ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߌࠆᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ળߣ
ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒
LEE, Duck-Young
ޣࠠࡢ࠼ޤ ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ޔᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ળޔLOTEޔ ⸒⺆╷ޔNALSSP㧝㧚ߪߓߦ
ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߪޔ1917ᐕޔࠗࠡࠬߩᣣᧄ⎇ⓥ⠪ ࠫࠚࡓࠬࡑ࠼࠶ࠢ㧔Jamese Murdoch㧕߇ࠪ࠼࠾ᄢቇߢ㒽ァ჻ቭߩߚ ߩᣣᧄ⺆⻠ᐳࠍ㐿ᆎߔࠆߎߣߢᆎ߹ߞߚޕߘߩᓟ1950ᐕઍ߹ߢߪᣣᧄ⺆ ᢎ⢒ో⥸ߦ߅ߡᄢ߈ߥᄌൻߪߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔ1960ᐕઍߦߞߡ߆ࠄߊߟ ߆ߩᄢቇߢᣣᧄ⺆⻠ᐳ߇⸳┙ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޕᒰᤨߩ㚂⋧ߩࡔࡦࠫࠬ 㧔Menzies㧕߇ࠕࠫࠕߣߩᵹߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍㄟࠎߢࠕࠫࠕኾ㐷ኅߩ⢒ᚑࠍ⋡ ⊛ߦޔ╩⠪ߩᚲዻߔࠆࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖┙ᄢቇߦࠝࠛࡦ࠲࡞⎇ⓥቇㇱ 㧔1972ᐕߦޟࠕࠫࠕ⎇ⓥቇㇱޠߦᡷ⒓㧕ࠍ⸳┙ߒޔหᤨߦᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⑼߽⊒ ⿷ߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ߘߩᓟޔ1980ᐕઍߦࠅ⇇⊛ߦᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࡉࡓ߇߈ߚޕࠝࠬ࠻ ࠕߢ߽1990ᐕߦߪ㧢ਁߋࠄߛߞߚᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߇1993ᐕߦߪ߅ࠃߘ 18ਁޔ1998ᐕߦߪ߅ࠃߘ30ਁߣ⊒⊛ߦჇടߒޔ2006ᐕߦߪ36ਁએߦ߽ ࠆߥߤ㧔㧞㧙㧟ߢㅀߔࠆ㧕ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩੱᢙ⊛ߥ㕙߆ࠄߪ㗅⺞ߥㅴዷ߱ ࠅࠍߖޔ߹߿⇇ߦ߅ߡᦨ߽ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒߇⋓ࠎߥ࿖ߩ৻ߟߦߥߞߡ ࠆޕ ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪ৻ᤨޔ⊕⽕ਥ⟵ߩ࿖ߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇߡߚ߇ޔߘ߁߁ ࿖߇߆ߦߒߡࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ߩ৻ߟߢࠆᣣᧄ⺆ߩቇ⠌ߦᾲᔃߦߥߞߚߩ߆ޔ ߘߩ⢛᥊ߪᄢᄌ⥝ᷓޕ߹ߚޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒߇⋓ࠎߦߥߞߚߣߪ߁߽ߩ ߩޔߘߩ⢛᥊ߦߪ⚄ᦛ᛬߇ߞߚߎߣุ߽ߕޔ߃߫ޔቇ⠌⠪߇ᄙ ߣߞߡ߽ೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩࡌ࡞ߦߞߡߚࠅޔ⸒⺆╷߽ᤨߦᦸ߹ߒߊ ߥᣇะ߳ߣㅴࠎߛࠅߔࠆߎߣ߽ߞߚࠊߌߢࠆޕᧄⓂߢߪޔߎ߁ߞ 䋭㪊䋭ߚࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࠍขࠅᏎߊ⻉ᖱ߿⁁ࠍޔߘߩ ࡉࡓߩ⢛᥊ޔ⸒⺆╷ߣߩ㑐ଥߢ⚫ߒޔ⺖㗴ߣዷᦸࠍㅀߴࠆޕ
㧞㧚1980ᐕઍ㨪 1990ᐕઍ㧦ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࡉࡓߩ⢛᥊ߣ․ᓽ
౨㗡ߢ߽ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦޔ1980ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌ ⠪ߪᕆჇߒߚޕߘߩ⢛᥊ߦߪޔ߹ߕޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᤨઍᄌൻߦ߁Ⓧ ᭂ⊛ߥ⸒⺆╷ߣޔᣣᧄ߆ࠄߩ᭽ޘߥࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߌࠆᓇ㗀߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ 䋲䋭䋱㩷 䇸⣕᰷䇹ᣇ㊎䈫Ⓧᭂ⊛䈭⸒⺆╷ ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪㆊޔ⊕⽕ਥ⟵ߩ࿖ߣߒߡ⊕ੱਛᔃߩ␠ળࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡ ߈ߚߎߣߪᐢߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ1960ᐕઍએ㒠ޔࠕࠫࠕߣߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ߥᵹߩ ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ᰴ╙ߦ⼂ߐࠇࠆߥ߆ޔ1973ᐕޔࠗࠡࠬ߇EC߳ട⋖ߒޔࠝࠬ ࠻ࠕࠍ⧷ㅪ㇌ߩ࿖ޘ߆ࠄߩャ⒢ࠍ᠗ᑄߔࠆ᧪߇ߎߞߚޕ ࠗࠡࠬߪᒰᤨ߹ߢޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ߥᡰ߃ߛߞߚ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄ߳ ߩャߩ⓹ญߦߥߞߡߚߛߌߦޔߎߩ᧪ߪห࿖ߦߣߞߡ⥌⊛ߥ߽ ߩߢߞߚޕߘࠇࠍ߈ߞ߆ߌߦޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪޟ⣕᰷ޠߩᣇ㊎ࠍ ណᛯߒޔࠕࠫࠕߣߩᵹߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߽৻Ბߣᒝߊ⼂ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆޕ1983 ᐕޔഭౄߩࡎࠢ㧔Hawke㧕㚂⋧߇⊕⽕ਥ⟵ߦઍࠊࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡᄙᢥൻਥ ⟵㧔Multiculturalism㧕ࠍឭ໒ߒߚޕߎࠇߪߘߩᓟ߽ޔ1996ᐕᮭ߇ഭౄ߆ ࠄ⥄↱ౄߦ⒖ࠅޔ2007ᐕߦ߹ߚഭౄߦ⒖ߞߡ߆ࠄ߽ਥⷐ࿖ኅ╷ߩ৻ߟ ߣߒߡᒁ߈⛯߈ฃߌ⛮߇ࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕᄙᢥൻਥ⟵ߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥߊޔᄙ ᭽ߥᢥൻ߿࿖ၞ߆ࠄ᧪ߚ⒖᳃߇ᄙߎߣࠍᤋߒߡࠆ߇ޔߎࠇߪ⚿ ዪޔᓟ߶ߤㅀߔࠆޔLOTE㧔Language Other than English㧕߿⇣ᢥൻᢎ⢒ߣ ߞߚห࿖ߩ⸒⺆╷߿⎇ⓥേะߦ⚿߮ߟߡߊޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߥᤨઍߩᄌൻߦޔ⣕᰷ߩᣇ㊎߿ᄙᢥൻਥ⟵ࠍឭ໒ߔࠆ ߎߣߢޔ⸒⺆╷⊛ߦߪޔએ೨ߩޟන৻⸒⺆ਥ⟵ޠߦၮߠߊ⧷⺆หൻ╷ ߆ࠄޔLOTEᢎ⢒ߩᒝൻ߳ߣ⒖ࠆߎߣߦߥࠅޔ1980ᐕઍߦߞߡߘߩታᣉࠍ ଦߔᄙߊߩឭ᩺ᦠ߇ߐࠇޔߘࠇࠍḰߔࠆࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߽ታᣉߐࠇߚޕ ߃߫ޔ1987ᐕߦ⧷⺆ߣߦᣣᧄ⺆ࠍLOTEᢎ⢒ߩታⴕࠍ⋓ࠅㄟࠎߛ The National Policy on Languages㧔Lo Bianco 1987㧕߇ㅪ㇌⼏ળߢᛚߐࠇࠆ ߣޔ⠉ᐕ߆ࠄਛ╬ᢎ⢒⺖⒟ࠍਛᔃߦᣉⴕߐࠇޔᰴ╙ߦೋ╬ᢎ⢒ㆊ⒟߳ߣᄢߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕߘߩઁߦޔNational Curriculum Project for Asian Languages㧔ߎߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩᚑᨐߩ৻ㇱߣߒߡ✚วᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ᧚ޡࠃࠈߒ ߊޢࠪ࠭߇ ߐࠇࠆ㧕ޔAustralian Language Levels Project㧔ߎߩࡊࡠ ࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩᚑᨐߣߒߡޔห࿖ߩ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߩᜰ㊎ߣߥࠆALL Guidelines߇ᚑ ߐࠇࠆ㧕ߥߤ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚޕ
߹ߚ1990ᐕઍߦߞߡ߆ࠄߪޔ╵↳ႎ๔ᦠߢࠆA National Strategy for the Study of Asia in Australiaޔ㕍ᦠߩThe Language of Australia – Discussion Paper on an Australian Literacy and Language Policy for the 1990sޔ⊕ᦠߩAustralia's Language – The Australian Language and Literacy Policy (DEET 1991)ޔ╵↳ႎ๔ ᦠߩAsian Languages and Australia’s Economic Future (Rudd Committee 1994)
ߥߤޔࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆႎ๔ᦠ߇ᰴޘߣឭߐࠇߚ㧝ޕ
ߎߩਛߢ߽Asian Languages and Australia’s Economic Futureߪޔ1994ᐕࡎ ࡃ࠻ߢ㐿߆ࠇߚCouncil of Australian Governmentsߩળ⼏ߦឭߐࠇޔࠝ ࠬ࠻ࠕߩ⚻ᷣߣߩ㑐ㅪߢࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍᜰ៰ߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ޔ㖧࿖ ⺆ޔਛ࿖⺆ޔࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩ㧠ߟߩ⸒⺆ࠍᓟ․ߦ㓸ਛ⊛ߦᢎ߃ࠆߴ߈ ޟఝవ⸒⺆ޠߣ⟎ߠߌߚߎߣߪᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆޕߎߩឭ᩺ᦠߦߪޔᄙᢙߩ ࡊࡠࠣࡓߩౕ⊛ߥታⴕ⸘↹߿ഥᚑ⸘↹ߥߤ߽߹ࠇߡࠆ߇ޔ2006ᐕ ߹ ߢ Ფ ᐕ 3000 ਁ ࠼ ࡞ ߋ ࠄ ࠍ ㅪ ㇌ ᐭ ߇ ᡰ េ ߔ ࠆ ߎ ߣ ࠍ 㛽 ሶ ߣ ߔ ࠆ NALSAS (National Asian Language and Studies in Australian Schools) ࡊࡠࠣ
ࡓ߽ߎߩߣ߈㐿ᆎߔࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㧞ޕߎߩࡊࡠࠣࡓߪޔ೨ㅀߒߚᄙ᭽ߥࡊ ࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩᚑᨐߣߦޔ╙৻✢ߩቇᩞߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ߩࡊ ࡠࠣࡓࠍ㐿⸳ޔㆇ↪ߒߡߊߎߣࠍᅑബߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒߇⋓ࠎߦߥࠅቯ ⌕ߔࠆบࠍࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ 䋲䋭䋲㩷 ᣣᧄ䈎䉌䈱ᓇ㗀 ߎߎ߹ߢ1980ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄߩࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩࡉ ࡓߩⷐ࿃ߣߒߡޔᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ળߣ߁⢛᥊ࠍᤋߒߚLOTEᢎ⢒ߩ⸒ ⺆╷ޔ߹ߚࠕࠫࠕߣߩᵹߩᒝൻߣߞߚᤨઍߩ࠾࠭ߦኻᔕߔࠆߚ ߩࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߩᒝൻ╷ࠍ⠨߃ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔߎࠇߛߌߢߪޟᵤᵄ⽎ޠ ߣ߹ߢ⸒ࠊࠇߚ⊒⊛ߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩჇടߪ⺑ߢ߈ߥޕߣ߁ߩߪޔ หߓᒝൻ⸒⺆ߣߒߡ⟎ߠߌࠄࠇߚ㖧࿖⺆ޔࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߪᔅߕߒ߽ᚑ 䋭㪌䋭
ഞߒߚߣߪ⸒߃ߥ߆ࠄߢࠆޕߎࠇߪޔᒰὼߩߥ߇ࠄޔߘߩઁߦ߽ ࠈࠈߥⷐ࿃߇ߞߚߎߣࠍᥧ␜ߔࠆ߇ޔߘߩਛߢ߽ᣣᧄ߆ࠄߩ᭽ޘߥ ࡌ࡞ߢߩࡐࠫ࠹ࠖࡉߥᓇ㗀߇⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ᣣᧄߪ╙㧞ᰴ⇇ᄢᚢߢߪࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᢜ࿖ߢࠅޔߢ߽ᒰᤨߩ ධᄥᐔᵗߢߩᚢߦ㑐ߔࠆ࠼ࠠࡘࡔࡦ࠲߇ߒ߫ߒ߫࠹ࡆߦᤋߐࠇߚ ࠅߔࠆޕᣣᧄߦኻߔࠆࠃߊߥ⸥ᙘ߿ᢜኻᗵࠍᜬߞߡࠆੱ߽߹ߛࠆߣ ᕁࠊࠇࠆ߇ޔ৻⥸⊛ߦߪᣣᧄߦኻߔࠆࠗࡔࠫߪߘࠇ⒟ᖡߊߥޕߘߩⷐ ࿃ߣߒߡߪޔ߹ߕޔᚢᓟޔᣣᧄߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ߥ⊒ዷߣߦޔᣣᧄੱߩൕീߐ߿ ߈⚦߆ߐ߇ᵈ⋡ߐࠇޔ⥄േゞޔ㔚᳇ຠߥߤᣣᧄߩ㜞⾰ߥຠ߇ ࠗࡔࠫࠍߞߡ߈ߚޕ߹ߚޔᦨవ┵ߩᛛⴚ߿ᤄ߆ࠄߩવ⛔߇߁߹ߊ⺞ ࠍᚑߒߡࠆ࿖ߣߒߡߩᅢᗵᐲ߽㜞ߊޔߎ߁ߞߚࠗࡔࠫߦࠃࠅޔᣣᧄ ߿ᣣᧄߩᢥൻߦኻߔࠆᙏࠇࠍᛴߊ⧯⠪߽ᄙޕ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ߩ2006ᐕᶏᄖ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆߣޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ႐วޔೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ ߩቇ⠌⠪߆㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߩቇ⠌⠪߆ࠍࠊߕޔቇ⠌⋡⊛ߣߒߡޟᣣᧄߩᢥൻߦ 㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂ࠍᓧࠆߚޠߣ߁╵߃߇ᦨ߽ᄙ߆ߞߚ߇㧟ޔߎࠇߪᣣᧄ߿ᣣᧄ ᢥൻߣߞߚޔᣣᧄߦኻߔࠆ৻⥸⊛ߥ㑐ᔃߩ㜞ߐ߿ࠗࡔࠫߩࠃߐࠍ৻ㇱ ᤋߒߡࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ ߘߩઁޔ1980ᐕઍએ᧪ޔ㜞ߦࠃࠆᣣᧄ߆ࠄߩⷰశቴ߿⇐ቇ↢ߩჇടޔ ㅢㅢାᚻᲑߩ⊒㆐ߦࠃࠆᵹߩჇട߽ޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࡉࡓߦ⽸₂ߒߡ ࠆޕ࿁ࠅߦᣣᧄੱ߇Ⴧ߃ࠆߎߣߢޔᢎቶߢቇࠎߛᣣᧄ⺆ࠍታ㓙߃ࠆ࠴ ࡖࡦࠬ߇Ⴧ߃ޔቇ⠌⠪ߩേᯏ⺃⊒ߦዋߥ߆ࠄߕᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚߩߢࠆޕ߹ ߚޔᒰᤨߩᣣᧄᐭߩ⇐ቇ↢ࠍฃߌࠇࠃ߁ߣߔࠆദജ߽ᄖ߆ࠄߩೝ ỗߣߥߞߚޕ߃߫ޔ1983ᐕߦ⇐ቇ↢10ਁੱฃኈ⸘↹߇ਛᦥᩮᮭߦࠃࠅ ߐࠇߚޕߘࠇߪޔ1990ᐕߦ5ਁੱޔ2000ᐕߦ10ਁੱߦߣ߁⋡ᮡࠍᜬߞߡ ߚ߇ޔߘߩߚߩ⽷⊛ߥᡰេ߿⧷⺆ߦࠃࠆࠦࠬߩ㐿⊒ߥߤޔᣣᧄߩ ᄢቇߦ⇐ቇߒ߿ߔⅣႺࠍࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕߘߩઁߩ࿖߽ߒߊߪ᳃㑆߆ࠄ ߩ⛮⛯⊛ߥᅑቇ㊄ߥߤߩᡰេ߿ޔ1990ᐕઍඨ߫એ㒠ᵴ⊒ߦߥߞߚᣣᧄߩᄢ ቇߣߩ឵ࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᵴᕈൻߥߤ߽ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩࡉࡓߩ৻ഥߣߥߞߚޕ ߎࠇࠄߪޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩቇ↢ߚߜߦࠃࠅࠃቇ⠌ⅣႺࠍਈ߃ޔᣣᧄ⺆ ቇ⠌߿ᣣᧄ߳ߩ⇐ቇࠍࠃࠅ㝯ജ⊛ߥ߽ߩߦߔࠆߥߤޔᅢᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡࠆޕ 䋭㪍䋭
䋲䋭䋳㩷 ᣰ⋓䈭ೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒䈮䈍䈔䉎ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ ౨㗡ߢࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪ⇇ߢ߽ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌߇ᦨ߽⋓ࠎߥ࿖ߩ৻ߟߣㅀ ߴߚ߇ޔᰴߩߪ1990ᐕ߆ࠄ⇇ߢᦨ߽ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᄙ㧟ߟߩ࿖ ߣቇ⠌⠪ᢙࠍ߹ߣߚ߽ߩߢࠆ㧔㧝ޔ㧞ߪ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄㧔1994, 2000, 2009㧕ߦၮߠߊ㧕ޕ 䋱䋺ቇ⠌⠪ᢙ䋨࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄䇮ᶏᄖᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐⺞ᩏ䋩 㗅 1990 1993 1998 2006 1 2 3 㖧࿖ 447,610 ਛ࿖ 288,177 ⽕Ꮊ 62,023 㖧࿖ 820,908 ਛ࿖ 250,334 ⽕Ꮊ 179,241 㖧࿖ 948,104 ⽕Ꮊ 307,760 ਛ࿖ 245,863 㖧࿖ 910,957 ਛ࿖ 684,366 ⽕Ꮊ 366,165 ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦὶὐࠍᒰߡߡߺࠆߣޔ1990ᐕߦ6ਁੱߋࠄߛߞߚቇ⠌⠪ ᢙ߇ޔ1993ᐕߦߪ18ਁᒙߣ⚂3߶ߤჇടߒޔ1998ᐕߦߪ30ਁએߦߥࠅਛ ࿖ߩቇ⠌⠪ᢙࠍ࿁ߞߡࠆޕߎࠇߪޔ߃߫ޔ1993ᐕએ㒠ࠄࠇࠆᕆỗ ߥჇടߪޔ1995ᐕ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߚNALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓ߇ᄢ߈ߊᓇ㗀ߒߚߎߣ߇ ផኤߐࠇࠆߥߤޔㅀߒߚޔ1980ᐕઍᓟඨએ㒠ᛂߜߐࠇߚᢙᄙߊߩ╷ ࠍޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖ౝᄖ߆ࠄߩ᭽ޘߥⷐ⚛߇ታࠆࠃ߁ߥᒻߢࠇߚ ߩߛߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇᧪ࠃ߁ޕ ߚߛޔߎߎߢᵈᗧߔߴ߈ὐߪޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆቇ ⠌⠪ߩഀว߇㕖Ᏹߦ㜞ߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕ 䋲䋺ቇ⠌⠪ᢙ䋨ೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒䋩 㗅 1990 1993 1998 2006 1 2 3 㖧࿖ 403,744 ਛ࿖ 120,899 ⽕Ꮊ 55,091 㖧࿖ 679,493 ⽕Ꮊ 161,185 ਛ࿖ 108,825 㖧࿖ 731,416 ⽕Ꮊ 299,170 ਛ࿖ 116,682 㖧࿖ 769,034 ⽕Ꮊ 352,629 ਛ࿖ 76,020 ߩ2߆ࠄಽ߆ࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ1993ᐕߦޔోߩቇ⠌⠪ᢙߢߪਛ࿖߇2ߛߞ ߚ߇㧔㧝ෳᾖ㧕ޔೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߛߌࠍߺࠆߣޔߒࠈࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ߇ਛ 䋭㪎䋭
࿖ࠃࠅᄙߊޔߘߩะߪߘࠇએ㒠ߕߞߣ⛯ߡࠆޕೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩቇ⠌⠪ ߇ోߩቇ⠌⠪ᢙߩਛߢභࠆᲧ₸ߪޔ1990ᐕߣ1993ᐕߦߪ⚂90㧑ߋࠄ ߛߞߚ߇ޔ1998ᐕߦߪ⚂97㧑ߦ߹ߢߩ߷ࠅޔߘߩᓟ2006ᐕߦ߽⚂96㧑ߦߥ ࠆߥߤޔห࿖ߩᵴ⊒ߥᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩࡉࡓߣ߁ߩߪޔ߃߫ޔᐜ⒩߆ ࠄᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᢎ߃ࠆߣ߁ታߦ⽎ᓽߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔ․ߦೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒߇ਛᔃ ߦߥߞߡࠆߎߣ߇ࠃߊಽ߆ࠆޕ ߎ߁ߞߚೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩࡉࡓߪޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᢙ߇ᄙ ߣ߁ߎߣߛߌߢߪߥߊޔᢎ᧚߿ࠪࡃࠬࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㐿⊒ߩలታ ߦ߽ࠃߊࠄࠇࠆޕ߹ߕޔห࿖ߢ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚᏒ⽼ᢎ᧚߇ᄙᢙࠅޔ߃߫ޔ 1993ᐕߦ ߐࠇߚޡYOROSHIKUޢࠪ࠭એ㒠ޔޡKIMONOޢޔޡOBENTOޢޔ ޡMIRAIޢޔޡIMAޢߥߤᢙᄙߊߩ✚วᢎ᧚߇ ߐࠇޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖ ౝߩቇᩞߪ߽ߜࠈࠎޔᶏᄖߢ߽ᐢߊ↪ߐࠇߡࠆޕೋ╬ቇᐕߢߪޔޡዊ ቇᩞߩᣣᧄ⺆ޢޔޡYonde KaiteޢޔޡHAIޢߥߤߩࠦࠬᢎ᧚߿ޔޡIdea Book 1㨪5ޢޔޡJapanese Enrichment ActivitiesޢޔޡJapanese Culture Resources & Activitiesޢߥߤߩᢎ᧚߿ࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖ㓸߽ ߐࠇߡࠆޕߘߩઁޔ ೋਛ╬ࡌ࡞ߩCD-ROMᢎ᧚ߣߒߡޔޡSugoiޢޔޡLanguage Market A&Bޢޔ ޡMichio teaches Japaneseޢߥߤ߇ࠆ㧠ޕ
ࠪࡃࠬߩ㐿⊒߽⋓ࠎߢޔ߹ߕޔో࿖⊛ߥࡌ࡞ߢ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߩၮᧄᜰ㊎ ߣߒߡ1987ᐕߦᚑߐࠇߚALL㧔The Australian Language Levels㧕Guidelines ߇ࠆޕߎࠇߪޟLanguage Learning in AustraliaޠޔޟSyllabus Development & ProgrammingޠޔޟMethod, Resources, and AssessmentޠޔޟEvaluation, Curriculum Renewal, and Teacher Developmentޠߩ4ಽౠ߆ࠄ᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ߅ࠅޔ⸒⺆ቇ⠌
ߦ㑐ߔࠆో⥸⊛ߥ㕙ࠍ✂⟜ߒߡࠆ㧡ޕਥߥౝኈߣߒߡߪޔ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߩᦨ
⚳⋡ᮡߢࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߩ⢒ᚑߣቇ⠌ߦߪޔ␠ળᢥൻ⊛ⷐ ⚛㧔Socio-cultural㧕ޔ⸒⺆ᢥൻ⊛ⷐ⚛㧔Language and cultural awareness㧕ޔ ৻⥸⍮⼂㧔General knowledge㧕ޔ⥄┙ቇ⠌⊛ⷐ⚛㧔Learning how-to-learn㧕ߩ ⠌ᓧ߇㊀ⷐߛߣߒޔߎࠇࠄߩⷐ⚛ߩ✚ว⊛ߥቇ⠌ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡࠆޕߎߩᜰ ㊎ࠍࡌࠬߦࠪࡃࠬ߿ࠞࠠࡘࡓߪฦᎺߢࠄࠇߡࠆ㧢ޕ એޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࡉࡓߩታᘒߪޔਥߦೋਛ╬ ᢎ⢒ߢߩቇ⠌⠪ߩ⊛ߥჇട߿ޔߘࠇߦ߁ᢎ᧚ޔࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㐿⊒ߩ లታߦ࿃ߔࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚޕߎࠇߦኻߒߡޔ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߢߩᣣᧄ⺆ ᢎ⢒ߪޔቇ⠌⠪ᢙ߇ޔోߩ3㧑ޔ4㧑ߋࠄߦ⇐߹ߞߡ߅ࠅޔቇ⠌⠪ᢙߩ 䋭㪏䋭
ⷰὐ߆ࠄߔࠆߣೋਛ╬ࡌ࡞ߢߩᵴ⊒ߐߦㅊߟߡߥߩ߇⁁ߢ ࠆޕߎࠇߪᣣᧄ⺆ߛߌߢߥߊޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᄖ࿖⺆ ᢎ⢒ో⥸ߦ㑐ࠊࠆ㗴ߢޔߎࠇߦ㑐ߒߡߪᓟ߶ߤ߹ߚ⸒ߔࠆޕ 䋲䋭䋴㩷 ᢎᏧ䈮㑐䉒䉎㗴 ᰴߩ㧟ߪ1990ᐕએ㒠ߩࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩੱᢙߩᄌ ൻࠍ߹ߣߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕ1990ᐕߦ1000ੱ⿷ࠄߕߛߞߚੱᢙ߇ޔ1993ᐕߦ ߪ2500ੱㄭߊߦᕆჇߒޔ1998ᐕߦߪ3000ੱએߦߥࠆޕ2006ᐕߦߪᄙዋᷫ ࠆ߽ߩߩޔଐὼߣߒߡ3000ੱㄭੱᢙࠍߞߡࠆ㧔㧟ߪ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ 㧔1994, 2000, 2009㧕ߦၮߠߊ㧕ޕ 䋳䋺ᢎᏧᢙ 㗅 1990 1993 1998 2006 1 2 3 ਛ࿖ 5,220 㖧࿖ 1,665 ⽕Ꮊ 962 ਛ࿖ 5,289 㖧࿖ 2,944 ⽕Ꮊ 2,428 㖧࿖ 5,604 ਛ࿖ 5,156 ⽕Ꮊ 3,131 ਛ࿖ 12,907 㖧࿖ 7,432 ⽕Ꮊ 2,935 ߎࠇߪޔ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥߊޔ1990ᐕઍߩᕆỗߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩჇടߦ߁ ߽ߩߢࠆޕߎߎߢ㊀ⷐߥߩߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߪޔၮᧄ⊛ߦᣣᧄ⺆ࠍቇ߮ ߚߣ߁Ꮧᦸߐ߃ࠇ߫․ߥḰߥߒߦහᤨߥࠇࠆ߽ߩߢࠆ߇ޔᢎ Ꮷߣ߁ߩߪߘ߁߁ࠊߌߦߪ߆ߥߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕ߹ߕ႐ߢᢎ ߃ࠆ೨ߦޔᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ৻⥸⊛ߥ⍮⼂߿ᢎ߃ࠆ㓙ߩࠬࠠ࡞ߥߤࠍりߦઃߌ ࠆߚߩ⸠✵ࠍฃߌࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠅޔߘࠇߣหᤨߦޔᢎ߃ࠆᢎ⑼ߢࠆᣣᧄ ⺆ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂߿ᢎ߃ᣇࠍᾫ⍮ߒߡ߅߆ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥޕ߹ߚޔᣣᧄ⺆ ߩᲣ࿖⺆⠪ߢߥ႐วߦߪ⺆ቇ⊛ߥ⢻ജࠍりߦઃߌߡ߅ߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ ߟ߹ࠅޔ৻ੱ೨ߩᢎᏧߦߥࠆߦߪޔ߹ߕᤨ㑆߇߆߆ࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢޔᕆ ỗߦჇടߔࠆቇ⠌⠪ߩᢙߦㅊߟ߆ߕޔᢎᏧߩᢙ߿⾰ߩਇචಽߐߪޔ1990 ᐕઍ೨ඨߦ߅ߌࠆࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩᦨ߽ᄢ߈ߥ㗴ߩ৻ߟߢ ߞߚޕ߃߫ޔ╩⠪ߩᚲዻߔࠆᄢቇߢߪ1990ᐕઍߩೋߩᢙᐕ㑆ޔ1ߦ ৻⥸ੱะߌߦ4ㅳ㑆ߩೋ⚖ߩᣣᧄ⺆㓸ਛ⻠ᐳࠍ㐿⸳ߒޔᲤᐕ20ᢙฬߩෳട⠪ 䋭㪐䋭
߇ߚ߇ޔߘߩ߁ߜ7ޔ8ฬߪర᧪ޔ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄߩ⸒⺆ࠍᢎ߃ߡߚቇᩞߩ ᢎᏧߛߞߚޕቇᩞߩᣇ㊎ߢޔߘࠇ߹ߢᜂᒰߒߡߚ⸒⺆ࠍᢎ߃ࠄࠇߥߊߥ ࠅޔ⠉ᐕ߆ࠄᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᢎ߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߕޔᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⺆ቇ⊛⢻ജߦਲߒ ߚޔᕆㆰᣣᧄ⺆ࠦࠬߦෳടߔࠆߣ߁ߎߣߛߞߚޕࠊࠁࠆォ⡯ᢎᏧ ߢࠆ߇ޔᢎ⢒৻⥸߿⺆ቇߩᢎᴺߦ㑐ߔࠆ⍮⼂ޔ⚻㛎ߪ⼾ንߢࠆ߇ޔ ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⢻ജߪᔅߕߒ߽චಽߢߪߥ߆ߞߚޕ ߘߩઁޔMarriott et al (1994) ߪޔ1994ᐕޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ Ꮷߩ߁ߜᏱൕ㕖Ᏹൕࠍวࠊߖߡᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᲣ⺆ߣߔࠆᢎᏧߪ14㧑ߦߔ߉ߥ ߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆ߇ޔᣣᧄ⺆߇Უ⺆ߢߥᢎᏧߩ႐วޔߤ߁ߒߡ߽⺆ ቇ⊛ߦචಽߢߥߣߎࠈ߽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޔߘࠇࠍ߁ߚߦޔߩᣣᧄ ⺆ᢎᏧ߇ᣣᧄੱࠕࠪࠬ࠲ࡦ࠻ߣ৻✜ߦᢎ߃ࠆ࠴ࡓ࠹ࠖ࠴ࡦ߽ࠣᐢߊߥ ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩ㙃ᚑ߿ޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᲣ⺆ߣߒߥᢎᏧߩ⺆ቇ⢻ജߩะ⛽ ᜬߪޔ⾰ߩ㜞ᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ࠍⴕ߁ߢᰳ߆ߖߥⷐ⚛ߢࠆޕߘߎߢޔ1990 ᐕઍ߆ࠄޔ߃߫ฦᎺᐭ߇ᄢቇߦᆔ⸤ߒᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧⷐ⺧ࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍⴕ ߞߚࠅޔᄢቇߢᣣᧄ⺆ࠍീᒝߒතᬺᓟޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߦߥࠆߎߣࠍᏗᦸߔࠆ ੱ߳ߩᅑቇ㊄ߩᡰ⛎ޔᣣᧄߩ࿖㓙ᵹ㊄߆ࠄߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩߚߩᡰេߥ ߤޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧࠍࠨࡐ࠻ߔࠆߚߩദജ߿⽷⊛ߥᡰេ߇ߥߐࠇߡ߈ߚ㧣ޕ ߘߩ⚿ᨐޔ⁁ᴫߪߛ߱ᡷༀߒߚ߇ޔ⺆ቇ⢻ജߩะ⛽ᜬߣ߁ߩߪ⛮ ⛯⊛ߥദജ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇࠆ㗴ߢޔ2000ᐕઍߦߞߡ߆ࠄ߽ห࿖ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᦨ߽ᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߩ৻ߟߣߥࠆޕ
㧟㧚ᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ળ
ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ળߢࠅޔ⧷⺆એᄖߦ߽ᢙᄙߊߩ⸒ ⺆߇ᣣᏱ↢ᵴߦࠊࠇߚࠅߔࠆޕ⧷⺆એᄖߩ⸒⺆ࠍޔ․ߦቇᩞߩࠞࠠࡘ ࡓߥߤߢߪࠃߊLOTE㧔Language other than English㧕ߣ߱߇ޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ ⢒߽LOTEᢎ⢒ߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡⴕࠊࠇߡࠆࠊߌߢޔએਅޔ╙3▵ߢߪޔࠝ ࠬ࠻ࠕߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⢛᥊߿ቇ⠌ⅣႺߩ․ᓽߩ৻ߟߢࠆޟᄙᢥൻ ᄙ⸒⺆␠ળޠߣ㑐ㅪߒߚޔᢥൻᢎ⢒߿LOTEᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥേะࠍ⠨߃ࠆޕ䋳䋭䋱㩷 ⺆ቇᢎ⢒䈮䈍䈔䉎ᢥൻᢎ⢒䈱䊝䊂䊦 ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪ⒖᳃ߩ࿖ߢࠆޕ2006ᐕߦⴕࠊࠇߚ࿖⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣ㧤ޔ 2006ᐕ8ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩੱญߪ19,855,288ੱߢޔߘߩ߁ߜࠝࠬ ࠻ࠕએᄖߩ࿖ߢ↢߹ࠇߚੱߪ29.1㧑⒟ᐲߢࠆ㧔ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ⛔⸘ᐡ 2006㧕ޕߟ߹ࠅޔ3ੱߩ߁ߜ1ੱߪᶏᄖߢ↢߹ࠇߡࠆߩߢࠆ߇ޔ↢ߒ ߚ࿖ၞ߽ᄙ᭽ߢޔߘߩᢙߪ250ࠞ࿖ၞએߦࠆޕߎࠇߪޔᒰὼߩ ߥ߇ࠄޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦߪߘࠇߛߌ㆑߁ၞᢥൻࠍ⢛᥊ߦߒߡࠆ ੱߚߜ߇㓸߹ߞߡࠄߒߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߦߥࠆޕ ᱧผ⊛ߦߪޔ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦޔ1960ᐕઍߣ1970ᐕઍޔࠕࠫࠕߣߩ⚻ᷣ⊛ߥ ᵹߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇ᰴ╙ߦᒝߊ⼂ߐࠇࠆߥ߆ޔ1980ᐕઍߦࠅᒰᤨߩഭౄ ߩࡎࠢ㧔Hawke㧕ᮭߦࠃߞߡޔߘࠇ߹ߢߩ⊕⽕ਥ⟵ߦઍࠊࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ ᄙᢥൻਥ⟵߇ឭ໒ߐࠇߚޕߎࠇߪߘߩᓟ߽ޔߤߩౄ߇ᮭࠍីࠆ߆ࠍࠊ ߕ࿖ኅߩਥⷐ╷ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡฃߌ⛮߇ࠇߡ߈ߚޕᄙᢥൻਥ⟵ߪޔᄙ᭽ߥ ᢥൻࠍ⢛᥊ߦߔࠆ␠ળߩਛߢߘࠇߙࠇ⇣ߥࠆᢥൻ߇ߘࠇߙࠇߩ․⦡ࠍߜ ߟߟ߽ోߣߒߡ߁߹ߊⲢวߒޔ⺞ࠍߥߔߎߣࠍၮᧄ㛽ሶߣߒߡࠆޕ ᢥൻߪ⸒⺆ߣኒធߥ㑐ଥࠍᜬߞߡ߅ࠅޔ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᢥൻ⊛ⷐ⚛ߩ ㊀ ⷐ ᕈ ߪ ᐢ ߊ ᜰ ៰ ߐ ࠇ ߡ ࠆ ߇ 㧔 ߃ ߫ ޔ Rivers 1981, Pitchard 1990, Kirkpatrick 1993, Scollon & Scollon 1995, Liddicoat 2002㧕ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ ᄙᢥൻ␠ળߣ߁․ᓽߪห࿖ߩ⸒⺆⎇ⓥߩേะߦ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߒޔ⸒⺆ᢎ ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆᢥൻߩቇ⠌ߣ߁ߩߪᦨ߽⋓ࠎߥ⎇ⓥ࠻ࡇ࠶ࠢߩ৻ߟߣߥߞߡ ࠆޕ߃߫ޔᢥൻࠍേ⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߒߡᝒ߃ߚቇ⠌ࡕ࠺࡞ࠍឭ᩺ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ ߇ᢙᄙߊࠆޕߎߎߢ⸒߁ᢥൻߦኻߔࠆޟേ⊛ޠߥᣇ㧔Dynamic perspective towards culture㧕ߣ߁ߩߪޔᢥൻߣ৻⸒ߢ⸒ߞߡ߽ޔߘࠇߪ㕖Ᏹߦᐢߊ ᄙ᭽ߥ߽ߩߢޔᤨߣߣ߽ߦᄌൻߔࠆ㕙߽ࠅޔ߹ߚ⥄ಽߩᢥൻߦኻߔࠆ ⸃㉼߽᭴ᚑຬฦ⥄ߢ⇣ߥߞߚࠅ߽ߔࠆޔߣߞߚᢥൻߩⶄ㔀ߥᧄ⾰ࠍߘߩ ߹߹⋥ⷞߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ߽ߩߢࠆޕߎࠇߪޔᓥ᧪ޔ⺆ቇቇ⠌⠪߇ޔቇ⠌ኻ ⽎ᢥൻࠍޟ㕒⊛ޠߥ߽ߩߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆߎߣߢޔࠬ࠹ࠝ࠲ࠗࡊ⊛ߥᣇ߿ ࠍࠅߒߡߒ߹߁ะ߇ߞߚߎߣࠍ〯߹߃ޔߎ߁ߞߚ㗴ࠍస ߔࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡឭ᩺ߐࠇߡࠆߩߢࠆ㧥ޕ ߎߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍߒߊ⺞ߴࠆߎߣߪᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߢߪߥߩߢߎࠇએ ⸒ߒߥ߇㧔⚦ߪ⸥ߩෳ⠨ᢥ₂ࠍෳᾖ㧕ޔߎߎߢ৻ὐߛߌޔߎߩࠕ 䋭㪈㪈䋭
ࡊࡠ࠴ߦ߅ߌࠆቇ⠌⋡ᮡߦߟߡ◲නߦㅀߴߡ߅ߊޕᓥ᧪ޔනߦ․ቯߩ ᢥൻ⊛ߥ⍮⼂㧔߃߫ޔવ⛔ޔᱧผޔℂޔ␠ળᐲޔߥߤ㧕ࠍᾫ⍮ߔ ࠆߎߣ߇ਥߥቇ⠌⋡ᮡߛߞߚߣߒߚࠄޔേ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߢߪޔ৻⸒ߢ⸒ ߁ߣޔޟ╙㧟ߩ㗔ၞ㧔The third place㧕ޠࠍ▽ߊߎߣ߇ⓥᭂߥቇ⠌⋡ᮡߣߥ ߞߡࠆޕ╙㧟ߩ㗔ၞߣߪޔ⇣ᢥൻࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩᒰ⠪ߚߜ߇ޔ ᢥൻ⊛ߥ㆑ߦࠃࠆ㓒ߚࠅࠍℂ⸃ߒࠃ߁ߣദജߔࠆߥ߆ߢޔߦ▽߈ ߍࠆേ⊛ߥࠬࡍࠬ㧔Dynamic space㧕ߛߣ߁㧔Kramsch 1993, Lo Bianco et
al. 1999, Crozet & Liddicoat 2000㧕ޕߟ߹ࠅޔ⇣ᢥൻࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߢ᳞
ࠄࠇࠆߩߪޔ⥄ᢥൻ⥄⸒⺆㧔The first place㧕ޔ߽ߒߊߪઁᢥൻઁ⸒⺆ 㧔The second place㧕ߩߤߜࠄ߆ߦኻߔࠆ৻ᣇ⊛ߥℂ⸃ߢߪߥߊޔߘߩਛ㑆 ߦࠆ╙㧟ߩ㗔ၞ㧔The third place㧕ࠍޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦߩᒰ⠪ߚߜ ߇ߦᷤߒࠅߍࠆߣ߁ߎߣߛޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔ
Crozet & Liddicoat
(2000)
ߦࠃࠆߣޔ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߣߪ⚿ዪޔ߆ߦ⥄Ꮖࠍઁ⠪ߣ㑐ㅪઃߌࠆߩ߆㧔how to relate to others㧕ߢࠅޔቇ⠌ኻ⽎⸒⺆ᢥൻࠍ⋤⋡⊛ߦฃߌࠇ ߡᮨ୮ߔࠆߎߣࠃࠅ߽ޔ߆ߦቇ⠌⠪ߩ⥄ᢥൻࠍቇ⠌ኻ⽎ᢥൻߦ㑐ㅪઃߌ ࠆ߆߇㊀ⷐⷞߐࠇࠆߩߢࠆޕ
ᢥൻ߳ߩേ⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍขࠅࠇߚ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߩࡕ࠺࡞߽ᢙᄙߊ㐿⊒ ߐࠇߡࠆޕ߃߫ޔޟProcess Approach for the Development of Intercultural Communicative Competenceޠ(Fantini, 1995)ޔޟFour Stage Methodology to Teach Spoken Language and Cultureޠ(Crozet, 1996)ޔޟTeaching Methodology for Conversationޠ (Barraja-Rohan, 2000) ޔ ޟ Model for Intercultural Language Teachingޠ(Wood, 2003) ߥߤ߇ࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩࡕ࠺࡞ߩ⢛᥊ߦࠆߩߪޔ⇣ ᢥൻࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജ㧔Intercultural Communicative Competence㧕ߩ⢒ ᚑߢࠆޕ⇣ᢥൻࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߣߪޔᄖ࿖⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡ⠌ᓧ ߔߴ߈ᦨ߽ᩮᧄ⊛ߥࠬࠠ࡞ߢࠆ߇ޔߎࠇࠄߩࡕ࠺࡞ߦ߅ߡቇ⠌⠪ߩ⋡ ᜰߔߴ߈ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ജߣߪޔቇ⠌ኻ⽎⸒⺆ߩᲣ࿖⺆⠪ߩߘࠇ ߣหߓࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔቇ⠌ኻ⽎⸒⺆ߩࠬࡇ࠴ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ ߅ߡ㕖Უ࿖⺆⠪ߣߒߡޔߘߒߡߘߩ⸒⺆ߩቇ⠌⠪ߣߒߡㆡߒߚࠬ࠹ ࠲ࠬࠍ⏕┙ߔࠆޔߟ߹ࠅవ߶ߤ⸒ߒߚ╙㧟㗔ၞ㧔the third place㧕ࠍ▽ߊ⢻ ജߥߩߢࠆޕ
⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߢߩᢥൻᢎ⢒ߩ㊀ⷐᕈࠍ⼂ߒޔ⇣ᢥൻࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦ⢻ ജߩ⢒ᚑࠍ⋡ᜰߔ⇣ᢥൻ⸒⺆ቇ⠌㧔Intercultural Language Learning㧕ߣ߁
ᔨߪޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡℂ⺰⊛ߥࡌࠬߣߥߞߡࠆޕ ߎߩᔨࠍขࠅࠇޔㄭᐕAsian Language Profession Learning Project߿ Intercultural Language Teaching and Leaning in Practiceߥߤߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ޔ
ㅪ㇌ᐭߩਥዉਅߢⴕࠊࠇߡࠆ㧝㧜ޕ 䋳䋭䋲㩷 㪣㪦㪫㪜ᢎ⢒ ߎߎߢ߽߁৻ᐲ2006ᐕߦⴕࠊࠇߚࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ࿖⺞ᩏߩ⚿ᨐࠍ ߡߺࠃ߁ޕߘߩਛߢ߽↪⸒⺆ߩ⒳㘃߿ᢙߦᵈ⋡ߔࠆߣޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ ߇ᄙ⸒⺆␠ળߛߣ߁․ᓽ߇৻⋡ߢಽ߆ࠆޕ߹ߕޔኅᐸౝߢࠊࠇߡࠆ ⸒⺆ߪ370એߦߩ߷ࠆޕኅᐸౝߢ⧷⺆ߛߌࠍ߁ੱߪ⚂78.5㧑㧔⚂1558ਁ ੱ㧕ߢޔᱷࠅ⚂21.5㧑ޔߟ߹ࠅޔ5ੱߩ߁ߜ1ੱ߇⧷⺆એᄖߩ⸒⪲ࠍᣣᏱ↢ᵴ ߢߞߡࠆߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔ⧷⺆ߩઁߦ╙1ઍ⒖᳃ߩਔ ⷫߩ⸒⪲ࠍߒߚࠅߔࠆੱ߇ᄙߊޔ⧷⺆એᄖߩ⸒⺆ߦኻߒߡޟᄖ࿖⺆㧔foreign
language㧕ޠߣ߁ࠃࠅߪޔޟ╙2ޔ╙3⸒⺆㧔second, third language㧕ޠߣ ߁⼂߇ᒝޕ߹ߚޔLOTEߣ߁⸒⪲߽ޔ․ߦቇᩞߩࠞࠠࡘࡓߥߤߢ ⧷⺆એᄖߩ⸒⺆ࠍ␜ߔߩߦ㗫❥ߦࠊࠇࠆޕ
LOTEߪޔ೨ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔᣧߊ߆ࠄNational Policy of Languages 㧔NPL㧕 (Lo Bianco 1987) ߥߤߦ߅ߡߘߩ㊀ⷐᕈ߇⼂ߐࠇߡ߈ߚޕ1990ᐕઍߦ ࠅޔᄙᢥൻਥ⟵߇ㅪ㇌ᐭߩ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒╷ࠍࠆ㊀ⷐߥⷐ⚛ߣߥߞߡ ࠆߥ߆ޔAustralian Languages and Literacy Policy (ALLP) ߇ዉߐࠇߚޕߎࠇ ߪޔNPLߩၮᧄ⊛ߥⷐ⚛ߪߜߟߟޔ⧷⺆ߩ⺒ߺᦠ߈⢻ജߩᒝൻߣޔ␠ળ⊛ ߮⚻ᷣ⊛ߦേᯏઃߌࠄࠇߚ╙2⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߩᒝൻࠍ㛽ሶߣߒߡ߅ࠅޔ4ߟߩ ਥⷐ⋡ᮡߩ৻ߟߦޔLOTEᢎ⢒ߩᄢ߮ᒝൻ߇⋓ࠅㄟ߹ࠇߡࠆޕ LOTEߪޔ߹ߚޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩቇᩞᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡ࿖ኅࡌ࡞ߢቯࠄ ࠇߚ㧤ߟߩਥⷐቇ⠌㗔ၞߩ৻ߟߢࠆ㧔DEST 2002㧕ޕᧄⓂߢޔ․ߦ㑐ㅪߔ ࠆߩߪޔቇᩞߢߩLOTEᢎ⢒ߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⸒⺆ߣߒߡߩLOTEᢎ⢒ߢ ࠆޕቇᩞߢᦨ߽ቇ⠌⠪ߩᄙ10⸒⺆ߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ޔࡈࡦࠬ⺆ޔ࠼ࠗ࠷ ⺆ޔਛ࿖⺆ޔࠗ࠲ࠕ⺆ޔࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ޔࠡࠪࠕ⺆ޔࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ⺆ޔࠬ ࡍࠗࡦ⺆ޔࠕࡆࠕ⺆ߢࠆޕNALSASߦࠃࠅఝవ⸒⺆ߣᜰቯߐࠇߚ⸒⺆ߩ ৻ߟߢࠆ㖧࿖⺆ߪޔ߹ࠇߡߥޕ1990ᐕઍඨ߫ޔ㖧࿖⚻ᷣߩ⊒ዷ߿ 㖧࿖߆ࠄߩⷰశቴߩ⊛ߥჇടߦೝỗߐࠇޔ㖧࿖߳ߩ㑐ᔃ߇㜞߹ࠅޔ․ߦ 䋭㪈㪊䋭
㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߢ㖧࿖⺆ߩቇ⠌ࠍᏗᦸߔࠆቇ↢߽৻ᤨ߆ߥࠅჇ߃ߚࠅ߽ߒߚ߇ޔ ᤨߩ⚻ᷣෂᯏߦߐࠄߐࠇቇ↢ߚߜߩ㑐ᔃ߽⭯ࠇߡߒ߹ޔቇ⠌⠪߽ỗᷫߔ ࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚޕ㖧࿖⺆ߩࠤࠬߣߪ⢛᥊߇⇣ߥࠆ߇ޔᄢቇߥߤ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ ߦ߅ߌࠆLOTEᢎ⢒ߩ⁁ߪࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߩᄢ߈ߥ㗴ߣߥ ߞߡࠆ㧔ߎࠇߦ㑐ߒߡߪᓟߢㅀߔࠆ㧕ޕ ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⸒⺆ߣߒߡ߽ޔᢙᄙߊߩLOTE߇ᢎ߃ࠄࠇߡࠆޕClyne & Kipp (2006)ߦࠃࠆߣޔ19♿ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߢ⧷⺆એᄖߦᐢߊࠊࠇߚਥ ⷐ⸒⺆ߪࠗ࠲ࠕ⺆ޔ࠼ࠗ࠷⺆ޔਛ࿖⺆ޔࡈࡦࠬ⺆ޔࠬࠦ࠶࠻ࡦ࠼⺆ޔ ࠕࠗ࡞ࡦ࠼⺆ޔ࠺ࡦࡑࠢ⺆ޔ࠙ࠚ࡞࠭⺆ߛߞߚޕᚢᓟޔࠗ࠲ࠕ߆ ࠄߩ⒖᳃߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊޔᢙචᐕ㑆ࠗ࠲ࠕ⺆߇⧷⺆એᄖߢ৻⇟ᄙߊߩੱߦࠃ ߞߡߐࠇߡߚޕ1950ᐕઍᓟඨޔࠡࠪࡖ߆ࠄᄙߊߩ⒖᳃߇ߞߡ߈ߡ ࠗ࠲ࠕ⺆ߦ⛯߈ࠡࠪࡖ⺆߇ᄙߊߩੱߦ↪ߐࠇޔ࠻࡞ࠦ⺆ޔ࡙ࠧࠬ ࡆࠕ⺆ޔࡃࡁࡦ⺆ߥߤ߇ᓟߦ⛯ߡࠆޕ1970ᐕઍޔഭౄߩᮭ߇ ᚑ┙ߔࠆߣߦ⊕⽕ਥ⟵߇ㅌߒޔࠕࠫࠕ߆ࠄߩ⒖᳃߇ᕆỗߦჇ߃ߡ߈ߚޕ 2006ᐕߩ࿖⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣޔਛ࿖⺆㧔CantoneseߣMandarinࠍ㧕ߩ⠪ ߇ᦨ߽ᄙߊޔࡌ࠻࠽ࡓ⺆߿㖧࿖⺆ޔࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ޔࡈࠖࡇࡦ⺆ߥߤߩ ⠪߽߆ߥࠅᄙߎߣ߇ಽ߆ࠆޕ ߎ߁ߞߚᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ળߩࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߡޔ⒖᳃⠪ߚߜ ߩ⸒⺆ߩ⛽ᜬ߿ੑߚߜߩᢎ⢒ࠍࠨࡐ࠻ߔࠆߎߣߪLOTE⸒⺆╷ߩ৻ ߟߩᄢ߈⋡ᮡߣߥߞߡࠆޕ1975ᐕޔThe Committee on the Teaching of Migrant Languages in Schoolsߪ15㧑ߩዊቇ↢߇ޔਔⷫߩਔᣇ߹ߚߪߤߜࠄ߆ ߇⧷⺆એᄖߩ⸒⺆ࠍᲣ࿖⺆ߣߔࠆੑ⸒⺆↪ߩⅣႺߦࠆߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕޔ
1.4㧑ߛߌ߇ߘߩ⸒⺆ࠍീᒝߒߡࠆߎߣࠍࠄ߆ߦߒߚ㧔Cardona et al
2008㧕ޕߎࠇߪᄙᢥൻ␠ળ㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆᄢ߈ߥ៊ᄬߣߒޔዋᢙ᳃ᣖቇᩞ 㧔Ethnic schools㧕߿৻⥸ዊቇᩞ߇ߦදജߒ⒖᳃⠪ߩ⸒⺆߿ᢥൻࠍ߽ߞߣ ᅑബߒᢎ߃ࠆࠃ߁ឭ᩺ߒߚޕߘߩᓟThe Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs߇1979ᐕߦ⸳┙ߐࠇޔዋᢙ᳃ᣖቇᩞࠍࠨࡐ࠻ߔࠆㅪ㇌ᐭߩᡰេ߇ ᆎ߹ߞߡޔߘࠇએ᧪ޔᢙᄙߊߩ╷߿ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ታᣉߐࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕ ߜߥߺߦޔEthnicߣ߁↪⺆ߪߚ߆߽㕖ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕੱ㧔Non-Australian㧕 ⊛ߥᗧว߇ᒝߣ߁ߎߣߢޔ1990ᐕઍએ㒠ߪEthnic languagesࠃࠅߪ Community languagesߣ߁↪⺆߇ᐢߊࠊࠇߡࠆޕ
ߘߩᓟޔ1992ᐕߦߪޔߘࠇ߹ߢㅪ㇌ᐭਥዉߛߞߚEthnic School Program
ߦઍࠊࠅޔᎺ߇ߘߩㆇ༡ࠍਥዉߔࠆCommunity Languages Element of the Schools Language Program߇ᆎ߹ࠅޔઁߩㅪ㇌ᐭਥዉߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߣ ߦᎺߩࡌ࡞ߢᡰេ߇ߥߐࠇߡ߈ߡࠆޕCLA (2008) ߦࠃࠆߣޔ߹߿ࠝ ࠬ࠻ࠕߢᐭߩᡰេࠍ߽ࠄߞߡࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⸒⺆ߩᢙߪ69ߦ ࠅޔ1,000 ࠅߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⸒⺆ቇᩞߢᢎ߃ࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
㧠㧚2000ᐕઍ㧦ᣣᧄ⺆LOTEᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆㄭᐕߩേะߣ⺖㗴
ߎߎ߹ߢޔਥߦ1980ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ1990ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡߩࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌ߩࡉࡓ߿LOTEᢎ⢒ߩ╷ߦߟߡޔߘߩ⢛᥊߿ᱧผ⊛ߥᄌㆫ ߥߤࠍਛᔃߦ⠨߃ߡ߈ߚޕ╙4▵ߢߪޔ2000ᐕઍߩᣣᧄ⺆LOTEᢎ⢒ߦ߅ ߌࠆേะߣ⺖㗴ࠍޔ⸒⺆╷ޔቇ⠌⠪ޔᢎᏧߩޔ㧟ߟߩ㕙߆ࠄ⠨߃ࠆޕ 䋴䋭䋱㩷 ⸒⺆╷䈱㕙 (1)䋺NALSAS䈱ᣧᦼᛂ䈤ಾ䉍 1990ᐕઍߩޔᵤᵄߣᲧ༙ߐࠇߚᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩࡉࡓߪޔᤨઍ⊛ߥᵹࠇߩ ਛߢࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ࿖ౝᄖ߆ࠄߩᄙ᭽ߥᡰេߦࠃߞߡ߈ߚߩߢࠆ߇ޔ ߘߩਛߢ߽ޔ1994ᐕߦRudd Committeeߩឭ᩺ߦࠃࠅᣣᧄ⺆ޔਛ࿖⺆ޔࠗࡦ࠼ ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ޔ㖧࿖⺆߇ޔᓟࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ⚻ᷣ⊒ዷߩߚߦ․ߦቇ⠌ߔ ߴ߈ఝవ⸒⺆ߣᜰቯߐࠇޔߘߩታᣉߦㅪ㇌ᐭ߇Ფᐕ3000ਁ࠼࡞ߦߩ߷ࠆ ⽷⊛ߥᡰេࠍⴕ߁ߎߣࠍ㛽ሶߣߔࠆNALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓ߇㐿ᆎߐࠇߚߎ ߣߪᵈ⋡ߦ୯ߔࠆޕ߽ߜࠈࠎޔߘߩઁߦ߽Ꮊࡌ࡞ߢߩᡰេ߿᳃㑆ޔᄖ࿖ ߆ࠄߩᡰេߥߤ߽ߞߚ߇ޔㅪ㇌ᐭߩਥዉߔࠆNALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᣉⴕ ߪޔߘࠇ߹ߢࡈࡦࠬ⺆߿ࠗ࠲ࠕ⺆ߥߤߩ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄ⸒⺆߇ਛᔃߛߞߚ ቇᩞߢߩLOTEᢎ⢒ߦᄢ߈ߥᣇะォ឵ࠍⷐ⺧ߔࠆ߈ߞ߆ߌߣߥߞߚߩߢ ࠆޕ ߣߎࠈߢޔߎߩࡊࡠࠣࡓߪᒰೋ2006ᐕ߹ߢ⛯ߊ੍ቯߛߞߚ߇ޔ2000ᐕ ઍߦߞߡᒰᤨᮭࠍីߞߡߚ⥄↱ౄᐭߦࠃࠅޔ੍▚ਇ⿷ࠍℂ↱ߦ 2002ᐕᧃࠍᜬߞߡ⚳ੌߐࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕASAA (2002) ߦࠃࠆߣޔ NALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓ߆ࠄᡰេߐࠇߡߚࠦࠬߩᢙߪޔ2002ᐕᒰᤨࠝࠬ࠻ ࠕߩቇᩞోߢᢎ߃ߡࠆࠕࠫࠕ㑐ㅪࠦࠬߩ70㧑ߦ߽ࠆ߽ߩߛߞ ߚߣ߁ޕNALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᣧᦼᛂߜಾࠅߪޔᒰὼ⽷⊛ߥᡰេߩᷫዋ ߣߞߚ⋥ធ⊛ߥᓇ㗀߽ᄢ߈߆ߞߚ߇ޔᒰᤨߩᮭߩࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߦኻ 䋭㪈㪌䋭ߔࠆ╷ࠍᤋߒߡࠆߣ߁ᗧߢޔ৻✢ߦࠆᢎᏧߚߜߦਈ߃ߚࠗࡦ ࡄࠢ࠻߽ᄢ߈߆ߞߚ㧝㧝ޕ NALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᣧᦼᛂߜಾࠅ߇ޔߘߩᓟ4ߟߩఝవ⸒⺆ߩቇ⠌ߦߤ ߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߒߚߩ߆ߪޔ╩⠪߇⍮ߞߡࠆ㒢ࠅޔߘࠇߦ㑐ߔࠆ⋥ ធ⊛ߥ⎇ⓥ߇ߥߚޔࠄ߆ߢߪߥޕߚߛޔߊߟ߆ߩᎺߩLOTEߩቇ ⠌⁁ᴫࠍࠆߣޔ․ߦࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߪዋߥ߆ࠄߕᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߡࠆߣᕁ ࠊࠇࠆޕ߃߫ޔࡔ࡞ࡏ࡞ࡦ߇Ꮊㇺߢࠆࡆࠢ࠻ࠕᎺߩ2001ᐕ߆ࠄ2006 ᐕߩ㑆ߩLOTEቇ⠌⠪ߩᄌൻࠍࠆߣ(VIC 2007)ޔ2001ᐕߦߪࡆࠢ࠻ࠕᎺ ోߩ┙ዊቇᩞߩ߁ߜ94.9㧑ߩቇᩞ߇LOTEࠦࠬࠍᢎ߃ߡߚ߇ޔ2006 ᐕߦߪ82.9㧑ߣᄢߦᷫዋߒߡࠆޕߎߎߢޔ⸒⺆ߦߡߺࠆߣޔᣣᧄ⺆ ߩ႐ว2001ᐕߦ78,010ฬޔ2006ᐕߦߪ68,930ฬߣ11.6㧑ᷫޔਛ࿖⺆ߪ2001ᐕ ߦ40,882ฬޔ2006ᐕߦ34,665ฬߣ15.2㧑ᷫߢޔLOTEቇ⠌⠪߇ో⊛ߦᷫߞߡ ߊߥ߆ޔߕࠇ߽ᐔဋ⊛ߥᷫዋ߱ࠅߢࠆޕߎࠇߦኻߒߡޔࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪ ࠕ⺆ߪ2001ᐕߦ111,761ฬߛߞߚቇ⠌⠪߇ޔ2004ᐕߦߪ96,700ฬޔ2006ᐕߦ ߪ83,596ฬߣ2001ᐕߦᲧߴ25.2㧑߽ᷫዋߒߡࠆ㧔㖧࿖⺆ߩ႐วߪቇ⠌⠪߇ ߹ࠅᄙߊߥߚಽᨆߩኻ⽎ߦߒߥ߆ߞߚ㧕ޕ ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩߣ㑐ㅪߒᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ߎߣߪޔVIC (2007)ߦࠃࠆߣޔ 2000ᐕߦห⸒⺆ࠍᢎ߃ߡߚቇᩞߩ߁ߜ30.2㧑ߦ߽ߩ߷ࠆቇᩞ߇2006ᐕߦ ߪᢎ߃ߥߊߥࠅޔߘߩᄙߊߩቇᩞ߇ઁߩ⸒⺆ࠍᢎ߃ࠆ߆ޔLOTE⥄ࠍᢎ߃ ߥߣ߁ᜰ៰ߛޕߟ߹ࠅޔߎࠇࠄߩቇᩞߪࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ࠦࠬ߳ߩ⽷ ⊛ߥᡰេ߇ߥߊߥߞߚߎߣߢޔห⸒⺆ࠍ⛯ߌߡᢎ߃ࠆߎߣࠍ߿ߚน⢻ ᕈ߇㜞ߩߢࠆ㧝㧞ޕߎࠇߪޔ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡ⸒⺆╷ޔ․ߦ⽷⊛ߥ ᡰេ߇ߤࠇߛߌ㊀ⷐ߆ߣ߁ߎߣࠍ┵⊛ߦ␜ߔߢࠆ߇ޔߕࠇߦߒߡ ߽ޔㅪ㇌ᐭߦࠃࠆNALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᣧᦼᛂߜಾࠅߪޔ2000ᐕઍඨ߫߹ ߢߩޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍߚࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ߩᢎ⢒ߦࠃߊߥᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߒߚߎߣߪ ุߥޕ 䋴䋭䋲㩷 ⸒⺆╷䈱㕙 (2)䋺Language in Crisis 2007ᐕ67ᣣޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ㚂ㇺࠠࡖࡦࡌߢNational Languages Summit߇㐿߆ࠇߚޕ࠹ࡑߪLanguage in Crisisߢޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ߌࠆ ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߩ᭴ㅧ⊛ߥ㗴ࠍࠄ߆ߦߒޔᐭ߿ቇᩞޔቇ⠪ࠄߦߘߩ㗴ࠍ 䋭㪈㪍䋭
⸃ߔߴ߈ᡷ㕟ࠍଦߔߚߩ߽ߩߛߞߚ㧝㧟ޕߘߎߢ․ߦ㗴ߦߥߞߚߩߪ 㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆቇ⠌⠪ߩૐㅅߛߞߚޕߎࠇߪ೨ߦ߽ㅀߴߚࠃ߁ߦޔᣣᧄ ⺆ߩ႐วߢ߽ೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߢߩቇ⠌⠪ߪ⇇⊛ߦ߽ᄙߩߦኻߒߡޔ㜞╬ᢎ ⢒ߩࡌ࡞ߢߪߘߩะ߇⛯߆ߕޔᄢ߈⺖㗴ߩ৻ߟߣߥߞߡࠆޕ߃ ߫ޔAAH (2007) ߪޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩోᄢቇ1ᐕ↢ߩ߁ߜࠄ߆ߩᒻߢ LOTEࠍീᒝߒߡࠆቇ↢ߪ10㧑ߦ߽⥋ࠄߥߎߣࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔ Cardonaet al. (2008) ߢߪޔㆊ10ᐕ㑆ޔᢙᄙߊߩ⸒⺆߇ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ ᄢቇߩᢎ⑼⑼⋡߆ࠄᶖṌߒߡ߈ޔ1997ᐕߦߪ66⸒⺆߇ᢎ߃ࠄࠇߡߚߩ ߦኻߒޔ2007ᐕߦߪߘࠇ߇29ߦᷫዋߒߡࠆߎߣ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡࠆޕ ೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆLOTEᢎ⢒߽ޔઁߩ࿖ߦᲧߴߡᦸ߹ߒ⁁ᴫߣߪ⸒߃ ߥޕ߃߫12ᐕ↢ߩ (㜞ᩞ3ᐕ↢ߦ⋧ᒰ) 15㧑ᒙߒ߆╙2⸒⺆ࠍീᒝߒߡ ߥߥߤޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩࡌ࡞ߦ㑐ߒߡ⸒߃߫OECD࿖ኅ ߩਛߢᦨ߽╙2⸒⺆ቇ⠌ᤨ㑆߇ዋߥߎߣ߇ႎ๔ߐࠇߡࠆ (Cardona et al. 2008)ޕߩ4㧙1ߩޔࡆࠢ࠻ࠕᎺߩߦࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦޔLOTEࠍᢎ߃ߡ ࠆቇᩞߩᢙ߇ߛࠎߛࠎᷫߞߡࠆߩ߽ޔߎ߁ߞߚࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ⺆ቇ ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ㗴ߩ৻㕙ࠍߖߡࠆޕ ߎࠇߪ৻ޔ╙3▵߹ߢㅀߴߡ߈ߚޟࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ ળޔࠃߞߡޔLOTEᢎ⢒߇⋓ࠎߢࠆޠߣ߁ࠃ߁ߥ᭴࿑ߣߪว⥌ߒߥࠃ ߁ߦ߽ᕁࠊࠇࠆޕߘࠇߦߪޔห࿖ߩቇᩞߩᢎ⑼ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߦ৻ㇱߩේ࿃߇ ࠆޕߟ߹ࠅޔ߃߫ᣣᧄߢߪ╙2⸒⺆ߢࠆ⧷⺆߇ᔅ㗇⑼⋡ߦߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔ ోᢎ⢒⺖⒟ߦ߅ߡീᒝߔࠆߩ߇᥉ㅢߢࠆ߇ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߢߪޔ․ ߦ11ᐕ↢ߣ12ᐕ↢ߩ႐วߦߪ╙2⸒⺆⑼⋡ߪᔅߕߒ߽ᔅ㗇ߢߪߥߊޔᄢቇߩ ࡌ࡞ߢ߽ޔ⺆ቇ⑼⋡߇ᔅ㗇ߦߥߞߡࠆᄢቇߪ߹ࠅ⡞߆ߥޕ ⸥ߩNational Languages Summitߢ߽ޔLOTEᢎ⢒ߣ߁ߩߪޔᓟޔ࿖ 㓙ੱ (global citizen) ߣߒߡᔅⷐߥ⇣ᢥൻ߳ߩℂ⸃ࠍᷓࠆߢ߽ᰳ߆ߖߥ ᢎ⑼ߢࠆߎߣࠍ⼂ߒޔೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߢߩLOTEᢎ⢒ߩ⟵ോൻޔ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ ࡌ࡞ߢߩᒛࠍឭ໒ߒߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔ2020ᐕ߹ߢߦᄢᄙᢙߩࠝࠬ࠻ ࠕੱ߇╙2⸒⺆⢻ജࠍりߦઃߌࠆߎߣࠍ࿖ߩ⸒⺆╷ߩ⋡ᮡߣߒߡឝߍ ࠆࠃ߁ޔㅪ㇌ᐭ߿ฦᎺߩᐭߦ߈߆ߌߡࠆޕߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔࠝࠬ࠻ ࠕߩ⺆ቇᢎᏧ߿⸒⺆⎇ⓥߦ៤ࠊߞߡࠆੱߚߜߪޔห࿖ߩLOTEᢎ⢒ߩ ᴫࠍෂᗋߒߡ߅ࠅޔᓟߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌࠊߞߡߊߩ߆ޔᄢᄌ⥝ᷓޕ 䋭㪈㪎䋭
䋴䋭䋳㩷 ⸒⺆╷䈱㕙 (3)䋺ㅪ㇌ᐭ䈱ᣂ䈚䈇⽷ᡰេ䋨NALSSP䋩 2000ᐕઍ೨ඨߪޔ⸒⺆╷ߩ㕙߆ࠄLOTEᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ㑐ߒߡߘࠇ߶ ߤࠆേ߈ߪ߹ࠅࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔㄭᐕߦߥߞߡዋߒ೨ะ߈ߥേ߈ ߇ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޕ2007ᐕߦᮭࠍីߞߚഭౄߩRuddᐭߪࠕࠫ ࠕ⸒⺆ޔ․ߦNALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓߢఝవ⸒⺆ߣߐࠇߡߚᣣᧄ⺆ޔ㖧࿖⺆ޔ ਛ࿖⺆ޔࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩቇᩞᢎ⢒ߢߩᵴᕈൻࠍ࿑ࠆߚߦޔ2009ᐕ߆ࠄ 2012ᐕ߹ߢߩ4ᐕ㑆ޔ6240ਁ࠼࡞ࠍᡰេߔࠆߎߣࠍ㛽ሶߣߔࠆNALSSPࠍ㐿 ᆎߒߚߩߢࠆ㧝㧠ޕౝኈࠍ߽߁ዋߒߒߊࠆߣޔᡰេߪޔฦᎺߩᐭ߿ 㕖ᐭߩᢎ⢒ᒰዪ߳ߩᡰេޔᄢቇࠕࠫࠕࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߥߤߩᯏ㑐߳ߩ ᡰេޔቇᩞ߳ߩ⋥ធ⊛ߥᡰេޔㅪ㇌ᐭߩ࿖ኅࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߳ߩᡰេޔߩ 㧠ߟߩᒻߢᣉⴕߐࠇࠆޕ ㅀߒߚᢎᏧߩ㗴ߣ㑐ㅪߒޔNALSSPߦߪ╙৻✢ߦࠆᢎᏧ߳ߩࠨࡐ ࠻߽߹ࠇߡࠆޕ߃߫ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖┙ᄢቇߪޔหᄢቇ߇ⴕ⊛ ߦᚲዻߒߡࠆACT㧔Australian Capital Territory㧕ߩᐭߣදജߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ ࠍᲣ⺆ߣߒߥᢎᏧߚߜߩᣣᧄ⺆ജߩ⛽ᜬ߿ะߩߚߩࠦࠬࠍޔ2009 ᐕ߆ࠄᣢߦᆎߡࠆޕ߹ߚޔධࠝࠬ࠻ࠕᄢቇߣࠠࡖࡦࡌᄢቇߣ ߽දജߒޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍࠎߛࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ߩᢎᏧ㙃ᚑࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍ㐿⸳ߒࠃ߁ ߣߒߡࠆ߇ޔߘࠇߦᔅⷐߥၮ㊄ࠍNALSSPߦᡰេߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߎߣߦߥࠅޔ 2010ᐕ߆ࠄߘߩḰߦ⌕ᚻߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߡࠆޕߘߩઁߦ߽ޔ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ ࡌ࡞ߢߩ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߩෂᯏߩ⢛᥊ࠍតࠆߴߊޔධࠝࠬ࠻ࠕᄢቇࠍਛ ᔃߣߒߡޔ㜞ᩞ߹ߢ․ቯߩ⸒⺆ࠍീᒝߒߚቇ↢߇ߥߗᄢቇߢߪീᒝߒߥߊ ߥࠆߩ߆ޔߥߤ⸒⺆ቇ⠌⛽ᜬߦ㑐ㅪߒߚࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߽NALSSPߦࠃࠅᡰេ ߐࠇޔ2010ᐕ߆ࠄߩታⴕ߇੍ቯߐࠇߡࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔ ㊄㗵⊛ߦߪޔᐕ㑆߅ࠃߘ3000ਁ࠼࡞ߋࠄࠍᡰេߒߡߚ NALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓߩⷙᮨߦߪߚࠄߥ߇ޔNALSSPߩ⽷ᡰេ߽ߘࠇ⥄ ዋߥߊߥ㊄㗵ߢࠅޔ⸥ߩߩࠃ߁ߦޔࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ߩᢎ⢒߿㑐ㅪ⎇ ⓥࠍᵴᕈൻߐߖࠆ߈ߞ߆ߌߦߥߞߡࠆߩߢࠆޕ߹ߚޔߎࠇߪޔㅪ㇌ ᐭߩࠕࠫࠕ߿ࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ᢎ⢒ߦኻߔࠆⓍᭂ⊛ߥᆫߣ߽ࠆߎߣ߇᧪ ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޔߘߩᚑᨐ߇ᦼᓙߐࠇࠆޕ 䋭㪈㪏䋭
䋴䋭䋴㩷 ቇ⠌⠪䈱㕙䋺㕖⧷⺆䈱ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪䈱Ⴧട㩷 ߎߎᢙᐕޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߢߪޔ․ߦᄢቇߩࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߡ⧷⺆ࠍᲣ⺆ ߣߒߥᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩᢙ߇⪺ߒߊჇടߒߡࠆޕታޔ㕖⧷⺆Უ⺆⠪ ߩቇ⠌⠪߇ᄙߣ߁ߎߣߪޔએ೨߆ࠄࠄࠇࠆ⽎ߢߪࠆޕ೨ㅀߩࠃ ߁ߦޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߣ߁ߩߪᄙᢥൻᄙ⸒⺆␠ળߢ⒖᳃߇ᄙߚޔ ᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪ߩਛߦߪ⧷⺆એᄖߩ⸒⺆ࠍ╙৻⸒⺆߽ߒߊߪ╙ੑ⸒⺆ߣߔࠆ ੱ߇ᄙᢙߚߒޔ߹ߚޔ߽ߣ߽ߣᣣᧄޔਛ࿖ޔ㖧࿖ޔ㚅᷼ޔ࠲ࠗߥߤޔ․ ߦࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖߆ࠄߩ⇐ቇ↢߇ᄙߊޔᄢቇ㑆ߩᵹ߇ᵴ⊒ߦߥࠆߦߟࠇߡޔ ߘߩઁߩၞ߆ࠄߩ⇐ቇ↢߽Ⴧടߒߡࠆޕߘ߁ߞߚⅣႺߥߩߢޔࠆ ᗧߢߪޔ⧷⺆ࠍᲣ⺆ߣߒߥቇ⠌⠪߇ᄙߣ߁ߎߣߪኈᤃߦℂ⸃߇ ᧪ࠆޕ ߒ߆ߒޔߎߎߢขࠅ┙ߡߡߘߩታࠍᒝ⺞ߔࠆߩߪޔߎߎᢙᐕޔ․ߦೋ ⚖ࡌ࡞ߦ߅ߡ㕖⧷⺆ߩቇ⠌⠪ߩᢙ߇ᐞቇ⊛ߦჇടߒߡࠆ߆ࠄߢ ࠆޕ߃߫ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖┙ᄢቇߩೋ⚖ࡌ࡞ߢߪ1ቇᦼߦޔߛߚ 100ฬ߆ࠄ130ฬ⒟ᐲߩቇ↢߇ጁୃߔࠆߩߛ߇ޔߘߩ߁ߜ㕖⧷⺆ߩቇ⠌ ⠪ߩഀวߪޔᓥ᧪1ޔ2ഀߋࠄߛߞߚߩߦኻߒߡޔߎߎᢙᐕ4ഀޔ5ഀࠍ ࿁ࠆߣߎࠈ߹ߢ᧪ߡࠆޕ╩⠪ߪቇળߥߤߢࠪ࠼࠾߿ࡔ࡞ࡏ࡞ࡦߦࠆ ᄢቇߩᢎᏧߚߜߣߎߩઙߦ㑐ߒߡߒว߁࠴ࡖࡦࠬ߇ߞߚ߇ޔઁߩᄢቇ ߢ߽หߓࠃ߁ߥะ߇ࠄࠇࠆߘ߁ߢޔߣߎࠈߦࠃߞߡߪ㧣ഀએ߽ࠕࠫ ࠕ߆ࠄߩቇ↢߇ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚ㧝㧡ޕ ߎࠇߪ㕖⧷⺆ߩቇ↢߇ᄙߣ߁ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᄢቇߩ৻⥸⊛ߥ ะࠍ⠨߃ࠆߣޔࠆᗧߢߪ⥄ὼߥ⽎߆߽ߒࠇߥ߇ޔዋߥߊߣ߽2ߟߩ ߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒߡࠆޕ৻ߟߪޔᓥ᧪ߣᲧߴߡోߩቇ↢ᢙߪ߶߷หߓߥߩ ߦ㕖⧷⺆߆ࠄߩቇ↢߇Ⴧ߃ߚߣ߁ߎߣߪޔߘߩಽޔరޔ߽ߒߊߪࠝ ࠬ࠻ࠕੱߩቇ↢߇ᷫߞߚߣ߁ߎߣߢࠆޕ೨ߩ▵ߢޔࠝࠬ࠻ ࠕੱߩLOTEߩቇ⠌⠪߇ỗᷫߒߚ㗴ߦߟߡㅀߴߚ߇ޔ㕖⧷⺆ߩቇ↢ߩ ሽࠍ〯߹߃ߡ⠨߃ࠆߣޔߘߩ㗴ߪᦝߦᷓೞߦߥࠆߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ߽ ߁৻ߟߪޔࠦࠬߩౝኈ߿ᜰዉᴺߣ㑐ㅪߒߚ㗴ߢࠆޕၮᧄ⊛ߦᬺߪޔ ቇ↢ߚߜ߇⧷⺆߇ࠊ߆ࠆߣ߁೨ឭߢޔ⧷⺆ࠍ╙৻⸒⺆ߣߔࠆቇ↢ߦᢎ߃ ࠆࠃ߁ߥᒻߢⴕࠊࠇࠆߚޔ߃߫ޔṽሼߩቇ↢ߚߜߦ߽ၮᧄ⊛ߥṽሼ ߩᦠ߈㗅ࠍᢎ߃ߚࠅޔ࠲ࠥ࠶࠻⸒⺆ߢࠆᣣᧄ⺆ߩ᭴ㅧ߿⸒⺆ࡄ࠲ࡦࠍ 䋭㪈㪐䋭
ᢎ߃ࠆ㓙ߦ⧷⺆ߣߩ㑐ଥߢ⺑ߒߚࠅߔࠆߩ߇᥉ㅢߢࠆޕᓟޔ߽ߞߣ ቇ↢ߚߜߩᄙ᭽ߥᲣ࿖⺆ߩ․ᓽࠍ⠨ᘦߒߚᢎ߃ᣇ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇࠆߩ߆߽ߒࠇ ߥޕ 䋴䋭䋵㩷 ᢎᏧ䈱㕙䋺ᢎᏧ䈱ᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജ䈱ะ䈶⛽ᜬᡰេ㩷 ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡ1990ᐕઍ߇㊂⊛ߦᄢߒߚᤨᦼߛ ߞߚߣߒߚࠄޔ2000ᐕઍߪߘࠇࠍቯ⌕ߔࠆߚޔ⾰⊛ߥ⊒ዷ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇࠆ ᤨᦼߢࠆޕ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦޔ1990ᐕઍޔቇ⠌⠪߇ᕆㅦߦჇടߒߚߚޔᢎ Ꮷߩଏ⛎߇ߘࠇߦㅊઃߌߕޔචಽߥḰήߒߦ႐ߦᛩߐࠇࠆ႐ว߇ ᄢߦߒߡߞߚޕߘ߁ߒߚߥ߆ߢޔᢎᏧߩᜰዉᴺߩᡷༀ߿ޔᣣᧄ⺆߇Უ ⺆ߢߥᢎᏧߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജߩะߪޔห࿖ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⾰ࠍ㜞ࠆߢ ᰳ߆ߖߥⷐ⚛ߢߞߚޕ ߹ߕޔᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജߩ㗴ߢࠆ߇ޔォ⡯ᢎᏧ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ1990ᐕઍߩೋ ߦᲧߴࠆߣޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജߪో⥸⊛ߦߛ߱ะߒߚߩߪታ ߢࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߩᣧᤨᦼ߆ࠄᣣᧄ⺆ࠍቇ߱ቇ⠌⠪߇ᄙ߆ߞ ߚࠅޔᣣᧄߣߩᵹ߇⋓ࠎߦߥࠆߦㅪࠇߡᣣᧄߦ⍴ᦼ⇐ቇࠍߒߚቇ⠌⠪߽ Ⴧ߃ߚࠅߔࠆߎߣߢޔቇ⠌⠪ߩᣣᧄ⺆ߩࡌ࡞߽߆ߥࠅ߇ߞߡ߅ࠅޔߘ ߩಽޔᦼᓙߐࠇࠆᢎᏧߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജ߽߆ߥࠅ㜞߽ߩߣߥߞߡࠆޕߎࠇ ߳ߩኻᔕߣߒߡޔ᭽ޘߥᯏ㑐߇ᢎᏧߩࠨࡐ࠻ࠍߒߡࠆ߇ޔ߃߫ޔࠝ ࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖┙ᄢቇߢߪޔ╙৻✢ߦࠆޔᣣᧄ⺆߇Უ⺆ߢߥᢎᏧࠍኻ ⽎ߦ refresher ࠦࠬࠍឭଏߒޔᢎᏧߚߜߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജߩะ߮⛽ᜬߩᚻ ഥߌࠍߒߡࠆޕ ߹ߚޔᜰዉᴺߣߩ㑐ㅪߢࠆ߇ޔ2002ᐕߦNALSASࡊࡠࠣࡓ߇ᛂߜಾࠅ ߦߥߞߡએ᧪ޔㅪ㇌ᐭߩ੍▚ភ⟎ߦࠃࠅLOTEߩᢎᏧࠍኻ⽎ߦEndeavour Language Teacher Fellowshipߣ߁ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇2004ᐕ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߚޕߎ ࠇߪޔLOTEߩᢎᏧߚߜ߇ޔ3ㅳ㑆ᒰ࿖ߦṛߒ㛎ߔࠆߩࠍ⽷⊛ߦᡰ េߔࠆߚߩ߽ߩߢࠆޕ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦޔㅪ㇌ᐭߪࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ᢥൻᢎ ⢒ߩᵴᕈൻߩߚߦ2008ᐕߦNational Asian Languages and Studies in Schools Program (NALSSP) ߣ߁ᣂߒࡊࡠࠣࡓࠍᛂߜߒߚޕ4ᐕߦࠊߚࠅ⽷ ⊛ߥᡰេࠍⴕ߁߇ޔߘߩᡰេߔࠆ㗄⋡ߩ৻ߟߦ߽ᢎᏧ߳ߩࠨࡐ࠻߇ ߞߡ߅ࠅޔᓟᢎᏧߩ⾰ߩะߦᦼᓙ߇ነߖࠄࠇߡࠆޕ
㧡㧚߅ࠊࠅߦ
એޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߦߟߡ⠨߃ߡ߈ߚޕ㒢ࠄࠇߚ⚕㕙 ߢోߡࠍߒߊ⸥ㅀߔࠆߎߣߪ᧪ߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔ1990ᐕઍߩቇ⠌⠪ߩᕆỗ ߥჇടߩ⢛᥊߿⁁ߦ߅ߌࠆ⺖㗴ޔㄭᐕߩേะߥߤޔᄢ߈ߥᵹࠇࠍᛠីߔ ࠆߎߣߪ᧪ߚߣᕁ߁ޕ ․ߦೋਛ╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߡቇ⠌⠪߿ᢎᏧߩੱᢙߣߞߚ㊂⊛ߥ㕙ߢޔߖߞ ߆ߊบ߇᧪ߡࠆߩߢޔᓟߪߎߩࠃ߁ߥะࠍ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߹ߢ ᒛߒޔ⾰㊂ߦᦝߦ⊒ዷߒߡߊߎߣ߇ⷐ᳞ߐࠇࠆޕߘߩߚߦߪߎࠇ ߹ߢߣห᭽ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ࿖ౝᄖ߆ࠄߩ⛮⛯⊛ߥᡰេ߿ೝỗ߇ᔅⷐߢ ࠆޕߎߩᗧߢ߽ޔ೨▵ߢㅀߴߚࠝࠬ࠻ࠕᐭߦࠃࠆNALSSPߩ㐿 ᆎߪᄢᄌᦸ߹ߒߎߣߢࠆߒޔ߹ߚޔNational Languages Summitߥߤᣣᧄ ⺆ࠍߚLOTEᢎ⢒ߩᵴᕈൻࠍଦߔ৻ㅪߩേ߈߽ޔ․ߦ㜞╬ᢎ⢒ߦ߅ߌࠆ ⺆ቇᢎ⢒ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ࠆ߽ߩߢࠆߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ ᣣᧄ߆ࠄߩ⛮⛯⊛ߥࠨࡐ࠻߿ೝỗ߇ᔅⷐߛߣ߁ߎߣߪ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥ ޕߎࠇ߹ߢᣣᧄ⺆ߣᣣᧄᢥൻߩ᥉ߦᄢ߈ߥᓎ⋡ࠍᨐߚߒߡ߈ߚᢥㇱ⑼ ቇ⋭߿࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ߦട߃ޔ߃߫ޔ឵ࡊࡠࠣࡓߥߤࠍㅢߓߡߩᄢቇ 㑆ߩᵹ߽೨ࠃࠅߛ߱⋓ࠎߦߥߞߡ߈ߡࠆߒޔ᳃㑆ࡌ࡞ߢߩᵹ߿ ࠨࡐ࠻߽ࠃࠅᵴ⊒ߦߥߞߡ߈ߡࠆޕ․ߦޔᣣᧄ߆ࠄߩೝỗߪቇ⠌⠪ߦ ࠃࠅࠃቇ⠌ⅣႺࠍឭଏߒߡߊࠇࠆߩߪ߽ߜࠈࠎޔ⋥ធ⊛ߥേᯏઃߌߦ߽ ߥࠆޕ৻ࠍߍࠆߣޔㄭᐕޔᣣᧄߩᄖോ⋭߇ਥዉߒߚޟ21♿᧲ࠕࠫࠕ 㕍ዋᐕᄢᵹ⸘↹㧔Japan-East Asia Network of Exchange for Students andYouths㧕ޠ߇ታᣉߐࠇߡࠆޕ⚦ߪߐߡ߅߈㧝㧢ޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ߆ࠄ߽ 50ฬ⒟ᐲߩᣣᧄ⺆ቇ⠌⠪߇ߎߩᵹ⸘↹ߦࠃࠅ2009ᐕߩ12߆ࠄ2010ᐕߩ 1ߦࠊߚߞߡ6ㅳ㑆ޔᣣᧄߦᓙߐࠇࠆߎߣ߇߹ߞߡࠆޕࠝࠬ࠻ ࠕ࿖┙ᄢቇߢ߽6ฬ߇ㆬ߫ࠇߚ߇ޔߘߩᒰ⠪ߚߜߛߌߢߥߊޔోߣߒ ߡหᄢቇߢᣣᧄ⺆ࠍീᒝߒߡࠆቇ↢ߚߜߦߣߞߡ߽ബ߹ߒߦߥߞߚޕ ߎ߁ߞߚౝᄖ߆ࠄߩ㑐ᔃ߿ᡰេ߇⛮⛯ߔࠆ㒢ࠅޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߦ߅ ߌࠆᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ᧪ߪޔࠆ߽ߩߣᦼᓙߒߡࠆޕ 䋭㪉㪈䋭
⻢ㄉ
ᧄⓂߪޔ╩⠪߇ᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇߩ⇐ቇࡦ࠲ߦቴຬ⎇ⓥຬߣߒߡ☋ਛߦ ၫ╩ߒߚ߽ߩߢࠆޕቴຬ⎇ⓥຬߣߒߡ᧪ᣣߒṛߔࠆߦᒰߚࠅޔᔅⷐߥ ᚻ⛯߈߿↢ᵴ㕙ߢ․ߦศ↰వ↢߿ዊ↰ಾవ↢ޔ⇐ቇࡦ࠲ߩോߩᣇޘ ߦߪᄢᄌ߅ߦߥߞߚޕ߹ߚޔหࡦ࠲ߩਣጊవ↢߿ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ ࿖┙ᄢቇߩዊᧁߐࠎߦᧄ⺰㓸߳ߩᛩⓂߣ㑐ㅪߒࠈࠈߣഥ⸒ࠍߚߛ߈ޔ ඞฬߩᩏ⺒⠪ߦ߽⋉ߥഥ⸒ࠍᄙᢙߚߛߚޕߎߩ႐ࠍ୫ࠅߡᔃࠃࠅᷓ ߊ߅␞ࠍ↳ߒߍߚޕ⸒߁߹ߢ߽ߥߊޔᧄⓂߦ߅ߌࠆోߡߩಽᨆ߿⸥ㅀ ߦ㑐ߔࠆᦨ⚳⊛ߥ⽿છߪ╩⠪ߦࠆޕᵈ
㧝ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߩ⸒⺆╷ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸥ㅀߪ Akahane & Jonak (1996)߇ߒޕ
㧞 NALSASߦ㑐ߒߡߪᰴߩࠨࠗ࠻ࠍෳᾖ㧦 http://www1.curriculum.edu.au/nalsas/about.htm 㧟 http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japanese/survey/country/2007-2008/australia.html 㧠 ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄(2009)ߦၮߠߊޕ 㧡
ALL Guidelinesߦ㑐ߒߡߪScarino et al. (1988)ޔVale et al. (1991)ࠍෳᾖߐࠇߚޕ
㧢 ౕ⊛ߥࠪࡃࠬ߿ࠞࠠࡘࡓߩ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆᖱႎߪᰴߩࠨࠗ࠻ߦߒ㧦 http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japanese/survey/country/syllabus/sy_pacific.html#AUSTRALIA 㧣 ߃߫ޔ1990 ᐕઍޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖┙ᄢߢ߽ ACT ᐭߩᆔ⸤ߦࠃࠅޔೋਛ ╬ᢎ⢒ᯏ㑐ߩᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧࠍኻ⽎ߦ LIFT ࡊࡠࠣࡓߣ߫ࠇࠆޔቯᦼ⊛ߥᣣᧄ ⺆⎇ୃࠍⴕߞߡߚޕ߹ߚޔ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ߣ߽දജߒ Japanese Immersion Weekendࠍ㐿ߔࠆߥߤޔᣣᧄ⺆ᢎᏧߩᣣᧄ⺆⢻ജߩะࠍࠨࡐ࠻ߒߡߚޕ 㧤 ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕߪ 5 ᐕߏߣߦ࿖⺞ᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇࠆޕ೨࿁ߪ 2001 ᐕߦⴕࠊࠇޔ ᦨ߽ᦨㄭߦⴕࠊࠇߚߩߪ 2006 ᐕߢࠆޕ࿖⺞ᩏߩ⚦ߪࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ⛔ ⸘ᐡ (2006) ࠍෳᾖޕ 㧥 Wood (2003) ߪޔᓥ᧪ޔ⺆ቇࠦࠬߦ߅ߌࠆᢥൻᢎ⢒ߩࠕࡊࡠ࠴ࠍᰴߩ㧟ߟ ߩࠣ࡞ࡊߦಽߌߡࠆ߇ޔߎࠇࠄࠕࡊࡠ࠴ߩ㗴ߣߒߡޔᢥൻࠍ㕒⊛ߦᝒ ߃ߡࠆὐࠍᜰ៰ߒߡࠆޕ 䋭㪉㪉䋭
(i) Teaching the valued artefacts produced by the target culture (eg. novels, plays and poems)
(ii) Teaching history, geography and institutions of the target speech community (iii) Teaching values, beliefs and behavioural patterns which are mostly shared
by native speakers of the target language.
ᢥൻࠍޟ㕒⊛ޠߦᝒ߃ࠆ႐วߩ㗴ὐߦ㑐ߒߡߪCrawford-Lange & Lange (1984)ޔLiddicoat (2002)ޔWood (2003) ߥߤࠍෳᾖޕ
㧝㧜 㑐ㅪᖱႎ㧦http://www.education.tas.gov.au/school/educators/resources/lote/cultural/ http://www.iltlp.unisa.edu.au/ 㧝㧝 NALSAS ࡊࡠࠣࡓߩᣧᦼᛂߜಾࠅ߇⊒ߐࠇߚᒰᤨޔో࿖ߩ⺆ቇᢎᏧ߿৻ ⥸ᢎᏧߩ㑆ߢޔߘࠇߦኻߔࠆ⟑ฬㆇേ߇ⴕࠊࠇޔࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ࿖┙ᄢቇߢ ߽ᄙߊߩᢎᏧ߇ߘࠇߦ⟑ฬߒߚޕ 㧝㧞 ߎߩ⚿⺰ࠍ⏕ߦߔࠆߚߦߪᦝߦో࿖ߩቇᩞࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ✎ኒߥ⺞ᩏ߇ᔅ ⷐߢࠆ߇ޔ߃߫ޔ╩⠪ߩ⍮ߞߡࠆߊߟ߆ߩቇᩞߢ߽ޔ⽷ᡰេ߇߽ࠄ ߿ߔߣ߁ℂ↱ߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߣߞߚࠕࠫࠕ⸒⺆ࠍ 2 ߟᢎ ߃ߡߚቇᩞ߇ޔNALSAS ࡊࡠࠣࡓ߇ᛂߜಾࠄࠇߚ 1ޔ2 ᐕᓟޔ৻ߟߪࠕࠫ ࠕ⸒⺆ߦޔ߽߁৻ߟߪ࡛ࡠ࠶ࡄ⸒⺆ߦߔࠆߣ߁ᣇ㊎ߢޔߤߜ߆ߩࠕࠫࠕ⸒ ⺆㧔ࠗࡦ࠼ࡀࠪࠕ⺆ߩ႐ว߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ߇㧕ࠍᱛࠆ႐ว߇ߞߚޕ 㧝㧟 ⚦ߪᰴߩࠨࠗ࠻ࠍෳᾖ㧦 http://www.humanities.org.au/Policy/Languages/ 㧝㧠 ⚦ߪᰴߩࠨࠗ࠻ࠍෳᾖ㧦 http://www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/NALSSP/Pages/default.aspx 㧝㧡 ㄭᐕߦ߅ߌࠆ㕖⧷⺆ߩቇ⠌⠪ߩჇടߪޔਥߦࠕࠫࠕ⻉࿖ၞ߆ࠄߩ⇐ቇ ↢ߩჇടߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ৻⥸ߦ⇐ቇ↢ᢙߩჇᷫߪ࿖ߩ⒖᳃╷߿ᄢቇ ߩᢎ⑼ᣇ㊎ߣ߽ኒធߥ㑐ㅪ߇ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆ߇ޔߎࠇߪᧄⓂߩ⋡⊛ߣ⋥ធ㑐ଥ ߇ߥߩߢߎߎߢߪ⸒ߒߥޕ 㧝㧢 2007 ᐕߦ㐿ߐࠇߚ᧲ࠕࠫࠕ㚂⣖ળ⼏ߢᒰᤨߩㇱ✚ℂ߇⊒ߒߚޔᄢⷙᮨ ߥ㕍ዋᐕᵹࠍㅢߓߡࠕࠫࠕߩᒝ࿕ߥㅪᏪࠍ▽ߊߣ߁ਥᣦߩ⸘↹ߢࠆޕห ળ⼏ෳട࿖㧔ASEANޔਛ࿖ޔ㖧࿖ޔࠗࡦ࠼ޔ⽕Ꮊޔ࠾ࡘࠫࡦ࠼㧕ࠍਛ ᔃߦޔᓟ 5 ᐕ㑆ޔᲤᐕ 6,000 ੱ⒟ᐲߩ㕍ዋᐕࠍᣣᧄߦߊߎߣࠍ㛽ሶߣߒߡ ࠆޕ⚦ߪᄖോ⋭ߩࠨࠗ࠻ࠍෳᾖ㧦 http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/china/jc_koryu21/sdk_keikaku.html 䋭㪉㪊䋭
ෳ⠨ᢥ₂
ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ⛔⸘ᐡ (2006)ޟ2006 Census of Population and Housingޠ ࠝࠬ࠻ࠕ⛔⸘ᐡ(Australian Bureau of Statistics):
http://www.abs.gov.au
࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ (1994)ޡ1993ᐕᐲᶏᄖᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⁁ޢ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ (2000)ޡ1998ᐕᐲᶏᄖᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒ߩ⁁ޢ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄ (2009)ޟ2006ᐕᐲᣣᧄ⺆ᢎ⢒࿖ᖱႎޠ࿖㓙ᵹၮ㊄㧦http://
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Japanese education in the multicultural-multilingual
society of Australia
LEE, Duck-Young
Key words: Japanese education in Australia, Multicultural-multilingual society,LOTE, Language policy, NALSSP
This paper aims to discuss a variety of issues related to the Japanese language education in Australia. From the early 1990s there has been a huge boom in Japanese education in the country, the impact of which was so dramatic and powerful that it was often referred to as the ‘Tsunami’ phenomenon. To be brief, the number of Japanese learners was around 62,000 in 1990 and dramatically increased to around 180,000 in 1993, to around 245,000 in 1998, and further to around 366,000 in 2006. These trends clearly show the continuous success of Japanese education in the country for the past two decades, at least in terms of the number of learners.
However, there were also some problems, for example, a shortage of quality Japanese teachers in 1990s and an early termination of NALSAS in 2002 which was the main funding program of the Australian federal government for Asian language education in schools. Moreover, the National Language Summit, which was held in Canberra in 2007, revealed that the Australian LOTE education as a whole was in crisis, given various negative signs including the fact that “Australia’s school students spend the least time on second languages of students in all OECD countries”. More recently, though, good news has been released by the current Rudd government that a new funding program, called NALSSP, would be established in order to re-boom the study of Asian languages and cultures, including Japanese.
As such, the trend of the Japanese education in Australia has been very dynamic, for the past decade in particular. Taking a closer look at these dynamic aspects as well as the multicultural-multilingual nature of the Australian society, this paper provides an executive summary of the background of the dramatic booming in 1990s, recent developments, challenges and future prospect of the Japanese education in Australia.
