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A chess player is not simply one who plays chess just as a chess piece is not simply a wooden block. Shaped by expectations and imaginations, the player occupies the centre of a web of a thousand radiations where logic meets dream, and reason meets play. Questions of usefulness and value intimately connect the chess player to the most basic philosophical questions of how an individual should live and occupy one's time.

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[t±lJ1t! : Sharples, John (2017). A Cultural History of Chess-Players: Minds, Machines, and Monsters. Manchester University Press l:tlI;-:::5 < ]

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Most humans really dislike insects. Partly, this is because when we think about insects, we tend to think of the bad ones, those we call pests. Some insect pests carry diseases; some target food in our homes or destroy crops in our fields. If you want an idea of how much we hate insects, consider the billions of dollars we spend every year on pesticides, the chemical substances we use to kill them.

Research shows that the mere sight of an insect creates measurable levels of fear in humans, and brain images show the synapses in the area of the brain associated with disgust often light up, too. Some scientists claim these reactions became fixed in our brains during evolution to help us avoid bites, stings and diseases. Yet only a minority of insects are harmful; the majority of

- 1 - OM1 (319-2)

species are in fact very useful, and some are essential to human survival on this planet.

Perhaps the reason for our fear and disgust is simply that insects look too alien. Humans have their bones on their insides, hidden under smooth skin, but the insect equivalent of bones, which is called the exoskeleton, is clearly visible on insects' outsides. When you combine the exoskeleton with insects' giant compound eyes, two constantly waving tubes called antennas sticking out of their heads, and too many rapidly moving legs, the result is the stuff of your most frightening dreams. And just when you thought insects could not possibly disgust or frighten you further, scientists recently announced they found a species of cockroach that can live on for about a week with its head removed.

Not every insect disgusts us, however: we delight, for example, in colorful butterflies, although perhaps their delicate beauty makes us think they are not insects. But there is one family of insects we actually feel affection for, although it does not hide its insect appearance. These insects not only have the huge insect eyes, the wings and antennas, but their brown and orange or yellow stripes are colors that signal danger in the natural world. Nevertheless, from our earliest days as a species, we have had a special relationship with a particular member of this family, namely, the honey bee.

Humans loved bees for their honey before we became farmers. As our civilizations developed, we began keeping bees, and used their wax in lamps and for writing tablets. However, most of us do not realize the extent of honey bees' contributions to our lives: a beautiful planet of sweet-smelling flowers, and every third mouthful of the food we eat.

Bees provide these gifts through a relationship between flowers and bees based on pollen and nectar. Bees depend on the pollen in flowering plants as a source of protein to feed to their young, while flowers' nectar gives bees energy to fly to other flowers and is the ingredient they need to make honey.

When bees evolved from smooth-bodied wasps, they grew feather-like hairs that enable bees to collect more pollen on their bodies than other insects.

Some of this pollen rubs off onto the reproductive structures of the next flower the bee visits. Because bees are so successful at transferring pollen and helping flowers reproduce, flowers have evolved shapes and colors that are inviting primarily to bees. Humans are lucky that bees prefer the same smells we do; if wasps were the best animals at transferring pollen to flowers, many flowers would smell of dead animal flesh.

Bees perform the same service for flowering crops. Nearly every fruit, nut and vegetable we eat, we owe to bees' labor. But bee numbers are now in extreme decline as are many other insect species. The opposite, of course, is true for humans, and humans occupying the places where bees and other insects naturally live is the main cause for the drop in insect populations.

Another cause is pesticides, which many think are used too much. We must act to stop insects from disappearing completely; otherwise, we face disaster.

Something as simple as each of us growing a few flowers or wildflowers in our gardens or on our apartment verandas would increase bees' chances of survival. A world without insects will be an ugly world of desperate food shortages. We may not like insects but we need to realize that our lives depend on them.

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11. Some of the insects that humans call pests are insects that interfere with human food resources.

12. The mere sight of an insect always causes simultaneous reactions of fear and disgust in humans.

13. Some scientists claim that our brains are conditioned in childhood to be frightened and disgusted by all insects, so that we can better protect ourselves from wounds and diseases.

14. Recent research has discovered that the most disgusting and frightening insect ever found is a species of cockroach that is capable of moving without a head.

15. There are no insects we can look at without disgust except for butterflies and the only reason we like butterflies is because they don't look like insects.

16. The honey bee is a member of an insect family with which humans have had and continue to have a special relationship.

17. The reason most flowers smell sweet is because honey bees like the same smells that we do.

18. The primary reason wasps are less successful at transferring pollen than honey bees is because flowers have evolved to attract honey bees.

19. Now that the number of honey bees is in decline, a honey bee does less labor than before.

20. The spread of the human population is the main factor driving the drop in insect numbers.

- 4 -

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3. paying 4. whom paid

- 5 - OM 1(319-6)

(f) Even though I read the article numerous times, I still ) the point of what the author was trying to express.

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(g) Before their research expedition, the scientists had to ( ) the local government office for permission to enter the section of the national park that was closed to the public.

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3. obtain a letter from 4. make an application at

(h) Contrary to popular opinion in the media, it ( ) the government is going to make a decision soon about the new economic policy.

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- 7 - OM1 (319-8)

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Exercise can help your brain, not just your body. Exercise makes the heart pump blood faster, and research shows that the increase gives the brain a boost. Physical activity helps brain cells grow. And moving more appears to lower the chances of memory loss. People who exercise have been shown to have more volume in certain parts of the brain. Exercises such as running and swimming appear to be best for brain health. That's because such exercise quickly increases a person's heart rate and pumps more blood up to the brain.

U±liJl\ : Amanda MacMillan, Alice Park, Mandy Oaklander, and Alexandra Sifferlin. "The Benefits of Exercise." Time for Kids. October 23, 2017. https://www.timeforkids.com/g56/

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Our present ideas about the motion of bodies date back to Galileo and Newton. Before them people believed Aristotle, who said that the natural state of a body was to be at rest and that it moved ( A ) . It followed that a heavy body should fall faster than a light one, because it would have a greater pull toward the earth.

The Aristotelian tradition also held that one could work out all the laws that govern the universe by pure thought: it was not necessary to check by observation. So no one until Galileo bothered to see whether bodies of different weights did in fact fall at different speeds. It is said that Galileo demonstrated that Aristotle's belief was false by ( B ) of Pisa. The story is almost

- 1 -

certainly untrue, but GaIileo did do something equivalent: he rolled balls of different weights down a smooth slope. The situation is similar to that of heavy bodies falling vertically, but it is easier to observe because the speeds are smaller. Galileo's experiments indicated that ( C ) at the same rate, no matter what their weight. For example, if you let go of a ball on a slope that drops by one meter for every ten meters you go along, the ball will be traveling down the slope at a speed of about one meter per second after one second, two meters per second after two seconds, and so on, however heavy the ball. Of course an iron weight would fall faster than a feather, but that is only because a feather is slowed down by air resistance. If you drop two bodies that don't have much air resistance, such as two different iron weights, ( D ) .

GaIileo's discovery was used by Newton as the basis of his laws of motion.

In Galileo's experiments, as a body rolled down the slope it was always acted on by the same force (its weight), and the effect was to make it constantly speed up. This showed that the real effect of a force is always to change the speed of a body, rather than just to set it moving, as was previously thought.

It also meant that whenever a body is not acted on by any force, ( E ) at the same speed. This idea was first stated in Newton's Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, and is known as Newton's first law. What happens to a body when a force does act on it is given by Newton's second law. This states that the body will accelerate, or increase its speed, at a rate that is proportional to the force. (For example, the acceleration is twice as great if the force is twice as great.) The acceleration is also smaller the greater the mass of the body. A familiar example is provided by a car: the more powerful the engine, the greater the acceleration, but the heavier the car, the smaller the acceleration for the same engine. In addition to his laws of motion, Newton discovered ( F ) of gravity, which states that every body attracts every other body with the force that is proportional to the mass of each body.

- 2 - OM2(319-12)

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[1±I!14 : Hawking, S. (2016). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes.

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4. a law to describe the force

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- 3 -

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(a) After leaving the restaurant, she realised she had forgotten her keys but wasn't sure how she ( ) them there.

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2. could have left 4. could be leaving

(b) Among the key skills for good cooking is to know the best way ) ingredients.

1. combination of 3. of combined

2. of combining 4. of the combination

(c) When I hear that song on the radio, it ( band's concert.

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2. makes me remember 4. is memory

(d) If you had told me earlier about the concert, I for me.

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(e) There was a 20%

1. price down for 3. sale off

2. would ask

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2. off price of 4. discount on

- 4 - OM2(319-14)

(f) We ate the famous ( 1. recommend menu

at that restaurant.

3. food you recommended

(g) The couple spent SIX months ( reception.

1. to plan carefully of 3. careful planning of

2. your recommend dish 4. recommendation menu

) the details of their wedding

2. to make a careful plan 4. carefully planning

(11) All passengers who travel from Japan must now pay a 1000 yen departure tax ( ) overseas destinations.

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- 6 - OM2(319-16)

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Crowds gather in two forests in the United States once a year to see light shows created by a rare species of firefly. These fireflies have the ability to light up with others at the same time. The insects stay lit for 10 seconds, go dark for about a minute, then shine bright again. Scientists are not sure why some of them light up at the exact same time, but they believe that it helps attract partners during the weeks-long breeding season.

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[tfjJ14 : Lynn, Bryan. "Summer Theater: Fireflies That Light Up at the Same Time." VOA.

https:lllearningenglish. voanews.coml a I summer-thea ter-fireflies-tha t -light -up-a t -the-same-time I 4935850.html t:£-J < ]

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In the first study of its kind, Austrian researchers have tracked the movement of microplastics in human beings. The results show that the plastic that is everywhere in human life is now also a constant element in the human body. The research was presented in Vienna, Austria, at Europe's largest medical meeting, which was held in October 2018. Two Austrian researchers, Dr. Philipp Schwabl from the Medical University of Vienna, and Dr. Bettina Liebmann, from the Environment Agency Austria, studied volunteers from countries including Finland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the UK and Austria.

Microplastics are particles of plastic less than 5 mm in size. They are often tiny plastic beads - called microbeads - that are put ^In skin-care

1 -

products. A few nations, including the US, the UK and South Korea, have banned microbeads. But microplastics are also created when larger pieces of plastic break down over time, and plastic in general is everywhere. The United Nations estimates that about 8 million tons of plastic end up in the world's oceans every year. The World Economic Forum estimated that Americans threw away over 33 million tons of plastic in 2014.

But this study, which was small, suggests that plastic, whether it's bad for us or not, is already in all of us. Volunteers were asked to keep a food diary for seven days prior to taking part in the test. Then they gave stool samples to the researchers, who then looked for microplastics and found them. Every single stool sample tested positive for the presence of microplastics, and up to nine different plastic types were identified.

Where is the plastic coming from? In the case of this study, the plastic that showed up in people is associated with eating plastic-wrapped foods, and drinking from plastic bottles. But most of the volunteers also ate fish, so Schwabl says that right now, no clear conclusion can be made as to exactly where the plastic is coming from. Future studies should narrow that down.

So is all that plastic making us sick? Schwabl says that, for now, there are no studies that have been able to reach the firm conclusion that plastic endangers human health. But he says that "in animal studies, it has been shown that microplastics may cause intestinal damage, affect how iron is absorbed, and put stress on the liver." And the concern is "what this means to us, and especially patients with intestinal diseases," Schwabl says. "While the highest plastic concentrations in animal studies have been found in the digestive system, the smallest microplastic particles are capable of entering the blood stream and may even reach the liver."

He was surprised, he says, to find that plastic is apparently showing up in aU of us, and he advises that the amount coUecting in our bodies will keep increasing unless the world drastically changes its use of plastic.

- 2 - OM3(319-20)

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[tllJl!! : Enochs, Kevin. "Researchers Discover Microplastics in 100 Percent of People Studied."

VOA.

https://www.voanews.com/a/ researchers-discover-micropla stics-in-l OO-percent -of -people-studied/

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11. Dr. Schwabl and Dr. Liebmann conducted a study about the influence of microplastics on human beings by going to a number of countries.

12. It is illegal in some countries to use microbeads in skin creams.

13. According to the United Nations, the world's oceans are polluted with massive amounts of plastic particles.

14. Two Austrian researchers have made a discovery that has determined exactly which eating habits allow microplastics to enter human bodies.

15. The study could not reach a conclusion as to whether plastic harms us or not, but it was able to show that microplastics are in our bodies.

16. Volunteers for the study kept a food diary for a week after the experiment.

17. A stool sample from every volunteer contained nine different plastic types.

18. Since animal studies have shown how damaging microplastics are to animals, the Austrian study has been able to conclude that microplastics damage human cells.

19. Many people suffer from liver problems now because of high concentrations of plastics in their blood streams.

20. Dr. Schwabl suggests we change the way that we think about and use plastics.

- 3 -

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(b) ) that Ken was able to retire at the age of 45.

1. His business was such successful 2. So successful his business is 3. Such successful was his business 4. So successful was his business

(c) There was nothing more for the father to do baby boy.

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4. except

(d) Mark stayed at work late ( 1. in order to do

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) quickly access

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(f) That tropical island and its famous beach resort have once again been ) the most popular destination for family holidays.

1. to vote 2. voted 3. voting 4. a vote on

- 4 - <> M3 (319-22)

(g) There are all environmentally (

1. engaged

sorts of things people can do to become more ) .

2. engagement

3. to engage 4. being engaged

(h) The company gave him a pay raise ( ) have him quit a month later.

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- 5 -

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- 6 - <> M3 (319-24)

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Today, animal species are disappearing so fast that two-thirds of all wild animals could be gone by the end of the decade. In such a situation, today's zoos and aquariums have become modern day arks of hope for many species.

Animals make our planet and our lives richer with their power to inspire us, heal us, sustain us, and - by teaching us about the world and ourselves - make us more human. Animals are a vital part of the web of life on earth upon which all of us depend, and it is essential not only to protect the remarkable creatures with whom we share the planet, but to teach today's young people to value and protect them for future generations.

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Recently, I was asked whether many Hawaiians speak Japanese, and also whether it is true that many Hawaiians are Japanese. Before I could answer these questions, I had to correct some of the definitions.

First of all, people who live in Hawaii do not call themselves Hawaiians unless some of their ancestors are Hawaiian; that is, unless their ancestors were among the original inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands. This is different from other American states. People in California are called Californians, people in Texas are called Texans, but only some people in Hawaii are called Hawaiians.

- 1 -

The reasons for this are cultural and historical. Long before Hawaii became an American state, it was the Kingdom of Hawaii. The first king of all the Hawaiian Islands was named Kamehameha, a name which is quite familiar in japan from Dragonball. But in 1893, the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown by non-Hawaiians with the help of the American military, even though the president of the USA opposed it. Four years later, with a new president, America took control of Hawaii, and in 1959 Hawaii became America's 50th state.

In 1993, one century after the overthrow, the United States government admitted that it was a crime and officially apologized. Today, we call those who are descended from the original Hawaiians "Hawaiian," but out of respect for the way their nation was stolen from them, those of us who are not descended from Hawaiians call ourselves "residents of Hawaii," or we just say we live in Hawaii.

As Hawaii was being turned into a supplier of pineapple, sugar cane and other crops, the number of Hawaiians available to work on the farms was dropping, mainly because of foreign diseases that were killing the native population. In the roughly one hundred years between the first visits to the islands by Europeans and the overthrow in the late 19th century, the Native Hawaiian population dropped 90%. So the owners of the farms, who were mostly Americans, brought in workers from Portugal, China, japan, and other countries. This is where much of the rich mix of the culture of Hawaii comes from.

With encouragement by the Meiji government, japanese people continued to move to Hawaii, and by the beginning of the 20th century, about 25% of the population of Hawaii was japanese. By the mid-20th century, japanese people were more than 40% of the population. Today, japanese-Americans are still one of the largest ethnic groups in Hawaii.

Hawaii has other ties to japan, too. In 1881, King David Kalakaua was

- 2 - OM4(319-28)

the first ruler of a foreign nation to visit Japan and was the first person to shake hands with a Japanese Emperor. He was welcomed warmly by the Meiji government. King Kalakaua and Emperor Meiji appear to have liked each other. In a secret meeting during the visit, King Kalakaua proposed bringing Japan, Hawaii, and other Pacific nations into a treaty of friendship. He also proposed marriage between his niece, Princess Kaiulani, and the Japanese Prince Sadamaro. Both proposals were rejected, but relations between the two rulers remained warm.

Hawaii has continued to be a fascinating place for Japanese people. For more than half a century, Japanese people have grown up surrounded by advertisements of Hawaii as a vacation destination as desirable as places like Paris and Rome. Many Japanese people have family members there. It is not uncommon for Japanese people to dream of owning a home in Hawaii.

As a result of all this, Japanese language and culture playa large role in Hawaii. For many residents, Japanese is the language of their ancestors.

Some of the words in the Hawaiian dialect of English come from Japanese. It is the second-most common language of tourists, after English. which is part of the reason it is a popular language to study in school.

When I was a child, I could watch Japanese news and Ultra man in English and Japanese on NHK in Hawaii. Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines can be found in the cities and the countryside. People in Hawaii - not just those with Japanese ancestors. but many others, too - celebrate Obon. the summertime Japanese festival of the dead. We also tell ghost stories that we don't even know are originally from Japan.

The close ties between Japan and Hawaii mean that the Japanese language will surely play an important role there far into the future.

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- 3 -

11. Only some of the people born in Hawaii are referred to as "Hawaiian."

12. The Kingdom of Hawaii was taken over by the president of the United States in 1893.

13. The United States government has restored Hawaii to independent status.

14. In the 19th century 90% of the Hawaiian population was attacked and killed by foreign soldiers.

15. Landowners in Hawaii asked people from Japan and other countries to come work on the farms there.

16. When Emperor Meiji visited Hawaii, he shook hands with the king.

17. Hawaii's king offered two unsuccessful proposals to bring Hawaii and Japan closer.

18. France and Italy have also been major destinations for Japanese farm workers.

19. Many people who live III Hawaii have at least a little skill with the Japanese language.

20. Most people in Hawaii do not know that Obon is a Japanese festival.

- 4 - ^<) M4 (319-30)

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(a) Because Tom is always punctual, he is the ( late for the meeting.

) person who would be

1. less 3. least

2. finish 4. last

(b) We have no idea ( ) since the incident.

1. how has happened to John 2. what has become of John 3. how John has become of 4. what John has happened to

(c) The parents taught their son how to behave at the restaurant saying that he shouldn't talk ( ) .

1. with his mouth filling 3. with his mouth full

2. of his mouth full 4. of his mouth filling

(d) ( ) race, age, or gender, all applicants will be accepted.

1. Regardless of 2. Though

3. Except for 4. Despite of

(e) ( ) I received the call did I know I had won the contest.

1. Until not 2. If

3. Not until 4. When

(f) Your parents won't pay for you to go to university ( ).

1. what if you don't study hard 2. if you don't study hard 3. that you don't study hard 4. otherwise you study hard

- 5 -

(g) People tend to believe that 1. a rich are

3. a rich have

always happier than others.

2. the rich are 4. the rich is

(h) After they were hit by the storm, people obtained ( media.

) from the

1. little information 2. many informations 3. a few informations 4. quite a few information

- 6 - <> M4 (319-32)