucidatedthe historyoftheearlierdebate.However,hisrealintelestlayinlearningwhatlessons couldbeappliedtocontemporaryecologicali ues.lnparticular,prollessorxvei 185

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 弘 号 soughttoapplyTendaiideasoninsentientBuddha­naturetoecologica1Problems arisingfromChinasboomingcうconomy.lnhiswrittenresponsetopr()fsessorWei・ DanielStevensonpraisedぺveisinitiativebutcautionedparticipantsabouthowone shouldinterprettheearlydebate.Aspl^olRessorPenkowerspaPerdemonstrated,the early(lebatehadlittleifanythingtodowith(;oncemforwhatwenowcalltheenvi­ ronment,nature,orecology.ProflessorZiporynrespondedbynotingthatBuddhism doesofferaPowerfulsystemforaidingtheenvironment,evenifitisnotne(2ess;arily theoriginalintentofpastmasters.Hedrewtheparticipantsattentiononceagainto theideathatthegoalofBuddhismistoovercomedesirethrougheliminatingmotiva­ tion.Giventhis,hestated,thefocusshouldnotbeclingingtotheenvironmentbut workingtoelimjnatethemotivationaldesiresthatbringaboutthedc55;tructionofthe environment.WhenaskedhowBuddhistsinChinaSle5rlerallyviewtheissueofthe environment,pro砲ssorWeiinlアormedparticipantsthatthereisahighlevelof泊terest inPIotectingtheenvironmentamongChineseBuddhists,e51;1)ecially,henoted,since mostrel)Iesentyoungermoreengagedlgc5nerations. Thethirddayofpapersbeganwithaninterestingexplorationoftheimageswithin theLotusSutrabySandraWawrytko.ProfessorWawrytkosexplanationofthenve navorsoftheBuddhas記achingasdevelopbyZhiyiintermsof17reshmilk,cream, (;urd,butter,andghec・収1arifiedbutter)wase・・;peciallyc・nlightening.0fl)al^ticularin­ terestduringthe(伝cussionofprolSessorWawrytkospaperwasherexplanationfor whysheundertookthisproject.ShewasmotivatedtostudytheimageryoftheLo­ tusbeうcauseofherstudentsresponsetothatveryimagery.Shenotedthatherphj­ 1osoPhystudents,inparticul肌hadadinでiculttimeaPproachingtheLotusasaseri­ oustextbe(2auseofthef7ε1ntasticimagerythatfillseverychaPter.Thisledtomuch (hcussionabouttheveryimportanttopicofjusthowonecanteachtheLotusSntra tocollegestudents.TheLotusSatra,asittumsout,isafantastictextforteaching abouthowimageryisusedtoexPressverydifficultphilosophicalideasandhow sonle(2tllturesusesuchimageryratherthanseeminglymoredirectformsofwriting tocommunicatesignificantideas.PIolRessorZiporyncommentedthattheLotuscon­ tinuouslyPointsoutthatitisthel;reatestsUtra;thisfol4cesstudentstokeepgoing backoveritagainandagaintotrytounderstandjusthowthatcouldbe.lnthis sense,theLotusteachesonehowtodoaclosereadingofatext.Amongthemany insightsintotheLotusteachingsgleanedfromprolReうssorxvawrytkospaPerwasthat theimageofthefather­figureisusednottoshowthatoneneedstocutoffattach­ menttoaPositivel;elf­image(asstudentsareoftenwonttounderstandit)butto showthatonemustletgooftheiroxvnnegativeselfimage(i.e・peoplemustcometo 186

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re2111zethiltthey,too,willbecomeBuddhas). Fromabroadexpl()rationoftheimageryintheLotus,thenextpaper,byPaul Groner・drewusbackintoaclosele£1dingofmstory,embeddingthetextinadebate overr)IcjceptsthatoccurredinJaPanduringthe12ththrough14th(:;t211turies.The storyrevolvesaround oneofthem4jorlineagesonMountHieiandtheKantoarea, theEshin­ryu.Thislineagetraceditsoriginsbacktoamythicaltransmissionof (元ginalenlightenment(/7(7z7即包)tachingsthatRy6gen四1S2­985)con恒rredon [:]1enshin(942­1017). ThisPaperdetailedthenlannerinwhichtheple(;eptswere understood.0fnotewasthefactthatpl4e(;epts,whichareoftenviewedasrulesgov­ emingeverydetailofmonasticlife,werenotusedasrulesgovemingmonasticlife Perse.Therewereothercodesandrulesthatperformedthatfunction.Thisfasci­ natingconvelsationaboutpreceptsledtoquestionsabouthowRKKapproachespre­ cepts.0neParticipantfromRKKexPlainedthatthefocusofRKKisonleadinga bodhisattvawayoflife,sorulesarenotemPhasizedsomuchasseenasbyproducts ofleadingaproperHfe・M/henaskedaboutthesituationincontemporaryChina, prof;essorZhangrespondedthatthereareusuallythreebasicrequirements:(lress, celibacy,andvegetarianism. FOIlowingPau1GronersPaPer,JacquelineStonepresentedherpaperontheme­ dievalJapaneseTendaimonkSonshun s( 51­1541)commentaryontheLotusSu­ tra.Sonshunbasedhisinterpretationsontheideaoforiginalenlightenment.This Paperengenderedaninterestingdis(?IJssionabout趙可加, 1iterally mind­ contemplation or mind­di5;cemment, theperspectiveofmeditativepracticeandin­ sight. 沿回加isonenmisinterpretedasthewmy­nillysubjectiveleadingofatext, drawingmeaningoutofthinair.But,thispaPermakesabs;olutelyclearthatたa可加 wasaseriouspracticeaimedatdrawingoutthemeaningofatextburiedbeneaththe surface.Athoroughunderstandingofthesu17facemeaningofatextwascriticalto conductingaだa可加reading.Aだa可加readingoftheLotus,forexample,wouldde­ terminethatthetextisabouteverydayworldlybeingswhereasa5;urfacereading wouldseeitasaboutShakyanluni.0r,aたα可加readingwouldreadthetextasdem­ om;tratingthatBuddhahoodisinherentwithinsentientbeings,whereasasurface l eadingwouldseeBuddhahoodasadistantgoal.Duringdacussionwewerere­ mindedagainthatdebate,suchasthedebateover励可加readings,wasunderstood notsimPlyasan泊tellectualexe17cisebutasaformofpracticeonparwithmedita­ tion.瓦,r訳 thetext­realizingthatthistextistalkingaboutme Dictlssionalsoturnedtothe questionoforiginalenlightenment.ltwastaughtthat,whenunderstoodcorrectly. 187

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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 4 号 theteachingdignifieddailylife.0newouldalwaysnaturally14efrainfromcausing 5;11ffering.ManyparticiPants(;ritiquedthisviewasaslipPeryslope,onethatmany inthehistoryofJaPaneseBuddhismsliddown. Thefourthandfinaldayoftheconferencehadtwopapersandaseriesoftalksby RKKrepreselltatives.Thenrstpapel`PIesentedwasthatbyRubinHabito.Pr()IRessor HabitospaPertracedthecontinuitiesanddiscontinuitiesinLotusSntrainterPretation overtime.lnhiscommentsonthepaPer,I:)ro17essorZiporynfocusedinonethical l〕1£1ctice.Heobservedthatmoralproblemsarecausedthroughabso柚tizingtherela­ tive(asinGreekphnos()phy).Thisishowattachmentiscl奮婁氾d.lnBuddhism,he stated,ethicalpracticeisnotsupposedtobebasedonmetaphysicalviews.Disci­ plineexistsbecauseitcausesthe(;5sationof5;uffering,leadstowisdom,andleads tomeditation.Prof;essorStoneremarkedthathowdifferentpeopleactchangesover­ time.ShegavetheexamPleofNichirenBuddhism,whichwentfrombeingaprac­ ticethatdefiedsecularauthoritytoonethateventuallygainedpowerandbeganto cliscriminateagainstothers.Theconvtう17sationaboutethicsledtoadiscussionofthe mannerinwhichBuddhistgroups(suchasRKK)absorbandpracticeconventional ethics(primarilyConfudanbased), Thennalpaperoftheconferencewaslニ)I゛esentedbyShinozakiMichioandcon­ cemedtheoriginalvowoftheBuddhaasexpressedintheformoftheLotusSUtra, whichhedeKribedassomethinglikethe Primordialwilloftheuniversetosavea11 11vingbeings丿ThisPaperrel)I`(こsentedDr.ShinozakissearchwithintheLotusSntra forthecoremeaningofbeingaLotusSUtraPractitionerandwasillspiredbyatriP tovulturePeakhetookrecentlywithRKKseminarystudentsandassuchPresented apowerfulanalysis.Duringd柚cussionhestatedthatRKKemphasizedbodhisattva r)1acticeand,th(う1e170re,wasverycontentoriented(i.e.,thisparablecanbeusedfor thatProblem・etc.)butthathewantedtosearchforadeePermeaning,thecore meaningofbeingaLotusSntral)ractitioner.SinceRKKclaimstobetheschoolof Shakyamuni,hesaid,whatisitthatdefinesthecontinuitybetweenShakyamuniand contemPoraryRKKpractitioners?lnadditiontothisveryproductivelineofconver­ sation,themanyhistoriansinthegrouPaskedtolea14nnloreabouttheplaceof NichireninRKK・sincediscussionofNichlrennguredprominentlyinDr.Shino­ zakispaper.Dr.Shinozakjrespondedthatforthefirsttwentyyearsofitsexistence RKKunderstooditselfasaNichiren­basedlaymovement,butovertimeRKK s leader,NiwanoNikky6,movedinthe(lilectionofIe・ndai.The(刈ective(tobring happinesstoasmanypeopleasl:)()5ssible),notedanRKKP£1rticipant,rlc?へにrchanged, onlytheunderstandingofhowtoreachthatobjcうctive。 188

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AnerfourdaysofcontinuousanalysisoftheLotusSatraandTendai,Participants cameawaywithadeeperunderstandingofboth.Subsequenttotheconclusionof theconferenceproper,ParticipantswereinvitedtotraveltoM/utaishanoneofthe mostsacredsitesofBuddhisminChina.Mostwereabletocomeandenjoyeda wonderfuladventureandleafningexperien(;e.XvhileatNvutaishanparticiPantsvis­ itednunleroustemPles,enjoyedthesitesofthesmalltown,andsampledtastydishes atarearestaurants.AmongthemostimPI・essiveofthesitesvisitedwasanewtem­ plecomplexfornuns.Saidtohavebeenfoundedin1994byahandfulofnuns,this comPlexnowclaims600renun(こiates.ltcanonlybehopedthatsometimeinthefu­ tureanotherLotusconferencewillbeheldinChinaandatthattin!eparticiPantswiII seeanevengl`eaterexpansionofBuddhistactivity・ 189

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