ⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡢኚࡘ࠸࡚
ᐑ⭜ ᏹ⨾
㸨せ ᪨ ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊᩍ⫋࣭ಖ⫱⫋ࢆᚿᮃࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࠊ/ l /ࠊ/ r /ࠊ/ ð /ࠊ/ ȟ /ࠊ/ s /ࠊ/ v /ࠊ/ f /ࠊ/ t /ࠊ/ p /ࡢⓎ㡢᪉ἲࢆ⥅⥆ⓗ ᩍ࠼ࡿࡶࠊⱥㄒࡢḷࢆ࠸࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞᙜึⱥㄒ⮬య࣐ࢼࢫ࣓࣮ࢪࢆࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ Ꮫ⏕ࡢⱥㄒࡢ༳㇟ࡢኚࠊⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢࠾ࡼࡧⱥㄒ⮬యࡢ⮬ಙࡢኚࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⱥㄒࡢⓎ 㡢࠾ࡼࡧḷࡢ⦎⩦ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⾜ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ⮬ಙ࠾ࡼࡧⱥㄒ⮬యࡢ⮬ಙࡀୖ᪼ࡋࡓࡶࠊᏛ⏕ࡢⱥㄒ ⮬యࡢ༳㇟ࡀ࣏ࢪࢸࣈኚࡋࡓࡇࡀㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥㄒࡢᩥ❶ࡋ࡚⮬↛࡞࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡀ࡛ ࡁࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᮁㄞ➼ࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇࡼࡾࠊᏛ⏕ࡢពḧࢆ㧗ࡵ࡞ࡀࡽᏛ⩦࡛ࡁࡿ᪉ἲࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿࡶࠊᑠᏛᰯᩍㅍࢆ┠ ᣦࡍᏛ⏕ᑐࡋ࡚ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ᣦᑟࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊ⌧ሙᣦᑟࢆ┠ᶆࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡢⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙቑຍࡢ᪉ἲࢆᶍ⣴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁ ࡓ࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋ ࣮࣮࢟࣡ࢻ㸸ⱥㄒࠊⓎ㡢ࠊⱥㄒᩍ⫱ Ϩ㸬◊✲ࡢ⫼ᬒ┠ⓗ ᑠᏛᰯⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡣࡁ࡞㌿ᮇࢆ㏄࠼ࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ 2020 ᖺࡢᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿㠃ᐇక࠸ࠊᑠᏛᰯ 5ࠊ 6ᖺ⏕࡛ࡣⱥㄒࡀᩍ⛉ࡋ࡚㐌2ᅇࠊᖺ㛫70㛫⛬ࠊ 3ࠊ4 ᖺ⏕࡛ᖺ㛫 35 㛫⛬ࡢእᅜㄒάືࡀ⾜࡞ࢃࢀ ࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬,2017;㊊❧,2018㸧ࠋእᅜ ㄒάືࡋ࡚ጞࡲࡗࡓᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࡢⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡣࠊࢤ࣮ ࣒ࡸḷ➼ࢆ࠸ࠊᴦࡋࡃⱥㄒゐࢀࡿࡇࡼࡾ୰ Ꮫᰯࡽࡢⱥㄒ᎘࠸ࢆ࡞ࡃࡍ┠ⓗࡶྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠋࡋ ࡋᅇࡢᨵゞࡼࡾఱࡶศࡽ࡞࠸Ꮚ౪ࡓࡕࡀࠊ ࠶ࡲࡾ⮬ಙࡢ࡞࠸ඛ⏕ࡽ୰Ꮫ⏕ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢⱥㄒࢆ⩦ ࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊ୰Ꮫ㐍ࡴ㡭ࡣⱥㄒ᎘࠸࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ ඣ❺ࡀࡼࡾቑ࠼ࡿᠱᛕࡀ࠶ࡿ㫽㣫Ặࡣ㆙㚝ࢆ㬆 ࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㫽㣫,2016㸧ࠋᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ࡽฟࡉࢀࡓ ⌧ⱥㄒᩍᮦ࡛࠶ࡿ Let̓s try! ࡸ We Can! ࡽࡣࠊ๓ ⱥㄒᩍᮦ࡛࠶ࡿ 5ࠊ6 ᖺ⏕ྥࡅࡢ Hi friends!ࡼࡾ㐶 㞴ࡋ࠸ෆᐜグ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺༳㇟ࢆ➹⪅ࡣཷ ࡅࡓࠋᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࡢⱥㄒᤵᴗࡀ㞴ࡋࡃ࡞ࡿక࠸ࠊᮾ ிᏛⱁᏛࡢࠕⱥㄒᩍဨࡢⱥㄒຊ࣭ᣦᑟຊᙉࡢࡓ ࡵࡢㄪᰝ◊✲ᴗࠖ㸦2017㸧ࡣࠊ⌧ᑠᏛᰯᩍဨồ ࡵࡽࢀࡿⱥㄒ⬟ຊࡋ࡚ࠊⱥ᳨ 2 ⣭⛬ᗘࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠾ ࡾࠊ≉ࡇࢀࡽᩍဨ࡞ࡿᏛ⏕➼ࡢ㣴ᡂẁ㝵 ࠾࠸࡚┠ᶆࡍࡿⱥㄒຊࡢᣦᶆࡋ࡚ࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋྠ㈨ᩱࡣࠊᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࡀⱥㄒࢆᩍ࠼ࡿୖ࡛ࡢ ㈨㉁⬟ຊࡢ୍ࡘࡋ࡚ࠊⓎ㡢ࡸᙉໃ࣭ࣜࢬ࣒࣭ࣥ ࢺࢿ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࢆព㆑ࡋࡓⓎヰ⬟ຊࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 㸦ఀ⸨,2018㸧ࠋࡋࡋࠊ2010 ᖺ࣋ࢿࢵࢭࡀ⾜࡞ࡗ ࡓᑠᏛᰯ࠾ࡅࡿⱥㄒάືᑐࡍࡿព㆑ㄪᰝࡣࠊ ᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࡣእᅜㄒάືࡢᤵᴗ⮬ಙࡀ࡞ࡃࠊᩍဨ ࡢⱥㄒຊࢆㄢ㢟ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽࡉࢀ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ᭦ࠊⱥㄒ◊ಟ㛵ࡋ࡚⌧⫋ࡢᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࡣࠊ ⱥㄒຊࡢྥୖࡸࢡࣛࢫ࣮࣒ࣝࣥࢢࣜࢵࢩࣗ㛵ࡍ ࡿࡇ➼ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋ࠸ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶ᫂ࡽ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(2011,࣋ࢿࢵࢭ)ࠋ୍᪉࡛ࠊಖㆤ⪅ࡣ እᅜㄒάືࢆ㏻ࡋඣ❺ࡀⱥㄒᑐࡍࡿᢠឤࢆ࡞ࡃ ࡋࠊⱥㄒࡢ㡢ࡸࣜࢬ࣒័ࢀࠊ⪺࠸ࡓࡾヰࡋࡓࡾࡍ ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡇࢆᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡀศࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠊᩍဨࡢᣦᑟຊ㊊Ᏻࢆឤࡌ ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡶሗ࿌ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(࣋ࢿࢵࢭ,2006:ྡ⏿ ┠,2014)ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᚋᑠᏛᰯᩍဨ࡞ࡿᏛ⏕ 㸨 ᒸᓮዪᏊᏛ
ࢆ㣴ᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡃୖ࡛ࠊⱥㄒຊ࡛ࡣ≉Ⓨ㡢ࡢྥୖ࠾ࡼ ࡧ⮬ಙࢆࡘࡅࡉࡏࡿࡇࡀษ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊᒸᓮዪᏊᏛᏊࡶᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊ࡢᏛ⏕ࢆ ᑐ㇟⾜࡞࠺ࠋᏛ⏕ࡣᑠᏛᰯᩍㅍࠊᗂ⛶ᅬᩍㅍࠊ ಖ⫱⫋ࢆ┠ᣦࡍᏛ⏕࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉ⱥㄒࡀዲࡁࠊⱥㄒ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᏛ⏕ࡀᣦᑟ⪅࡞ࡗ ࡓ㝿ࠊᑡࡋ࡛ࡶ⮬ಙࢆࡶࡗ࡚ⱥㄒࢆ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡿࡓࡵࡣࠊࡶࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࢆࡼࡾ ࡁࡃࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᩍ⫱⫋ࡸಖ⫱⫋ ࢆ┠ᣦࡍᏛ⏕ࡀḷࢆ࠸ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࢆ▹ṇࡍࡿࡇ ࡛ࠊⓎ㡢⮬ಙࢆࡶࡕࠊ⮬㌟ࡢⱥㄒ⮬యࡢ⮬ಙࡘ ࡞ࡀࡿࡘ࠸࡚◊✲ࡍࡿࠋ ϩ㸬ඛ⾜◊✲ࡢࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ 㸯㸬ⱥㄒᤵᴗࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ ᅜ❧ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤࡀ 2015 ᖺᗘࡽ 2016 ᖺ⾜ ࡞ࡗࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡣࠊ⮬ಙࢆᣢࡗ࡚ᣦᑟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᑠ Ꮫᰯᩍဨࡣయࡢ 34%࡛ࠊⱥㄒࡀⱞᡭ࡛࠶ࡿឤࡌ࡞ ࡀࡽᤵᴗࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡀ 67%࠸ࡿ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (ᅜ❧ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤ,2016)ࠋࡲࡓࠊ2018 ᖺᗘᒣෆ సࡀ⾜࡞ࡗࡓㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊ⌧⫋ᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࡢⱥㄒࡢ 4 㡿ᇦ㸦ㄞࡴ࣭᭩ࡃ࣭⪺ࡃ࣭ヰࡍ㸧࠾ࡅࡿ⮬ᕫホ౯ㄪ ᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ࡚ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡛ᗏୖࡆࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃ᐹࡋ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᭦ࠊᏛ⏕ࡢⱥㄒࡢ⮬ᕫホ౯ࡘ࠸࡚㊊❧ ࡀ 2018 ᖺ⾜࡞ࡗࡓㄪᰝࡣࠊᑠᏛᰯᩍဨ㣴ᡂㄢ⛬ࡢ Ꮫ⏕ࡣࠊᏛ࡛ᤵᴗࢆཷࡅࡓᚋ࡛ࡶእᅜㄒάື࣭ⱥ ㄒάືᑐࡋ࡚Ᏻࡀṧࡿ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ≉ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ᑐࡍࡿᏳࡀࡁࡃࠊࡑࡢཎ ᅉࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ▷࠸ᮇ㛫ࡔࡅ࡛ㄽ⌮ⓗᤵᴗࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚Ⓨ 㡢ࡢຮᙉࢆ⾜࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ㌟࡞࠸ࡽ࠸࠺ពぢࡀ ከࡗࡓ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㊊❧,2018㸧ࠋྠࡌࡼ࠺ࠊ 2014ᖺᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࢆᚿᮃࡍࡿᏛ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟ྡ⏿┠ ࡀ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࡣࠊᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࢆ ᚿᮃࡍࡿ⌧ᙺᏛ⏕ࡣᑠᏛᰯ࠾ࡅࡿⱥㄒάືࡢᐇ㊶ ࢆᴦࡋࡳឤࡌ࡚ࡣ࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡁ࡞Ᏻࡶᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡣࠊⱥㄒ࡛ࡢࢥ࣑ࣗ ࢽࢣ࣮ࢩࣙࣥ⬟ຊࠊࢫࣆ࣮࢟ࣥࢢ⬟ຊ࠾ࡼࡧⓎ㡢ࡀ㔜 せ࡛࠶ࡿ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠊⱥㄒ 4 ᢏ⬟ 㸦ㄞࡴ࣭᭩ࡃ࣭⪺ࡃ࣭ヰࡍ㸧ࡢྥୖ࠾ࡼࡧⓎ㡢ࢆᏛࡪ ࡇࢆᙉࡃᮃࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࡇࡀ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (ྡ⏿┠ࠊ 2014)ࠋᮌཎ(2017)ࡣࠊ2014 ᖺᑠᏛᰯᩍဨᚿᮃࡢᏛ⏕ 100 ྡᑐࡋࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓ⤖ᯝࠊᏛ⏕ ࡓࡕࡀⱥㄒࢆᩍ࠼ࡿ࠶ࡓࡾᏳឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢຊࡀ㊊Ⓨ㡢⮬ಙࡀ࡞࠸ࡇࡀ㏙ ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮌཎࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽⱞᡭព㆑ࡢඞ᭹ࠊ≉ Ⓨ㡢ࡢඞ᭹ࡀⱥㄒࢆヰࡍ⮬ಙ࠾ࡼࡧⱥㄒࢆᩍ࠼ࡿ⮬ ಙࡘ࡞ࡀࡿㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ᮌཎ,2017㸧ࠋಛ㔝(2017) ࡣࠊ⌧⫋ᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࡢⱥㄒ㡢ኌࡿ▱㆑㊊ࡀ Ᏻࡘ࡞ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࢆⓎぢࡋࠊⱥㄒⓎ㡢 㛵ࡍࡿ࣮࣡ࢡࢩࣙࢵࣉࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࡇࢁࠊⱥㄒຊࡸᣦ ᑟຊࡀྥୖࡋࡓ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡀฟࡓࡇࢆ᫂ࡽࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ 㸰㸬Ⓨ㡢ᣦᑟࡘ࠸࡚ ㊊❧㸦2018㸧ࡢㄪᰝࡼࡿࠊ2017 ᖺᮾᑠᕝ ࡀᏊࡶྥࡅࡢᕷ㈍ࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆࠊDVD ࢆ⏝ࡋ ࡚Ꮫ⏕ど⫈ࡉࡏࡓࡸࠊ2016 ᖺ⏣㎶ࡀ࢙࢘ࣈ ࡼࡿᏛ⩦ࠊⱥㄒ࢝ࣇ࢙ࠊᶍᨃ␃Ꮫࠊ▷ᮇ␃Ꮫࡼ ࡿᏛ⩦ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏣㎶ࡢ◊✲ࡢ⤖ ᯝ࡛ࡣࠊⱥㄒᑐࡍࡿᏳࡀⱝᖸ㍍ῶࡉࢀࠊ᭱ࡶຠ ᯝࡀ㧗ࡗࡓࡢࡣᶍᨃ␃Ꮫ㸦ⱥㄒྜᐟ㸧ᾏእ◊ಟ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡀ㏙ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦㊊❧ࠊ2018㸧ࠋ㊊❧ 㸦2017㸧ࡣࠊ࢜ࣜࣗࢺ࣑࣮ࢆά⏝ࡋࠊⱥㄒࡢ㡢ࢆ ࢪ࢙ࢫࢳ࣮ࣕࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚యయ࡛య㦂ࡍࡿࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୰ෆ⏣ᔱࡣࠊ2017 ᖺࣇ࢛ࢽࢵࢡ ࢫࡢᏛ⩦ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ⦎⩦ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓ ࡇࢁࠊ90㸣㏆࠸Ꮫ⏕ຠᯝࡀ⌧ࢀࡓ࠶ࡿࠋ∾㔝ࡣ 2013 ᖺࠊⱥㄒࡢḷࡼࡗ࡚Ⓨ㡢ࡢ⦎⩦ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ Ꮫ⏕ࡢࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⤖ᯝࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢḷࢆḷ࠺ࡇࡣ Ⓨ㡢⦎⩦ࡢࡓࡵⰋ࠸ᐇឤࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ㏙ࡽ ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ(∾㔝,2013)ࠋࡲࡓࠊ∾㔝ࡣࠊᡭ㙾ࢆࡗ࡚ ⮬ศࡢཱྀࡢᙧࢆぢࡓࡾࠊᦠᖏ࣓࡛࢝ࣛ⮬ศࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ ᪉ࢆᙳࡋࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ⮬ศࡢⓎ㡢᪉ἲࢆ⮬ ᕫホ౯ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⾜࡞࠺᪉ἲࢆヨࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᯇᾆ(2015) ࡣࠊᗙᖍ㡰ࢥ࣐࣭ࣥࣆࣜ࢜ࢻ࡛᭰ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽㄞࡳ 㐍ࡵࡿࠕศࡕㄞࡳࠖࢆ࠸ࠊⓎኌࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ⱥㄒࡢ Ⓨ㡢ࢆ⦎⩦ࡍࡿࡸࡾ᪉ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ᳜ᯇ(2017)ࡣࠊࠕ ࡾ⠂ࠖࢆࡗཱྀ࡚ࡢ୰ࡢࡢ㒊ศࢆ⯉࡛࠺ࠊ ࡵࡿࠊࡲࡓ၁ࡢჶࡳ᪉ࢆᣦᑟࡍࡿࡇࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚Ⓨ 㡢ࡢ⦎⩦ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 㸱㸬᪥ᮏேࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡘ࠸࡚ ᪥ᮏேࡢ≉ᚩⓗ࡞ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊGreer (2004)ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ᪥ᮏேࡢ⏕ᚐࡣẕᅜㄒᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ ゝⴥࢆⓎ㡢ࡍࡿࡇၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ≉/ r // l /ࡢ㐪 ࠸ࡣ᭱ࡶ㢧ⴭ࡞ࡢ 1 ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Howng Sato(2015)ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏேࡣࠊ/ v /ࠊ/ l /ࠊ/ r /ࠊ /ȟ/ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᏊ㡢ࡢⓎ㡢ᆺⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋHrysyzen(2015)ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏேᏛ⩦⪅ࡣࠊ/ r
// l /ࢆ⨨ࡋ࡚Ⓨ㡢ࡋࠊ/ v /㡢ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒࡢ㡢ࡋ࡚ Ꮡᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ/ b /ࡢⓎ㡢⨨ࡁ࠼ࡿࡇࡀࡼࡃ ࠶ࡿㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋUtsunomiya & Yoshimura (2015) ࡣࠊከࡃࡢⱥㄒࡢ㡢⣲ࡣ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛Ꮡᅾࡏࡎࠊ/ l /ࡸ/ r /ࠊ / s /ࠊ/ ݕ /ࠊ/ ș /࡞ࡢ㡢⣲ࡢⓎ㡢ᅔ㞴ࡀ࠶ࡿ㏙ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋⳢ㸦2004㸧ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏேᏛ⩦⪅ࡗ࡚ࠊ/ r // l /ࡀࠊ/ b // v /ࠊ/ s // ș /ࡢ༊ูࡼࡾ㞴ࡋ࠸ ࠸࠺ࡇࢆ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠊ/ r // l /ࠊ/ v // b /ࠊ/ s / / ș /ࡣ⪺ࡁศࡅࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿᆺⓗ࡞࡛࠶ࡿ ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋὠ⇃㸦2005㸧ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡢ㡢ࢆ᪥ᮏேࡀ ⪺࠸ࡓΰࡍࡿᏊ㡢ࡢ✀㢮ࡋ࡚ࠊ/ r /ࠊ/ l /ࠊ/ f /ࠊ/ v /ࠊ/ ș /ࠊ/ ð /➼ࢆᣲࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➉㸦1981㸧ࡀ⾜ ࡞ࡗࡓᐇ㦂࡛ࡣ/ s /ࠊ/ z /ࡢ㡢ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏேࡢ⪥ࡣࠊ ࡑࢀࡒࢀ/ t /ࠊ/ d /㏆࠸㡢⫈ࡇ࠼ࡿ࠸࠺ࡇࡀ ุ᫂ࡋࡓグࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ/ v /ࡀ/ b /ࠊ/ f / ࡀ/ h /ࠊ/ r /ࡀ/ l /㏆࠸᪥ᮏேࡣ⫈ࡇ࠼ࡿࡇ ࡶ ᫂ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ㏙ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ (Takebayashi,1970)ࠋ 㸲㸬ḷࢆࡗࡓⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢▹ṇࡘ࠸࡚ Engh(2013)ࡣࠊⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢⅭࡢ㡢ᴦḷࡢ⏝ࡣ ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ1962 ᖺࡽ Bartle ࡼࡾ◊✲ ࡀጞࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓᩘࠎࡢᾏ እࡢ◊✲⤖ᯝࡢࡢ 1 ࡘࡋ࡚ࠊStanculea(2015)ࡣࠊ ḷࡣᵝࠎ࡞Ⓨ㡢ࢆ⦎⩦ࡍࡿⅭ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠊ ⱥㄒࡢゝⴥࡢ⦎⩦ࡸࢫࣆ࣮ࢳࡢ⦎⩦ࡶ⏝ࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋYang(2011)ࡣࠊ㡢ᴦゝ ㄒ⩦ᚓࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚⾜࡞ࢃࢀࡓࢇࡢ◊✲ ࡀࠊ㡢ᴦࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ⱥㄒࢆᩍ࠼ࡿࡇࡣከࡃᏛࡧࡀ ࠶ࡿ࠸࠺⤖ㄽࢆᑟ࠸࡚࠾ࡾࠊⱥㄒᩍ⫱࡛㡢ᴦࢆ ⏝ࡍࡿࡇࡣࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸᪉ἲㄽ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊゝㄒ⩦ᚓࢆ ᐜ᫆ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᙉຊ࡞ࢶ࣮࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Ꮫࡢᤵᴗ࠾ࡅࡿⱥㄒࡢḷࡢ⏝ࡘ࠸࡚ Shen (2009)ࡣࠊᤵᴗ⮬యࡢຠᯝࢆ㧗ࡵࡓࡾᙉࡵࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋSetia, Rahim, Nair, Husin, Sabapathy & Mohamad(2012) ࡣࠊḷࡢᤵᴗ࡛ࡢ⏝ࡣࠊ ⱥㄒࡢ⌮ゎࢆຓࡅࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊⱥㄒᏛ⩦ࡢ⯆ ࢆ่⃭ࡋࠊ㧗ࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿୖࠊᏛ⏕ࡢⱥㄒ ࡢ⮬ಙࡸᏛ⩦ຠᯝࢆ㧗ࡵࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿグࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᤵᴗ୰㡢ᴦࢆ⏝ࡍࡿࠊ᭤ࡼࡗ ࡚ࡣࠊᤵᴗࡀࢀࡿሙྜࡀ࠶ࡿⅭࠊ⏝ࡍࡿḷࢆṇ ࡋࡃ㑅ᢥࡍࡿࡇࡀᣦᑟࢆᡂຌࡉࡏࡿࡓࡵࡣྍ Ḟ࡛࠶ࡿὀពࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Yang,2011)ࠋTuan(2010)ࡣࠊ ḷࡣࠊゝㄒᏛ⩦ࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ⪅ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᏛ ⩦⪅యࡢ㌟యⓗ࠾ࡼࡧ⢭⚄ⓗⓎ㐩ࢆᨭࡍࡿ᭱ࡶ ౯್ࡢ࠶ࡿᩍ⫱ࢶ࣮ࣝ࡞ࡾࠊ≉ᗂඣࡣຠᯝࡀ ࡁ࠸㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣ≉∾㔝(2013)ࡀⱥㄒࡢḷ㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ ࢆࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊⱥㄒࡢḷࡢୖ㐩ࡣࠊⱥㄒ⊂⮬ࡢࣜࢬ ࣒ࡸ㡢ࡢࡘ࡞ࡀࡾ࡞ࡢ⌮ゎࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᴦࡋ ࡳ࡞ࡀࡽ⦎⩦ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿⅬࡀ࠶ࡿ㏙࡚ ࠾ࡾࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᏛ⏕ࡶḷࢆࡗࡓⱥㄒࡢୖ㐩ࡣぢ㎸ ࡲࢀࡿ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࢆฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Ϫ㸬ᑐ㇟᪉ἲ 㸯㸬ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡣࠊᒸᓮዪᏊᏛᏊࡶᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊Ꮚࡶ ᩍ⫱Ꮫ⛉ 1 ᖺ⏕ⱥㄒϨཷㅮ⪅ 37 ྡ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋㄪᰝᮇ 㛫ࡣᖹᡂ 31 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࠥ7 ᭶ࡢ 4 ࣨ᭶㛫࡛ࠊ◊✲᪉ἲ ࡋ࡚ࠊ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ ㄪᰝෆᐜࡣࠊ(1)ᑗ᮶ᕼᮃ⫋✀ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ(2)ⱥㄒ ࡢ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ(3)ⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ(4)ⱥㄒ ࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ(5)ⱥㄒࡢḷࡣዲࡁ࡛ࡍ 㸽(6)ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࢆୖ㐩ࡉࡏࡓ࠸࡛ࡍ㸽(7)⮬⏤ グ㏙ࡢ 7 㡯┠࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㉁ၥㄪᰝ㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᒸ ᓮዪᏊᏛ࣭▷ᮇᏛ◊✲⌮ጤဨ࡚ᑂᰝࡢୖ ᢎㄆࢆ࠺ࡅࡓࠋ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࢆጞࡵࡿ๓ࠊᨵࡵ࡚ᮏ ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗࢆఏ࠼ࠊㄪᰝࡢ༠ຊ࠾ࡼࡧᮏ◊✲ࡢㄽᩥ ෆᐜබ㛤ࡘ࠸࡚ྠពࢆᚓࡓࠋ ㉁ၥ⣬ㄪᰝࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞ㸦2 ᅇ┠㸧ࠊᤵᴗ⤊ (14 ᅇ┠)ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࡞࠸ࠊࡑࡢᕪࡘ࠸࡚ẚ㍑᳨ウ ࡋࡓࠋ 㸰㸬ᐇ㦂᪉ἲ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ/ l /ࠊ/ r /ࠊ/ ð /ࠊ/ ȟ /ࠊ/ s /ࠊ/ v /ࠊ/ f /ࠊ/ t /ࠊ/ p /ࡢ㡢ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊᏛ⏕ࡀ 10 ᅇࡢᤵᴗࢆ㏻ࡋ ࡚ṇࡋ࠸Ⓨ㡢ࢆ⌮ゎࡋⓎ㡢ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡼ࠺ࠊ 1 ᅇࡢᤵᴗ࡛ 1 ࡘࡢ㡢ࡢ⦎⩦ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍ᗘ⩦ࡗ ࡓⓎ㡢ࡣࠊḟࡢ㐌ࡶ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⦎⩦ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊ/ l /ࡸ / r /ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ 10 㐌㛫⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⦎⩦ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁࡓࠋⓎ㡢ࡢ☜ㄆࢆࡍࡿⅭࠊL ࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ㝿ࡣ ࡾ⠂ࠊR ࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ㝿ࡣ⣒ࢆ⏝࠸࡚⮬ᕫࡢ⯉ࡢ ⨨ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࠊṇࡋ࠸⯉ࠊཱྀࡢ࠸᪉ࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋ
⾲ 1 Ⓨ㡢⦎⩦ࢫࢣࢪ࣮ࣗࣝ ᪂ࡋࡃ⩦ࡗࡓ Ⓨ㡢ࡢ✀㢮 ᪉ἲ 1 ➨ 3 㐌 / l / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ࠊ ࡾ⠂ 2 ➨ 4 㐌 / r / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ࠊ ⣒ 3 ➨ 5 㐌 / ð / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ 4 ➨ 6 㐌 / ȟ / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ 5 ➨ 7 㐌 / v / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ 6 ➨ 9 㐌 / f / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ 7 ➨10㐌 / t / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ 8 ➨11㐌 / p / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ ࢸࢵࢩࣗ ࣮࣌ࣃ࣮ 9 ➨12㐌 / s / ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ 10 ➨13㐌 ࡞ࡋ ⏬ീࠊᶍ⠊ 㸱㸬Ⓨ㡢▹ṇ᪉ἲࡘ࠸࡚ ࣅࢪࣗࣝࡸᶍೌࢆ⏝࠸࡚Ⓨ㡢ࡢ᪉ࢆᩍ࠼ࡿࡔ ࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ≉Ⓨ㡢ࡀᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿ / r /ࡸ/ l /ࡘ࠸࡚ ࡣࠊࡾ⠂ࡸ⣒ࢆ࠸⯉ࡢ⨨ࡸཱྀࡢᙧ࡞ࢆ☜ㄆ ࡋࡓࠋ/ r /ࡢⓎ㡢ࡣ⯉࡛⣒ࢆᘬࡃࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠺ ࠊ/ r /ࡢཱྀࡢᙧࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿ࠺ࡢ☜ㄆࢆ⾜ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ/ l /ࡣࡾ⠂ࢆ๓ṑࡢᙜ࡚ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊⓎ 㡢ࢆࡍࡿ㝿⯉ࢆᙜ࡚ࡿሙᡤࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࠋⓎ㡢Ꮫ⩦ ᚋࡢ࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡋ࡚ࠊ༢ㄒࡢⓎ㡢⦎⩦ḷࡢ⦎ ⩦ࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋᮏᏛᏛ⏕ࡣࠊಖ⫱⪅ࠊᩍ⫱⪅ࢆ┠ᣦ ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⏕࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡽࠊᏊࡶྥࡅࡢḷࡢ୍ ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿࢻ࣑ࣞࡢḷ࠾ࡼࡧ࢚࣮ࢹࣝ࣡ࢫࢆ㑅ᢥࡋ ࡓࠋ᪥ᮏㄒ࡛ࡣ᪤ḷ࠺ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿḷࢆࠊⱥㄒ࡛ ༢ḷ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃⓎ㡢Ẽࢆࡘࡅ࡚ḷ࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊ ᮏ᮶Ⓨ㡢ࢆⱞᡭ⪃࠼ࡿᏛ⏕ࡶḷࢆ⏝࠸࡚ᴦࡋࡃⓎ 㡢ࢆ⦎⩦ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ⪃࠼ࡓࠋ ϫ㸬ㄪᰝ⤖ᯝ 㸯㸬ศᯒ᪉ἲ ㉁ၥ㡯┠ 6 㡯┠ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢆ 4 ࡘศࡅࠊ 1ࠥ4 ⅬᚓⅬࢆࡋࡓࠋᖹᆒ್࠾ࡼࡧᶆ‽೫ᕪࢆ ⟬ฟࡋࡓࡇࢁࠊ࡚ࡢ㡯┠࡛ศᩓࡀ➼ࡋࡃ࡞࠸ ࠸࠺⤖ᯝࡀฟࡓⅭࠊศᩓࡀ➼ࡋࡃ࡞࠸௬ᐃࡋࡓ 2 ᶆᮏࡼࡿ t ᳨ᐃࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 㸰㸬㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡈࡢᅇ⟅⤖ᯝ㸦Q 㸧 㸰㸫㸯㸬ᑗ᮶ᕼᮃ⫋✀ࡘ࠸࡚ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ㸦2 ᅇ┠㸧ࡢᑗ᮶ᕼᮃ⫋✀ࡣࠊಖ⫱ኈ ࡀ 51㸣ࠊᗂ⛶ᅬᩍㅍࡀ 33%ࠊᑠᏛᰯᩍㅍࡀ 9㸣ࠊࡲ ࡔỴࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀ 7㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᤵᴗ⤊(14 ᅇ┠) ࡣࠊಖ⫱ኈࡀ 61㸣ࠊᗂ⛶ᅬᩍㅍࡀ 19㸣ࠊᑠᏛᰯᩍ ㅍࡀ 11㸣ࠊࡲࡔỴࡵ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡀ 9㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ⾲2 ᑗ᮶ࡢᕼᮃ⫋✀ࡘ࠸࡚ 㸣 ಖ⫱ ኈ ᗂ⛶ᅬ ᩍㅍ ᑠᏛ ᰯ ᩍㅍ ᮍᐃ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ 51 33 9 7 ᤵᴗ⤊ 61 19 11 9 㸰㸫㸰㸬ⱥㄒࡢ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ ᤵᴗ⤊ࡢⱥㄒࡢ༳㇟ࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞẚ ዲࡁࡀ 10㸣ࠊࡲ࠶ዲࡁࡀ 29㸣ቑຍࡋࠊ࠶ࡲࡾዲࡁ ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ 19㸣ࠊ᎘࠸ࡀ 22㸣ῶᑡࡋࡓࡶࠊ ᭷ព࡞ᕪࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ ⾲2 ⱥㄒࡢ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ 㸣 ዲ ࡁ ࡲ࠶ዲࡁ ࠶ࡲࡾ ዲࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞ ࠸ ᎘࠸ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ 14 22 43 22 ᤵᴗ⤊ 24 51 24 0 ⾲3 ⱥㄒࡢ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ศᩓࡀ➼ࡋࡃ࡞࠸௬ᐃࡋࡓ2ᶆᮏࡼࡿt᳨ᐃ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ ᤵᴗ⤊ ᖹᆒ 2㻚72972973㻌 2㻌 ศᩓ 0㻚924924925㻌 0㻚5㻌 ほ ᩘ 37㻌 37㻌 t 3㻚718492505㻌 P T t ୧ഃ 0㻚00041563㻌 ᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ P㻨0㻚05㻌 t ቃ⏺್ ୧ഃ 1㻚996564419㻌 㻌 㻌
㸰㸫㸱㸬ⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ ᤵᴗ⤊ࡢⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞẚ ⮬ಙࡣࡲ࠶࠶ࡿࡀ 㸣ࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ 㸣ቑ ࠼ࠊ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ 㸣ῶᑡࡋࡓࡶࠊ᭷ព࡞ᕪ ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ ⾲4 ⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ 㸦㸣㸧 ⮬ಙ ࡀ ࠶ࡿ ⮬ಙࡣ ࡲ࠶ ࠶ࡿ ࠶ࡲࡾ ⮬ಙࡣ ࡞࠸ ⮬ಙࡣ ࡞࠸ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ 0 0 30 70 ᤵᴗ⤊ 0 5 65 30 ⾲5 ⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ศᩓࡀ➼ࡋࡃ࡞࠸௬ᐃࡋࡓ2ᶆᮏࡼࡿt᳨ᐃ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ ᤵᴗ⤊ ᖹᆒ 3㻚702702703㻌 3㻚243243243㻌 ศᩓ 0㻚214714715㻌 0㻚3003003㻌 ほ ᩘ 37㻌 37㻌 t 3㻚894378096㻌 P T t ୧ഃ 0㻚000222417㻌 ᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ P㻨0㻚05 t ቃ⏺್ ୧ഃ 1㻚994437112㻌 㻌 㻌 㸰㸫㸲㸬ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ ᤵᴗ⤊ࡢⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ༳㇟ࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞ ࡽ⮬ಙࡣࡲ࠶࠶ࡿࡀ 㸣ࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ⮬ಙࡀ࡞࠸ࡀ 㸣ቑຍࡋࠊ⮬ಙࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ 㸣ࠊ⮬ಙࡀ࡞࠸ࡀ 㸣 ῶᑡࡋࡓࡶࠊ᭷ព࡞ᕪࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ ⾲6 ⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ 㸦㸣㸧 ⮬ಙࡀ ࠶ࡿ ⮬ಙࡣ ࡲ࠶ ࠶ࡿ ࠶ࡲࡾ ⮬ಙࡣ ࡞࠸ ⮬ಙࡣ ࡞࠸ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ 3 8 27 62 ᤵᴗ⤊ 0 19 57 27 ⾲7 ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ศᩓࡀ➼ࡋࡃ࡞࠸௬ᐃࡋࡓ2ᶆᮏࡼࡿt᳨ᐃ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ ᤵᴗ⤊ ᖹᆒ 3㻚486486486㻌 3㻚081081081㻌 ศᩓ 0㻚59009009㻌 0㻚465465465㻌 ほ ᩘ 37㻌 37㻌 t 2㻚400213362㻌 P T t ୧ഃ 0㻚01900995㻌 ᭷ពᕪ࠶ࡾ P㻨0㻚05㻌 t ቃ⏺್ ୧ഃ 1㻚993943368㻌 㻌 㻌 㸰㸫㸳㸬ⱥㄒࡢḷࡢ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ ⱥㄒࡢḷࡢ༳㇟ࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞࡽ 㸣ቑຍࡋࠊ ࡲ࠶ዲࡁࡀ 㸣ῶᑡࡋࡓࠋ࠶ࡲࡾዲࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ ቑῶࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ᎘࠸ࡣ 㸣ࡢࡲࡲ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡶࠊ ᭷ព࡞ᕪࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ⾲8 ⱥㄒࡢḷࡢ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ 㸦㸣㸧 ዲࡁ ࡲ࠶ ዲࡁ ࠶ࡲࡾ ዲࡁ࡛ࡣ ࡞࠸ ᎘࠸ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ 37 51 11 0 ᤵᴗ⤊ 68 22 11 0 ⾲9 ⱥㄒࡢḷࡢ༳㇟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ ศᩓࡀ➼ࡋࡃ࡞࠸௬ᐃࡋࡓ2ᶆᮏࡼࡿt᳨ᐃ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ ᤵᴗ⤊ ᖹᆒ 1㻚7297297㻌 1㻚4324324㻌 ศᩓ 0㻚4249249㻌 0㻚4744745㻌 ほ ᩘ 37㻌 37㻌 t 1㻚9068456㻌 P T t ୧ഃ 0㻚0605308㻌 ᭷ពᕪ࡞ࡋ P㻨0㻚05㻌 t ቃ⏺್ ୧ഃ 1㻚9934636㻌 㻌 㻌 㸰㸫㸴㸬ⱥㄒୖ㐩㛵ࡍࡿពḧࡘ࠸࡚ ᤵᴗ⤊ࡢⱥㄒୖ㐩㛵ࡍࡿពḧࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞ ࡽୖ㐩ࡉࡏࡓ࠸ࡀ 㸣ቑຍࡋ 㸣࡞ࡾࠊୖ㐩 ࡉࡏࡓ࠸ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࡀ 㸣ῶᑡࡋ 㸣࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
⾲10ⱥㄒୖ㐩㛵ࡍࡿពḧ 㸣 ୖ㐩ࡉࡏࡓ࠸ ୖ㐩ࡉࡏࡓ࠸ ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ ᤵᴗ㛤ጞ 92 8 ᤵᴗ⤊ 100 0 Ϭ㸬⪃ᐹ ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ≉ⱥㄒࡀዲࡁࠊⱥㄒࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸ ࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠊᩍ⫋࣭ಖ⫱⫋ࢆ┠ᣦࡍᏛ⏕ࡀⱥㄒ ࡢḷࢆࡗ࡚Ⓨ㡢ࢆୖ㐩ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊⓎ㡢⮬ಙࢆ ࡶࡕࠊⱥㄒ⮬యࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࡞ࡀࡿ࠺ࢆ᳨ド ࡍࡿࡇࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚ㄪᰝࢆ⾜࡞ࡗࡓࠋⓎ㡢⦎⩦ ࡋ࡚ࠊ/ l /ࠊ/ r /ࠊ/ ð /ࠊ/ ȟ /ࠊ/ s /ࠊ/ v /ࠊ/ f /ࠊ/ t /ࠊ / p /ࡢ㡢ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ1 ᅇࡢᤵᴗࡘࡁ 1 ࡘࡢ㡢ࢆ᪂ࡓ ⩦࠺࠸࠺ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆࡋࠊ୍ᗘ⩦ࡗࡓⓎ㡢ࡣࠊḟ ࡢ㐌௨㝆ࡶ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ⦎⩦ࡋࠊ࡛᭱ 10 㐌㛫ྠࡌⓎ㡢 ࢆ⦎⩦ࡋࡓࠋⓎ㡢⦎⩦ࡢ࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡋ࡚ࠊࢧ࢘ ࣥࢻ࣭࢜ࣈ࣭࣑࣮ࣗࢪࢵࢡࡢࢻ࣑ࣞࡢḷ࢚࣮ࢹࣝ ࣡ࢫࢆ⏝࠸ࡓࠋ ⱥㄒࡢ༳㇟ࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞࡣ᎘࠸ࠊ࠶ࡲࡾዲ ࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠸࠺ࢿ࢞ࢸࣈᅇ⟅ࡀ 65㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢ ࡀࠊᤵᴗ⤊ࡣࠊዲࡁࠊࡲ࠶ዲࡁ࠸࠺࣏ࢪࢸ ࣈᅇ⟅ࡀᤵᴗ⤊ࡣ 75㸣࡞ࡾࠊᏛ⏕ࡢⱥㄒ ࡢ༳㇟ࡀⰋ࠸᪉ྥኚࡋࡓ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣥ ࢣ࣮ࢺ⮬⏤グ㏙ࡣࠊࠕᏛධࡗ࡚ⱥㄒࡢᤵᴗࡀᴦ ࡋࡃ࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠖࠊࠕ㧗ᰯࡢࡼࡾᴦࡋ࠸ࠖࠊࠕ᭱ึࡣ ↛ዲࡁࡌࡷ࡞ࡗࡓࡅࠊ㸦୰␎㸧ዲࡁ࡞ࡾࡲࡋ ࡓࠋⱥㄒࡢḷࡶࡗḷ࠸ࡓ࠸࡛ࡍࠖࠊࠕ࡚ࡶᴦࡋࡃ ⱥㄒࢆຮᙉࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡲ࡛ࡼࡾࡼࡾ ዲࡁ࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠖ࠸࠺ࠊⱥㄒᑐࡍࡿẼᣢࡕࡢ ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ኚࡀ⾲ࢀࡓグ㏙ࡀᩓぢࡉࢀࡓࠋ ⱥㄒࡢ⮬ಙࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞࡽ࠶ࡲࡾ ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ ࠸࠺ ࢿ࢞ࢸࣈ࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀ 100㸣ࠊࡲࡓ⤊ࡶ 95㸣ࢆ ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢿ࢞ࢸࣈᅇ⟅ࡢ୰࡛ࡶ ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ ࡀ㛤ጞࡽ 40㸣ῶᑡࡋࡓࡇࡽࠊ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸୰ ࡶከᑡ࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞ኚࡀ⏕ࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࡇࡀ⪃࠼ ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⮬⏤グ㏙ࡣࠊࠕᤵᴗࡀᴦࡋ࠸ࡢ ࡛๓ࡼࡾⱞᡭព㆑ࡀῶࡾࡲࡋࡓࠖࠊࠕ㧗ᰯࡢⱥㄒ ᑐࡍࡿⱞᡭព㆑ࡀࡁࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ⮬ಙࡀ࡞ ࡗࡓࡅࠊᏛࡢⱥㄒ࡛ḷࢆḷࡗࡓࡾࡍࡿࡇ࡛ ⱥㄒࡢⱞᡭព㆑ࡀᑡࡋࡎࡘ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠖࠊ ࠕዲࡁᚓពࡣࡕࡀ࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊᚓព࡞ࡾࡓ࠸ᛮ࠸ ࡲࡍࠖ࡞ࠊⱞᡭព㆑ࡢඞ᭹ࡸᚓព࡞ࡾࡓ࠸࠸ ࠺Ẽᣢࡕࡢኚࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ༳㇟ࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞ⮬ಙࡀ࠶ࡿࠊ ⮬ಙࡣࡲ࠶࠶ࡿࡀ 11㸣ࡽ 19㸣ቑຍࡋࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ⮬ ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࠊ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ89㸣ࡽ81㸣ῶᑡࡋࡓࠋ ࢿ࢞ࢸࣈᅇ⟅ࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ62㸣ࡽ 27㸣ῶᑡࡋࠊ࠶ࡲࡾ⮬ಙࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ 27㸣ࡽ 57㸣 ቑຍࡋࡓࡇࡽࠊⓎ㡢ࡘ࠸࡚⌮ゎࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࡇ ࡛ࠊ⮬ಙࡀ࡞࠸࡞ࡀࡽࡶከᑡ⮬ಙࡀࡘ࠸ࡓࡇࡀ⪃ ࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⮬⏤グ㏙ࡽࡣࠊࠕࡇࡢᤵᴗ࡛ Ⓨ㡢ࡀࡼࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠖࠊࠕࡲ࡛ࡢⱥㄒࡢᤵᴗࡣⓎ㡢 ࡘ࠸࡚࠶ࡲࡾゐࢀ࡚࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ࡚ࡶᴦࡋࡃᏛ ࡲࡋࡓࠖࠊࠕࡲ࡛࠶ࡲࡾⓎ㡢ࢆࡸࡗࡓࡇࡀ࡞ ࡗࡓࡅࢀࠊࡓࡃࡉࢇࡸࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚ᴦࡋࡗ ࡓ࡛ࡍࠖࠊࠕᴦࡋࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠋḷ࡛Ⓨ㡢ࡀࡼࡃศࡗ ࡚ࡼࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠖ࡞ࠊⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ⌮ゎࠊⓎ㡢 ࡢ⮬ಙࡢኚ࡞㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ ⱥㄒࡢḷࡢ༳㇟ࡣࠊᤵᴗ㛤ጞࡽ᎘࠸࡛࠶ࡿ ࡲࡓࡣ࠶ࡲࡾዲࡁ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ឤࡌ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⏕ࡀᑡ࡞ ࡃࠊඖࠎⱥㄒࡢḷࡢ༳㇟ࡀⰋ࠸Ꮫ⏕ࡢḷࡢᑟධ ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࡀᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞⤖ᯝࢆࡶ ࡓࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡦࡘࡢせᅉ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࣥࢣ࣮ ࢺ⮬⏤グ㏙ࡣࠊࠕḷ࡞ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ࡢ᪉ ࡀศࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡢ࡛Ⰻࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠖࠊࠕḷࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚ᴦ ࡋࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠋⓎ㡢ࡢ⦎⩦ࡀฟ᮶࡚Ⰻࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠖ ࡞ࠊḷࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࡇࡼࡾពḧⓗⓎ㡢ࡢ⦎⩦ ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ᪨ࡢグ㏙ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋ ⱥㄒୖ㐩㛵ࡍࡿពḧࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᤵᴗ⤊ ࡣ 100㸣࡞ࡗࡓࠋḷࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࡇ࡛ⱥㄒࡀᴦࡋ ࠸ឤࡌࡓࡇࡼࡾࠊⱥㄒᑐࡍࡿព㆑ࡀ࣏ࢪ ࢸࣈኚࡋᚋࡢⱥㄒୖ㐩ࡢពḧࡘ࡞ ࡀࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ϭ㸬ࡲࡵᚋࡢㄢ㢟 ᮏ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࢧࣥࣉࣝᩘࡀ 37 ᑡேᩘ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊ Ⓨ㡢ࢆ⦎⩦ࡋࡓࡢࡕ࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࡋ࡚ḷࢆ⏝ࡍ ࡿࡇ࡛ࠊᏛ⏕ࡀⱥㄒᑐࡋ࡚࣏ࢪࢸࣈ࡞༳㇟ࢆ ࡶࡘࠊⱥㄒ࠾ࡼࡧⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢㛵ࡍࡿ⮬ಙࡀ࣏ࢪ ࢸࣈ࡞᪉ྥኚࡍࡿࡇࡀ᫂ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᅇࡣࠊ㡢㝵ࡸࣜࢬ࣒ࡀ࠶ࡿḷࢆ⏝ࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊᩥ❶ ࡋ࡚ࡢࢼࢳࣗࣛࣝ࡞࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇࡀ ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ ࡼࡾᩥ❶ࡋ࡚⮬↛࡞࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺࢆ⾜࠺ࡶ
Ꮫ⏕ࡢពḧྥୖࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࢆ᳨ドࡋࡓ࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ Ꮫ⏕ࡢࣥࢣ࣮ࢺ⮬⏤グ㏙ࠕ㸦┬␎㸧ᤵᴗࢆཷࡅ࡚ ⱥㄒࢆヰࡋࡓ࠸࡚ࡶᛮ࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠖ ࠸࠺ពぢࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡇࡽࠊࡢྎモ⦎⩦ࢆ⾜࡞࠺ ࡇ࡛ࠊⱥㄒࢆヰࡍពḧࡶࡘ࡞ࡆࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࢀ ࡤ⪃࠼ࡿࠋᅇࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊᑐ㇟⪅ࡀᩍ⫋ࢆ┠ᣦ ࡍᏛ⏕ࡀయࡢ 10㸣⛬ᗘࡋ༨ࡵ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᚋࡢㄢ㢟ࡢ 2 ࡘ┠ࡋ࡚ࠊᑠᏛᰯᩍㅍࢆ┠ᣦࡍᏛ⏕ ᑐࡋ࡚ⱥㄒࡢⓎ㡢ᣦᑟࢆ⾜࡞࠺ࡇ࡛ࠊࡼࡾᐇ㊶ ࢆ┠ᶆࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡓࡕࡀ⌧ሙ࡛⮬ಙࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᩍ࠼ࡿ ࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳࢆ⾜࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡁࡓ࠸⪃࠼ࡿࠋ グ ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊᖹᡂ 31 ᖺᗘᒸᓮዪᏊᏛ࣭ᒸᓮዪᏊ▷ ᮇᏛ◊✲⌮ጤဨࡼࡿ◊✲⌮ᑂᰝࡢᢎㄆ 㸦ᢎㄆ␒ྕ 03㸧ࢆཷࡅ࡚ᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ ࣭㊊❧ ᮃ(2017).ࠕᏛᩍ⫋ㄢ⛬࠾ࡅࡿࢥ࢝ࣜ ࣒࢟ࣗࣛࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᐇ㊶◊✲ࠖࠗᒱ㜧⪷ᚨᏛᅬᏛ ᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮⣖せ࠘16 ྕ, pp.161-170. ࣭㊊❧ ᮃ(2018).ࠕᏛᩍ⫋ㄢ⛬࠾ࡅࡿࠕᑠᏛᰯ ࠾ࡅࡿእᅜㄒ࣭ⱥㄒ⛉㛵ࡍࡿᑓ㛛ⓗ㡯ࠖ ࡘ ࠸࡚ࡢ◊✲: ඣ❺ᩥᏛ, ࢤ࣮࣒ࡸⲡࢆ⏝ࡋ࡚ Ꮫ⏕ࡀⱥㄒࢆヰࡍ⮬ಙࢆྥୖࡉࡏࡿࠖࠗᒱ㜧⪷ᚨ ᏛᅬᏛᩍ⫱ᐇ㊶⛉Ꮫ◊✲ࢭࣥࢱ࣮⣖せ࠘17 ྕ, pp.305-312. ࣭᳜ᯇ(2017)ࠕᆅᇦ⯆㐃ᦠࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓㅮ⩏ ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢヨࡳᏛࡢ㛤ᨺᤵᴗㅮᗙ ࣜ࢝ࣞࣥ ࢺᩍ⫱ ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ⱥㄒㅮ⩏ᒎ㛤ࠖࠗṊⶶୣ▷ᮇᏛ ⣖せ࠘ ྕpp.61-63 ࣭ᅜ❧ᩍ⫱ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤ (2016).ࠕᑠᏛᰯⱥㄒᩍ⫱㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ㄪ ᰝ ◊ ✲ [ ᖹ ᡂ 27 ࠥ 28 ᖺ ᗘ ] ࠖ http://www.nier.go.jp/05_kenkyu_seika/pdf_seika/h28a /syocyu-4-1_a.pdf (2018.12.15 ࢡࢭࢫ) ࣭Ⳣ ᗣ♸(2004).ࠕ᪥ᮏே EFL Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢⱥㄒᏊ㡢 ࡢ▱ぬࡘ࠸࡚̿ㄒ㢌Ꮚ㡢ࡢ▱ぬࡢ㞴᫆ᗘ㛵ࡍ ࡿᐇ㦂ࠖࠗእᅜㄒᩍ⫱ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ࠘3 ྕ, pp.17-22. ࣭➉ ᖾኵ(1981)㸬ࠕ᪥ᮏேᏛ⏕ࡢ⡿ㄒ㡢⫈ྲྀࡳ
ࡿ͂Acquired Similarity̓͂Acquired Distinctiveness̓ Ꮚ 㡢 㛫 ㊥ 㞳 ▱ ぬ ᐇ 㦂 ࡼ ࡿ ほ ᐹ ࠖࠗ Language Laboratory࠘18 ྕ㸪pp.11-28. ࣭ὠ⇃ Ⰻᨻ(2005).ࠕ᪥ᮏேⱥㄒึ⣭Ꮫ⩦⪅ࡢࡓࡵࡢ ⱥㄒ㡢ኌᣦᑟࠖࠗ❧㤋Ꮫ⣖せูྕᒾኵඛ⏕㏥ ⫋ グ ᛕ ㄽ㞟 ࡇ ࡤࡑ ࡢ ࡦ ࢁࡀࡾ ࠘ 3 ྕ , pp.163-200. ࣭ᮾிᏛⱁᏛ(2017).ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬ጤクᴗࠕⱥㄒᩍ ဨࡢⱥㄒຊ࣭ᣦᑟຊᙉࡢࡓࡵࡢㄪᰝ◊✲ᴗࠖ. ᖹᡂ 28 ᖺᗘሗ࿌᭩. ࣭㫽㣫⋪⨾Ꮚ(2017).ࠗⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࡢ༴ᶵ࠘.⟃ᦶ᭩ᡣ. ࣭୰ෆ⏣ 㝧Ꮚ࣭ᔱ ⚽ᶞ (2017).ࠕຠᯝⓗ࡞ࣇ࢛ ࢽࢵࢡࢫᣦᑟࡢ୍⪃ᐹ̾ᑠᏛᰯ࠾ࡅࡿࣇ࢛ࢽࢵ ࢡࢫࡢᚲせᛶ̾ࠖࠗ㈡Ꮫᩍ⫱Ꮫ㒊⣖せ࠘ 67 ྕ, pp.21-31. ࣭ྡ⏿┠ ┿࿃(2014). ࠕᑠᏛᰯᩍဨࢆᚿᮃࡍࡿᏛ ⏕ࡢⱥㄒάື㛵ࡍࡿព㆑ㄪᰝࠖࠗᑠᏛᰯⱥㄒᩍ⫱ Ꮫㄅ࠘14 ྕ, pp.131-146. ࣭࣋ࢿࢵࢭᩍ⫱◊✲㛤Ⓨࢭࣥࢱ࣮(2011).ࠗ➨ 2 ᅇᑠ Ꮫ ᰯ ⱥ ㄒ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ᇶ ᮏ ㄪ ᰝ 㸦 ᩍ ဨ ㄪ ᰝ 㸧࠘ http://benesse.jp/berd/center/open/report/syo_eigo/2010 /index.html (2018.12.04 ࢡࢭࢫ) ࣭࣋ࢿࢵࢭᩍ⫱◊✲㛤Ⓨࢭࣥࢱ࣮(2007).ࠗ➨ 1 ᅇᑠ Ꮫᰯⱥㄒ㛵ࡍࡿᇶᮏㄪᰝ㸦ಖㆤ⪅ㄪᰝ㸧࠘ http://benesse.jp/berd/center/open/report/syo_eigo/hogo sya/index.html (2018.12.04 ࢡࢭࢫ) ࣭∾㔝 ┾㈗(2013).㺀Ꮫ⏕ࡀຠᯝⓗឤࡌࡿⱥㄒⓎ㡢 ࢺ࣮ࣞࢽࣥࢢࡢᐇ㊶ሗ࿌㺁 ࠗእᅜㄒᩍ⫱ࣇ࢛㸫࣒ࣛ࠘12 ྕ, pp.121-134. ࣭ಛ㔝 ▱㔛(2017). ࠕᏛ⣭ᢸ௵ࡢⱥㄒຊྥୖࢆᅗࡿ ᰯෆ◊ಟࡢ᳨ウࠖࠗ㬆㛛ᩍ⫱ᏛᑠᏛᰯⱥㄒᩍ⫱ࢭ ࣥࢱ࣮⣖せ࠘8 ྕ, pp.35-44. ࣭ᯇᾆ ༓ెᏊ (2015). ࠕⱥㄒ࡛⾲⌧ࡍࡿࠖࠗNew Directions࠘ 33 ྕ, pp.79-87. ࣭ᩥ㒊⛉Ꮫ┬(2017).ࠕᑠ࣭୰࣭㧗➼Ꮫᰯࢆ㏻ࡌࡓⱥ ㄒᩍ⫱ᙉᴗ➼ࠖ http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chousa/shotou/1 23/shiryo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2017/05/16/1384980_01 0.pdf (2018.11.30 ࢡࢭࢫ) ࣭ᒣෆ ၨᏊ࣭స ᜨᏊ (2018) ࠕᢏ⬟ࡽࡳࡿᑠᏛ ᰯᩍဨࡢⱥㄒຊ:⮬ᕫホ౯ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ࠖࠗ⚄ᡞᯇⶱዪ ᏊᏛ㝔Ꮫ◊✲⣖せ, ᩥᏛ㒊⠍࠘7 ྕ, pp.23-39. ࣭Engh, D. (2013). Why use music in English language
learning? A survey of the Literature, English Language Teaching,.6, (2), pp.113-127.
࣭Greer Tim (2004). A Quick Way to Improve /r/ and /l/ Pronunciation, The Internet TESL Journal, 10, (8), http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Greer-Pronunciation_of_LR .html (accessed November 30, 2018).
࣭Howng, Kung-Cheen., 㸤 Sato, Kento. (2015). A Japanese College Student̓s Acquisition of /r/ and /l/, Temple University Japan Studies in Applied Linguistics, .97, pp.11-16.
࣭ Hrysyzen, Katherine. (2015). Raising Conscious Awareness in the Physical Articulation of /l/ and /r/, Temple University Japan Studies in Applied Linguistics, 97, pp.28-34.
࣭Setia, R., Rahim, RA., Nair, GKS., Husin, N., Sabapathy, E.,㸤Mohamad, R. (2012). English songs as means of aiding students ̓ proficiency development. Asian Social Science, 7, pp.270-274.
࣭Shen, C. (2009). Using English songs: An enjoyable and effective approach to ELT. English,Language Teaching, 2, (1), pp.88-94.)
࣭Stanculea, A. N., & Bran, C. N. (2015). Teaching Pronunciation through songs. Journal Plus Education, 12, (2). pp.177-184.
࣭Takebayashi,Shigeru. (1970). A Comparative Study of Japanese and English Consonat Phonemes, Essays in Honor of Claude M. Wise. Hannival, Missouri, pp.97-144.
࣭Tuan,L.T.,㸤An,P.T.V.(2010).Teaching English rhythm by using songs.Studies in Literature and Language, 1, (2), pp.3-29.
࣭Utsunomiya, Tomomi., 㸤 Yoshimuta, Satomi. (2015). Japanese Phoneme /ܨi/ as a Foundation for /si/, /Ԧi/, and /ݕi/ in English.Temple University Japan Studies in Applied Linguistics, 97. pp.44-54.
࣭Yang, Liu.(2011). Using Music in English as a Second Language Classroom. University of Wisconsin-Platteville.
