博 士 ( 農 学 ) ン デ イ ン デ ン サ 1J ア タ ン ガ
学位論文題名
Analysis of 月カ7n51 ,aDNA Recombinational Repair Geneinthe Rice Blast Fungus
( イ ネ い も ち病 菌の DNA 組換 え修復 遺伝 子Rhm51 の解 析)
学位論文内容の要旨
1. Introduction
Rice Blast Disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating disease of rice world wide. Mutations in avirulence genes have undermined breeding of blast resistance varieties. Mutation and rearrangement in M. oryzae have been shown to drive genetic variation and evolution at the molecular level (Dean et al, 2005). Increases in homologous recombination (HR)‑mediated events (such as unequal sister‑chromatid exchange (SCE) and ectopic HR between non‑allelic DNA fragments) or in end‑joining between non‑homologous DNA fragments can result in gross chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations, duplications, inversions or deletions. The common substrate of these rearrangement events are DNA double‑stranded breaks (DSBs) (Aguilera & Gomez‑Gonzalez, 2008; Agmon et al, 2009).
The overall objective of this study was to assess the role of homologous recombination in the variability and pathogenicity of M. oryzae, specifically, the role of the RAD51 homolog, Rhm51 in this respect. RAD51 is the key recombinational repair protein that forms a nucleoprotein fdament that searches for homologous sequences needed for the repair of DSBs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, human and other eukaryotes.
2. Cloning and sequencing of Rhm51 and analysis of disruption mutants Sequencing and expression analysis showed that Rhm51 is a single copy gene that was constitutively expressed at low levels during the cell‑cycle and at higher levels when the pathogen came in contact with mutagens. Rhm51 was disrupted in two pathogenic strains of M.
oryzae; Ina168 and Ina86‑137. Deletion mutants of Rhm51 (Arhm51) showed reduced mycelial
growth in normal and DNA damaging media. Conidia formation of Arhm51 was reduced by 94
and 51 % to that of Ina168 and Ina86‑137 respectively and conidia were unable to survive in a
0.3 % MMS (methyl methane sulfonate). Virulence assay by spray inoculation demonstrated
that Arhm51 form fewer lesions on compatible rice cultivars compared to wild‑type. This was
mainly because appressoria formation was also reduced in Arhm51 by 41 and 63 % to that of
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Ina168 and Ina86‑137 respectively. These results indicated that Rhm51 is involved in DNA repair, and participates in the growth and pathogenicity development of M. oPyzae.
3. Mechanism of reduced pathogenicity in Arhm51
' In order to understand the mechanisms behind the observed phenotypes, cytological observation of Arhm51 was performed. .
In M. oryzae, the completion of mitosis during germ tube formatjon? nuclei migration into the appressoria and cell death (autophagy) of the germinated spore is necessary for the :infection‑related morphogenesis: Therefore nuclei of wild type and mutant strains were stained with DAPI (4', 6‑diamidino‑2‑phenylindole), after appressoria formation 24 hours post inoculation (hpi). In Arhm51 mutant, nuclei were still present in the conidia, in contrast to the wild type conidia in which no nucleus was detected. The result showed that autophagy of the conidia during pathogenicity development was inhibited in Arhm51. .
Inhibition of autophagy in Arhm51 raised the question whether cell‑cycle progression was normal or not in other cells. Nuclei distribution and septation was studied by fluorescent microscopy. Propidium iodide (PD and calcofluor white (CW) were used for the staining of nuclei and septa, respectively. The nuclei in wild‑type were dist:inct, compact and brightly coloured demonstrating mitotic nucleiwhereas those in Arhm51 were not distinct, smeared‑like appearance. Septum formation was delayed in Arhm51, as only one basal septum was formed compared to three in wild‑type 10 hpi.
DSBs, which occur frequently during cell growth, are the substrates of HR repair events.
Their accurate repa:ir is critical for cell‑cycle progression. DSBs quantified by the neutral comet assay were significantly high in Arhm51 as estimated from the tail moment and the amount of DNAin comet tail compared to wild‑type where DSBs were absent. These results indicated that cell cycle was arrested in Arhin51 mutants; probably due to the cell cycle checkpoint system that was induced by DSBs that occurred during the growth.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are important signal molecules for growth and the pathogenicity‑related morphogenesis of M. oryzae, are candidates for the cause of DSBs.
Therefore ROS production was quantified using p‑Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) staining.
Arhm51 showed low levels of ROS production compared to wild type in vegetative hyphae and appressoria. This may indicate the existence of a negative controlling mechanism of ROS production, which is mediated by unrepaired DSBs.
4. Conclusion
This study is the first to demonstrate the participation of the key HR repair gene, Rhm51 to growth and pathogenicity of M. oryzae mainly by assuring the accurate repair of DSBs In addition the study has demonstrated the link between HR repair, ROS production, autophagy, nuclei distribution and septation in filamentous fungi. These results showed that target
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inhibition of Rhm51 might be beneficial not only in controlling rice blast disease but fungal diseases of importance to plant and human.
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学位論文審査の要旨
主 査 准 教 授 曾 根 輝 雄 副 査 教 授 浅 野 行 蔵 副 査 教 授 橋 床 泰 之 副 査 客 員 教 授 鎌 形 洋 一 副 査特任 准教授田中みち子
学位論文題名
Analysis of Rh7n51 , aDNA Recombinational Repair Geneln the Rice Blast Fungus
(イネいもち病菌のDNA 組換え修復遺伝子Rhm51 の解析)
・ 本 論 文 は , 英 文
142
頁 , 図28
, 表4
,6
章 か ら な り , 参 考 論 文3
編 が 付 さ れ て い る .イネい もち病 はイネい もち病菌
cVagnaporthe oryzae
の感染によって発生する,イネの最重 要 病害 の1
つで あ る.いも ち病菌 の非病原 性遺伝 子の変異 は,い もち病抵 抗性イネ 品種を 無 カ化し てしまう .いも ち病菌に おいて ,突然変 異や染 色体再編 成は遺伝 子の多 様化や進化を も た ら し て い る . 不 等 姉 妹 染 色 分 体 交 換 や 非 対 立 遺 伝 子 間 の 相 同 組 換 え(homologous recombination
;HR)や非相同末端再結合(nonーhom010gousendjoining;NHEJ)等が染色体再編成 の要因 と考えら れるが ,これらの共通の開始点はDNAの2
重鎖切断(doublestrandbreak:DSB
) である .本研究 の目的 はいもち 病菌の 可変性や 病原性 に於ける 相同組換 えの役 割,特に酵母 凡4D5|のいも ち病菌 ホモ口グ であるR
轟mW
の 役割を 明らかに すること である .凡4D5Jは酵母 駈cc轟ロ′0
刪c館ce′evむfロ8,ヒトやその他の真核生物において,DSBの相同組換え修復に必須で あ り, 一 本 鎖DNAと 複合体 フィラメ ントを形 成し相 同配列を 探索す るという 中心的 な役割を 果たす蛋白質である,1
.R
轟朋1鉗遺伝子のクローニングと破壊株の性質R
カmH遺 伝子 は ゲノ ム配列 情報から クローニ ングさ れ,変異 源の処 理によっ てその 転写が強 く誘導 されるこ とがわ からた.R
轟mW
遺伝子破 壊株Ina168幺′カmM及びIna86ー137
ロめmHを作 成した .これら の遺伝 子破壊株 は生育 速度の低 下,分 生子の形 成量の低 下,相 同組換え能の―292 ‑
欠如 が確認さ れた. イネに対 する接種 試験で は,病斑 の形成 は認めら れ病原性は保持してい たが ,その病 斑数に 顕著な減 少が見ら れた. この病斑 数の減 少は欠失 変異株の付着器形成が 低 下 した こ と によ る と 考え ら れ た. 以上の ことか ら,Rhm51はイネ いもち病 菌の