Current Features of Japanese Agriculture and the Protectionism Issue

the Protectionism Issue

著者 Balatchandirane G., Hayashi Yuichi journal or

publication title

金沢大学経済学部論集 = Economic Review of Kanazawa University

volume 16

number 1

page range 25‑67

year 1995‑12‑26

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2297/18312

ＣＵＲＲＥＮＴＦＥＡＴＵＲＥＳＯＦＪＡＰＡＮＥＳＥ

ＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＴＨＥ ＰＲＯＴＥＣＴＩＯＮＩＳＭＩＳＳＵＥ

Ｇ・ＢＡＬＡＴＣＨＡＮＤＩＲＡＮＥ ＹＵＩＣＨＩＨＡＹＡＳＨＩ

IＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮ

ForeigncriticismthattheJapaneseagriculturalcommoditiesmarket isclosedhasbeenrisingincrEscendoinrecentyears・Thebasicreason forthisistraceabletothehightradesurplusthatJapａｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎ ｈａｖｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＵＳｆＯｒｏｖｅｒａｄｅｃａｄｅａｎｄａｈａｌｆｎｏｗＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｅ

ｖａｎousargumentsthatareputforthagainsttheclosednatureofthe

Japaneseagriculturalmarketisthesimpleyetpowerfulonebased onthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage・Inthenumeroustradedis‐

putesbetweentheUSandJapansofar,thehighleveloftradesurplus isheldtobeincontrovertibleproofthattheJapanesehavebeenunfair・

TheJapaneseresponsehasbeenthatｉｔｉｓｎｏｔｓｏｍｕｃｈｔｈｅａｃｔｕａｌ ａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｄｅｓｕｒｐｌｕｓａｓｔｈｅｉｓｓｕｅｏｆｃｏｍparativeadvant‐

agethatshouldbeconsidered;namely,ifJapanhasacomparative advantageintheproductionofconsumerduraｂｌｅｓｌｉｋｅＶＣＲｓ，

automobiles,etc.,ｔｈｅｎｉｔｍａｋｅｓｓｅｎｓｅｆｏｒｔｈｅＵＳｔｏｂｕｙｍｏｒＥｏｆｔｈｅｍ ｆｒｏｍＪａｐａｎａｎｄｃoncentrateonthosearCaswhereｔｈｅＵＳｈａｓａｃｏｍ‐

parativeadvantageTheconsumersiｎｔｈｅＵＳａｒｅｔｈｅｕｌｔｉｍａｔｅｇａｉｎｅｒｓ ａｓｔｈｅｙａｒｅａｂｌｅｔｏｇｅｔｑｕａｌｉｔｙｇｏｏｄｓａｔｒeasonablepricesbyhaving anopentrade'129ｊ”aThetradesurplustoowouldgetwipeｄｏｕｔｉｎ ｔｈｅｌｏｎｇｒｕｎａｓｔｈｅＵＳｗｏuｌｄｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｅｘｐｏｒｔｔｏＪａｐａｎｍｏｒｅｏｆ

－２５－

ｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｉｔｈａｓａｃｏｍparativeadvantage

SonowtheUSsidｅｓｅｅｍｓｔｏｈａｖｅａｎｉｒｏｎｃｌａｄａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔｗｈｅｎｉｔ ａｓｋｓ：WhydoesJapannotopenitsagriculturalcommoditiesmarket，

inparticularthericemarket，ｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅＵＳｈａｓａｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅ ａｄｖantage？TheJapaneseconsumersaretheloserｓｎｏｗａｓｔheypay closetotentimesthepliceintheinternationalmarketeverytimethey buyriceinJapan・SowhydoesJapanresistinternationalpressure evenattheriskofbrinｇｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔａｎｅｎｄｔｏｔｈｅｏｐｅｎｔｒａｄｅ短g”e whichwassocrucialinitsnation-buildingfromtheearlyYifties onwards？HowdoesoneaccountfOrthehighdegreeoftoleranceof theJapaneseconsumertowardsthehighpriceofrice？

Inwhatfollowswedealwiththeseandadditionalquestionspertain‐

ingtotheclosednatureoftheJapaneseagliculturalcommodities market・Ｈｅｒｅｗｅｗｉｌｌｎｏｔｅｓｏｍｅｏｆｏｕｒｉｍｐｒｅｓｓionsonthevanous artiCles,academicandnon-academic,whichhavebeenwrittenonthis topicMostoftheEnglish-languagepublicationsonthisissueseem toneglectthevastbodyofresearChdoneintheJapaneselanguage・

TheyaredependentonmaterialalreadywritteninEnglishMostof thewritingsinEnglishcanbetermedas`pro-liberalization'Thusthe emphasisonmarket-openin9,comparativeadvantagetheoryandfree trade，frequentlyseeninthesewritings，keepsgettingrepeatedOn theotherhand，thematerialwritteninJapaneseisbothpro‐and anti-liberalization,sotherCseemstobeabetterdiscussionoftheissues concerned1・ForaJapanesescholarwellversedwiththewritingsin Japaneseonthisissue,itwouldseemthattheforeignersareunitedly callingforaopeningoftheJapaneseagriculturalcommoditiesmarket withoutappreciatingtheissueswhichseemtoexemisetheJapanese、

Tothecasualforeigner，theimpressionisthattheJapanesearEnear unanimous（withafewnotableexceptionsofJapanesewritingin English),indefendingtheclosednatureoftheirmarket､２

－２６－

CURRENTFEMURESOFJAPANESEAGR1CULTUREANDTHEPROTECTlONISM1SSUE（GBALA＆HAYASHI）

ＴＨＥＰＲＥＳＥＮＴＳＴＡＴＵＳＯＦＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＩＮＪＡＰＡＮ

BeforewegointotheissueofagriculturalprotectionisminJapan，

ｉｔｍｉｇｈｔｂｅｗｏｒｔｈｏｕｒｗｈｉｌｅｔｏｔａｋｅａｌookatthecurrentstatusof agricultureinJapan・Tablenolcapturessomeoftherelevantinfonna‐

ｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｌａｎｄａｒｅａｏｆＪａｐａｎｈａｓｒｅｍａｉnedataround37million hectares・Thearablelandareasizehasbeenshrinking,however・ＣＯ､‐

sequently，ｔｈｅｒａｔｉｏｏｆａｒａｂｌｅlandtototallandwhichwasaround l6.4％inl960hasdeclinedLessthan１４％ｏｆJapan'slandareaisused

foragriculturetoday､Therehasbeenasteadydeclineinthenumber

ofagriculturalhouseholdｓｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔｔｈｒｅｅａｎｄａｈａｌｆｄｅｃａｄｅｓ、Ａｔ ｔｈｅｓａmetimethetotalnumberofindependenthouseholdshasbeen growmgsignificantlyduringthisperiodwhichmeansthattherehas beenadrasticfallintheshareofagliculturalhouseholdstototal householdsWhileinl960theagriculturalhouseholdsaccountedfor

overonefourthoftheｔｏｔａｌｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｈouseholdsinJapan,today

theyaccountforlessthanoneｔｅｎｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｍ・Theactualnumberof

agriculturalhouseholdsinJapanintheyearl993wａｓ3,644,000,adrop

ofaround40％ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆ５,985,000,ｉｎ1960.Therehasbeen anevengreaterfallinthenumberofindependentfanners(CfNote aunderTableno､1).Suchhouseholdshavebeenreducedtolessthan

halftheirnumberthreeandahalfdecadesagQSincetheirratｅｏｆ ｆａｌｌｈａｓｂｅｅｎｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏftotalagriculturalhouseholds，the

ratioofindependentfarmerstototalagriculturalhouseholdshas

declinedfromabout8.6％ｉｎｌ９６０ｔｏｌｅｓｓｔｈａｎ６％today．

Thecustomaryvariablesthathighlighttheweightofagriculture intheeconomy，ａ)．theshareoftotallaborforceengagｅｄｉｎａｇｎ‐

culture，ａｎｄｂ)．agriculture,scontributiontotheGrossDomestic Product，enableustoappreciatetheplaceofagricultureinthe Japaneseeconomytoday・Whiletherehasbeenasharpincreasｅｉｎ

－２７－

TAURLUUNO､１ＴＨＥＳＴＡＴＵＳＯＦＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＩＮＴＨＥＪＡＰAＮＥＳＥ ＥＣＯＮＯＭＹ

１９７０ １９８５ １９９０

１９６０ １９６５ １９７５ １９８０

Ｎｏｔｅ：ａ､Independentfarmers(ﾉﾌﾞ流tswzoAuz)arethosewhoearnincomesequal ormo泥thanthatoftheurbanworkersenablingthemtohaveacomparabIe livingstandard・TheyareacategorydefinedbytheAgriculturalBasicLawUVbgyo Kiﾙo〃Ｈｂ）ｏｆｌ９６Ｌ

Ｓｏｕ1℃ｅ：MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFishing,jVbgyoHbh2JsAo（Ｗｈｊｊｅ ＲｚＰ〃ｏ〃んPα'@GseAgDGic"""勘,Variousyea庵．

thetotallaborforceinthethreedecadesfroml960,therehasbeen anevensharperdecrCaseinthelaborforceengagedinagriculture・

Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｆａｌｌｉｎｔｈｅｓｈａｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｌａｂｏｒｆｏｒｃｅｉｎ ｔｈｅｅconomyengagedinagriculturCfro、26.8％ｉｎｌ９６０ｔｏａｒｏｕｎｄ６％

today・WhiletheabsolutefiguresforGrossDomesticProducthas

－２８－

ＵＮＩＴ 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

Ａ Totallandarea

(1,000ｈａ） 37,007 36,978 37,746 37,753 37,771 37,780 37,772

Ｂ ArableIand

Ｂ/Ａ(咄）

6,071 1６．４

6,004 1６．２

5,796 1５．７

5,572 1５．０

5,461 1４．７

5,379 1４．２

5,243 1３．９

Ｃ Totalｎｏ、ｏｆ

households

(1,000） ^20,860 24,290 27,870 32,141 35,977 38,988 41,016

， Agricultural households

（1,000）

Ｄ/Ｃ（咄）

5,985 28.7

5,576 23.0

5j261 1８．９

4,891 1５．２

4,614 1２．８

４，３１１ 1１．２

3,835

９．４ Ｅ Independent

famle病ａ（1,000）

Ｅ/，（筋）

515 ８．６

507 9.1

368 7.0

465 ９．５

258 5.6

247 5.7 Ｆ TotalLaborfo1℃ｅ

(10,000persons） 4,465 4,754 5,109 5,240 5,552 5,807 ６，２４９ Ｇ Ｌ２ｂｏｒｆｏｍｅｉｎ

Agricultu疋

（10,000persons）

Ｇ/Ｆ 1,196

26.8 981

20.6 811

1５．９ 588

1１．２ 506

９．１ 444

7.6 400

6.4

Ⅱ GrDssDomestic Product

(BillionYens） ^16,681 33,765 75,299 152,362 245,547 324,159 Ｉ TotalAgricuItural

PrDduction Ｈ/Ｉ（96）

1,501 9.0

2,296 6.8

3,163 4.2

5,790 3.8

5,893 ２．４

7,456 2.3

CURRENTFEATURESOFjAPANESEAGRICUETUREANDTIEPROTECTIOMSMISSUE（GBALA＆HAYASH）

grownｂｙｏｖｅｒｌ９ｔｉｍｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｅｒｉｏｄ，thefiguresfor

cultureduringthesameperiodincreasedjustfivefOld・Thus culture，scontributiontoGDPhasdeclinedfｒｏｍ９９６ｉｎｌ９６０ｔｏ ｉｎｌ９９０．

a９，．

a9,.

2.3％

ＴＨＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＩⅥＴＹＧＡＰＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＥ ＡＮＤＩＮＤＵSTRY

Thus，agriculture，ｓｗｅｉｇｈｔｉｎｔｈｅｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｈａｓｃｏｍｅｄowngreatly

inthepost-WorldWarllyears・Oneimportantr巳asonforthishas beentheappreciablegapmtheproductivityincreasesbetween industryandagriculturewitnessedinthepastfourdecａｄｅｓｏｒｓｏ・

TableNQ2givesthedifferencesinproductivitiesbetweenagli‐

cultureandmanufacturinginJapan,betweentheyearsl955-l990・The productionperhourhasbeenusedinthecompilationchoosingthe baｓｅｙｅａｒｌ９５５ａｓｂｅｉｎｇｅｑｕａｌｔｏｌＯＯ、Theagriculturalproduction inc正aｓｅｄｔｏｌ４５ｉｎｌ９９０ｉｎｔｈｅｆａｃｅｏｆａノtzﾉﾉﾉ,Zglaborforcewhich

decreasedfromｌＯＯｔｏ３０ｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｓａｍｅｐｅｒｉｏｄ・Thisresultedin ahealthygrowthofproｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｆｒｏｍｌＯＯｉｎｌ９５５ｔｏ４８０ｉｎｌ990.But theproductivityriseinthemanufacturingsectorhasbeenevenmore rapid，ｒｉｓｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｌＯＯｉｎｌ９５５ｔｏ６６３ｉｎｌ９９０・

Therateofagriculturalproductivitｙinc配aseinJapanduringthe periodreferｒｅｄｔｏｗａｓｈｉｇｈｂｕｔｃｏｍｐａ正dtotheproductivityincrease

inthemanufacturingsectortheylaggedbehind、Thisisreflectedin thefigurcsintheTableno、３whichshowsanintemationalcom‐

pansonofincreaseinlaborproductivitiesforthemanufacturingsectoｒ

andagriculturefortheperiodl960-1990.TheTablealsoliststherate ofincreaseinwagesinthemanufacturingsectorandtherateof increaseoftheagriculturalproductpricesforthesameperiodln thel960sagricultureinJapanshowedaremarkablerateofproducti‐

vityincrease，ｂｕｔｔｈｉｓｗａｓｅｃｌｉpsedbythefigu正sregisteredfor

－２９－

ＴＡＢＬＥＮｏ．２ＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＳＩＮＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＩｗＴＩＥＳＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＡＧＲＩ－

ＣＵＩ/ＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＭＡＮＵＦＡＣＴＵＲＩＮＧ，1955-1990

ＬＡＢＯ

100

１６４ ２０８ １４８

198

４８０ ＡＶＥＲＡＧＥＡＮＮＵＡＬＲＡＴＥＯＦＩＮＣＲＵＴＡＳＥ

０．２

－４１

ＳｏｕＩＣｅ：Ｉｓｏｂｅｅ/ｎＬ（ed).，／Wio〃jVbgyo”〃（S雌ｄｉＵｓｏ〃ん，＠打…Ａｇｶﾞc"ﾉﾉ３Ｊ刺，

(Tokyo：Yuhikaku，1993),ｐ､47.

theindustry，ｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｉｓｈｉｇｈｐｅｒｉｏｄｗａｓｎｏｔｔｏｂｅrepeatedby industryinfutureInthel970swhileagriculturalproductivity increaseswerCnegative,theyonceagamrecoveredtoremarkablelevels inthel980s・Industrymeanwhilehasshownlcspectablerisesinpro‐

ductivitygrDwthsOverall,Japaneseagriculturalproductivitygrowth fortheentireperiodcomparesveryfavorablywiththoseofother developedcountriesThus，ｗｅｆｉｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｔｍｕｃｈｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅｉn thecriticismofthosewhoholdthattheperformanceofJapaneseagn、

cultureintherecentpasthasbeenpoorandhenceitwouldbebetter toopentheJapaneseagriculturalmarkettotheagriculturalcom‐

－３０－

MANUFACTURINGINDUSTRY

ＸＵＦ

ＣＴＩＯＮ ^{lｌＷｌＺＸＵＦ}LABOR PROD

ＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＥ

PＲ TIO^UFＮ ｌＩｖＤＥＸＯＦ

ＬＡＢＯＲ PRODUCT1vnY^LABUI（

1955 100 100 100 100 100 100

1960 222 147 151 108 9１ 118

1965 388 183 212 119 7２ 164

1970 808 209 387 136 6６ 208

1975 885 209 424 148 5０ 301

1980 1,220 ^{208 588 130 4４} 298

1985 1,451 ^{259 561 152 3６ 423}

1990 1,819 ^{175 663 145 3０ 480}

1955-60 1７．１ 8.0 ８．６ 1.6 －１．８ ３．５

1960-65 1１．８ ４．４ ７．１ 2.1 －４．６ 6.8

1965-70 1５．８ ２．７ 1２．８ 2.7 －１．７ 4.8

1970-75 1.8 -0.0 ０．６ 1.6 －５．４ 7.7

1975-80 6.6 ０．１ ２．２ －２．５ －２．４ －０．２

1980-85 3.5 ４．５ －１．０ ３．２ －４．１ 7.2

1985-90 4.6 －７．５ 3.4 －１．０ －３．５ 2.5

CURRENTFEATURESOFjAPANESEAGRICULTUREANDTHEPROTECTlONISMlSSUE（GBALAUtHAYASHI）

ＴＡＢＬＥＮｏ．３ＲＡＴＵｍＳＯＦＩＮＣＲＵｎＡＳＥＯＦＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＩｗＴＹＩＮＡＧＲＩ－

ＣＵＬＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＭＡＮＵＦＡＣＴＵＲＩＮＧ,ＷＡＧＥＳＩＮＭＡＮＵ‐

ＦＡｃＴＵＲＩＮＧＡＮＤＰＲＩＣＥＳＯＦＡＧＲＩＣＵＵｒＵＲＡＬＰＲＯ‐

DUCTS(ANNUALL1960-1990

６．９

１９７０：０ １３

ｌ９８０ｐ０

１９６ ４０

l９８０ｐ０ 1960 １９７０：０

1960-70

１４．０ １９８００

sour℃ｅ：ＳａｍｅａｓＴａｂｌｅｎｏ、２ｐ､２９８．

moditiesfromothercountries・Thisfactabouttheperfolmanceof agriculturalproductivityneedstobestrCssed，sincethereisa widespreadfeelingthatthepelfoImanceofagricultuｒｅｉｎｔｈｅ ｐｏｓｔ－ＷｏｒｌｄＷａｒｌｌｙｅａｒｓｈａｓbeenpoor・Hencemanycontendthat itbehoovesJapantoconcentrateonnon-agriculturalproductionand letagricultureshrinkevenfurtherbytradeliberalization、

Turningtothewageincreasesforthemanufacturingsectorinthe caseofJapan,wefindthattheywerequitesubstantial,reflectingthe largerisesinproductivity,Whiletheagriculturalproductpricesalso registeredfavorableincreases，theirrisewasmuchlessandthey stagnatedinthel980s．

-３１－

LAmR PRODUCTIVITY IN

AGRlCUUruRE

MANUFACTURⅨG UlDUS1RYWAGES

JAPAN ^1960-70

1970-80 1980-90

９．８ ４．４ 4.0

6.3

－０．３ 5.5

1２．２ 1３．３ 3.7

６．９ 8.3 ０．０ Ｕ､S､Ａ 1960-70

1970-80 1980-90

3.5 2.5 2.6

5.2 2.1 2.7

４．０ ８．１ ３．５

1.6 ８．４ 0.9 ＷＥＳＴ

ＧＥＲＭＡＮＹ

1960-70 1970-80 1980-90

4.1 3.2 2.0

８．４ １．２ 2.5

8.6 8.3 4.3

0.1 4.0

－０．４ FＲＡＮＣＥ 1960-70

1970-80 1980-90

4.8 3.5 1.3

６．８ ２．３ 4.9

8.3 1４．４ 9.5

3.3 8.2 ４．３ ＥＮＧLＡＮＤ 1960-70

1970-80 1980-90

2.9 2.2 1.7

５．７ ２．４ ２．５

7.2 1５．３ 7.3

2.1 14.0 3.5

ＴＡｍｌｎＮＯ､４ＨＯＵＲＬＹＷＡＧＥＳＡＮＤＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩＮＡＧＲＩＣＵＬ･

ＴＵＲＥ（ALLJAPAN）（Units：Yen,％）

11 １０ １０７８ 197：

１９７ ７４０

５１０ １９８

：３．４ ２１

１９８

Source：ＳａｍｅａｓＴａｂｌｅｎｏ，２．ｐ､68.

ＴｈｅａｂｏｖｅＴａｂｌｅｎＱ４ｇｉｖｅｓｔｈｅｐｅｒｈｏｕragliculturalproduc‐

ｔｉｏｎａｎｄｗａｇｅｓｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｍｉｄｌＷＯｓ､Theagriculturalproductionper hoｕｒｒｏｓｅｓｌｏｗｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｈａｌｆｏｆｌ９７０ｓｏｎｌｙｔｏｆａｌｌｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔ ｈａｌｆｏfl980sandthenshowagenerallyrisingtrendTheagn‐

culturalwageperhourroseslowlyduringtheentiｒｅｐｅｒｉｏｄＴｈｉｓｉｓ ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｗagespaidtothetemporarilyemployedstaffin non-agricultureThelasttwocolumnsoftheTableindicatethefollow‐

ing：Theratioofagriculturalproductiontothewageshasbeen decliningovertheyears,whichmeansthattherehasbeenanincen‐

tiveforfa】ｍｅｒｓｔｏshiftfromagriculturalproductiontowagelabor intheruralareas・Alsothewagerateoftemporarylaborerswasnot attractivetoperfolmi､ｇａｇriculturalproductiononself-ownｅｄｌａｎｄ ｔｉｌｌａｂｏｕｔｌ９７８ｏｒｓｏＡｆｔｅｒｔｈiｓｄａｔｅｔｈｅｔｒｅｎｄｃｈａｎｇｅｓａｎｄｔｈｉｓｉｓ

－３２－

Agricultural

pmduction（Ａ） Ｗａｇｅｓｉｎｔｈｅ

ruralareas（B） Ｗａｇｅｒａｔｅｏｆ temporary laborers（C）

Ａ/Ｂ A/Ｃ

1976 535 594 485 9０．１ 110.3

1977 564 648 519 8７ 0 108 ７

1978 594 687 551 8５ ２ 107 ８

1979 579 740 586 7８ ２ 9８ ８

1980 510 818 628 6２ ３ 8１ ２

1981 517 862 654 6０ 0 7９ １

1982 515 893 683 5７ ７ 7５ ４

1983 540 920 688 5８ ７ 7８ ５

1984 583 956 706 6１ 0 8２ ６

1985 586 987 703 5９ ４ 8３ ４

1986 566 1,005 ^{721 5６ ３ 7８ ５}

1987 540 １ 021 718 5２ ９ 7５ ２

1988 560 １ 061 736 5２ ８ 7６ １

1989 659 １ 105 763 5９ ６ 8６ ４

1990 １ 173

CURRENTFEATURESOFJAPANESEAGmCuLTUREANDTHEPROTECTIONISMlSSUE（GBALA＆HAYASm）

ａｒｅａｓｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｉｓｅｏｆｐａｒｔｔｉｍｅｆａｒminginJapan

ThefOllowingTablen０．５givesfurtherdetailsofagricultural incomesandmanufacturingseｃｔｏｒｗａｇｅｓｐｅｒｄａｙｐｅｒｐｅｒｓｏｎｂｙｔｈｅ ｓｉｚｅｏｆｔｈｅｆａｒｍｌａｎｄａｎｄｔｈａｔｏｆｔｈｅｅｎterpriseWhiletheaverage manufacturingindustrywagesmcreasedbyl9.4timesbetweenl960 andl990,theaverageagriculturalearningsincreasedjust99times duringthesａｍｅｐｅｒｉｏｄＴｈｅｒａｔｉｏｏｆｔｈｅａｖｅｒａｇｅａgriculturalincome totheaveragemanufacturingindustryincomewhichstoodat64､0％

ｉｎｌ９６０ｒｏｓｅｔｏ７９､3％ｉｎ1965,andthensteadilydeclinedtoreachａ

ＴＡＢＬＥＮｏ．５ ＭＡＮＵＦＡＣＴＵＲＩＮＧＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＹＷＡＧＥＳＡＮＤＡＧＲＩ‐

CULTURALINCOMESCOMPARED（PERDAYPER

PERSON）（ＵＮＩＴ：ＹＥＮ,％）

Source：ＳａｍｅａｓｆｏｒＴａｂｌｅｎｏ､２

－３３－

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 MANUFACTURING

ⅢDUSTRYWAGES (ＮＵＭＢＥＲＯＦ

WORKERS）

ＯＶＥＲ 500 100～499

30～９９

5～２９ AVERAGE

(Ａ）

1,186 (100）

842 (7ＬＯ）

695 (58.6）

529 (44.6）

820 (69.1）

1,817 (100）

ラＩｎＩＪＦＤ⑥凸４４（ｑｊｎＵ１几只〕く

1,279 (70.4）

1,101 (606）

(79.7）1j“８ 3,734 (100〕

2,999 (80,3）

２，５５３ (68.4）

2,180 (58.4）

2,948 (79.0）

9,474 (100）

7,584 (80.0）

6,086 (64.2）

5,074 (53.6）

7,137 (75,3）

14,442 (100）

１１０１８６ (77.5）

8,717 (60.4）

7,401 (512）

10,334 (71.6）

18,217 (100）

13,443 (73.8）

10,480 (57.5）

8,828 (48.5）

１２，７７３ (70.1）

20,886 (100）

17,121 (819）

14,559 (69.7）

12,242 (58.6）

150946 (76.3）

AGRICUL TURAL INCOME

､(CmDlG HOKKAIIx〕

ＡＬＬ JAPAN

ＯＶＥＲ 2.Ｏｈａ 1.5～２．０

1.0～１．５

０．５～1.0 ＵPＴＯ0,5ｈａ

AVERAGE AVERAGE (B）

811 (68.4）

616 (519）

527 (44.4〉

449 (37.9）

390 (32.9）

513 (43.3）

525 (44.3）

1,583 (87.1）

1,286 (70.8）

1,147 (63.1）

９９８ (54.9）

(47.1）856 １，１３４ (624）

1,148 (63.2）

2,450 (65.6）

1,992 (53.3）

1,775 (47.5）

1,496 (40.1）

1,275 (34.1）

1,769 (47.9）

1.824 (48.8）

6,265 (66.1）

4,957 (52.3）

4,344 (45.9）

3.772 (39.8）

2,850 (30.1）

4,392 (46.4）

ワＯＬＨＪ向く）《ｕ》Ｅｕ・９句〃．丸■４４く

5,870 (40.6）

4,950 (34.3）

４０２８５ (29.7）

3,472 (24.0）

2,3Ｊ80 (16.0）

4,361 (302）

4,546 (36.5）

6,995 (384）

5,692 (31.2）

４，４９７ (24.7）

3,323 (18.2）

1,671

（9.1）

４，７４７ (26.1）

４，９３７ (27.1）

7,905 (37.8）

5,408 (25.9）

４０７７８ (229）

3,282 (15.7）

1,290 (6.2）

5,073 (24.3）

５，２３０ (25.0）

B/Ａ（%） ^{64.0 79.3 6Ｌ９ 6３．５} 44.0 3８．７ 32.8 WAGESFORTEMPORARY

AGmCULTURALWＯＲＫＦＲ (ＭALE）

382

(32.2） (46.9）⁸⁵³ 1,611 (43.1） 3,635

(38.4） 5,054 (35.0） 5,981

(32.8） (32.1）^6.711

figureｏｆ32.8％inl9901notherwordstheaverageagriculturalincome inJapanisjustaboutonethirdoftheaveragemanufacturingsector income・Thisonlyconfirmstheexistenceofincentivesforfalmers toincreasetheshareoftheirnon-fa1mincome・Thustheliseof part-timefarmingcanbeaccountedfor．

SＣＡｎＵＤＯＦＦＡＲＭＩＮＧＩＮＪＡＰＡＮ

OneimportantreasonwhyJapaneseagIiculturecannotshowthe kindofhighproductivitiesdisplayedbytheotherdevelopednations isthescaleoffalminginJapan・ThetinysizeoftheJapanesefarmｓ ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓａｒｏｕｎｄＬ２ｈｅｃｔａｒｅｐｅｒｆａｎｎhousehold,isusuallynotinthe formofasingleplotbutfragmentedandlocatedatdifferentplaces･

ＴｈｉｓｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｇｏｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｋｉｎｄｏｆｔｅｃｈnologicalprogressthatJapan hasmadeinthelastfourdecades・Powertillers,whoseuseincreased fivetimesbetweenl960andl97qdisplacedbothcattleandthewooden plough・MechanicaltransplantinghasrEducedthelaborrequirｅｄｔｏ ｐｌａｎｔａｈｅｃｔａｒｅｏｆｒｉｃｅｆｒｏｍｌ５０-300hourstolO-20hoursButthetiny scaleoffarmingimpedestheintmductionofmachineryandtherealiza‐

tionoflargeproductivityincreases、Ｆｏｒexample，thetransplanting

operationscanbｅｄｏｎｅｏｖｅｒａｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆ２０ｄａｙｓｉｎｔｈｅseason,hence

onemachinecantransplantlO-20hectares・Butsinceeachindividual plotisaroundlhectareorless,themachinecannotbeputtooptimum use､Inricefarming,theaverageisO8hectares,whilericemachinery

isoptimallyusedonalO-20hectarefarm､３ThefollowingTableno、

６ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｓｔｈｅｓｃａｌｅｏｆｆａｒｍｉｎｇｉｎＪａｐanwithotherdeveloped countriesanditbecomesobviouswhyJapancanneverhopetoattain thekindofhighproductivitiesthattheotherswiththeirvastlｙｌａｒｇｅ ｆａｒｍｓａｒｅａｂｌｅｔｏａｃｈｉｅｖｅＡｓｔheTableindicates,forotherdeveloped nationsthesizｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒａｒｅａｐｅｒｆａｒｍｈｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄｉｓｌ３ｔｏｌ４６ｔｉｍｅｓ

-３４－

CURRENTlⅦATURESOFjAPANESEAGRICULTUREANDTHEPROTECTIONlSMlSSUE（GBALA＆HAYASHI）

ｔｈａｔｏｆＪａｐａｎＴｈｅｙａｒｅａｂｌｅｔｏｒｅａｐｔｈebenefitsofhugepro‐

ductivityincrCasesduetotheintroductionoflargescalemachinery

WhichJapanisnotabletoexploit．

ＴＡＢＬＥNo.６１ＮＴＥＲＮＡＴＩＯＮＡＬＣＯＭＰＡＲＩＳＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＳ旧ＡＬｎＯＦ ＦＡＲＭＩＮＧ，１９８２

ＪＡＰＡＮ ＥＵＲＯＰＥＡＮ ＣＯＭＭＵＮＩＴＹ ＷＥＳＴ ＧＥＲＭＡＮＹ ＦＲＡＮＣＥ ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＫＩＮＧＤＯＭ ＵＮＩＴＥＤ ＳＴＡＴＥＳ

Ｎｏｔｅ：aAreaperfanTlhousehoIdisforl980andexcludesGreece

Source：TatsuoMatsuuraandMo面oMorisaki，Ｔ〃ｅルカα"…ＦｂＦｄノＭｎ戒Ｂｒ (Tokyo：JapanlntemationalAgriculturalCounci1,1985)ｐ､５７asquotedbyJimmye

S,HiumanandRobertA､RothenbergAgｱﾌﾞb郷ﾉﾉ豚”ノＴｍ此＠”ｎｍ“"”i〃ん，α〃

(Hampshi正：GowerPublishingCompanyLimited，1988）ｐ､19.

ＣＯＭＰＯＳＩＴＩＯＮＯＦＬＡＢＯＲＦＯＲＣＥＩＮＪＡＰＡＮＥＳＥ ＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＥ

ＴｈｅｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｏｆＪａｐａneseagriculturchasbeenaidedandabettedby thecompositionoflaboｒｆｏｍｅｅｎｇａｇｅｄｉｎｉｔ・Thisbecomesapparent fromthefollowingTableno、７．Thelaborfomeengagedinagrl‐

cultureinl993hasshrunktoabout28％ｏｆｔｈｅｌ９６０ｆｉｇｕｒｅＷｈｉｌｅｔｈｅ sexdistributionisverycloseto50％eachformalesandfemales，it istheagedistributionthatrevealsanewtrendTheshareofpersons iｎｔｈｅｌ５－５４ｙｅａｒｓｒａｎｇｅａｎｄｔｈｏｓｅｉｎｔhe55-64yearsrangehasbeen

”"蝿whiletheshareofpeopleinthe'６５yearsandabove'category，

hasｂｅｅｎ徳jl2gintherecentyears、Ｉｎｌ９９３ａｓｍｕｃｈａｓ３６％ｏｆｔｈｅ

－３５－

(TＩ PARED lJAPAN IVⅢS）

AREAPERFARM HOUSEHOLD

(IECTARE） (TIMES）

JAPAN 5,430 １，２

EUROPEAN

COMMUNITYa 102,030 1９ 1７．４ 1５

ＷＥＳＴ

ＧＥＲＭＡＮＹ 12,140 ^２ 1５．９ 1３

FＲＡＮＣＥ 31,730 ^{６ 29.4} 2５

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ

ＫＩＮＧＤＯＭ 1８，８１０ ^３ 77.1 6４

ＵＮＩＴＥＤ

SＴＡＴＥＳ 420,280 7７ 175.2 146

totallaborforceengagedinJapaneseagriculturCwaseither65years orolder．

ＡＧＥ･ＷＩＳＥＡＮＤＳＥＸ－ＷＩＳＥＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＯＦ ＬＡＢＯＲＦＯＲＣＥＩＮＪＡＰＡＮＥＳＥＡＧＲＩCULTURE

（Units：10,000persons）

（FigurCsinparenthesesrepresentpercentages）

ＴＡＨＬｎＮＯ､７

Ｓｅｘｉｓ面ｂｕｔｉｏｎ

１９６５ １９７０

１９８０ １９８５ ４４４

SoumeWYAo〃ハbgyoﾉVb"ﾉｾα〃UtzPα"eseAg流“/“、ノＹｂ[z76oo鉱(Tokyo：Ie_C noHikariKyokai,vanousyears)．

Ｔｈｉｓｔｒｅｎｄｏｆｇｒａｙｍｇｏｆｔｈｅｌａｂｏｒｆｏｒｃｅｃｏｕｐｌｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｆａｌｌｉｎ ｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆoffspringsoffarmerswhotakeupagricultur巳astheir occupationinrecentyearsmakesJapaneseagriculturcvulnerable indeed・Theabsolutenumberoffamlers'offspringswhotakeupagri‐

cultureastheircallingisshowninｔｈｅｎｅｘｔtable、０．８.Thisnumber hasfallentoalarminglylowlevelsTherewere656cities,２００１towns and589villagesinJapanintheyearl990accordingtoofficialclassifica‐

tions・Thisgivesatotalof3246cities,townsandvillagesinthewhole

－３６－

Total

Agedistribution

15-54 years

55-64 years

6５ _yea】nｓ aboveand

Sexdistrib

Males Females

1960 1196 576

(48.2） (51.8）⁶²⁰

1965 981

1970 ⁸¹¹

1975 588 276

(46.9） (53.1）³¹²

1980 506

1985 444

1990 ³⁹² (36,4）¹⁴³ (34.1）¹³⁴ (29.3）¹¹⁵ (49.5）¹⁹⁴ (50.5）¹⁹⁸

1991 380 130

(34.2）

128

(33.6） (31.8）¹²¹ (50.0）¹⁹⁰ (50.0）¹⁸⁹

1992 357 120

(33.6） (32.4）¹¹⁶ (33.8）¹²¹ (50.7）¹⁸¹ (49.3）¹⁷⁶

1993 338 111

(32.8） (31.0）¹⁰⁵ (36.0）¹²² (51.2）¹⁷³ (48.8）¹⁶⁴

CURRENTlmATURESOFJAPANESEAGRlCULTUREANDTHEPROTECTIONISMISSUE（GBALA＆HAYASm）

ofJapanAsagainstthisthenumberoffarmers'childrentakingup agricultureastheirprofessionislessthanthetotalnumberoftowns andvillagesinJapan・Inotherwords,onanaverage,notevenone personpercity,townandvillageinJapaniswillingｔｏｔａｋｅｕｐａｇｎ‐

cultureashisorheroccupationeveryyear．

ＴＡＢＬＥＮｏ．８ＦＡＲＭＥＲ,ＳＣＨｍＤＲＥＮＷＨＯＴＡＫＥＵＰＡＧＲＩＣＵＬ－

ＴＵREASTHEIROCCUPATION（Unit：Persons,％）

Source：MinistryofAglicultu正,FCI℃stlyandFisheries，ハbAFdzSﾊ灘gyoCllosa HbAoA郷(､幼ｏｌＴｏ〃ノハleocCz`，α/”"αｌｓ"wcm”ｑ//imlMlo…〃ojds),vanousyears．

^●

ＳＥＬＦ－ＳＵＦＦＩＣＩＥＮＣＹＲＡＴＥＳＩＮＪＡＰＡＮＥＳＥＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＥ Theself-sufficiencyratesfOrvanousagriculturalproductsinJapan ｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｆａｌｌｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔｆｅｗdecades､Thetrmdiscapturedby thefollowingthreefiguresFigureno・lshowstherecenttrendsin theself-sufficiencyratesofsomeoftheadvancednations,measured onthebasisofcalorificvalueThesteadydeclineofJapancom‐

paredtotheothercountrieswhichimprovedtheirself-suffidencyrates isimmediatelyapparent・Ｂｙｔｈｅｙｅａｒｌ９９３,ｔｈｉｓｆｉｇｕｒｅｆｏｒＪａｐａｎｈａｓ

－３７－

YEAR(MARCH） NUMBEROFPERSONS ＹＥＡＲ(MARCH） NUMBEROFPERSONS

1965 68,000 1978 9,000

1966 7２ 200 1979 ７ 600

1967 6４ 100 1980 _{７ 000}

1968 6１ 000 1981 ５ 700

1969 4７ 600 1982 ７ 100

1970 3６ 900 1983 ６ 500

1971 3１ 900 1984 ４ 700

1972 2２ 000 1985 ４ 800

1973 1８ 600 1986 ５ 400

1974 1４ 400 1987 ４ 000

1975 ９ 900 1988 ３ 500

1976 1０ 200 1989 ２ 100

1977 _{1２ 0００ 1990 １ 800}

furtherdeclinedto37％・Ｃａｎａｄａｓｈｏｗｅｄａｖａｌｕｅｏｆ141％，Australia

179％,Ｓｗｅｄｅｎ102％,Thailand130％,China9796andthefOnnerSoviet

Uniｏｎ８８％(allfortheyearl980).Notonlyistheself-sufficiencyrate offoodseenonacalorificbasisforJapanoneofthelowestinthe world；ithasalsobeenshowingaconsistentlydecliningtrendsince

1965.

ＦＩＧＵＲＥＮＯ１ＭＯＶＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＥＩＦ－ＳＵＦＦＩＣＩＥＮＣＹＲＡＴＥＳ ＦＯＲＦＯＯＤＦＯＲＭＡＪＯＲＡＤＶＡNCEDNATIONS

（MEASUREDBYCALORIEVALUE）

％叩

120

100

8０

6０

4０1965７０７５８０８５８９

Source：ShuzoTeruoka，Gejodajsjliho"s”gノノOSC"s腕"んｏｂ虹

"ogyO：｣Who".Ａ”e'ねz・ＥＣ櫛』ん"jboﾉｾ卿伍g症zc""”j〃、Ｂ２）eﾉDPed Mz2jmzsa,ｗｆＰ"Sc"ｆｍｚｙＱＷ'＠ﾉﾒｓ１ｏ８Ｊ〃，α”［ｽＳＡａ,zdtjIeEC CozJ"ｵｱｿﾞﾋﾞS」IKhZgpb＃ｊ０Ｓﾊ応ｏ(Scje"“α"。Ｔﾉioz4gjl圦No.84,(April l992),ｐ､96.

－３８－

ｕｓ.Ａ

／、 ハノ、

▲

/Uハ

¹²⁸

^戸

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／Ｖ

115

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FＲＡＮＣＥ

' 9３ FＯＲＭＥＲ

ＷＥＳＴＧＥＲＭＡＮＹ

／

￣

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／､－．．

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．⑰７７

CURRENTFEATuRESOFJAPANESEAGRlCULTUREANDTlmPROTECmONISMISSuE（G・MLA＆HAYASHI）

Theself-sufficiencyratesinFiguｒｅｎｏ２ｓｈｏｗｔｈｅｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆ ｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅsofbalanceoftradeincereals,namelyexportsminusimports ofcerealsformajordevelopedcountriessincel960,measuredinmillion tons・Japanhasbeenaconsistentnetimporterofcerealssincel960

andthenegativebalanceofｔｒａｄｅｉｎｃｅ正alshavebeenonasteady

risingtrend．

ＦＩＧＵＲＥＮｏ．２ＢＡＬＡＮＣＥＯＦＴＲＡＤＥＯＦＣＥＲＥＡＬＳＯＦＭＡＪＯＲ

DEVELOPEDCOUNTRmg（MILLIONTONS）

加叩即釦⑩釦０ｍ釦印即１１’｜’一

IET DＲＭＥＲＳＣ ＮＩＯＮ ＬＶＥＬＯ

~ＯＩＩＴＲＩＦ 1961６５７０７５８０

Ｓｏｕｍｅ：ＳａｍｅａｓＦｉｇｕｒｅｎｏ、１，ｐ､86. 8５８８（EXCLUDINGCHINA）

ＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｖａｒｌｏｕｓｉｔｅｍｓｔｈａｔｆａｌｌｕｎderthecategoryoffOod，it iscerealswhosepeIfonnancehasworsenedthemost・Figureno、３ showsthewayself-sufficiencyratｅｓｆｏｒｃｅ正alshavemovedfora numberofdevelopedcountriesbetweentheyearsl960andl987・The cerealself-sufficiencyofJapaninl986wasjust3096,thelowestinthe developedworldBy1993,thishaddeclinedtoaround22％，arecord

low・

Thefiguresfortheself-sufficiencyratesforvanousfooditemsin JapanisseenfromthefoUowingTableno、９．TheoverallfOod

－３９－

ＦＩＧＵＲＥＮＯ３ＴＨＥＭＯＶＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＳＥＬＦ－ＳＵＦＦＩＣＩＥＮＣＹＲＡＴＥＳＦＯＲ ＣＥＲＦＭＬＩＳＦＯＲＭＡＪＯＲＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＥＤＣＯＵＮＴＩＢＩＥＳ

％，203 ２

１ １ １ １ １ Ｉ

『。

】ＲＬＩＮ

度

８８０８２８５８７８９企

句ZＬＤＣ□Ｃ

Soume：ＳａｍｅａｓＦｉｇｕｒｅｌｐ､96.

self-sufficiencyhasbeendecliningforJapaninthe妃centpastFrom afigureof91%inl96qthefoodself-sufficiencyratehascomedown

to6796inl990．

ＴＡｕＲｍｕＮＯ､９ＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＩＮＦＯＯＤＳＥＬＦ－ＳＵＦＦＩＣＩＥＮＣＹ ＲATESFORJAPAN(%）

sour℃eIMinistryofAgriculturaForestryandFishing,Ｓｈ０ｈ郷Pyo/ihy脚●

Alyomz6HGso〃Fbo‘Ｓｃ媚！`ﾉifYCj‘"〔:y),vanousyears．

ＩＡｐＡＹｕ面ＳＥＩＭｐＯＲⅢＳＡＮＤＥＸＰＯＲＴＳＯＦＡＧＲＩＣＵＬＴＵＲＡＬ

ＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＳ

ＴｈｅｉｍａｇｅｏｆＪａｐａｎａｓｂｅｉｎｇａｃｏｕｎtryclosedtoagriculturalpro‐

ducts，ｉｍｐｏｒｔｓｎｅｅｄｓｔｏｂｅｐｕｔｉｎｔｈｅｒｉｇｈｔｐerspectiveJaPantoday isノノbejtzｿ宮UsfimporterofagriculturalpmductsintheworldThefollow‐

－４０－

1965 1975 1985 1990

ＡＬＬＧＲＡｍＪＳ ^{6２ 4０ 3１ 3０}

FＯＯＤＧＲＡｎＪＳ ^{8０ 6９ 6９ 6７}

ＲＩＣＥ ^{9５ 110 107 100}

ＷＨＥＡＴ ^{2８ ４ 1４ 1５}

PＵＬＳＥＳ ^{1１ ４ ５ ５}

FOODONACALORJED1TAKEBASIS ^{7３ 5４ 5２ 4７}

ＡＬＬＦＯＯＤＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＳ ^{8６ 7７ 7４ 6７}

CURRENTFEATURESOFjAPANESEAGRICUUIUREANDTHEPROTECTIONISMISSUE（GBALA＆HAYASm）

ｉｎｇＴａｂｌｅｎＱ１０ｓｈｏｗｓｔｈｅｅｘｐｏｒｔｓａｎｄimportsofagriculture,fishely andfO正stryproductsofvariouscountriesoverthetimespanl981-1993 Japan，simportsinthiscategoryhaveballoonedovertheyearsNo developednationimportsasmuchasJapandoes,andcomparedto Japan，ｓｌｏｗｌｅｖｅｌｏｆｅｘｐｏｒｔｓｉｎｔｈiscategory，theotherdeveloped nationsexportasubstantialamount・ThusJapanhasbeenhaving asizeablebalanceoftradedeficitinthiscategoryandthishasgrown

toover＄５５billioninl993．

ＴＡＢＬＥＮＯ１０ＥＸＰＯＲＴＳＡＮＤＩＭＰＯＲＴＳＯＦＡＧRICULTURE，ＦＩＳＨＥＲＹ

ＡＮＤＦＯＲＥＳＴＲＹＰＲＯＤＵＣＴＳＯＦＶＡＲＩＯＵＳＣＯＵＮＩＴＲｍＳ

（Units：＄l00million）

ＮＤ

~霊F霊F霊F:霊１羽割悪需Ei霊

ＧLAN

Note・ａ・Russia・ Soul℃ｅ：Ｅ４０Ｔｍｚﾒｅｙｉ２ｎ幼ooAbvanousyears、

－４１－

8１

EXPOＲＴＳ IＭＰＯＲＴＳ ＥＸＰＯRTS‐、腰ＯＲＴＳ

1987

ＥＸＰＯＲＴＳ IＭＰＯＲＴＳ EXPOＲＴＳ‐IＭＰＯＲＴＳ

Ｕ､S,Ａ 450.5 183.4 267.1 312.9 220.0 92.9

FＲＡＮＣＥ 178.5 132.9 45.6 236.5 176.9 59.6

CＡＮＡＤＡ 78.4 48.9 29.5 72`７ 53.9 18.8

FＯＲＭＥＲ SＯＶＩＥＴ

UＮＩＯＮ ^{29.7 213.2 -183.5 28.8 165.0 －１３６２}

ＦＯＲＭＥＲ ＷＥＳＴ

ＧＥＲＭＡＮＹ 106.1 222.5 －１１６．４ 151.4 296.9 -145,5

IＴＡＬＹ 61.4 127.8 －６６．４ 79.1 196.2 －１１７．１

ＥＮＧLＡＮＤ 79,2 148,3 －６９．１ 99.9 203.3 －８３５

JAPAN 1０．９ 185.1 -174.2 9.5 209.6 －２００１

1989

EXPORTS MORIS E】PoInS・MORTs

1991

EXPORTS HllPORTS mPORTS・MOIrTS

1993 E0PORTS MORTS U､S,Ａ 590.1 463.7 126.4 6040 455.3 148,7 637.3 515.4 121.9 FRANCE 324,8 275.6 49.2 374.8 320.8 540 377.2 300.5 7５７ CANADA 282.6 90.8 191.8 2Ｗ､４ 98.5 188.9 305.2 104.9 2003

UNION ^{73.9 12.0 -138.1 5３８ 17Ｌ７ -117.9 17.7ａ 51.8 －３４．１} GERMANY 180.1 33Ｌ１ -151,0 291.2 559.4 -268.2 285.4 482.0 -196.6 ITALY 112.1 298,3 -206.5 140.1 336.9 -192.0 139.9 288.1 -148.2 ENG1AND _13Ｌ９ 318.6 -186.7 163.7 332,1 -168.4 156.1 313.2 -157.1 JAPAN ^32.7 531.2 -498.5 38.7 544.4 -505.7 39.2 590.3 -551.1

ＴＨＥＵＲＵＧＵＡＹＲＯＵＮＤ

ＧＡＴＴ(GeneralAgr巴ementonTariffsandTrade)hasbeeninvolved inthepromotionoff正etradeandtheremovalorreductionofimpedi‐

ｍｅｎｔｓｔｏｆｒＥｅｔｒａｄｅ・Inpursuitoftheseobjectives，ithasfacili‐

tatedvariousORounds''-,amelymultilateralnegotiationsaimedatthe reductionofbarTierstoｆｒｅｅtradeThelatestround,theeighth,was theUruguayRound，whichlastedoversevenyears，TheUruguay RoundofnegotiationsreachedaconclusioninDecemberl99３，and wassignedbyalmostl25countriesgivingrisetothebirthoftheWorld TradeOrganizationinAprill994､Japanhadresistedtheopeningof itsricemarketallthrough，ｂｕｔｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｄａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄｔｈｅＤｅｎｉｓｃｏｍ‐

promiseproposaLThisproposalwhiＣｈｗａｓｐｕｔｕｐｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔｓｔａｇｅｓ ｏｆｔｈｅnegotiationscontainedexceptionalmeasurEsfOrcomprehen‐

sivetariffconversionofquotas・TheJapanesegovemmentaccepted toprovidingminimumaccessforimportedricethroughthese measur巴s,Italsoacceptedtoimplementthetariffconversionofdaily products，starChesandotherproducts、Thechangesenvisagedwere tobetakｅｎｕｐａｓｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｓｃａｌｌ９９５ｔａｒｉｆfrevision・

Japan'sscheduleofconcessionsintheareaofagriculturalpro‐

dｕｃｔｓｃａｎｂｅｇroupedunderatariffconversionexceptionalmeasures，

btariffconversionandc、reductionintariffrates．

』・nzla功｢Cmz〃eγsわれ丘兀℃GPZm"ロノMbUzszJ”s:Japanacceptedtheimple‐

mentationoftariffconversionexceptionalmeasuresforriceThe salientfeaturCsofthisprovisionareｔｈａｔ：

ＬＪａｐａｎｗｉllimplementnotariffquotaforriceduringtheimple‐

mentationperiodwhichwillbesixyearsstartingfroml9９５．

２．Ｊapanwillprovidetheopportunityforminimumaccessfor importedrice,ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｌ９９５ｗｉｌｌａｍｏｕｎｔｔｏ４％ａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｙｅａｒ２０００ ｔｏ８％ofthedomesticconsumption．Ｔｈｅｒ巳fｅｒｍｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｗａｓｔｏｂｅ

－４２－

CURRENTFEATURESOFjAPANESEAGRlCULTUREANDTIEPROTECTIONISMISSUＥ（GBAIA＆HAYASⅢ）

1986.1988.

3．ＴｈｅＦｏｏｄＡｇｅｎｃｙｗｉｌｌｉｍｐｏｒｔｒｉｃｅｏｎａstatetradebasis・The differentialprofitsonimportseamedbystatetradeentelpriseswｅｒｅ ｔｏｂｅｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｔｏａｎａｍｏｕｎｔｂａｓｅｄｏnsalesduringthesamereference periodofl986-1988・

Ｂｎｍｂ｢ＣＤ""eだわ〃:Productsotherthanricethathavebeensubject tonon-tariffbasedimportrestrictionsweretoundelgotariffcon‐

versionlnotherwords,non-tariffrestrictionshadtoberemovedfully

orphasedoutandintheｉｒｐｌａｃｅｔａｒｉｆｆｗａｓｔｏｂｅｓｕｂstitutedPooled quotaswerctobeestablishedwiththecalculationsbasedontheprice differentialduringthebaserefe正nceperiodofl986-1988andwere tobｅｒｍｕｃｅｄｂｙ15％duringtheimplementationperiodwhichwas tobesixyearsbeginningin1995.Accessopportunitiesrelatedtotaliff conversionweretobeestablishedbasedonimportresultsorimport

quotasinforceduringthebasereferenceperiodlnprindple，the tariffstobecollectedontheseestablishedaccessopportunitiesｗｅ１℃

tobeatthesamelevelasthatduringthebasereferenceperiodApplic‐

abletariffrateswillnotbercducedduringtheimplementationperiod、

Tariffratesmayberaisedatacertainrateontanffconversionitems asaspecialsafeguardincaseimportvolumesincreasedatgreater thanacertainrateｏｒｖａｌｕｅｆｏｒｃｕｓｔｏｍｓｆｅｌｌａｔｌｅｓｓｔｈａnacertain

rate・

ＣＲＣ“αわれｊ〃nzlajj6｢Ｒａｔｅｓ：Itwasdecidedtoreducethetariff ratesinordertosatisfytheconditionofa３５％averageratedecrease overaslx-yearperiodandaminimumratedecreaseonparticular

agriculturalpmduｃｔｉｔｅｍｓｏｆ１５%4.Tablenollgivesthelistoflead‐

ingagriculturalpmductitemssubjecttotariffreductions・

Inconcreteterms,Japanwasobligedtoimport380,OOOtonsofrice

infiscall995・Thefirstlotamountingto2,800tonswhichwasimported

wasauctioneｄｏ、２６thJulyl995､Ｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｌｉｍｉｔｏｆｔｈｅｍａｒｇｉｎｏｆ

－４３－

ＴＡＢＬＥＮｏ．ｌ１ＴＡＲＩＦＦＲＥＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳＯＮＬＥＡＤＩＮＧＡＧＲＩＣＵＩｊＴＵＲＡＩ ＰＲＯＤＵＵＴＩＴＥＭＳ

ＯＹｅｎｓ

Ｎｏｔｅ：Uniformreductionsinprinciple

SoｕｌＣｅ：JErRO,〃，α"否Ａｇ戒"/“、ﾉＭｎ雄ｅｊＩ９９５(Tokyo：JapanEXternal TradeOIZanizatio､,Junel995）ｐ､9．

profitthattheFoodAgencycouldmakewasYens292perkilogram ofrice・Ａｌｌｂｒａｎｄｓｏｆｒｉｃｅｓｏｌｄｏｎｔｈｉｓｄａｙｂｒoughtthisupperlimit ofprofit．

ＰＲＯＴＥＣＴＩＯＮＩＳＭＩＮＪＡＰＡＮＥＳＥＡＧＲＩCＵＬＴＵＲＥ

WhyistheJapaneseagriculturalcommoditiesmarketsopro‐

ｔｅｃｔｅｄａｎｄｈｏｗｄｏｅｓｉｔｃｏｍｐａｒｅｗｉｔｈｏthercountriesintennsofthe degreeofprotection？Tableｎｏ・ｌ２ｓｈｏｗｓｔｈｅＮｏｍｉｎａｌＲａｔｅｓｏｆＰｒｏｔｅｃ tion(NRP)forvarlouscountriesbetweenl955-1987.TheNominalrate

－４４－

ProductＮａｍｅ Currentrate

(ａｓｏｆｌ９９４)％ Ｒａｔｅａｆｔｅｒｓｉｘ (cfnote）^years

Beef 5０

38.5％（however,ifimport volumeexceedsacertain levelJapanmayraisethe tanffratetｏ５０％asan emergencyadjustment measure）

Ｆｒ巴shOranges (June-November）

(December-May）

００２４ ６２１３

Orangejuice（nosugar added,１０％sucrosecontent ｏｒgreater）

3０ 25.5％

Naturalcheese ^3５ 29.8％

(26.3％ａｎｄ22.4％ｏｎｓｏｍｅ varieties）

IceCream(sucrosecontent

lessｔｈａｎ５０%） ^{2８ 2１}

Candies 3５ 2５

Macaroniandspaghetti 40Yens/k９ 30Yens/k９ Pastries(withaddedsugar） ^{2４ 15％}

SoyaBeanandVegetable

oils（unprocessed） 17Yens/k９ 10.9Yens/k９

CURRENTITATURESOFjAPANESEAGmCULTUREANDTHEPROTECTIONlSMISSＵＥ（GBALA＆HAYASHI）

ofagliculturalprotectioniscalculatedbysubtractingthevalueofagri‐

culturaloutputininternationalpｒｉｃｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｏｆａｇｎ‐

culturaloutputindomesticpncesanddividingtheremainderbythe

valueofagliculturalouhputininternationalprices､Thisisequivalent

totheweightedaverageoftheNRPsofindividualcommoditiesusing

theirsharesinthetotaloutputvalueatborderprIcesasweights、

CommoditiescoveredintheaverageNRPcalculationincludetwelve tradablecommoditiesasmentionedinfOotnoteaunderTableno、

12．Thesecommoditiesaccountforabout60-70percentofthevalue

oftotalagriculturaloutputincashofcountriesunderstudy,５

ＨａｙａｍｉｓｕｍｍａｎｚｅｓｉｎＴａｂｌｅｎｏ・ｌ２ｔｈｅａｖｅｒａｇｅＮＲＰｓｂｙｃｏｍｐａｒ‐

ingproducerandborder(importc.i､ｆ)prices・Heusesproducerprlces astheyincludetheeffectsnotonlyofborderprotectionbutalsoof

morcdirectagriculturalsupportpoliciessuchasdeficiencypay‐

ments・Theuseofproducerpricesleadstoanunderestimationofpro‐

tectiontotheextentthattherea正costsofmarketingfromthefarm gatｅｔｏａｐｏｉｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｍａｒｋｅｔｉｎｇｃｈａｉｎｅｑuivalenttotheinterna‐

tionallytradedproduct.ＡｓｉｓｒｅａｄｉｌｙｓｅｅｎｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＴａｂｌｅｔｈｉｓbias isobviousinthecaseofthefood-exportingcountriessuchasAustralia andtheUS，ｆｏｒｗｈｏｍｔｈｅｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｓｏｆＮＲＰｓａｒｅｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｉｎｓｏｍｅ ｙｅａｒｓｗｈｅｎｉｎｆａｃｔｎｏｐolicywasexercisedtoexploitagricultureor

onlymoderatelyprotectivepolicieswereadoptedHowever，Ｈａｙａｍｉ

ｆｅｅｌｓｔｈａｔｉｎｓｏｆａｒａｓｔｈｉｓｂｉasissimilaracrosscountriesandover time,itdoesnotpresentasenousproblemforthepurposeofmaking

broadcomparisonS6・TheTablesignifiesthefollowing:ａ).Japan,Korea

andSwitzerlandhavehighlevelsofNRPand,ｂ).Thehighfigur巳for NRPforJapanisofrecentorigin・

ThefollowingTableno､１３givestheNRPsforindividualcommodi‐

tiesintheECandJapan,WhatdoestheTableindicate？Inthecase ofJapan，thereisgrBaterdegreeofprotectionforgrainsascom‐

－４５－

paredtolivestockproducts,whiletheoppositeistrueinthecasｅｏｆ ｔｈｅＥＣＨａｙａｍｉｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｔｔｈｅｔｗｏ－tierstructurefortheprotection ongrains・Thedegreeofprotectionisvelyhigｈｆｏｒｆｏｏｄｇｒａｍｓ，

particularlyrice、Ｂｕｔｆｏｒｆｅｅｄｇｒａｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｍａｉｚｅｅｔｃ.，ｔｈｅｄｅｇにe ofprotectionisextremelylow・Thesegramsarehardlyproducedin Japan・Thisstrongbiasinfavoroffoodgrainsisattlibutedtothe traditionallackofsubstitutabilitybetweennceandfeedgrains、A naturalconsequencehasbeenthatpricesupportonricewasincreased whilesimultaneouslyfeedgrainswereimportedwithoutprotection．

ＴＡＢＬＥＮｏ．ｌ２ＣＯＭＰＡＲＩＳＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＮＯＭＩＮＡＬＲＡＴＥＳＯＦＡＣｍ－

ＣＵＬＴＵＲＡＬＰＲＯＴＥＣＴＩＯＮＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＩＭＳＴＡＳⅡＡＮ ＣＯＵＮＴＲＩＥＳＡＮＤＥＬＥＶＥＮＯＴｍｕＲＤＥＶＥＬOPED COUNTRIES，１９５５ＴＯ１９８７（船）

1955１９６０１９６５１９７０１９７５１９８０１９８５１９８７ EastAsia

Japan Korea Taiwan

Eumpea、Coummunity Denmark

France Gemlany，ＦＲ・

Italy Netherland量 UnitedKingdom Averageb NonalignedEurope

Sweden SwitzeTland FoodExporters

Australia Canada UnitedStates

４１

－１５

－３ １８

－４６

－１７

９４１６一一 ４９２７２ 拓切、

８５ １１７ ５２

肥〃犯１１

151 160 ７４

５調妬幻辿如調 ３６８０１７７２４５２３３ ５０５６５０５３５６３２４ Ⅳ〃釦的虹”艶 ９９９８２６９１２３３３２ ５０４７７５８２３４５２３３ ４７０２８９３３３４７３３４ 的印ね”訂ね鴎１

3４ ６０

“図 5０

７３

筋兜 4３

９６ ５９ １２６

６５ １８１

131 218

７４１ ７５１１－ ５４４－－ ２２０－ ７０１１’ ５９３１２

ｏワ』ｑ》

ｎ匹finedasthepercentagebywhichtbeproducerpnceexceedstheborderprice､Tbeestimates showna歴theweightedaveragesfortwelvecommodities,usingproductionvaluedatborderprices aswEight・ThetweIvecommoditiesincluderice,wheat,barley,corn,oatsDrye,beef,pork,chickien，

eⅡgSomiIkandSUger・

bWeightedaveragefornIIsixcountTiesshownfoT1975,1960,19850ａｎｄ1987,butexcludingDenmark andUnitedKingdomforearIieryears、

Source：ＹｕｊｉｒｏＨａｙａｍｉｅｍノＴｈｅＡｇｶﾞc"/、”【、Ｕ２】e”）ｗﾌﾞzノｑ/ﾉｾZPα〃(Tokyo：

Unive函ityofTokyoPress，1991)，ｐ､223.

－４６－