九大・磯辺先生提供
海洋プラスチック研究から
航空宇宙技術に期待すること
日向博文
*
ここで発表する研究内容は,環境研究総合推進費(B
−1007,4−1502:代表者磯辺篤彦),科学研究費補
助金(23656309,26630231:代表者日向博文;2
5820234:代表者片岡智哉,PICESプロジェクト
(Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great
Tsunami of 2011)の援助を受けて行われています.
* Kako, Shin’ichiro, Atsuhiko Isobe, and Shinya Magome. "Sequential monitoring of beach litter using
webcams." Marine pollution bulletin 60.5 (2010): 775-‐779.
* Nakashima, Etsuko, et al. "Using aerial photography and in situ measurements to estimate the quantity of
macro-‐litter on beaches." Marine pollution bulletin 62.4 (2011): 762-‐769.
* Kako, Shin’ichiro, et al. "Establishment of numerical beach-‐litter hindcast/forecast models: An application to
Goto Islands, Japan." Marine pollution bulletin 62.2 (2011): 293-‐302.
* Kataoka, Tomoya, Hirofumi Hinata, and Shin’ichiro Kako. "A new technique for detecting colored macro
plastic debris on beaches using webcam images and CIELUV." Marine pollution bulletin 64.9 (2012): 1829-‐1836.
* Kako, Shin’ichiro, Atsuhiko Isobe, and Shinya Magome. "Low altitude remote-‐sensing method to monitor
marine and beach litter of various colors using a balloon equipped with a digital camera." Marine pollution
bulletin 64.6 (2012): 1156-‐1162.
* Kataoka, Tomoya, Hirofumi Hinata, and Shigeru Kato. "Analysis of a beach as a time-‐invariant linear input/
output system of marine litter." Marine pollution bulletin 77.1 (2013): 266-‐273.
* Kataoka, T., H. Hinata, and Y. Nihei. "Numerical estimation of inflow flux of floating natural macro-‐debris
into Tokyo Bay." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 134 (2013): 69-‐79.
* Kako, Shin’ichiro, et al. "A decadal prediction of the quantity of plastic marine debris littered on beaches of
the East Asian marginal seas." Marine pollution bulletin 81.1 (2014): 174-‐184.
* Isobe, Atsuhiko, et al. "Selective transport of microplastics and mesoplastics by drifting in coastal waters." Marine pollution bulletin 89.1 (2014): 324-‐330.
* Kataoka, Tomoya, and Hirofumi Hinata. "Evaluation of beach cleanup effects using linear system analysis." Marine pollution bulletin 91.1 (2015): 73-‐81.
マイクロプラスチックスとは?
漂流・漂着ゴミの約
70%を占めるプラス
チックゴミが,主には海岸で紫外線や熱に
よって劣化し、微細片化したもの。最近の
定義では、
5mm以下の大きさをマイクロプ
ラスチックスと呼ぶことが多い。
Gesamp WG40のパンフレット
〜
マクロ
プラスチックス
元の製品が判別できる程度の大
きさ
(撮影:石垣島・平野海岸)
〜
メソ
プラスチックス
5mm<大きさ程度の微細片
(撮影:石垣島・伊野田海岸)
〜
マイクロ
プラスチックス
数
μm<大きさ<5mm程度の
微細片
(採取:瀬戸内海・伊予灘)
〜
ナノ
プラスチックス
大きさ<数
μm程度の微細片
(Cole et al., Env. Sci & Tech., in press)
マイクロプラスチックスの何が問題か?
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
PCB (CB126)
<
<
?
プランクトンと大きさが近接するマイクロプラス
チックスは、誤食を通して容易に生態系に混入し
てしまう。
プラスチック表面に吸着した
POPsが、
浮遊物に吸着したものよりも多い場合、
化学汚染物質の生物濃縮を「加速」さ
せてしまう。
(高田ほか, 2014「海洋と生物」特集
号の指摘による
)
貝類の体内に取り込まれたマイクロプラスチックス
Browne et al., (2010, Mar. Pol. Bull.), Cauwenberghe
et al. (2015, Env. Pol.)
動物プランクトン
(pelagic copepod)の体内への取り込みと
摂食障害 Cole et al., (Env. Sci. Tech, in press.)
マイクロプラスチックスを摂食したメダカに発現した肝障害
Rocheman et al., (Sci. Rep, 2013)
知りたいこと
マイクロプラスチックによる環境影響予測
•
海岸でのマイクロプラスチックの生成量は?
•
全球の海岸・海洋にどれだけの量のマクロプラスチックが
存在するのか?
•
陸域(海洋プラスチック予備群)は?
•
それらの時間変化は?
•
それらの輸送経路(動態)は?
しかしながら,,,
水温や流速とちがい計測機器(プラスチック計)が存在しない.
è現状:人海戦術
è科学としてのベースとなる定量的な計測が困難
九大・磯辺先生提供
Iriomote Island
海岸におけるマクロプラスチックの振る舞い
漁業用フロートを例として
13cm
Time series of
Immigrant,
Remnant,
Emigrant
and
Total
Hinterland
新規漂着 残留
再漂流
Date of MR Experiment
Total
*Beach surveys measure the total population, but not the immigration.
Aug. 21, 2012
Residence Time on Wadahama Beach
h t
( )
= exp −k t
(
)
, k = 4.471×10
−3± 0.340 ×10
−3R
2= 0.852, P < 0.01
τ
r=
h t
( )
0 ∞∫
dt =
1
k
= 224 days 7.5 months
(
)
95% confidence interval: 208 days ≤ τ
r≤ 242 days
1/e=0.368
Number
Input
x(t)
Total
y(t)
t
0t
1t
2t
3t
4t
5t
6t
7t
8Relation between
Immigrant,
Remnant
and
Total
Time
Exponential Decay
Linear System Analysis
è
Mediator between Ocean Models
and Beach Monitoring
Input
Time
Num.
Ocean models
(e.g. Kako et al., MPB, 2011;
Maximenko et al, MPB, 2012)
x(t)
Linear System Analysis
(Kataoka et al., 2013)
Residual
Time
Num.
y(t)
y(t) =
x(
τ
)h(t −
τ
)d
τ
0 ∞∫
Beach Monitoring
(e.g. Kataoka et al, MPB, 2012;
Ribic et al, 2012)
x(t) =
1
2
π
Y (
ω
)
H (
ω
)
exp(i
ω
t)d
ω
0 ∞∫
*
滞留時間の把握=個々のプラスチックの追跡
*
存在量の時系列の計測
時間分解能 << 滞留時間
空間分解能:5mm〜
マクロプラスチックの海岸での
動態を探る上でキーとなる項目
Kuroshio
Tsushima
current
Purpose
13Tobishima
Wajima
Wakkanai
Tsushima
•
To sequentially measure quantity of beach litter at
four sites around East China and Japan Seas
Webcam monitoring system
14
Solar panels
Webcam
Control box
Storage batteries
Time
Webcam images
Labo.
Transmission via Internet
using portable communications
•
System is operated every two hours for 7:00-‐15:00 (i.e., five time).
•
Five images are taken every operating time by webcam.
•
Daily number of images is 25 (i.e., 5 (times)× 5 (images)=25).
Kurosh
io
Tsushi
ma
current
Webcam images at four sites
15
Tobishima
Wajima
Tsushima
Wakkanai
Tobishima
(国総研 片岡研究官提供)
Webcam images at Tobishima
(Dec. 2010)
Quantity of macro-‐plastic litter is calculated using these
webcam images.
Step1: Generation of CRs
17
Color distribution of plastic litter “C” in the CIELUV color space
Three ellipses form the ellipsoid body
CRs: Ellipsoid body in the CIELUV color space
CRs for webcam images at Tobishima
C
D
F
A
B E
H
G
Blue plastic
(国総研 片岡研究官提供)
Step 2: Detection of plastic pixels
18
【
Detection of plastic litter using a single image】
Plastic litter with any colors can be detected.
But other litter (e.g., driftwoods) is mis-‐detected
Detection using a
single image
Mis-‐detection
Plastic pixel
NOT
plastic pixel
75 images
(3 days)
Pixel which is
frequently
detected
Pixel which is
infrequently
detected
Using a single image
Plastic debris ➔ white
Using photos for three days
Wood
Plastic debris
Time series at four sites
19Tsushima
Nov. 22, 2010
Wajima
Dec. 5, 2010
Tobishima
Nov. 5, 2010
Wakkanai
Oct. 9, 2010
Err.: 19%, Corr.: 0.93
Err.: 12%, Corr.: 0.81
Err.: 21%, Corr.: 0.73
Err.: 20%, Corr.: 0.94
Cleanup
Cleanup
•
Daily covered areas have short-‐term
fluctuations due to changes in the sunlight
condition (e.g., amount of sunlight).
•
To remove the short-‐term fluctuations, 30-‐
day moving average of daily covered area is
calculated.
Monthly variability of litter color (side plane)
20
Blue tank
White cube
White cylinder
E
W
Morning
E
W
Afternoon
We use its
C
O
L
O
R
and/or
SHAPE
Similar COLOR è
CO
L
OR-‐based System N.A.
White pieces of Shell,
Coral, Plastic, etc.
White Shellfish clinging
to White Styrofoam Buoy
è
Hyperspectral Camera ¢?
Oahu Island (Kataoka, 2012)
What is a Hyperspectral Camera?
HSC
PC
350 (nm)
780 (nm)
1100 (nm)
0" 20" 40" 60" 80" 100" Reflectance(%)+ (nm)Re
fle
ct
an
ce
(%
)
NH-‐7 (EBA JAPAN Co. Ltd.)
Image&Resolution
1280&×&1024&pixel
Wavelength&Range
350&<&1100&nm
Wavelength&sampling
interval
5&nm
Viewing&angle
22.5°
Weight
750/850&g
NDVI
çCh
. 63 and Ch. 76.
Tiny Beach in Plastic Case
Plastic (21)
,
Shell (14)
,
Glass (3)
,
Cuttlebone (1)
P3 P6 P2 P1 P4 P5 P8 P9 P10 Cu Sh1 Sh2 Sh5 Sh9 Sh8 Sh7 Sh6 Gl1 St Sh4 Gl2 St P7 P11 Sh3 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P22 P17 P18 P19 P20 P21 Sh14 Sh12 Sh10 + barnacle Sh11 Sh13 Gl3
Cu
40 c
m
30 cm
P8
0" 20" 40" 60" 80" 100" Reflectance(%)+Sh12
0" 20" 40" 60" 80" 100" Reflectance((%)( 0" 20" 40" 60" 80" 100" Reflectance((%)(Gl1
0" 20" 40" 60" 80" 100" Reflectance((%)(Looking the Beach through various
combinations of 3-‐channel
0" 20" 40" 60" 80" 100"
Reflectance((%)(
Cuttlebone
Shell
Plastic
Glass
(nm)
Normal RGB image
0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" 60" 70" 80" 90" 100" 400" 500" 600" 700" 800" 900" 1000"