市場-階層アプローチからガバナンス構造アプロー
チヘ : ウィリアムソンの方針転換についての批判
的検討 (北原明彦教授追悼号)
著者
米川 清
雑誌名
熊本学園商学論集
巻
23
号
1
ページ
21-34
発行年
2019-01-28
URL
http://id.nii.ac.jp/1113/00003171/
ࠑㄽᩥࠒ
ᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡽ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ
㸫࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢ᪉㔪㌿ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᢈุⓗ᳨ウ㸫
⡿ ᕝ Ύ
┠ḟ ࡣࡌࡵ Ϩ. ᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ᪉㔪ኚ᭦࡞ࡗࡓࡢ ϩ. ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ᒎ㛤 ϩ.֙ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢ 3 ᒙᅗᘧ ϩ.֚ 1990 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢㅖၥ㢟 ࠾ࢃࡾࡣࡌࡵ
࢜ࣜࣂ࣮࣭࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ㸦O.E.Williamson㸧ࡢᛮ⪃ࡢ㌶㊧ࡣࠊ㔜せ࡞᪉㔪ኚ᭦ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ẚ㍑ⓗึᮇࡢⴭ(1975,ࠗᕷሙᴗ⤌⧊࠘(௨ୗ MH ␎))࡛ࡣࠊᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡼ ࡗ࡚ࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙࡣᵓ㐀ⓗ┦㐪ࢆᣢࡘ୧ᴟࡋ࡚ࠊẚ㍑᳨ウࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࠋ1990 ᖺ௦ධࡿࠊ ࠕ㝵ᒙࡣࠊูࡢᡭẁࡼࡿᕷሙ㛵ಀࡢᘏ㛗࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(1996, ࠗ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢᶵᵓ࠘(௨ୗ GM ␎), p.95, ヂ᭩ 109 㡫)ኚࢃࡗࡓࠋ ᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ➨ ࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ᪉㔪ኚ᭦ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウ ࡍࡿࠋࡘ࠸࡛ࠊ➨ ࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⥲ྜࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ⪃ࡢ ᒙᅗᘧࢆ ᴫほࡍࡿࠋࡑࡢୖ࡛ࠊᛴ㏿࡞ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡸ⤌⧊Ꮫ⩦࠸ࡗࡓᡓ␎⤒Ⴀࡢືⓗഃ㠃ࡘ࠸ ࡚ࠊㄒࡿࡁෆᐜࢆఱࡶᣢࡓ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓ᪉ἲㄽୖࡢ㝈⏺ࡸၥ㢟Ⅼࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ䊠 ᕷሙ㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ࡞ࡐࠊ᪉㔪ኚ᭦࡞ࡗࡓࡢ
ࢥ࣮ࢫ(R.H.Coase)ࡼࡗ࡚ጞࡲࡾࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨᒎࡋࡓᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟ ࢳ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ᭱ึᕷሙࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠖᐃࡍࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᴗࡢฟ⌧ࡀᑟࢀࡿㄽ⌮ᵓ ᡂ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢⴭ(MH)࡛ࡣࠊே㛫ࡢㅖせᅉ㸦㝈ᐃྜ⌮ᛶᶵ⩏㸧⎔ ቃࡢㅖせᅉ㸦☜ᐇᛶᑡᩘᛶ㸧ࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁ᪉ḟ➨࡛ࠕሗࡢ೫ᅾࠖ⮳ࡿࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙ ࡢ┦㌿ࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࠊ㝵ᒙࡢෆᐇࡸᙧែࡘ࠸࡚⊂ⓗ࡞ླྀ㏙ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋᑦࠊ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢෆ㒊⤌⧊࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊࣆࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆཎึᙧែࡋ࡚ࠊ༢⣧㝵ᒙࠊᆶ┤ ⤫ྜࠊM ᆺ⤌⧊ࠊࢥࣥࢢ࣐ࣟࣜࢵࢺࡲ࡛ᗈࡀࡾࠊ⮬ᅾࢆᴟࡵࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ㝵ᒙ࠸࠺ゝ ⴥࢆෆ㒊⤌⧊ྠ⩏ㄒࡋ࡚⏝ࡍࡿࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(MH, p.20, ヂ᭩ 35-6 㡫)ࡣࠊࢥ࣮ࢫྠᵝࠊࠕㄝ᫂ࡢ౽ᐅୖࠊࡣࡌࡵ ᕷሙࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠖ࠸࠺๓ᥦࢆ࠾࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⤌⧊ࡢኻᩋࡣࠊࠕᕷሙࡶ㠀ᕷሙⓗ⤌⧊ ࡶ㐺⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࠊពᅗࡋ࡚タࡅࡽࢀࡓࢩ࣓ࣥࢺࣜࢵࢡ࡞⏝ㄒࠖࡔ࠸࠺ࠋᕷሙࡶ㝵ᒙࡶࠊ ࡶ⤌⧊࡛࠶ࡿࡢྵពࡽ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢࡓࡵࡢᥦࡋ࡚⌮ゎ ࡋ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋᅗ 1.ࠊ♧ࡑ࠺ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ⤌⧊ࡢኻᩋࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡣࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᵝᘧࢆᑕ⛬ධࢀࡿࠊᡂ❧ࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡑࢀࡣࠊᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ㋢㊚ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ㆟ㄽࡢ㡰␒ࡋ࡚ࠊࡣࡌࡵᕷሙࡀ ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺≉␗࡞๓ᥦࢆ࠾࠸ࡓၥ㢟ᵓᡂἢࡗ࡚ࠊ㛫㍈࡛ᡂ❧⮳ࡿࣉࣟࢭࢫࢆ♧ࡋࠊ ㄽⅬᩚ⌮ࢆ⾜࠾࠺ࠋ ே㛫ࡢㅖせᅉ ⎔ቃࡢㅖせᅉ 㞺ᅖẼ 㝈ᐃྜ⌮ᛶ ☜ᐇᛶ࣭ 」㞧ᛶ ሗࡢ೫ᅾ ᶵ⩏ ᑡᩘᛶ ᅗ ⤌⧊ࡢኻᩋࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ ➨ 1 ࠊࡣࡌࡵᕷሙࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ᇶᮏ๓ᥦࡣࠊࡣఱࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ᕷሙࡢࡳࡢ≧ែ ࢆᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࠊᕷሙྲྀᘬኻᩋࡍࢀࡤࠊሗࡢ೫ᅾ⮳ࡾࠊᕷሙኚࢃࡗ࡚㝵ᒙ ࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ᴫᛕࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵝᘧࡢ㑅ᢥࡀㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡓࠋ➨ 3 ࠊ ᝎࡲࡋ࠸ࡇࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᵝᘧࡣࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙࡢ 2 ࡘࡢᛶ㉁ࢆేࡏᣢࡘ୰㛫ࡢᙧែ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࠊ➨ 1 ࡢᇶᮏ๓ᥦࡢᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࡽࠊ㝵ᒙࢆᑟࡁฟࡍ⤌⧊ࡢኻᩋࡢᯟ⤌ࡳࡢㄽ ⌮࡛ࡣࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᵝᘧࡢฟ⌧ࡸᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞≉ᚩࡀࠊㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ௨ୖࡀࠊᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᡂ❧࡞ࡿ➽࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ⾜㛫ࢆ⿵㊊ࡋࡘࡘࠊ㆟ㄽࢆヲ⣽ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋඛࡎࠊ➨ 1 ࡣࠕᮏ᮶࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊ⤒῭ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊ 㝵ᒙ࡞ࡋᕷሙࡔࡅ࡛Ⴀࡲࢀࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺࣓ࢱ๓ᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥ࣮ࢫࡢᘬ⏝ࡋࡓ࣓ࢱ ࣇ࣮ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕ↓ព㆑ࡢඹྠసᴗࡢᾏ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿᕷሙࡀࠊணࡵࡍ࡚ࢆᕷሙ୍Ⰽそ࠸ᑾ ࡃࡋ࡚ᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊࣇ࣮࣮ࣜ(F.C.v.N.Fourie)ࡀᣦࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ࠶ ࡽࡺࡿ⏕⏘ࡣᴗ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࠊᕷሙ⮬యࡣఱࡶ⏕⏘ࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࠊᕷሙࡣಶࠎࡢ⮬Ⴀ⏕⏘⪅ࡢປ ാࢆㄪᩚࡍࡿ᪉ࡋ࡚ᬯ㯲ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡣࡌࡵᕷሙࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࠸࠺ᇶᮏ๓ᥦࡣࠊ ࢥ࣮ࢫⓗ࡞㞠⏝ዎ⣙ࡼࡗ࡚⤌⧊ࡉࢀࡓ㈨ᮏ⩏ᴗࡀࠊ࠸ࡋ࡚ฟ⌧ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ၥ㢟 タᐃࡢࡓࡵࡔ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡢࡀࠊጇᙜࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ ➨ 2 ࡣࠊࢥ࣮ࢫࡀࠕᴗࡢ≉㉁ࡣࠊ౯᱁࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡗ࡚௦ࢃࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠖᣦࡋ ࡓᴗ⏕ᡂࡢ⌮ㄽࡢ⢭⦓࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㛫ࡢㅖせᅉ⎔ቃࡢㅖせᅉࡢ⤖ࡧࡘࡁ᪉ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊẚ ㍑㈝⏝ࡢ⤖ᯝࡋ࡚ࠕሗࡢ೫ᅾࠖ⮳ࡿࠊᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡑࡢࠊᕷሙࡗ࡚
௦ࢃࡾࠊฟ⌧ࡋࡓ㝵ᒙࡣࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ᴫᛕࡼࡾࠊࣆࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢆཎึᙧែࡋ࡚ࠊ༢⣧㝵ᒙࠊ 」ྜ㝵ᒙࠊࢥࣥࢢ࣐ࣟࣜࢵࢺࠊከᅜ⡠ᴗ࡞ࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵝᘧࡣከ✀ከᵝኚࡍࡿࠋࡘ ࡲࡾࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡢ┦ᑐຠ⋡ࡼࡾࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵝᘧࡣ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊᕷሙྲྀᘬኻ ᩋࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾࠊᕷሙࣔࢹࣝࡢ࣓ࢱ๓ᥦࡣኚࡣ⏕ࡌ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ ᾏࡢ୰࡛ࡢࠕព㆑ⓗ࡞ຊ࠸࠺ᓥࠎ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡗࡓᾋᓥࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᴗࡀࠊࡇࡢᩥ⬦ࡢ࣓ࢱࣇ ࣮࡛ゝ࠼ࡤࠊᓥࡀ㝯㉳ࡋࠊࡘ࡚ᾏࡔࡗࡓࡇࢁࡀ㝣ᆅ࡞ࡾࠊᾏ࡛࠶ࡿᕷሙ 2 ศࡍࡿ ࡢ㡿ᇦࢆ༨ࡵࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ➨ 3 ⮳ࡾࠊ㛗ᮇⓗྲྀᘬࢆྲྀࡾᢅ࠺ࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᵝᘧࡀฟ⌧ࡍࡿࠋࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᵝᘧࡣࠊ ⣔ิࠊୗㄳࠊᡓ␎ⓗᥦᦠࠊ౪⤥⪅ࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡞ࡀ௦⾲࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢྲྀᘬࡣࠊᕷሙ ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡞࠸ࡇࡽ⤌⧊ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿྠࠊၟရ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽᕷሙⓗ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋᴗ 㛫ࡢ㠀ᕷሙⓗ࡞ዎ⣙㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ⥲ྜၟ♫ࡢᴗ㛫㛵ಀࡣࠊ⤌⧊㛫ࡢ㈨※ሗ ࡢࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚ᵓ⠏ࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊᕷሙࡢㄪᩚࡸ㝵ᒙࡢㄪᩚ㍑ࠊ࠸⮬ᚊࡋࠊࡋࡶ ␗࡞ࡿ┠ⓗࢆᣢࡕ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ┦౫Ꮡࡍࡿ㛵ಀࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊୗㄳࡢሙྜ࡛ࡣࠊᨭ 㓄ⓗᴗࡀࠊୗㄳᴗࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࢆ࠶ࡿ⛬ᗘࡲ࡛⟶⌮ୗ⨨ࡃࡀࠊ2 ࡘࡢᴗ㛫ࡢᡤ᭷ ᶒࡢἲⓗ⛣㌿ࢆక࠺ၟရࡢ 1 ᙧែ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ⮳ࡾࠊᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣ⾜ࡁワࡲࡿࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(1985, ࠗ㈨ᮏ⩏ࡢ⤒ ῭ไᗘ࠘(௨ୗ EIC ␎), p.83)࡛ࡣࠕ2 ࡘࡢᵝᘧࢆᣢࡘ୰㛫ྲྀᘬࡣࠊ⤌⧊ࡀࡴࡘࡋࡃࠊ Ᏻᐃ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࡢࡀᙜึࡢぢゎࡔࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ୰⠊ᅖࡢྲྀᘬࡀࡼࡾ୍⯡ⓗ࡞ࡗࡓ⌧ ᅾࠊ(ࡑࡢᐇ)ㄝᚓࡉࢀࡓࠖグࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ1990 ᖺ௦๓ᚋࡣࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙ࠸࠺ 2 ศἲࡣᲴୖࡆࡉࢀ࡚ࠊḟ㡫ࡢᅗ 2. (GM, p.117, ヂ᭩ 136 㡫)ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᕷሙࠊ㝵ᒙࠊࣁࣈ ࣜࢵࢻࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡸቃ⏺↔Ⅼࡀᙜ࡚ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࢀᘬࡁ࠼ࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡢቑຍࡼࡗ࡚⤌ ⧊ࡢኻᩋࡀ⌧ฟࡋࡓࠊࠕሗࡢ೫ᅾࠖ࠸࠺ቃ⏺ࢆ㍈ࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙࡽ㝵ᒙ(࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ㝵 ᒙࡽᕷሙ)ࡢ௦᭰⨨ࡀ⏕ࡌࡿ࠸࠺ࣟࢪࢵࢡࡣࠊᡂ❧࡞ࡿࠋࡃࡋ࡚ࠊㄪᩚᡭẁࡢ ␗࡞ࡿᕷሙ㝵ᒙࡣྠ୍ᆅᖹ୪⨨ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢ୰㛫ᵝᘧࡋ࡚ࡢࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻࡢ㆟ㄽࡶ ྍ⬟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᅗ 2.ࡢᨩࡢ㢖ᗘࡣࠊ☜ᐇᛶㄞࡳ᭰࠼࡚ࡼ࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ☜ᐇᛶࡀᴟ➃㧗ࡃ࡞ࡅࢀ ࡤࠊ㈨⏘ࡢ≉Ṧᛶࡀᑡ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᕷሙࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡀ㐺ࡋࠊ㈨⏘ࡢ≉Ṧᛶࡀ k1ࡢ୰⛬ᗘ࡞ ࡿࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻ⛣⾜ࡋࠊk2ࢆ㉸࠼࡚㈨⏘ࡢ≉Ṧᛶࡀ㧗ࡃ࡞ࢀࡤࠊ㝵ᒙࡀ㐺ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ぢ ᪉ࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻ࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᕷሙⓗㄪᩚ(ㄏᅉ㸧㝵ᒙⓗㄪᩚ(⟶⌮)ࡢ୰㛫ᶵ ⬟ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ពࡽࡢྡ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡏࡼࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊ㛗ᮇዎ⣙㛵 ಀྲྀᘬࡢᏳᐃᛶࢆぢฟࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㛗ᮇዎ⣙㛵ಀࡣࠊᑡ࡞ࡃࡶἲⓗᐇయࡋู࡚ಶࡢ ᴗ A ᴗ B ࡢ 2 ⪅㛫㸦ୗㄳᴗࡢࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡ࡞ࡽ」ᩘ⪅㸧ࡢᴗ㛫㛵ಀ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ༢୍ࡢ ᴗ࡛ࡶ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᕷሙ࡛ࡢ༏ྡⓗ࡞▷ᮇྲྀᘬ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋዎ⣙㠃࡛ࡶࠊᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࡢ୰㛫ⓗᛶ ᱁࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻ࡞࠸࠺≉Ṧ࡞⏝ㄒࢆฟࡏࡎࡶࠊᴗ㛫ྲྀᘬࡣࠊ㛗ᮇዎ⣙ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ᪉࡛ࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞ྲྀࡾỴࡵࢆ⤖ࡧ࠶࠺ࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊබ㛤ᕷሙࡢⱔⅯ࡞➇தࡽ⮬ ࡽࢆಖㆤࡍࡿ⦆⾪ᆅᖏࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋせྲྀᘬඛࡢᛅㄔᚰ࠸࠺ᣢ⥆ⓗ࡞⣣ᖏ࡛⤖ࡤࢀ ࡓ㈈࡞࠸ࡋ㈨※ࡢ⚾ⓗࡣࠊᡃࡀᅜ࡛ࡣࠊࡼࡃ࠶ࡿၟ័⩦࡛࠶ࡿࠋዎ⣙ࡢྲྀࡾỴࡵ࡛ࡣ᫂
㝵ᒙ⤌⧊ ᕷሙ ࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᵝᘧ グࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓຍࡉࢀࡓᶓࡢ⤎ࡣࠊྲྀᘬ㛵ಀࡢ୰࡛⫱ࡲࢀࡓಙ㢗ࡸぶᐦឤࡢࡼ࠺࡞㠀ዎ⣙ ⓗせ⣲ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ⥔ᣢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᨩ ࡢ 㢖 ᗘ N ㈨⏘ࡢ≉Ṧᛶ N ᅗ ᨩ㢖ᗘ⤌⧊ᙧែࡢ㛵ಀ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.93, ヂ᭩ 107 㡫)ࡣࠊࡇࡢ⤒⦋ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࠕྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊ୰㛫 ⓗ࡞ࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᙧែࢆ↓どࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙࢆᑐᴟࡢᙧែࡋ࡚ᢅࡗࡓࠖ࠸࠺ ⌮⏤࡛ᢈุࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓグࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ1970 ᖺ௦ࡢ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊ☜ᐇᛶࡢ ቑࡼࡾࠊྜពᙧᡂᡭ㛫ࢆせࡍࡿࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻᵝᘧࡣࠊࡸࡀ࡚ᗫࢀࡿࡢぢゎ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣᶵ⩏ᣊἾࡍࡿ࠶ࡲࡾࠊᝒほⓗ㐣ࡂࡓࠋ ࢧࣔࣥ(H.A.Simon, 1991, p.219)ࡣࠊⅆᫍேࡀ㐶ᆅ⌫ࢆ═ᮃࡋࠊᕷሙྲྀᘬࡣ㉥࠸⥺࡛⤖ ࡤࢀࠊᴗෆ㒊ࡸᴗ㛫ྲྀᘬࡣ㟷ⓑ࠸⥺࡛⤖ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᐯヰࢆᥦฟࡋࡓࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡶ ࡲࡓࠊࡼࡾ㧗ḟ࡞ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࢆ࣓ࢱ๓ᥦࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢ 1 㒊 ࡋ࡚ໟᦤࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠊㄆ㆑ࡏࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿࠋ ༶ࡕࠊࠕ㝵ᒙࡣࠊูࡢᡭẁࡼࡿᕷሙ㛵ಀࡢᘏ㛗ࠖࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢᣦྥࡍࡿ ⤌⧊ࡢ⛉Ꮫ(GM, p.274, n.27, ヂ᭩ 332 㡫)࡛ࡣࠊ⤫୍ⓗ࡞᪉ἲࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᕷሙࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵ ࢻࠊ㝵ᒙࠊᐁไ➼ࢆࠊࡃྠࡌྲྀᘬࢆ⤌⧊ࡍࡿ௦᭰ⓗ࡞࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠺どⅬ ❧ࡘࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊࢧࣔࣥࡀ㏣ồࡋࡓ⟶⌮ࡢ⛉Ꮫࡣࠊ㝵ᒙࡢࡳᑓᛕࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙ ໟᣓⓗ࡞⤒῭Ꮫⓗ᥋㏆ࢆḞࡃᣦࡋࡓࠋᐇࡣࠊࡇࡇࡀၥ㢟ྵࡳ࡞ࡿࠋࡶࡋࠊ㝵ᒙࡀᡭẁ ࡢ␗࡞ࡿᕷሙࡢᘏ㛗࡛࠶ࡿ࡞ࡽࠊ㝵ᒙࡢ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡣࠊලయⓗࡣࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࠸࠺ࠊ ࡲࡉ⟶⌮ࡢၥ㢟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣࠊᴗᩥࡸᡓ␎⤒Ⴀࡢ㛵㐃ࡽࠊϩ.᳨࡛֚ウࡍࡿࠋ
䊡㻚 ྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ᒎ㛤
䊡㻚䑇 ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢ ᒙᅗᘧ
᪂ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊࢤ࣮࣒ࡢ࣮ࣝࣝࡢḟඖ╔┠ࡋࡓ࣐ࢡࣟศᯒⓗ࡞ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡽࡢ ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࠊྲྀᘬࢆศᯒ༢ࡋࡓ࣑ࢡࣟศᯒⓗ࡞࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡽࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀࠊศ ࡋ࡚㐍ᒎࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡢ௦⾲ࡀࣀ࣮ࢫ(D.C.North)࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣᚋ⪅ࡢ௦⾲ ࡔࡗࡓࠋ ᪤㏙ࡢࡼ࠺ࠊᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ 2 ศἲࢆᤞ࡚ࡓ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀 (ᕷሙࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻࠊ㝵ᒙ)ࢆ୰ᯡࡋ࡚ࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ(᠇ἲࠊἲࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࠊ័⩦ࠊఏ⤫ࠊ⾜ ືつ⠊)᥋⥆ࡋࡓ 3 ᒙࡢᅗᘧࢆ⪃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᅗ 3.♧ࡋࠊ3 ᒙᅗᘧࡢ࠾࠾ࡼࡑࢆぢ࡚࠾ ࡃࠋ ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡣࠊ᭱ୖࡢ࣐ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝ⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࠊ᠇ἲࠊἲࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࠊ័⩦ࠊఏ⤫ࠊ ⾜ືつ⠊࡞ࡀ㓄⨨ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢኚࡀ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓሙྜࠊ ㏻ᖖࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢ㓄⨨ࡀಁࡉࢀࡿࠋ ಶேࡢ⾜ື௬ㄝࡣࠊ᭱ୗᒙ⨨࡙ࡅࡽࢀࠊ࣑ࢡࣟࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㘽ᴫᛕࡣࠊ㝈ᐃྜ⌮ᛶ㸦ே㛫 ⓗᒓᛶ㸧ᶵ⩏㸦⾜ືⓗᒓᛶ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊᶵ⩏ࡣዲࡲࡋࡃ ࡞࠸⾜ືⓗ๓ᥦࡺ࠼ࠊ୍⯡ཷࡅࡀᝏ࠸ࠋࡑࢀᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬㏣ཬࡢၿពࡢゎ㔘ࡋ࡚ࢧ ࣔࣥࡢࠕືᶵ⌮ᛶࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࠖࢆ᥇ࡾୖࡆࠊ ࡞⾲⌧ࡔࡀࠊ⤒῭Ꮫࡢఏ⤫࡛ࡣࠊၿពྲྀ ࡾᢅ࠺ᴫࡋ࡚᭷ᐖ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࠋྲྀᘬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ┦ᡭࡀࠊᶵ⩏ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡢࡀᐹ▱ࡉࢀࡓ ௨ୖࠊᶵ⩏ࡣᶵ⩏࡛ᛂ㓘ࡍࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ࣐࢟ࣕ࣋ࣜࡀ⋤Ꮚᛅ࿌ࡋࡓᤄヰᘬ↷ࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⮬ࡽࢆᣊ᮰ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊዎ⣙ࢆ◚Რࡋ࡚ࡶ⨥ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ᚰᚓࢆㄝࡃ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡶࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢ✀ࡢᶵ⩏ⓗᑐᛂࡣዎ⣙ࢆ㏆ど║ⓗぢ ࡓ▷⤡࡛࠶ࡾࠊᶵ⩏ࢆ⦆ࡍࡿ๓ࡢࢭ࣮ࣇ࣮࢞ࢻࢆタࡅࠊ㐲ᮃࡢ࠸ࡓዎ⣙᥋㏆ࡍ ࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊಙ㢗ࢆྲྀࡾᡠࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㏙ࡿࠋ ࢩࣇࢺࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ ᡓ␎ⓗ ⾜ືᒓᛶ ෆ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲ ᅗ ᒙᅗᘧ ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀 ಶே࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ3 ᒙᅗᘧࡢ࣓ࢰ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ࠶ࡾࠊᕷሙࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻࠊ㝵ᒙ࡞ࡀ㓄⨨ ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢ㞳ᩓᵓ㐀ศᯒࡢ࢚ࢵࢭࣥࢫࡣࠊ࡚ࡇࡢᒙ࠶ࡿࠋᕷሙ㝵 ᒙࡢ┦௦࣭᭰㌿࠸࠺ 2 ศἲࡣྲྀࡾᡶࢃࢀࠊᕷሙࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻࠊ㝵ᒙࡣᶓ୪ࡧ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅗ 3.ࡢᘼࢆᥥࡃ▮༳(GM, p.11, ヂ᭩ 11 㡫)ࡣࠊࠕ⤌⧊ࡣࡑࢀ⮬యࡢ⏕ᾭࡀ࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ 㢟࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤᬯ㯲▱ࡢᙧ࡛౽┈ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ࠸࠺ࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡼࢀࡤࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ࡶࡗࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊ᰿ᮏⓗኚᐜ 㑅ᢥⓗධࡢྍ⬟ᛶ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ᰿ᮏⓗኚᐜࡣࠊከᩘࡢᕷሙࡢ㈙ཧຍ⪅ࡢ➇தࡽࠊ≉Ṧ ㈨⏘ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠊᑡᩘᛶኚࡉࢀࡿ㆟ㄽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ㑅ᢥⓗධࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡣࠊ࠺ࡋ࡚㝵ᒙࡣࠊᑠᴗࡢ㞟ྜྠࡌࡇࠊࡶࡋࡃࡣ ࡑࢀ௨ୖࡢࡇࡀ࡞ࡋ࠼࡞࠸ࡢࡢၥ࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㝵ᒙࡀᕷሙࢆᶍೌࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡞ࡽࠊᕷሙຎ ࡿࡣࡎࡀ࡞࠸௬ᐃࡍࢀࡤࠊ㝵ᒙࡀᮇᚅ┈ࢆぢ㎸ࡵࡿࡔࡅ㑅ᢥⓗධࢆࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀ௨ እࡣࠊᕷሙࢆᶍೌࡍࢀࡤࠊ㝵ᒙࡣ࠸ࡘࡶᕷሙࢆ㥙ࡍࡿࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊᐇ㝿ࡣࡑ࠺࡞ࡽ ࡞࠸ࠋఱᨾ㸽 ࡑࡢ⌮⏤(EIC, p.91, p.149)ࡣࠊᕷሙࡢࢥࢫࢺ๐ῶࡢ⇚Ⅿ࡞➇த࠶ࡿࠋ㧗ᗘ⤫ྜࡉࢀࡓ 㝵ᒙࡣࠊᚲ↛ⓗᙅ࠸ㄏᅉ࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㑅ᢥⓗධࢆࡍࡿࠊᶒጾࡢྠពࢆྲྀࡾࡅࡿᐁ ไࡢࢥࢫࢺࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࠋᐁไࡢࢥࢫࢺࡣࠊࠕ」㞧ᛶࢆ⟶⌮ࡋࠊㄗㅸࢆチᐜࡋࠊ㓘ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ ຓࡅྜ࠸ࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿഴྥࢆᣢࡘࠖࡇࡽ⏕ࡌࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊၿពࡽ⏕ࡌࡓணᮇࡏࡠ㞴㢟ࡢ ࢥࢫࢺࠊチᐜࡢࢥࢫࢺࠊ㓘ࡀኚᆺࡋࡓࡶࡓࢀྜ࠸ࡢࢥࢫࢺ࡞ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋࡃࡋ࡚ 㝵ᒙࡣㄏᅉຎࡽᕷሙࢆᶍೌ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡋࠊ㏫ࠊ㝵ᒙ࡛ࡢᣦ࣭┘╩ࡣᕷሙ࡛ࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞ ࠸ࡓࡵࠊᕷሙࡶࡲࡓ㝵ᒙࢆᶍೌ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ ᰿ᮏⓗኚᐜࡣࠊᕷሙྲྀᘬ࡛ࡢᢏ⾡㠉᪂క࠺ዎ⣙ࡢࣜࢫࢡ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㑅ᢥⓗධࡢྍ⬟ ᛶࡣࠊ㝵ᒙࡀ࠸ࡘࡶᕷሙᡴࡕࡘࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸つᶍࡢ㝈⏺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.225, ヂ᭩ 271 㡫)ࡼࢀࡤࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡽไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢࣇ ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡣ 2 ✀㢮ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡓ࠼ࡤ⌧⾜ἲዎ⣙ࡢᐇົ㱈㱒ࢆࡁࡓࡏࡤࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ ቃࡢ㐨ලⓗࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࢆ⏝࠸ࢀࡤࠊዎ⣙ἲࡢᨵၿࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᶵ⩏ⓗ࡞ ಖㆤ㈠᫆ㄽ⪅ࡼࡿ㍺ධ㞀ቨ࡞ࡣࠊᡓ␎ⓗࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
䊡㻚䑈 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢㅖၥ㢟
ࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊϩ.࡛֙ᴫほࡋࡓࡇ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪉㔪㌿ࢆࡋࡓ 1990 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢ࣒࢘ࣜࢯ ࣥࡢၥ㢟Ⅼࢆ௨ୗࡢ 3 Ⅼ⤠ࡾࠊ␗㆟ࢆ࠼ㄽࡌࡿࠋ 䊡㻚䑈䑇 ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢศ ᪂ไᗘ⤒῭Ꮫ࡛ࡣࠊ2 ࡘࡢഃ㠃ࡢ◊✲ㄢ㢟(ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀)ࡀࠊศࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤 ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡢᢈุࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ୧⪅ࡢศࡣඞ᭹࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺⥲ྜࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ࢘ࣜ ࣒ࢯࣥ(GM, p.93, ヂ᭩ 107 㡫)ࡣၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ⤖ㄽⓗࡣࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ௳ࡋ࡚ᢅ࠸ࠊ᪂ไᗘὴ⥲ྜࡣぢ㏦ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢሙྜࠊไᗘ࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ⤌⧊௦᭰ྍ⬟࡞ࡶࡢࡋ࡚ΰྠࡋ࡚⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1990 ᖺ௨㝆ࡢᙼࡢᇶᮏᴫᛕ࡛ࡣࠊไᗘࡣไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⤌⧊ࡣ࢞ࣂ ࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ΰྠࡀ⏕ࡌࡓࡢࠋࡇࡢⅬࢆ⣒ཱྀࡋ࡚ࠊᙼࡢ ᛮ⪃ࡢኚ㑄ࢆ㎺ࡿࠋ C.ࣆࢸࣜࢫ(C.Pitelis, 1993, p.26)ࡣࠊࠕࠗ㈨ᮏ⩏ࡢ⤒῭ไᗘ࠘(EIC)࡛ࡣࠊ㈨ᮏ⩏ไᗘ ࡢࡕࡽࡢᐃ⩏ࡶኻᩋࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠖᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ☜ࠊ3 ᒙᅗᘧࡢ࣓ࢰࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ࢞ࣂ ࢼࣥࢫࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࠕ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࠖࡢ⛠ࡢࠊᢡࠎࠕ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢไᗘࠖࡸࠕ࢞ࣂ ࢼࣥࢫࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࠖࡀ⏝࠸ࡽࢀࠊᩥ⬦౫Ꮡࡋ࡚ኚࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪂ไᗘὴ⤌⧊ㄽࡢ♫⌮ ㄽᐙࡓࡕࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕไᗘࡣఱࠖ࠸࠺ษࡾワࡵࡓၥ࠸ࡣࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᙼ ⮬㌟(GM, p.230, ヂ᭩ 277 㡫)ࡶࠊࠕṇࡋ࠸㆟ㄽࡣࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡣ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡾࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭ Ꮫࡣࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᑓᛕࡋࡓ࠶ࡲࡾࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࢆ㍍どࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠸࠺㆟ㄽࡶ࠶ࡿࠖグࡋ ࡓࠋ ඛࡎࠊᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ௦ࡢ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡽࠊ㡰ࢆ㏣ࡗ࡚ぢ࡚ࡺࡇ࠺ࠋᙼࡣ M ᆺ ⤌⧊㠉᪂ࢆᙉㄪࡍࡿࡀࠊM ᆺ⤌⧊ࡢᬑཬࡢㄝ᫂ࠊࠕ⮬↛㑅ᢥࠖࡢᴫᛕッ࠼ࡓࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ ࠕ⮬↛㑅ᢥࠖࢆᘬࡁྜ࠸ࡔࡍ࡞ࡽࠊ⮬↛㑅ᢥࡣᐇ㝿Ꮡᅾࡍࡿᙧែࡢ୰ࡽ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࠊࡶ ࡋ U ᆺ⤌⧊ࡀᣑࡼࡿሗࡢ㞟୰࠸࠺つᶍࡢ⤒῭㝗ࡿࡍࡿࠊᴗつᶍࡢ㝈⏺ ࡼࡾ⁛ࡧࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ➇தᡂຌࡍࡿࡢࡣࠊ⤌⧊㠉᪂ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ M ᆺᴗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡼࡾᑠつ ᶍ࡞≉ᴗ࡛࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊM ᆺ⤌⧊㠉᪂ࡀఱᨾ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡿࡢ ࡢ㐍ㄽⓗ࡞ㄝ᫂ࢆᛰࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡔࡀࠊୖグࡢࡼ࠺࡞⎔ቃࡽࡢ㑅ᢥࡸ⤌⧊ࡢ⎔ቃ㐺ᛂࢆᛮࡍࡿ࠺ࡕࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ ࡣࠊࢹࣅࢫࣀ࣮ࢫࡢㄽᩥ㐂╔ࡍࡿࠋࢹࣅࢫࣀ࣮ࢫ(Davis&North, 1971)ࡢไᗘⓗ ⎔ቃไᗘⓗྲྀࡾỴࡵࡢ┦స⏝࡛ࡣࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡀไᗘⓗྲྀࡾỴࡵไ⣙ࢆ࠼ࠊ㏫ࠊ ᪂ࡓ࡞ไᗘⓗྲྀࡾỴࡵࡀ⌧ࢀࠊไᗘⓗྲྀࡾỴࡵືᅉࡀ⏕ࡌࢀࡤࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡶኚࡀࡶ ࡓࡽࡉࢀࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡔࡗࡓࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢᴫᛕᵓᡂ(GM, p.111-2, ヂ᭩ 129 㡫)ࡣࠊࢹࣅࢫࣀ࣮ࢫࡽࡢࡈ ࡢ⏝ࡔࡀࠊ⏝ㄒ࡛ࡣࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫࡢไᗘㄞࡳ᭰࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡞ࡃࠊ࢞ࣂ ࢼࣥࢫࡢไᗘ࠸࠺⾲⌧ࡼࡾࡶࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀࠸࠺ゝⴥࡀ࡞ࡾࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂ ࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡣࠊᴫᛕୖࠊቃ⏺ࢆᣢࡘࡶࡢࡋ࡚ᵓᡂࡉࢀࡓࠋࡃࡋ࡚ࠊࠕ㠀ᖖࡁ࡞Ṕྐ ⓗ࢟ࣕࣥࣂࢫࢆᥥࡃ࣐ࠖࢡࣟศᯒⓗ࡞ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ(᠇ἲࠊἲࠊᡤ᭷ᶒࠊ័⩦ࠊつ⠊)ࠕẚ㍑ᐇ ⾜ᛶ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡓ࣑ࠖࢡࣟศᯒⓗ࡞࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀(ᕷሙࠊࣁࣈࣜࢵࢻࠊ㝵ᒙࠊᐁไ) ࡣࠊ࠺ᯫᶫࡉࢀࡓぢ࠼ࡓࠋࡑࢀࡀࠊᅗ 3.ࡢ 3 ᒙᅗᘧ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊࣀ࣮ࢫࡸ᪂ไᗘὴ⤌⧊ㄽࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢ㐪 ឤࡀṧࡗࡓࠋᙼ(GM, p.246-7, ヂ᭩ 297-8 㡫)ࡣࠊࢡࣜࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ࣭ࢠࢶࡢẸ᪘ㄅⓗ࡞ ࢆᘬ⏝ࡋࠊ㞴ゎ࡞㆟ㄽࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༶ࡕࠊࣂࣜᓥࡢ㜚㭜࡛ࡣࠊຌⓗ࡞ಶࠎேࡼࡾࠊ 㠀ྜ⌮࡞㉃ࡅ㔠ྞࡾୖࡀࡿࠊ⮬ศࡢ✀᪘ࡸᮧࢆᛂࡍࡿேࠎࡢࢹࣥࢸࢸࡀ㔊ᡂ ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ♫ⓗᅽຊࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࠊゅࡢ㉃ࡅ⋡ᑟࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢ♫ⓗᅽຊࡇࡑࠊ ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡽࡢไ⣙࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢ⤖ㄽࡣࠊ᪥ᖖⓗ⌧ᐇࡢ᩿∦ࢆ♫ⓗ ពᵓᡂࡋࠊయࡋ୍࡚⯡ࡍࡿไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ㤿㮵ࡆࡓࡇ(Ҹせ࡞᪥ᖖࡢ⩦ ័ⓗ⾜Ⅽ)ࡔࡗࡓࠋไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢ୰᰾ⓗせ௳ࢆศᯒࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊᐇࡢ࠶ࡿศᯒࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸
࠸࠺ࠋࠕ⌮ᛕⓗࠖᛶ㉁ࠕᣊ᮰ⓗࠖᛶ㉁ࢆేࡏᣢࡘไᗘࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ♫⌮ㄽࡣࠊ㛵ᚰࡀⷧ ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ࡔࠋ ᙜึࡢᕷሙ-㝵ᒙࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢᵓ࡛ࡣࠊ➨ 1 ࠊዎ⣙ㄽࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡽࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࡛ࡣ 㞠⏝ዎ⣙㈍ዎ⣙ࡢᕪ␗ࡀၥࢃࢀࠊ➨ 2 ࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡽࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀࡛ ࡣࠊྛ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵝᘧࡢẚ㍑ᐇຠᛶࡀၥࢃࢀࡓࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.29-30, n3, ヂ᭩ 32-3 㡫)ࡀၐᑟࡋࡓึᮇࡢ⤌⧊⛉Ꮫࡣࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢ୧⪅ࡀໟྵࡉࢀࠊἲᏛ ࡀ㢧ⴭ࡞ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡼࡾࡶࠊ⤒῭Ꮫ⤌⧊ㄽ῝ࡃ㛵㐃ࡋࡓ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ຊⅬࡀ⨨ࢀ ࡓࠋ⤒῭Ꮫ⤌⧊ㄽࡀඹ㏻ࡢᇶ┙࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡋ࡚ἲᏛࡀ⿵ࡍࡿᙧ࡛ཧຍࡍࡿࡢࡀࠊᇶᮏⓗ ࡞ࢫ࣮࣒࡛࢟࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࠕ⤒῭Ꮫ♫Ꮫࡣ࡞⥭ᙇ㛵ಀࡢᇦ㐩ࡋࡓࠖ(GM, p.219, ヂ᭩ 264 㡫)㏙࡞ࡀ ࡽࠊ㜚㭜ࡢぢࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᙼࡀ♫Ꮫࢆᩗ㐲ࡋࡓឤࡣྰࡵ࡞࠸ࠋ⤌⧊ࡀไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢ 㔜せ࡞㒊ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡣࡎࡔࡀࠊ᪂ไᗘὴ⤌⧊ㄽࡢไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊ㏥ ᒅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ᭱⤊ⓗࡣࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊࣀ࣮ࢫࡢไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࢆᡤࡋ࡚ཷࡅྲྀࡿࡇࡋ࡚ࠊ ⮬ࡽࡣࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢ㞳ᩓᵓ㐀ศᯒࡔࡅ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚ࡿᐉゝࡍࡿࠋࡃ࡚ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢศࡢඞ᭹ࡣぢ㏦ࡽࢀࡓࠋࣀ࣮ࢫࡸ᪂ไᗘὴ⤌⧊ㄽࡢ⌮ᛕⓗᛶ㉁ࡢ㆟ㄽ ࢆࡍ࡚ไᗘⓗ⎔ቃᑒ༳ࡋࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊ⤒㦂ⓗᐇᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢഃ ❧ࡘࠋศࡢඞ᭹ࡣኻᩋࡋࡓࡀࠊ⫹࡞ࡾษࡾ᪉ࡣࠊ୍ࡘࡢぢ㆑࠸࠼࡞ࡃࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡇ ࡢᖐ⤖ࡣࠊྲྀᘬࡢ࣑ࢡࣟศᯒࡸ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡽࡢ㆟ㄽࡢ㝈⏺࡛࠶ࡿྠࠊ฿㐩Ⅼ࡛ ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ほࡍࢀࡤࠊࣀ࣮ࢫࡢ㛵ᚰࡣࠊ♫⌮ㄽࢆໟᦤࡋࡓไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ࠶ࡾࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢ 㛵ᚰࡣࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙࡢ㛵ಀᛶࡸቃ⏺࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 䊡㻚䑈䑈 ᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே⩏ ࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻ(C.I.Barnard)ࡸࢧࣔࣥࡀᴗᩥࡘ࠸࡚⮬ᅾㄒࡿࡢᑐࡋࠊ࣒࢘ࣜ ࢯࣥࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡛ࡣࠊᴗᩥࡸᏛ⩦ࣉࣟࢭࢫࡢၥ㢟ࡀᢅ࠼࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻ (1938)ࡣࠊࠕ⤌⧊ࡢᏑ⥆ࡣࠊࡑࢀࢆᨭ㓄ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㐨ᚨᛶࡢ㧗ࡉẚࡍࡿࠖࡋࠊಶேࡢࠕ⤌ ⧊ே᱁࡞ࡾࡁࡿ⬟ຊࠖࢆቑ㛗ࡉࡏࡿࡇࡢ⨾ᚨࢆㄝ࠸ࡓࠋࢧࣔࣥ(1957)ࡶࠊ⩦័ࡸ⤌⧊ ࣮ࣝࢸࣥࢆㄽࡌࠊࠕࡢே㛫ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡍࡿே㛫ࡢ⬟ຊࡣࠊᏛ⩦㐣⛬ࢆ▷⦰ࡍࡿ ຓࡅ࡞ࡿࠖ㏙ࠊࠕ⤌⧊ࡣᡂဨࢆカ⦎ࡋᩍ⫱ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣ⤌⧊ࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡢෆ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࠖ ㄝ࠸ࡓࠋᴗᩥࡀㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡞࠸࡞ࡽࡤࠊ⏤ࠎࡋ࠸ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1980 ᖺ௦ධࡿࠊᴗᩥࡀࣈ࣮࣒࡞ࡿࠋᴗࡢ㔜せ࡞≉ᚩࡣᩥࡔࡉࢀࡓࠋࡋ ࡋࠊᴗᩥࡢᐃ⩏ࡣࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤ᭕ࡋ࡚ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡢゎ㔘ࡣࠊ࣍ࢪࢯࣥࢆᡭ ࡾࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ᭣ࡃࠊࠕᴗᩥࡣࠊ༢࡞ࡿሗඹ᭷௨ୖࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ័⾜ᛮ⪃ ⩦័ࢆඹ᭷ࡍࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᏛ⩦ࡢ᪉ἲࡸᩥ⬦ࠊ౯್ほࠊゝㄒࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊ㞟ᅋⓗ⬟ຊಶ ேⓗ⬟ຊࡢ୧⪅㐍ࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍࠖ(J.M.Hodgson, 1996, p.255)ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ༶ࡕࠊ᪥ࡢ㝵ᒙࡣࠊࣦ࢙ࣈࣞࣥⓗゝ࠼ࡤࠊࠕ⏕⏘ࡢ」㞧࡞᪉ἲࡸᡭẁࡘ࠸࡚✚ࡉࢀ ࡓ⩦័ࠖ࠸࠺↓ᙧ㈨⏘ࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㝵ᒙࡣࠊ⤌⧊࣮ࣝࢸࣥࡢ㈓ⶶᗜ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢘ࣥ
ࢱ࣮(S.G.Winter, 1982, p.76)ࡣࠊࠕ⤌⧊ⓗグ᠈ࡢෆᐜࡀࠊಶே࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡢグ᠈ࡢ㊧࠸࠺ᙧ ࡛ࡢࡳ㈓ⶶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊಶே㈓ⶶࡉࢀࡓ᩿∦ࡣࠊࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ࡼࡾ㈓ⶶࡉࢀࡓ ᩿∦ࡼࡗ࡚ᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿᩥ⬦ࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃពࢆ࡞ࡉ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࠊᏛ⩦ࡢ⤒㦂ࡣࠊ ࡸࡣࡾ⤌⧊ⓗ▱㆑࡞ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺ࠋ ᚑᴗဨࡢᏛ⩦ࡣ⤌⧊ⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡢෆ㒊࡛ࡢࡳ⏕ࡌࠊከࡃࡢሙྜࠊࡑࡢ▱㆑ࡣಶேⓗᣢࡕ㐠 ࡧ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡃࡋ࡚ࠊ⤌⧊Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ㐣⛬ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊಶேࡢ┠ⓗࡸ⬟ຊࠊ౯್ほࡣኚࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡃࠋᙜ↛࡞ࡀࡽࠊಶேࡢ㑅ዲࡣኚࡏࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢㄝ࡛᫂ࡣࠊᕷሙࡣ⮬Ⓨⓗኚࡋࠊ㝵ᒙࡣព㆑ⓗࠊィ⏬ⓗኚࡍࡿ ࠸࠺ࠋᕷሙࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࣁ࢚ࢡࡢㄽᩥࠕ♫࠾ࡅࡿ▱㆑ࡢ⏝ࠖࡽࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤᘬ⏝ࡉ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣁ࢚ࢡ(F.A.Hayek, 1945, p.528)᭣ࡃࠊࠕ౯᱁ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡣࠊே㛫ࡀࡑࢀࢆ⌮ゎࡏ ࡎ㌑࠸ࡓᚋࠊ(┦ኚࢃࡽࡎࠊࡑࡢ᭱ၿ࡞⏝ࢆᏛࡪࡇࡽࡣ㐲࠸ࡀ)ࡑࡢά⏝ࢆᏛࢇ ࡔࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠖࠊ༶ࡕࠊࠕ౯᱁ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ┿ࡢᶵ⬟ࡣሗఏ㐩ࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒࡛࠶ࡾࠊ(␎)ᕷሙࡢ ಶࠎࡢཧຍ⪅ࡓࡕࡣṇࡋ࠸⾜ືࢆࡿࡓࡵࠊᚲせ࡞▱㆑ࡢ㔞ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡚῭ࡴࠖ(p.526-7)࡛ ࠶ࡗࡓࠋᕷሙࡢ᭷ࡍࡿኚࡣࠊࠕࣁ࢚ࢡࡢ⮬⏕ⓗࠖ㐺ᛂࡋ࡚㏙ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ᑡࡋ␃ពࡋ࡚࠾ࡁࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢࣁ࢚ࢡࡽࡢᘬ⏝ࡣࠊⴭྡ࡞ AER ㄽᩥ ࠕ♫࠾ࡅࡿ▱㆑ࡢ⏝ࠖࡀࡰ࡚࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡢ௦ࡢࣁ࢚ࢡࡢ spontaneous ࡢྵព ࡣࠊᕷሙ࠾ࡅࡿಶே㛫ࡢ⮬Ⓨᛶࢆㄽࡌࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᚋᖺࡢ⮬⏕ⓗ࡞ព࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇࡔࠋ ࡓࡔࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢሙྜࡣࠊ⮬⏕ⓗ࡞ព࡛⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡏࡼࠊᕷሙࡣኚ ࡋࠊ㐺ᛂࡍࡿࠋ ᪉ࠊ㝵ᒙࡢኚࡣࠊࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻࡢⴭࡢබᘧ⤌⧊ࡢࠕព㆑ⓗ࡛ࠊィ⏬ⓗ࡛ࠊ┠ⓗࢆࡶࡘ ࡼ࠺࡞ேࠎ┦㛫ࡢ༠ാࠖ(1938, p.4, ヂ᭩ 4 㡫)ࡋ࡚ㄝ᫂ࡉࢀࡓࠋ㝵ᒙࡣࠊព㆑ⓗୟࡘィ ⏬ⓗ㐺ᛂࡍࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊᕷሙࡸ㝵ᒙࡢ≧ἣኚᑐࡍࡿ㐺ᛂၥ㢟ࢆ ṇࡋࡃㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊᙼࡣࠊ㝵ᒙࡢኚ࣭㐺ᛂࡣㄆࡵ࡚ࡶࠊಶேࡢ㑅ዲࡢኚࡣὶ ὴྠᵝࠊㄆࡵ࡞࠸ࠋఱᨾ? ㆟ㄽࡢ๓ࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡀࠊ⮬ࡽࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ㝈⏺ࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡇࡶグࡍࡁࡔ ࢁ࠺ࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.223, ヂ᭩ 268 㡫)ࡣࠊ㑅ዲ㛵ᩘࢆྵࡵࣇ࣮ࢻࣂࢵࢡࡘ࠸࡚ ࠕྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫࡢᵓ⠏࡛ࡣࠊᮍⓎ㐩࡛࠶ࡿࠖࡋࠊ⌧ᐇୡ⏺ࡢಶேⓗ࡞㑅ዲࡣෆ⏕ⓗࡔ ㄆࡵࡿࠋෆ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲࡢᙳ㡪ࡣࠊ3 ᒙᅗᘧ࡛ࡣࠊ◚⥺࡛♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊู࡞ㄽᩥ(1993, p.104)࡛ࠊࠕෆ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲࡢᐃࡣၥ㢟ࢆ」㞧ࡋࠊࡋࡶᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ⾜ྍ⬟࡞ ༢⣧ࡣ᪥ᖖⓗ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊእ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲࡔࡅ࡛༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠖグࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᐇ⾜ ྍ⬟ᛶ࠸࠺㐨ලⓗ࡞ゝⴥࡢᙉㄪࡼࡗ࡚ࠊഇࡾࡢᐃࡢእ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲࢆṇᙜࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊࡸࡣࡾࠊ᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே⩏ࡢఏ⤫ࡽ⬺༷࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋಶேࡢ㑅ዲ ࡣ㛫ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ኚࡋ࡞࠸࠸࠺ᐃࡢࡶࠊ㑅ዲࡣኚࡋࠊᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ ࠺ࡇࢆྰᐃࡋࡓࠋྠࡌࣟࢪࢵࢡ࡛ࠊᴗᩥࡀಶேࡢ┠ᶆࡸ⾜ືࠊ㒊ศⓗᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ ࡿࡇࡶ⪃៖ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ㑅ዲࡣࡶࡼࡾࠊಶேࡢෆ㒊ࡽ࣑ࢫࢸࣜࢫ⏕ࡌࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ ⤒῭ࡸ♫ࡢ┦స⏝ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊᙧᡂࡉࢀࡿࠋ⤖ᒁࠊᡤࡢಶேࢆศᯒࡢฟⓎⅬࡍࢀࡤࠊ Ⓨᒎⓗ࡛ᵓᡂⓗ࡞ࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛࠶ࡿᏛ⩦ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊẟ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡃ࡚ࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫ(GM, p.118, ヂ᭩ 138
㡫)࡛ࡣࠊ⤌⧊ⓗᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡢᏛ⩦(learning- by-doing)ࡀྍḞ࡞ሙྜࠊ༶ࡢせㄳᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡎࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᡭἲࡢ㛤Ⓨࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻࡢ㠀බᘧ⤌⧊ࢆ 1 ᥇ࡾୖࡆࠊᴗᩥ(GM, p.269, ヂ᭩ 325-6 㡫)ࡣ ⮬⏕ⓗᛶ᱁ពᅗⓗᛶ᱁ࡢ୧㠃ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡶグࡋࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊᴗᩥࡣไᗘⓗ⎔ቃ ไᗘⓗಙ㢗(ࠕᴗᩥⓗ-ಙ㢗ࠖ)ࡋ࡚ᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡋ࡚ࠊ࢞ࣂࣥࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡽษ ࡾ㞳ࡋ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࠋ ୍᪉ࠊ1990 ᖺ௨㝆ࠊᚎࠎ᪂ྂὴ㊥㞳ࢆ⨨ࡁጞࡵࡓࣀ࣮ࢫ(2005, pp.45-6, ヂ᭩, 73 㡫)࡞ࡿࠊὶὴࣔࢹࣝࡀᐃࡍࡿእ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲࡢ௬ᐃࡣࠊಶே⾜ືࡢኚࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡞࠸ ᫂ᛌゝ࠸ษࡿࠋ2000 ᖺ௦ࡢࣀ࣮ࢫࡣ᫂ࡽ᪂ྂὴⓗࡔࡀࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢሙྜ ࡣࠊ⌧ᐇ⩏ⓗ࡞‶ࡣ㏙࡚ࡶࠊὶὴࡢᇶᮏ௬ᐃࡢእ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲࢆᤞ࡚ࡿࡢぬᝅࡣ࡞ ࠸ࠋᙼࡀὶὴᕥ⿆ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 䊡㻚䑈䑉 ẚ㍑㟼Ꮫࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ㝈⏺ ㏆ᖺࠊᡓ␎⤒Ⴀࡢ௦࡞ࡾࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢẚ㍑㟼Ꮫࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡢ㝈⏺ࡀࠊࠊ ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㛵㐃ࡋ࡚⾲㠃ࡋࡓࠋᙼࡣከᩘࡢㄽᩥࡢ୰࡛ࠊ⮬ࡽࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆẚ㍑㟼Ꮫ ࡢ 1 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 3 ᒙᅗᘧࡢタィᛮ࡛ࡣࠊ➨ 1 ࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡣࠊ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀ࡢᵝᘧᛂࡌ࡚ኚࡍࡿ ࡇࠊ➨ 2 ࠊྲྀᘬࡣไᗘⓗ⎔ቃᇙࡵ㎸ࡲࢀࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡀ୍ᐃ࡛࠶ࢀࡤࠊྲྀᘬࡣࠊ(ྛዎ ⣙ἲࡼࡗ࡚)♧၀ࡉࢀࡓ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵝᘧᩡࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᆒ⾮ⓗ㓄⨨ࡀไ ᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡢᨩᛂࡌ࡚ࠊࡢࡼ࠺ኚࡍࡿࡢࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿࡢࡀࠊẚ㍑㟼Ꮫࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.248, ヂ᭩ 300 㡫)ࡣࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࢆ୍㐃ࡢࣃ࣓࣮ࣛࢱ࣮ࡢ㞟 ྜࡋ࡚ᢅ࠸ࠊࡑࡢኚࡀẚ㍑࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ㈝ࢆኚࡉࡏࡿ࠸࠺ᡭἲࢆᥦࡋࡓࠋ 㟼Ꮫⓗ࡞ຠ⋡ࡽືᏛⓗ࡞ຠ⋡ࡢ≧ែ㑄⛣ࡣࠊᙼࡢ⌮ㄽໟྵࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࡇࢆ⮬ࡽࡶㄆ ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ༶ࡕࠊࠕᛴ㏿࡞ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥయไࡢ⤒῭⤌⧊ࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊࡇࡇ࡛㏙ࡽࢀࡓࡇࡼ ࡾࡶ㐶ᅔ㞴࡞ၥ㢟ࢆᥦฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ(␎)⤌⧊ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥ㛫ࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࡶࡗ ከࡃࡢ◊✲ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ(EIC, p.143-4)グࡋࡓࠋࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᨭࡣࠊ▷ᮇⓗࡣ 㟼Ꮫⓗ㠀ຠ⋡ᛶࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ⤒῭ࡀ㐍ᒎࡋࠊ࣮࢜ࣉ࢚ࣥࢥࣀ࣑࣮࡛ࡢᕷሙᚿྥᆺᴗࡢᡓ␎ ⤒Ⴀࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿ௦࡞ࡿࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊᕷሙ࠸࡚ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊ ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡇࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ᪉࡛ࠊ㝵ᒙࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࡞◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ㐙⾜ࡍࡿࢭ ࣮ࣇࢸࢿࢵࢺࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿぢ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᛴ㏿࡞ࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊṤྍ㑊࡞⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࢆそࡍࡇࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡇ ࡢࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡣ㟼Ꮫⓗ࡞࣑ࢡࣟศᯒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣㄽࡌࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ࢘ࣜ ࣒ࢯࣥࡣࠊ᪂ᢏ⾡ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿᴗᐙⓗ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡸᆒ⾮◚ቯⓗ࡞ᢏ⾡ࢆ⏕ࡳฟࡍ࣋ࣥࢳ࣮ࣕࣅ ࢪࢿࢫࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊㄒࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡓ࠼ࡤࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨᢞ㈨࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢᶵࢆぢࡁࢃ ࡵ࡚ࠊ㈨※ࢆືဨࡋࠊ㈨⏘⦅ᡂ࡞ࢆ⪃៖ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊ┤ࡕ⋓ᚓ ࡛ࡁࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᮍ᮶ࡢᢏ⾡ࡢᡂྰࡶ☜ᐇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ☜ᐇᛶࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠊ㛫ⓗᩥ⬦ࡀ 㔜せ࡞ࡿࡀࠊẚ㍑㟼Ꮫ࡛ࡣືᏛࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ㛫ࡢᖜࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣㄡࡶ࠶࠼࡚ ゐࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᣦࡉࢀࡿࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᚑࡗ࡚࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ࡛ࡣࠊᡓ␎ⓗ⤒Ⴀࡢከ
ࡃࡢഃ㠃ࡀ↓どࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ㛗ᮇⓗⓎᒎࡢᩥ⬦࡛ࡣࠊಶேⓗ㑅ዲࡣᡤࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ㝵ᒙࡣࠊᏛ⩦ࡢ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡ ࡼࡿ⤌⧊࣮ࣝࢸࣥ㢗ࡿሙྜࡀࡲࡲ࠶ࡿࠋ࡞ࡀࡋࡢ✭㏴ቑࡀ⏕ࡎࡿሙྜࡣࠊ㝵 ᒙෆࡢᏛ⩦ࡸᶍೌࡢ⣼✚࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࢆ⪃៖ࡏࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋࡶࡼࡾࠊ Ꮫ⩦ࡣ⤯࠼ࡎ㐣ཤࢆᅵྎࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢୖ⣼✚ⓗ✚ࡳ㔜ࡡࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡃࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᢏ⾡ኚ Ꮫ⩦ࡀ୰ᚰⓗ࡞ᙺࢆᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸ࡅࡤࠊ⤒㊰౫Ꮡࣉࣟࢭࢫࡣᚲ↛࡞ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊṔྐ ࡀࡶࡢࢆ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.240, ヂ᭩ 289-90 㡫)ࡣࠊࠕ㝵ᒙࢆⱔࡴᐁไၥ㢟ࡶࠊ⤒㦂ࡢ⏘≀࡛ ࠶ࡾࠊṔྐࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺㢟ࢆࡼࡃ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠖࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࠕṔྐࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ ࠸࠺ࡇࡣࠊṔྐࡔࡅࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࢆពࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ(␎)ᢏ⾡ⓗ࡞⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶ ࡣࠊ◊✲ࡀ♧၀ࡍࡿࠊ㔜せࡔࡣᛮ࠼࡞࠸ࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ࣏࣮࣭ࣝࢹࣅࢵࢺ (P.David)ࡢ QWERTY ࢆእࡋ࡚ᢅ࠸ࠊࠕṇྍ⬟࡞㠀ຠ⋡ᛶࡣࠊࡵࡗࡓ❧ド࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠖ (GM, p.233, ヂ᭩ 281 㡫)グࡋࡓࠋ ⤒㊰౫Ꮡࢆศᯒࡢᯟ⤌ࡳ⤌ࡳ㎸ࡴࡓࡵࠊࣀ࣮ࢫ(1990, p.7, ヂ᭩ 8-9 㡫)ࡀࠕไᗘࡀຠ ⋡ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿ࠸࠺ぢゎࢆᨺᲠࡋࡓࠖࡢᑐࡋࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊᕷሙ➇தࡼࡿῈửࢆ㏻ ࡌ࡚ࠊࡲࡍࡲࡍຠ⋡ⓗ࡞ᙧែࡢࡳࡀ⏕ࡁṧࡿࡢᙇࢆሀᣢࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢᙇࢆ㈏ࡁ㏻ࡏ ࡤࠊ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࡣࠊᡤヮࠊ㠀ຠ⋡࡞ࡶࡢ㐣ࡂࡎࠊཷᐜࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡋ࡚㛫ࡢᖜࢆᣢࡓ࡞ ࠸ẚ㍑㟼Ꮫศᯒ࠸࡚ࡣࠊṔྐⓗ㐣ཤつᐃࡉࢀࠊ⌧ᅾ⮳ࡿ⤒㊰౫Ꮡᛶࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊᮃࡴ ࡃࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ
࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻࡸࢧࣔࣥࡢ⤌⧊⛉Ꮫࡢ⣔㆕⮬ࡽࢆ㢧ᙲࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇ ࡢࡇࢁࠊ᪉ἲㄽⓗಶே⩏ẚ㍑㟼Ꮫࡢᆒ⾮ศᯒࡼࡗ࡚ࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝ࡢ᭱ᑠຠ⋡ࢆᑓࡽ ࡋࡓṇ┿ṇ㖭ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻࡸࢧࣔࣥࡣࠊ࢙࣮࢘ࣂ࣮ࡢ␗ㄽࡸホ ౯ࡀ᫂ࡽㄞࡳྲྀࢀࡿࡀࠊᙼࡽࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊ࢙࣮࢘ࣂ࣮ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣṤ ឤࡌࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࠕࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻࢧࣔࣥࠊࡑࡋ࡚ࢭࣝࢬࢽࢵࢡࢆຍ࠼ࢀࡤࠊὶὴ⤌⧊ㄽࡢ Ⰻ᭩ࡢซࢆ࢝ࣂ࣮࡛ࡁࡿࠖ(1990, p.4-5)ࡢࡼ࠺࡞➹ࡾࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㝵ᒙࡀᯝࡓࡍ ᯡせ࡞ᙺࡶ⇕ᚰࡣㄽࡌ࡞࠸ࠋ ᙼࡣࠊෆ⏕ⓗ㑅ዲࡢ㝖ࡸືⓗࣀ࣮࣋ࢩࣙࣥࡢᾘᴟⓗែᗘࡼࡗ࡚ࠊࣂ࣮ࢼ࣮ࢻࡸࢧ ࣔࣥࡢᘏ㛗ୖ࡛ࠊ⤒ႠᏛࡢ⃰ᗘࢆⴭࡋࡃᕼⷧࡋ࡚ࠊᕷሙ㝵ᒙ࠸࠺ู✀ࡢ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ ᵝᘧࢆ⏬୍ⓗᤊ࠼ࠊຠ⋡ᛶᇶ‽ࡢ⤒῭Ꮫࡢ⃰ᗘࢆ㧗ࡵࡓࠋࢸ࣮ࢫࡽࡢ⬟ຊࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ ⤌⧊ࢆ⤒῭Ꮫⓗᩡᑟࡃ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢヨࡳᚅࡗࡓࢆࡅࠊᶵ⩏ࡣ㊥㞳ࢆ࠾ ࠸ࡓ⤒ႠᏛࡢᦂࡾᡠࡋࡋ࡚ホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚ࡼ࠸ࠋ ࡲࡓࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.53, ヂ᭩ 3 㡫)ࡣࠊࣀ࣮ࢫ(1991, p.98)ㄽᩥࡽࠊࠕ⤒῭ྐࡣࠊ ኊ࡞⤒῭Ꮫࡢኻᩋ≀ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࠸࠺⤖ㄽࡢࡳࢆ↷ᑕࡋࠊᑐ↷ⓗࠊྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫࡢ≀ ㄒࡣࠊᡂຌࢆจどࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⮬⏬⮬㈶ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ไᗘࡣఱ࠸࠺ከࡃࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࡃ⌮ᛕⓗ࡞ᛶ㉁ࡢ㆟ㄽࡀከࡃࠊほᛕⓗ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡣࠊヨ⾜㘒ㄗࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊไᗘⓗ⎔ቃࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᡤᤊ࠼ࠊ㠀ධࡢ ㄽ⌮❧ࡕ⮳ࡗࡓࠋ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ᐇᅾ࡛࠶ࡿ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫᵓ㐀↷‽ࢆ⤠ࡗࡓࡇࡣࠊࡑࢀࡣࡑࢀ ࡛ࠊぢ㆑࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥ(GM, p.7, ヂ᭩ 5 㡫)ࡀࠊࠕྲྀᘬ㈝⏝⤒῭Ꮫࡣࠊᴗࢆ࢞ࣂࢼࣥࢫ ᵓ㐀ࡋ࡚グ㏙ࡍࡿࠖᮏẼ࡛⪃࠼ࡿ࡞ࡽࠊ⟶⌮ࡢ⛉Ꮫᑓᛕࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ⌧ᅾࡲ ࡛ࡢࡇࢁࠊࡑࡢᡤ⏘ࡣぢࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ
ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
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<ᮏ✏ࡣࠊ⤒ႠᏛྐᏛ➨ 25 ᅇᅜ⮬⏤ㄽ㢟Ⓨ⾲ࠗ࢜ࣜࣂ࣮࣭࣒࢘ࣜࢯࣥࡢᢈุⓗ᳨ウ-ᶵ ⩏ࡢ┣Ⅼᕷሙࡢኻᩋࡢᢡ-࠘ࢆ㠃ⓗᨵゞࡋࠊᖜ࡞ຍ➹ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ>
From Markets-Hierarchies Approach to
Governance Structure Approach
-Critical Studies about Williamson’s Conversion-
Kiyoshi Yonekawa
In his Markets and Hierarchies (1975), O.E.Williamson advocated the precedence of markets over hierarchies and the interchangeability between them. However, since 1990, he changed his stance; instead of the dichotomy of markets and hierarchies, he adopted a ‘hybrid mode’ of markets and hierarchies on the ground that trades outside the markets have not only an organizational aspect but also the aspect of markets where commodity exchange is conducted. The present writer points out that Williamson’s initial assertion that “hierarchies are essentially different from markets” has been gradually retracted.
The second point: Through trial and error, Williamson, taking the Institutional Environment as a given condition, comes to focus on the discrete structural analysis of the Governance Structure. However, ‘methodological individualism’ and ‘comparative statics ’ , which are cardinal points in Williamson’s governance structure approach, cannot readily cope with rapid innovations and organizational learning, much less a breakthrough to the strategic management.
