SES no.104; Cover, Contents, and others
journal or
publication title
Senri Ethnological Studies
volume 104
year 2021‑03‑01
URL http://hdl.handle.net/10502/00009651
ISSN 0387-6004 ISBN 978 -4-906962-87-7 C3036
SE S 10 4 2021 W o rl d W h ali n g Hi st or ic al a nd C o n te mp or ar y S tu di es N o b uh iro K is h ig ami (e d .)
Senri Ethnological Studies 104
Edited by
Nobuhiro Kishigami
World Whaling
Historical and Contemporary Studies
Senri Ethnological Studies
Senri Ethnological Studies is an occasional series published by the National Museum of Ethnology. The volumes present in-depth anthropological, ethnological, and related studies written by the Museum staff, research associates, and visiting scholars.
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令和 3 年 3 月 1 日 発 行
Senri Ethnological Studies 104
編 者 Nobuhiro Kishigami
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国立民族学博物館
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Senri Ethnological Studies 104
World Whaling
Historical and Contemporary Studies
National Museum of Ethnology Osaka
2021
Edited by
Nobuhiro Kishigami
Published by the National Museum of Ethnology Senri Expo Park, Suita, Osaka 565-8511, Japan
©2021 National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka
All rights reserved. Printed in Japan by Yubunsha Co., Ltd.
Publication Data
Senri Ethnological Studies 104
World Whaling: Historical and Contemporary Studies Edited by Nobuhiro Kishigami. p.358
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISSN 0387-6004
ISBN 978-4-906962-87-7 C3036
1. indigenous whaling 2. commercial whaling 3. anti-whaling movement 4. politics 5. animal ethics I. Kishigami, Nobuhiro
CONTENTS
Preface
Nobuhiro Kishigami i
World Whaling and Recent Whaling Research Trends
Nobuhiro Kishigami 1
Part 1: Commercial Whaling
The Rise and Fall of Fin and Minke Whaling in Iceland, with Special Reference to the 2018 and 2019 Whaling Seasons
Hisashi Hamaguchi 33
A Preliminary Analysis of Coastal Minke Whaling in Norway:
Where Did It Come from, and Where Will It Go?
Jun Akamine 53
Part 2: Indigenous and Local Whaling
Subsistence Whaling of the Chukotkan Indigenous Peoples
Eduard Zdor 75
Food Security, Food Sovereignty, and Bowhead Whale Hunts among the Iñupiat in Utqiaġvik, Alaska, USA
Nobuhiro Kishigami 93
Whales and Whaling in Greenland:
Historical and Contemporary Studies
Shunwa Honda 113
Contemporary Whaling in the Faroe Islands:
Its History, Challenges, and Outlook
Russell Fielding 133
The Pilot Whale Hunt and Indigenous Culture of the Faroe Islands:
A Comparison with Taiji, Japan
Motohiro Kawashima 147
People Living Together with Whales:
Case Studies from South Korea
Sun-ae Ii 167
Part 3: Politics, Image Making and Public Discourse Concerning Whaling Constructing Killable Whales:
Historical Formation of Japanese Cetology and Scientific Whaling
Fumitaka Wakamatsu 191
Political Strategies for the Historical Victory in Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling in the Alaskan Arctic:
The International Whaling Commission Meeting in Brazil, 2018
Hiroko Ikuta 209
The Politics of Whaling and the European Union
Minori Takahashi 225
Decoding the Whaling Issue Using Media Theories
Motohiro Kawashima 247
The Enigma of Japanese Whaling Policy:
How the Whaling Culture Was Constructed and Construed
Noriko Usuda 263
Part 4: Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Concerning Whaling Animal Welfare in the Conduct of Whaling:
A Review of the Research and Developments to Improve Animal Welfare in the Minke Whale Hunt in Norway 1981–2005
Egil Ole Øen 287
The Ethics of Whaling:
Key Aspects of the Debate
Jes Lynning Harfeld 319
Japanese Animal Ethics and Whaling
Tetsuji Iseda 331
INDEX 351
List of Contributors 357
Part 1
Commercial Whaling
Part 2
Indigenous and Local Whaling
Part 3
Politics, Image Making and Public Discourse Concerning Whaling
Part 4
Animal Welfare and Animal Ethics Concerning Whaling
351
INDEX
A
aboriginal subsistence whaling i, 5, 7-10, 15, 35, 100, 117, 209, 215-219, 226, 229, 230, 233, 235-237, 270, 325
activism 98, 100, 101, 247, 269, 320, 321, 328
Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) 9, 81, 99, 100, 102, 209, 210, 214-220, 289
Alaska Native 83, 209-214, 218-220 animal ethics iii, 8, 320-323, 328, 331, 333-
336, 338, 339, 341, 343, 345-347 animal rights iii, 14, 323, 327, 338
animal welfare iii, 7-9, 13, 14, 42, 137, 138, 155, 157, 216, 232, 251, 288, 294, 304, 307, 310, 312-314, 334-336, 338
Antarctic Ocean 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 53, 56-58, 69, 253, 288
anthropologist ii, iii, 9, 14, 90, 106, 134, 137, 139, 215, 220, 264, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 280, 281, 319, 326, 331 anti-whaling activism 98, 100, 101, 247 anti-whaling campaign ii, 5, 7, 12, 155, 156,
159, 161, 247, 250-253, 257, 259, 268, 269
B Basque 2
Bering Strait 75, 80, 81, 83, 99, 212 Blue Whale Units (BWU) 57, 194, 195, 197 blunt hook (gaff) 151, 157
Boorstin, Daniel 252, 253
bowhead whale iii, 1, 3, 6, 9, 11, 79-81, 96-
105, 114, 115, 117, 209, 210, 212-216, 218, 220, 266, 287, 289, 313
Busan 171, 177, 182, 183, 187
C
ceremonies ii, 76, 86-89, 121, 179, 184, 210 Christianity 120-122, 125
Chukchi ii, 3, 5, 9, 75, 79, 80, 95, 99, 100 Chukotka ii, 5, 9, 10, 75-90, 215, 314 climate change 9, 15, 82, 93, 98, 99, 106,
135, 229, 231, 250, 268, 280
Coastal Fishing Industry Cooperatives 168, 176
coastal whaling 3, 10, 12, 53, 58, 62, 63, 69, 84, 167, 270, 271, 277
colonialism 121, 122 co-management 117, 219
commercial whaling i-iii, 2-8, 10, 12, 14, 33-35, 39, 43-45, 53, 59, 100, 120, 125, 141, 155, 167, 168, 170, 177, 180, 181, 183-185, 188, 191, 193-195, 198, 199, 201, 203, 212, 213, 229, 235, 249, 263, 265-267, 279, 280, 320, 325, 326 conservation ii, 2, 7, 33, 46, 47, 69, 106,
137-139, 141, 142, 147, 148, 155, 191, 194, 195, 199, 209, 225, 227-236, 238- 240, 247, 253, 266, 268, 279, 280, 320 Conservation Committee 230, 231 conspiracy 269
construction 33, 65, 179, 203, 264, 275 contamination 12, 98, 99, 101, 104, 143,
159-161
Cousteau, Jacques 247-249
352
Cove 248, 260, 265, 280 cultural erosion 238 cultural imperialism 232 cultural theory 264, 280 customary law 77, 83, 85, 89
D Daecheongdo 170, 174, 187 darting gun 78, 81, 82, 88
debate 42, 202, 264, 265, 287, 319, 320, 322-324, 326-328, 335
Denmark 12, 56, 121-123, 133, 141, 147, 148 direct action 138, 147, 253
discourse ii, iii, 13, 137, 138, 142, 199, 236, 264-267, 273, 275, 280, 281
dōbutsu aigo 335-339, 346
Dōbutsu Gyakutai Bōshi Kai (Tokyo SPCA) 335, 336
dōbutsu kuyō 331, 333, 339-342 Dokdo (Takeshima) 168, 186
dolphins i, 1, 2, 5-8, 12-14, 133, 134, 137, 155, 161, 170, 175, 177, 182, 184, 185, 187, 227, 232, 247-249, 260, 265-267, 269, 271, 287, 340, 342, 343, 346 drive hunt, drive-style whaling 142, 150,
155, 156, 159, 160, 248
E
elders (isumataq) 80, 82, 85, 120, 123-125, 184, 210, 211, 274
Endangered Species Protection Act 100, 103
environment i, iii, 2-4, 7, 9, 13, 15, 98, 104, 106, 143, 149, 155, 161, 179, 217, 219, 225-233, 235-239, 252, 257, 264, 265,
269, 278, 322, 323, 327
environmental ethics iii, iv, 8, 15, 320, 322, 323
environmentalism 280
Eocheongdo 167, 168, 172-176, 181, 187 ethnic symbol 118
ethics iii, iv, 8, 15, 124, 226, 278, 319-323, 325, 328, 331, 333-336, 338-341, 343-346 European Commission 225, 227-235 European Union (EU) iii, 8, 41, 67, 148,
162, 225-239
F
Faroe Islands ii, 6-8, 12, 14, 35, 42, 59, 101, 133-137, 139-143, 147-150, 153, 155, 158, 159, 161, 253
Faxaflói bay 39, 41, 42, 44, 45
fin whale / fin whaling 1, 4, 6, 33-39, 42- 46, 56, 57, 115, 167, 168, 170-177, 181, 183, 187, 275, 287
Flipper 247-249, 256, 259
food security ii, 93-95, 102, 103, 105, 106, 117, 215, 218, 228, 232, 279
food sovereignty ii, 93-95, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106
Foyn, Svend 54-56, 58, 59
G globicephala melas 133, 287
Greenland i, ii, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 35, 42, 113-125, 139, 218, 232, 236-238, 279, 314 Greenpeace ii, 5, 7, 8, 141, 155, 156, 247,
249-254, 258, 259
grindadráp (grind) ii, 133-143, 149, 157 grindaformaður (whaling foreman) 150
INDEX 353 Grindamannafelagið (the Faroese Pilot
Whalers’ Association) 158-160 Guryongpo 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, 184,
186, 187
H
harpoon 6, 7, 36, 39, 54, 79, 80, 81, 88, 101, 115, 119, 157, 171-175, 185, 214, 250, 277, 287-298, 300-304, 311, 313
Heuksando 168, 170, 173-176 Hiroi, Tatsutaro 337
hunting i, 2-4, 6, 7, 11-13, 54, 57, 68, 69, 75-81, 83, 84, 88, 89, 95, 96, 98, 100- 105, 113, 115-117, 119-124, 135, 147, 155, 157-159, 171-179, 181, 191, 192, 199, 202, 203, 209, 210, 214, 217, 237, 248, 256, 260, 263, 265, 272, 276, 287, 291, 293, 297-304, 306, 310-314, 322, 323, 325- 328, 332, 333, 336, 339, 342, 343, 346 hunting community 76-80, 83, 84, 89 Hvalfjörður 34, 36, 38
Hvalur hf. 34, 36, 38, 39, 44-46
I
Iceland i, ii, 4-6, 8, 10, 14, 33-36, 38-45, 59, 141, 147, 156, 201, 205, 228, 230, 260, 279, 314
identity 9, 13, 14, 76, 77, 87, 89, 93, 98, 105, 113, 117, 118, 124, 125, 159-161, 213, 237, 253, 264, 271, 273, 275, 321, 323, 324, 326, 328
image event 247, 252, 253, 258
indigenous i-iii, 2, 4, 5, 8-12, 14, 15, 75-77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86-89, 93-96, 98, 100- 106, 113, 121, 123, 124, 126, 139, 147,
156, 209, 212-215, 218-220, 226, 233, 235, 237, 238, 253, 272, 320, 325-328 indigenous people 2, 75-77, 83, 86-89, 93-
95, 100, 101, 103, 104, 121, 123, 124, 156, 213-215, 218-220, 226, 233, 235, 237, 238, 326, 327
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) i, 3, 4, 10, 34, 35, 44, 58, 68, 213, 229, 231, 233
International Whaling Commission (IWC) i-iii, 3-6, 9-11, 14, 15, 34, 35, 57, 58, 75- 77, 81-84, 100, 102, 103, 106, 117, 155, 156, 168, 175, 177, 181, 191-194, 196- 203, 209, 210, 213-220, 229-238, 263, 265, 266, 270, 271, 273, 278, 279, 281, 288, 289, 293, 296, 298, 307-314, 323, 325, 326
Inuit 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 88, 105, 113, 115, 120- 125, 156, 218, 237, 266
Iñupiat i-iii, 5, 6, 9, 93, 95, 96, 98-106, 209- 215, 217-220
itadakimasu 331, 343-346
J
Jangsaengpo ii, 167-184, 186-188
Japan i-iv, 2-8, 10-15, 38, 39, 44-46, 53, 58, 59, 63, 67-70, 141, 147, 148, 161, 167-171, 174, 176, 178, 180, 183, 187, 188, 191, 192, 194, 196-198, 200-202, 214-216, 228, 230, 231, 239, 247, 248, 254, 260, 261, 263-271, 273-279, 288, 289, 313, 331-340, 342-346
Jukbyeon 168, 170
354
K
Kalaallit 5, 6, 113, 115, 117, 125 kegare 332, 333, 338-340, 346
Korea ii, 2, 7, 13, 167-177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 187, 188, 201
kujira duka 342
kujira kuyō 342, 343, 345
L Lagenorhynchus acutus 133 Lofoten archipelago 53, 63, 64
M
Marine Mammal Protection Act 100, 103 mattak, maktak 96, 98, 100, 103-105, 117,
118
Mawaki Site (Jomon period) 2 McLuhan, Marshall 251, 252 media supremacy 260 Methylmercury 138
minke whale ii, 1, 4, 6, 33, 35, 38-40, 42- 45, 53, 58-60, 63, 66-69, 115, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 180-182, 184-187, 192, 194, 198-202, 287-290, 292-296, 298-303, 305-311, 313, 314 minke whaling ii, 4, 33, 40-42, 44, 45, 53,
58, 62, 67-69, 171, 288, 310, 312, 313 mixed economy 95
modernisation policy 122 moral status 320-323
N
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 100, 104,
215, 216
news values 247, 255
NGO i-iii, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 93, 94, 156, 159, 160, 192, 218, 226, 232, 234, 235, 253, 268, 279, 280, 320, 327 NHK 260, 272, 273, 275
Nihon Dōbutsu Aigo Kyōkai (JSPCA) 335, 337, 338
Nihonjinron 264
North Atlantic Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) 4, 35, 116, 117, 158, 279, 306
North Slope Borough (NSB) 9, 103, 105, 209, 213-220
Northern Atlantic Ocean ii
Norway i-iii, 2-8, 10, 14, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 53-56, 58-60, 62-64, 66-70, 141, 147-149, 194, 198, 230, 260, 270, 276-279, 288, 289, 293-295, 302, 303, 306, 308, 311, 313, 314
O oil development 212
others ii, 1, 2, 5-8, 11, 13, 43, 76, 78, 85, 102, 104, 123, 138, 162, 197, 256, 259, 267, 269, 275, 280, 307, 309, 319, 321, 324, 338-340, 346
P
pelagic whaling 3, 53, 58, 69, 168 personhood 321, 322, 324
philosophy iii, 234, 319-321, 324, 346 pilot whales ii, 6, 7, 12, 101, 133-142, 147-
150, 154-162, 271, 287
Pohang 168, 170-172, 175, 177, 183-187
INDEX 355 pollution 98, 161, 179, 226, 227, 231, 255
preservation i, 79, 86, 87, 121, 122, 231, 233, 238
protection of whales 14, 229, 231-233, 266 pseudo-event 247, 252, 253
public health 138, 139, 160
Q
quotas iii, 3, 5, 33-35, 42-45, 57-59, 68, 69, 77, 80, 83, 84, 98, 100, 102, 103, 116, 117, 156, 168, 180, 181, 194, 196, 197, 199, 201, 209, 214-216, 218, 219, 232, 235-237, 241, 295
R
Regan, Tom 320, 321, 324, 325 research whaling i, 4-7, 10, 270 Reykjavík 34, 39, 45
ritual ii, 11, 86-89, 113, 117, 119-125, 170, 210, 211, 314, 331, 339-341, 343, 345 Royal Greenland Trading Company (Den
Kongelige Grønlandske Handel, KGH) 115
S
science (scientific knowledge) 8, 156, 160, 191-194, 198, 200-203, 209, 217, 236- 238, 260, 268, 280, 287, 289, 292, 304, 308-310, 324
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) ii, 7, 8, 137, 138, 147, 155, 156, 159, 247, 250, 253, 254, 258, 259, 320
sessyō 332, 333, 341, 342, 346 Siberian Yupik 75, 87
sikkai jōbutsu 334, 341, 346 Singer, Peter 319, 321, 322, 325 Sjúrðaberg, Ólavur 157-161 SLI Yupik 209-215, 218-220
South Korea 7, 13, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173- 177, 181, 184, 185, 187, 188
spinal lance 151, 154, 158
Stockholm conference 155, 264-266, 271, 281
subsistence i, ii, 4, 5, 7-10, 12, 15, 35, 75, 77, 86, 89, 93, 95-98, 100-102, 104, 105, 113, 117, 122, 135, 136, 161, 209, 210, 212-220, 226, 229, 230, 233, 235-237, 239, 270, 289, 313, 320, 325, 326, 328 sustainability 137-141, 226, 237, 322, 323 sustainable development 93, 220, 225, 226,
264, 275, 280 suwa no kanmon 333
sýslumaður (administrator / sheriff) 134, 150, 152, 153
T
Taiji ii, 6, 7, 13, 147, 150, 151, 154, 158, 159, 161, 248, 260, 263, 271-274, 277, 342, 343, 345
tatari 340, 342, 343, 346 Tokugawa, Tsunayoshi 272, 334
tradition ii, 8, 12, 15, 70, 76, 82, 83, 86-89, 105, 120, 121, 123, 140-142, 147, 149, 152, 153, 156, 157, 159-161, 213, 214, 233, 236, 239, 272, 287, 313, 327, 331, 342
traditional knowledge 82, 86-89, 117, 123, 237
Tromsø 56, 66, 67, 69
356
U Ulleungdo 168, 170, 173, 175
Ulsan ii, 13, 168, 170-175, 177-183, 185, 186, 188
United Kingdom (UK) 56-58, 63, 155, 231, 239, 247, 251, 256, 258
United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS) 35
utilitarianism 122, 321
Utqiaġvik ii, 9, 93, 95-98, 101-105, 209, 210, 212, 217-220
W
Watson, Paul 155, 156, 253-255, 259 Weihe, Pál 137, 138, 140, 142, 160, 161 whale i-iii, 1-15, 33-45, 53, 54, 56-60, 62-
69, 75, 76, 79-89, 93, 96-105, 113-121, 125, 133-142, 147-162, 167-188, 191-203, 209-220, 225-239, 247-251, 253, 254, 256, 257, 259-260, 263-281, 287-314, 320, 322-326, 328, 331, 336, 339, 340, 342, 343, 345, 346
whale oil 2, 53, 56-58, 142, 178, 194, 275, 343
Whale Wars 138, 253, 254, 258
whale watching 2, 10, 14, 41, 42, 45, 218, 228, 231, 247
whaler iii, 2, 3, 8-12, 15, 33, 57-59, 63, 68, 69, 76, 78-89, 104, 105, 115, 120, 133, 134, 140, 151, 157-160, 167, 170, 176, 183, 188, 191, 193, 194, 196-200, 203, 209, 210, 212-220, 250, 251, 253, 254, 272, 273, 275, 278-280, 303, 307, 313, 342, 343
whaling i-iv, 2-15, 33-36, 38-46, 53, 54, 56-60, 62-70, 75-89, 95, 98-106, 113-115,
117-122, 124, 125, 133-143, 147, 149-152, 154-157, 159-162, 167-188, 191-203, 209- 220, 225, 226, 228-239, 247-257, 259- 261, 263-281, 287-289, 292-294, 301, 305-307, 309, 310, 312-314, 319-328, 331, 336, 338, 339, 342, 343, 345, 346 whaling station 33, 34, 36-39, 56, 120, 193,
276
Wise Use Movement 269, 278, 279 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) ii, 5, 7, 155
Y
Yupiit (Yupik) i, iii, 5, 9, 75, 87, 209-215, 218-220
357
List of Contributors
Jun Akamine
Hitotsubashi University, Japan Russell Fielding
Coastal Carolina University, USA Hisashi Hamaguchi
Sonoda Women’s College, Japan Jes Lynning Harfeld
Aalborg University, Denmark Shunwa Honda
The Open University of Japan (retired), Japan Sun-ae Ii
Miyazaki Municipal University, Japan Hiroko Ikuta
Kyushu University, Japan Tetsuji Iseda
Kyoto University, Japan Motohiro Kawashima Gunma University, Japan Nobuhiro Kishigami
National Institutes for the Humanities and National Museum of Ethnology, Japan Minori Takahashi
Hokkaido University, Japan Noriko Usuda
Social Anthropologist and Film Maker, Japan Fumitaka Wakamatsu
Kyoto University, Japan
List of Contributors
358
Eduard Zdor
University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA Egil Ole Øen
Wildlife Management Service, Sweden and Norway
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No.85 Research on Paper and Papermaking: Proceedings of an International
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Communities in Multicultural Aging Societies 2014 No.88 On the Trail of Taro: An Exploration of Natural and Cultural History 2014 No.89 El Centro Ceremonial Andino: Nuevas Perspectivas para los Períodos
Arcaico y Formativo 2014
No.90 Discourses on Family, Ethnicity, and State in China: Theoretical
Explorations by East Asian Anthropologists (in Chinese) 2014 No.91 Social Movements and the Production of Knowledge: Body, Practice, and
Society in East Asia 2015
No.92 Northeast Asian Borders: History, Politics, and Local Societies 2016 No.93 Migration and the Remaking of Ethnic/Micro-Regional Connectedness 2016
No.94 Hunter-Gatherers and their Neighbors in Asia, Africa, and South America 2017 No.95 Sedentarization among Nomadic Peoples in Asia and Africa 2017 No.96 Structural Transformation in Globalizing South Asia: Comprehensive
Area Studies for Sustainable, Inclusive, and Peaceful Development 2017 No.97 Anthropological Perspectives on History, Culture and Museum: Theoretical
Practice in Japan and China (in Chinese) 2018
No.98 Let’s Talk about Trees: Genetic Relationships of Languages and
Their Phylogenic Representation 2018
No.99 Research and Activism among the Kalahari San Today:
Ideals, Challenges, and Debates 2018
No.100 The Spread of Food Cultures in Asia 2019
No.101 Minpaku Sign Language Studies 1 2019
No.102 Conservation of Cultural Heritage in a Changing World 2019 No.103 Environmental Teachings for the Anthropocene: Indigenous Peoples
and Museums in the Western Pacific 2020