国後島南部および色丹島における北海道起源の完新世広域テフラの同定

全文

(1)ῒΐ /. (,**3) 0 ,0-ῌ,1. . ῕ ῔.

(2) « ¬ /.6 « ® ¯/. ° ± ²//.Viktor M. KAISTRENKO///. / / Alexander Ya. ILIEV/ ),**2 M +, N ,/ OPQ* ,**3 M ++ N +, OP+. Holocene Marker Tephras in the Coastal Lowlands of Kunashiri and Shikotan Islands, Southern Kuril Islands Yugo NAKAMURA῍, Yuichi NISHIMURA῍, Mitsuhiro NAKAGAWA῍῍, Viktor M. KAISTRENKO῍῍῍ and Alexander Ya. ILIEV῍῍῍ Five Holocene tephras originating from Hokkaido volcanoes underlie coastal lowlands on Kunashiri and Shikotan islands, Southern Kuril Islands. These Hokkaido tephras were identified based on the refractive index and major element composition of glass shards in the tephra. They are : Tarumae-a (Ta-a, AD +1-3), Komagatake-c, (Ko-c,, AD +03.), Mashu-b (Ma-b, 11.῍310 cal BP), Tarumae-c (Ta-c, ,/**῍,2** cal BP), and Mashu-d+ (Ma-d+, -,01῍--02 cal BP). Ko-c, and Ta-c are the most widely distributed ash fall deposits, and provide valuable time markers for examining the stratigraphy of these islands, including possible paleotsunami deposits. On Kunashiri Island, +, tephras that probably originated from at least three volcanoes located on Kunashiri Island are interspersed with the five Hokkaido tephras. These tephras are classified into three groups according to the combination of TiO, and K,O abundance in glass shards. Many of them contain glass shards showing relatively low refractive index (n,+..2*῍+..3*) and high SiO, content (11῍13ῌ) in comparison with the widespread tephras from Hokkaido Island. Key words : widespread tephra, Kunashiri Island, paleotsunami, Holocene. +ῌ ῐ ῎ ῑ ῏. RSTUU-. . VWXWYC.Z[W

(3) W )\]* ^$

(4) . Z[W$_U#àbcde fghijk$l&m. uT(* vw. !"#* Razzhigaeva et al. (+332)* Nakagawa et al.. rExyz{|}$_U#~ h. (,**,)* Iliev et al. (,**/) $%&'(&- Razzhigaeva. no+. p qrstk ,/ km. s &- $*

(5) ~ cde'* Z. et al. (+332) r* Z[WC_%Y6C $. [Whrl&VWXWYC$l&'. _U# +, f. &- k* VWXW

(6) $'&. KnIV-+ kj KnIV-+,. ¡¢r* O£.9:;p ¤¥¦§¨$%©S}. KnIV-,* KnIV--* KnIV-/ rZ[W$ªl&- . / 0*0*῍*2+*

(7) 123

(8) 4

(9) +* 56 2 78

(10) Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N+*W2, Kita-ku, Sapporo, *0*῍*2+*, Japan. // 0*0*῍*2+*

(11) 123

(12) 4

(13) +* 56 2 78

(14) IJK<CL Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N+*W2, Kita-ku, Sapporo,. *0*῍*2+*, Japan. /// 9:;<;=>? @ABC DE.FG H Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences Far Eastern Branch, /, Nauka Street, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 03-*,,, Russia.. àbcde. hijk$* T%S- *. Corresponding author : Yugo Nakamura e-mail : [email protected].

(15) ' ( )* Viktor M. KAISTRENKO Alexander Ya. ILIEV. 264. ! Razzhigaeva et al. (+332) +! +.C ,-.. /01! 23" 456. 78! 9:;: <=>?0. @AB !" +! # C $ D8 %&! '( ". . b @AB (Ma-b)! . a @AB (Ma-a)!. d @AB (Ma-d) )*. Nakamura et al. (,**,) 0+,5 -῍.f EFG!"H. IJ@AB0-.+! =/! +3/2 DK0/ 1L!. : <=MB/2345! N672O18. ,**- " PQ9R#" Nakagawa et al. (,**,) +!. : RIMS20! S;T<U=AVWXYZ [BW\>#. . ]^??@! AA_0BD8 >?0à. + !"b -* CPD0<=MB/1. _ c+ @AB (Ko-c+)! EF a @AB (Ta-a)! à_ c,. " 0 c! <=MB/ de Ge0*. @AB (Ko-c,)! Ma-b, HI>?0JK=LMN@AB. f g! RIMS20 OP0Q)hRiQ5 /*῍+**. (B-Tm) 9! 90ST. 78AA_0U<. CVW6jkZ[. .! <=MB/0lX. YmZ" Iliev et al. (,**/) +! ]^[?@. 0/ 1L (,**-) 0\n]" !. ^@ D8! _`. . Ta-a! Ko-c ,!. Ge0opqrg g! as#bhRiQ5. Ma-b! EF c @AB (Ta-c) 0STnt" ,D!. ,῍-f EFG!"jkZ[" ,** CVPD0jkZ. Iliev et al. (,**/, Fig. 2) +]^[^@5c, , S0@. [ud ! !"0eX ,** CVf. ABn]! 90>?+n8,8" PD0. ,8.0b" IJ@AB 0)*v#. ]^[5+! Nakagawa et al. (,**,) AA. g! gh,!"i 5 ,, !"#! <=MB/. _50jk0;8! wl3hmn @AB09. 23" o80+ -῍.f EF. pmZx: +888". G0!"5! 9:;:/BFyMB/z{|X}qr. ~! s[>?0tuvw _`0xyz{. [{|X# 5! g|}DKi|45!. !

(16). ~rD5! z O X F\. ! ! ,***a, ,***b, ,**/ ; Nanayama et. BF EDS, JSM-/-+*! VS;T<># . al., ,**-, ,**1 ; Satake et al., ,**/#! s[ [^@ (Iliev. + !"b +* CPD023". et al., ,**/)! s[ [@DKjj[ . +! +/ kV, !"$*., nA, + !". ! Pinegina and Bourgeois, ,**+ ; Pinegina et al.,. b0J+ ,.* mm % ,./ mm 5b " +. ,**-# 5hD,p:8 " ]^[0@ABS. ZAF ,.8" ! 0of +**ῌ ,. T +! s[85xy H. 2". tu _`03h.5c " + ,**1 D,p: X09 ! ]^[@DK^@0 +/ t! DK . - . !"6D, +0 tD 0ST. ]^[0?+ +** km ¡: [0 + t (Fig.. ! Fig" , " 8¢:.! ~S£Q<=¤!. +) D8@ABDK_`0STnt. £Q/¥¦! DK! _`0§0b ¨S. .! @AB!"" W+! ]^[5+. ©: " 6!"0ª+0<=¤+. ,**1 +* « / +, ! [5+ ,**1 / « ,/. dl! !" +῍+! +῍,! +῍-! .῍, +¬<=¤5b ". ,2 5b " 5+! 0!". 7ª@A. !" +.῍, p¢ .ῌ W6# ®lH:. B0wl3hmnnt! >?0IJ@AB. ¯+! °0!"+<=MB/DK ¡l¢. 0)*D, " ! ]^[>?0@AB±8. ! +²l! £ ²l

(17) ª³". .ST0´¤". -ῌ+

(18) . ]^[DK[5@AB0<=MB/ e , . . ST0ntDK!"6D,0+! ]^[

(19) . *! Geopq! <=MB/1 n Fig. - " !" +῍+! +῍,! +῍-! .῍- 0<=MB/+. µ@ ¶·¥0 1 t (Locs. +῍1)! ]^[^@. ¦0R¸§H³g! <=MB/15. ¨ 0 2 t (Locs. 2῍+/)! [

(20) 0 + t. c,". . (Loc. +0)! of +0 t5b (Fig. +)" 8¢:.O. <=MB/1r© ! ]^[DK[. ~0~tD8/¥W¹ º» D,. 5 @AB+±¼0 0 ª\ \ 5c " (+) n &. " w«! STnt. .! @AB0!" ¬. +..3* PQ½yb +..3/ F^5¥. /2 !"# 6". @AB !" 0῍+! 3῍/! +*῍-! ++῍+! ++῍,! +,῍+! +,῍,!. IJ)*0g! PQ0®5e! <=MB. +,῍0! +,῍1! +,῍2! +.῍,! +.῍.! +.῍/#! (,) n&+..3,/ .

(21)

(22) !"#$. 265. Fig. +. Index map and sample localities in Kunashiri and Shikotan Islands. Ko : Komagatake volcano ; Ma : Mashu volcano ; Ta : Tarumae volcano ; Us : Usu volcano.. %&'() !" *+ -ῌ+ .ῌ+ ++ῌ- (-) n. ,-./0123456789: ;<. +..3,ῌ+..32 =(>?@ n +..3-/ AB.%&'(. C<D#6 !"E@FGH2IJKL() ;. ) !" *+ ,ῌ+ .ῌ. /ῌ+ /ῌ, 1ῌ, 1ῌ- 2ῌ-. M2 M / N !"DOPQRS + TS / TE@. 3ῌ- 3ῌ. +,ῌ/ +-ῌ, +.ῌ- +/ῌ- +0ῌ+ (.) n+..30ῌ. F UVWX8 . M / T !"DGH@. +..31 =(YZ8 !" *+ -ῌ, -ῌ- 0ῌ, 1ῌ+. F[ T\ ]^,_`.0. 2ῌ+ 2ῌ, 3ῌ+ 3ῌ, +*ῌ+ +*ῌ, ++ῌ. +,ῌ- +-ῌ+. S + T abQR +/ cm c2bT)defgh. +.ῌ+ +/ῌ+ (/) n+./*-/ %&'() !" *. ijklTmn *+ -ῌ+ .ῌ+ , 0o<[Hpq. + +*ῌ. +,ῌ. (0) n+./++ r %&'() !. st0uvwxyjkz"u{| jkz"u}. " *+ 3ῌ0 +-ῌ- M>~F,cR.0*+E. ,OW (,) D[MEQR #6 !"E. @F *+ ,ῌ, ,ῌ- .ῌ, .ῌ/ +/ῌ, (). R< *+ ++ῌ- [#jkz"u}D. M 0 N~mn (+) D5 / N, ;<. 8( M*+, ,/ mm D2 . C<-.a 0F[#TP8 c. 0 !"JKL(02 MM2,. 9 M<R*+jkz"u}, !"E. @.0.

(23) 266.

(24) Viktor M. KAISTRENKOAlexander Ya. ILIEV. Fig. ,. Columnar sections showing sample horizons and tephrostratigraphy in the coastal lowlands of Kunashiri and Shikotan Islands. Each locality is shown in Fig. +. Solid lines : tephra correlations based on the petrographic properties. Dashed lines : tephra correlations based on their facies..

(25)

(26) . 267.

(27) 26=>62?@AViktor M. KAISTRENKOAlexander Ya. ILIEV. 268. , B C +* cm DE /* cm FG0. HIJ. KLD

(28) M : -῍- N O +,῍- 0L

(29) . PQR$%&S$3T : -῍, -῍- 0῍, 1῍+ 2῍. . !" SiO, # 10.+῍11.+ῌ. , 3῍+ 3῍, +*῍+ +*῍, ++῍. +,῍- +-῍+ +.῍+ +/῍. - TiO, K,O MU$V Ko-c, $ W:. + )XYZ[$%&'()0

(30) \ %&'()*+. (Table +, Fig. .)

(31) , Ko-c, 0]. ^_ (.) $45VL 9$3T : -῍, `$. a8 : 2῍+ n+..3/῍+..31 $%&'()/. Cb$: -῍- %&'()*+/ / %. - n +..3+῍+..3- $%&'()c #d9D. &'()#: -῍, $3/e

(32) :. E Ko-c , N Ofg$ Ta-a /hij. -῍, $ : -῍- $mn(0 /op hi. E8 . V$kl. j-.q3 : +*῍+ +*῍, V]$rsklE. t0 uv$wxmn($2- Ko-c, y^b0. 8

(33) 99- : -῍, +*῍+ ;< ++ :. .y + %&'()*+/ mn( . , z. {$9q|} a mn( (Ta-a) DKLD

(34) M. - mn(: +*῍. N O +,῍. V0HI. Ta-a $%&'()*+ n+..3*῍+..3. (Mo+..3,/). JPQR$I%&S- ~8V$S. - 267 ,**, + $45 :. $)XYZ[%&'()#d `$*+^_. .῍+ $%&'()$ SiO, # (11.-῍12.*ῌ) TiO,. (/) $45VT 7$:ED0M (Fig. -). K,O MU $ WB-. Ta-a $`8.

(35) : +*῍. +,῍. ]$mn($/. (Table +, Fig. .) ^ y. . + Ta-a 0]a8 . . : ,῍+ .῍. /῍+ /῍, 1῍- 2῍- 3῍- +,῍. . %&'()*+/ n+..3,῍+..32 - n. / +-῍, +.῍- +/῍- ~8V$ )X. +..3-/ 0 M/. 9$ 26 7. YZ[%&'()0

(36) \ `$*+^_ (-) $45. (,**,) / |} c mn( (Ta-c) $45 . 9$ ++ :~8VHIJPQR$I%. : .῍. N O +,῍/ 0L

(37) %&'()$. &S- ]$/ : 3῍. V 98E. . ]$/ *+$%&'(). <0 10.3῍11./ῌ 0/12 7$ $. 9q SiO, # 1,.-῍11./ῌ 0. #d9 : 3῍- $Cb0. 9DE ^_$. #V#

(38) 98E$45 Ta-c $ W:. ++ :M mn(klE8 .

(39) . Ta-c 0]- MN. / : 3῍0 N O +-῍- $)X YZ[%&'() ,/῍.*ῌ #\ $V. 990 Ta-c $45 Ta-a $45V / . Ko-c, $Cb0. $- Ta-a 0,a8 . { %&'()*+$ Mo +./++. M MN : +0῍+ Ta-c 0]a8 7$. ^_ (0) 7$mn( yED09DE . :

(40) %&'()# /0e (Fig. -). ]$mn(klE8 . / %&'()*+ Ta-c . MN ^_ (+) $%&'()*+mn(. uv-]$45Lmn(70KL. ]$B0N

(41) $b0. (Locs. ++, +,, +.). D

(42) M$- 99- : +0῍+ Ta-c 0 . MU ¡$mn(klE8M. $M ¢/o£ V$¤¥

(43) N<. -ῌ,

(44) . L¨0 ^_$ + / uv$wxm n($,:\ 99-{~ Fig. - 0. - }g$ 30 , . $¦ M§ T Ko-c, Ta-c $¦$©0. uv-9$ ©0. mn(- n +./*-῍+./*. }f$*+VL. ª«45 uv0N¬ ®¯mn($ª«. mn(° b mn( (Ma-b) $\-. : +,῍. 0. 45 26 ,**0 ; 267 ,**, ,**2 .

(45) ±. 9- ,$$. wxmn($²³ . 1...῍1/.,ῌ - `$7$ $V Ma-b $ W:. 9q SiO, #. L¨0 ´0µ WB-¶· wxmn($ W.

(46) - Ma-b 0]a8 . :¸f¹$:$%&'(). 9$D0 : +/῍, 0 %&'()*+ n . . +./*-῍+./*/ n+..30῍+..33 n+..2.῍+..23 $'()/. (Table +, Fig. .). `$!" {~EDM$ , º»¼ c, mn ( (Ko-c,) $,-. %&'()*+/ n+..30῍. `8½8#{8 9$: Ma-b 0¸f¹$m n( fg /o£ V$klE8 . +..31 012 3 , $45 267 (,**,). / %&'()*+/ n+./*0῍+./+- -.. Ko-c, $450 70 mn(. 9 Ta-c . $ +*,* cm Cb0. 9D. /.

(47)

(48) . 269.

(49) 567"85ῌ9" :;<"Viktor M. KAISTRENKO"Alexander Ya. ILIEV. 270. Fig. .. TiO,-K,O (wtῌ) of glass shards from horizons shown in Fig. ,. Localities of widespread tephra samples (Ta-a, Ko-c,, Ma-b, Ta-c, and Ma-d+) are shown in the foot note of Table +.. =# >? d+ (Ma-d+) @A/B3CD=EB$. F3,GHIJKLMN+O+$ PQ +NR. 1ῐ +-῍- SiO, S6ῑ# 1ῐ 3῍0 T Ma-d+ UV1. WX ,OYEHIJZ[\] 3^2_. ῐW`NTTa=Lb (Table +) X# 1ῐ 3῍0# +-῍-. c# dEeE fg)3h+N# ^. 3) SiO, S6ῑ 1+῍1-ῌ PijB$ ,E=kl. 2"m(fln# oipqRWXrsO. -# Ma-d + tu1 ῐ -3vw9x/B$ . # y +2 ^ !,, 1ῐ jB$. N# 1ῐ 3῍0# +-῍- Ma-d+ zl{EB$ # # Ta-a, Ko-c,,. Ta-a Ko-c, 2 !1ῐ 0῍+# ++῍ +# ++῍,# +,῍+# +,῍,$ ,0*# 1ῐ ++῍+ 3 ++῍, . Ma-b, Ta-c, Ma-d+ X|F/B$ }~mdEeE#. 4XjB$ # ῏῎ +-. Ta-a : +1-3 AD !# +3/2# Ko-c, : +03. AD !:". (./)# OB$ N# 1ῐ ++῍+. # +331# Ma-b : 11.῍310 cal BP !"# +31. X +. C m( ΐ%# Ta-c : ,/**῍,2**. 3 ++῍, # OB}B jB$ #. cal BP !"῍# +33* Kelsey et al., ,**, X +.C m(ΐ%# Ma-d+ : -,01῍--02. X|F/B (Fig. /)$. cal BP !"# +322 X +.C m(ΐ%. .῍-# +*῍-# +.῍,$ ,0*# 1ῐ +*῍- Ma-b 2. jB$. jB,3X Loc$ +* nB$ 1ῐ +.῍, Ta-c . Ta-a Ko-c , 2# Ob3) , ^ Ko-c, 3 Ta-c 4 !1ῐ +῍+# +῍,# +῍-# .῍,#. -ῌ- ΐῒ῔ῐῑῌ῍῎῏. jBX# Ma-b 3_cX ¡O# 1ῐ +*῍-. 0# oip"¢£p¤ /2 1ῐ0*#. 3z9 jBrs¥)¦lnO+$ §. -. 1ῐXHIJZ[\] zln$ ¨. ©῎# § ©ª«# ¬®¯ (Fig. -) )°±. ,. 1ῐL+N# ²³´µfgῒ¶/B ·. O¸+O+¹# ῏º»¼½jB$ 1ῐ +῍,. &' :%ΐ#

(50) Calib Rev /.*.+ (Stuiver and Reimer, +33-) IntCal*. (Reimer et al., ,**.) ()*+$ ,, +s -(./$.

(51) ! "#$%&'() *. 271. '()+,-. /

(52) ,῍, ,῍- .῍/ 0.1.234)567 89 :;. '()<= > ? Ta-c @

(53) ,῍, ,῍- .῍/ 3῍. 3῍/ +,῍0 +,῍1+,῍2 A>B< 1 =>. '()8C D. (Fig. /) EF

(54) .῍/ 6 7 G8%: H

(55) I '() JK/ LM N O P<*>: QQRF ,,

(56) ST:UVWX I ++

(57) 8YZ[\]?^ (Fig. -) ! '() Ma-d+

(58) 3῍0 +-῍- _`BaU8b YZ[\]^Q_+X -cd <. 8e: S Bd:

(59) ,῍, ,῍- .῍- .῍/ fBg 23 ,h 3ij k). !^lm. ?_/H no

(60) pq / . %&'() 9 A>B< +, '()8rs X (Fig. /) 234)567 >t uvwxy8 Q +, z{X'() |s/ " #$'() } ~TcU-; 23 XO P8:+,-. Q m 0 ' Fig. /. Schematic tephrostratigraphy in Kunashiri Island. Sample numbers are shown at the left side of columns. A-F show the glass type classified by the TiO,-K,O plots (see Fig. 0).. () ! %&'()U234)56 7 8B (n+..2*῍+..3*) SiO, _ 12῍ 2*ῌp:_RX< 8e: Table + :

(61) 0῍+ +*῍- ++῍+ +,῍+ +,῍, +,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2 +.῍ , 3 ! '()Q _RX<. .῍, 234)5w (Table +) . 8^8 :;.< >. FU

(62) +῍+ +῍, +῍- z! '()

(63) . 9 ,**/ ^ " D.. .῍, '() D.O P8: Q.- .

(64) . U:>:. 234)5 :;.<e #Y>_eB $%X<X z& Q .

(65)

(66) +*. QQRF . 2'() }. !+,-.'()T:. U 234)5 TiO,-K,O _F 8. ῍- +.῍, ' u c234)5 6. Fig. 0 ^

(67) +῍, .῍, .῍- ? t

(68) . 7 w8=>U -c=>. TiO, +.* ( ) K,O ,.* ( ) _ R X Q. '()^ /

(69) .῍- T:U 234)5. TiO,-K,O < ¡\ῌ ῍ ῎ - ¡. w89 :;. '()<=> ?. \F (Fig. 0) +-

(70) _0.1.¡\f. Ko-c , Ta-c ¢ A>B< - '(). £*X ?@ m>. 8rsX (Fig. /) >

(71) 1῍, <Q ¤^. ¡\ῌ :

(72) +῍, .῍,. 8 234)567 8

(73) 1῍- ¥¦F:Qc. ¡\῍ :

(74) .῍-. - Ta-c LMN O P<^. ¡\῎ :

(75) ,῍- .῍/ 0῍+ +*῍- ++῍+ +,῍+. Ta-c @ '()

(76) ,῍, ,῍- .῍/ 3῍. 3῍. +,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2 +.῍,. / +,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2 +.῍. +.῍/ Q m Ma-d+ . z+ '() TiO,-K,O §!23U.

(77) 3῍. 3῍/ , Ma-d+. =>Q8e: U ¨ - T ¡\© . @^ 8

(78) +,῍0 +,῍1 +,῍2 - ^. '()_ª§F 238A>B< - «^ O P_.

(79) +,῍1 +,῍2 , T (¬j®¯_°Tz. R±X Q ¡\© Fig. / <,¨F ¡\. ! '()+,-. Q.- Loc. +- +.

(80) +.῍. ῎²,D. TiO, K,O 23³´ µ¶. / <H-.

(81) +,῍0 +.῍. 234)5. -*** -?· U¸¹F Q8-c^. º»67 ¼.>t8FU z. Nakagawa et al. (,**,) //½ ! :BTc.

(82) HIJ!KIL!HMNO!Viktor M. KAISTRENKO!Alexander Ya. ILIEV. 272. Ma-b" Ta-c P# QR)STU,VWX. ()( * )+ )(," Iliev et al. (,**/) DY

(83) 23 DYZX[" ; . \ #. " Iliev et al. (,**/,. Fig. 2) 45) , D -P]#. ; ^_

(84) 23 Loc. +,$+/ `^.a" DY[(# >E; , \ - Ko-c, Ta-c ./0# 1"

(85) 2345 bcd- Iliev et al. (,**/) PX ()(# Nakagawa et al. (,**,) ,45e / \ f. _- 0g" Ko-c+ B-Tm "

(86) 23h(1 W)ij# ; , kl (X!m" ( %Dno mm p@& -1," 45 H! Fig. 0. TiO,-K,O (wtῌ) of glass shards of local tephras and their type classification. a : Sample +῍, ; b : Sample ,῍- ; c : Sample .῍, ; d : Sample .῍- ; e : Sample .῍/ ; f : Sample 0῍+ ; g : Sample +*῍- ; h : Sample ++῍+ ; i : Sample +,῍+ ; j : Sample +,῍0 ; k : Sample +,῍1 ; l : Sample +,῍2 ; m : Sample +.῍,. [!#qrs,tu$hWv%w,.# " x " l . y &' z{ %|M ! }B". ,**0& ~( %^!" ,*** ; HI!" ,**2& . (XQR)-DY,WX(# " 45 ! FGW>" ) , - (Ra,)" ) - - (Ra--)" g - (Ko-g)" * g - (Ma-g) ,+W# ;>STU. ,L6-"

(87) 23,- (Fig. -, -\(X" UV# ..bc. Fig. ., Table +) Hq)(#. -9P X= ῌ. .ῌ,

(88) . 6# i" 6X ,6-

(89) 23.

(90) 23 / D f_-" ([l{. ,>)ij=" ..bc-. x(^,[ .a" /0)l{^. h(1W)ij# 45! AB\(X.

(91) # Ta-a Ko-c,. " ;/,)(#

(92) ¡j. " +1 ¢£1i> +2 ¢£¤2" Ma-b 3 +*** ¥". - ¦cd5 §¨(#. Ta-c Ma-d + 3 -*** ¥. " ©ª 3 -*** « ,v%)# ; 23" . . . . l y&'{ |/0" 9P -. .ῌ+ . " Ko-c+" ¬¥ b - %Ta-b, AD +001 &" . ¥] a" Razzhigaeva et al. (+332) 45P. b - %Us-b, AD +00- &" B-Tm, Ko-g %3 0/** . KnIV-," KnIV--" KnIV-/ " Ma-a, Ma-b,. ¥& ,WX( %|M!}B" ,**0 ; &M!". Ma-d ®# ; 0g" Ma-a *bc)E". ,***a, ,***b, ,**/ ; Nanayama et al., ,**-, ,**1&# Ta-b. Ta-a. Ko-c, ®W %4¯" +323&#. ". Ma-d %Ma-d+ Ma-d,& *AB 6° ±. Us-b Ta-a Ko-c , 5 @" B-Tm Ma-b 5@. " 3 -*** ¥i> +1 ¢£1itX. %7!" +322& 6-" 45 Hp. /0" 45(X[l. 6<²,(#

(93) 23 ³ <6. 8 ´9,v%.#. )>" KnIV-, Ko-c, " KnIV-/ Ta-c ®W # )" Razzhigaeva et al. (+332) ,V. / . KnIV-/ µ¶ (+11* ' .* +. C y.B.P.) :Z·6. (+). +0+-῍+1-- cal BP )a" ; Ta-c µX 768," Ta-c , Ma-d+ 9:.;<6 u ./0# Iliev et al. (,**/) " 45 o^;" Ta-a" Ko-c,". 45H$itX" lbc f_. -. Ta-a, Ko-c,, Ma-b, Ma-d, Ta-c , 6# (,). Ko-c, Ta-c " 45(X¸¹. =>?@ABCD.# E Ta-c FG º=X"

(94) »a9¼½X ^;q,e.

(95) +,$-,./01234!"# 56 Ko-c, ,$- Ta-c 7 7892

(96) (-). +01:;<!"#)!*. +, BC D'*7 /234 !"#$%&#'()* (n+..2*ῌ+..3*) SiO, P45)6QRSTU< /01!"#. Y>C (.) +01EC!"#7 TiO,-K,O F. L$ - cdeYM56 T<7!* - TiO, K,O cdeL\7 kl -***

(97) m]n^ K ῏. ῎. =NO7 <=,$-opWabcdeqr sf$tuKgv$hK +5 [_7 iB[jk/B[B[wJ[NOw)l z[y{z|{K|L +3

(98) }h~K }01~[_NO EK,T +5[_NO7 z[NOf +1,/-**, : uH&^_ EK. + V.A. Smorchkov 7 [_u S* ~ 5KS S +50[_57 opWz[W #'X Kirill Ganzey SS , <=B[lJ[]0GU< K4XSS _ £k ¡m¢P x{£]¤¤$U<7 ¨w¥©94¦§ª«SS m] ¬ ®K]¨© ῌ ῑ ῐ ῍ M&¯°± ° (,**0) /,°|9ªI4 ,.2«@² /+ -/+ῌ-1+ M&¯°`=³¬῎°Rῌ8®$¯>´° (+331) /±²b7 +03.

(99) OKU

(100) /,. +1 +2 ?O

(101) µ³¶ ., ,03ῌ,13. |&EHm4xh ´ (,***a) /·¸ªI 04,.µBµg¶!"#0·$ ³¶¹ ¸¹0º » ,2 +/.ῌ+0+. |&EHm4x¼+ºQ (,***b) ·¸0¬°|9 ªI04µBM ¸¹0º » -+ 3,ῌ32. |&EHm4x»m¼E (,**/) /°|9ª I2µB ,**- ·¸}01½½ P9 ¸¹0º » .3 +1-ῌ+2*. Iliev, A.Ya., Kaistrenko, V.M., Gretskaya, E.V., Tikhonchuk, E.A., Razjigaeva, N.G., Grebennikova, T.A., Ganzey, L.A. and Kharlamov, A.A. (,**/) Holocene tsunami. 273. traces on Kunashir Island, Kurile subduction zone. In Tsunamis : case studies and recent developments (Satake, K. ed.), Springer, +1+ῌ+3,. Kelsey, H."#=$῍>%?Sherrod, B.@&A E()*+ (,**,) /,,.2+F GH/I-0J%.K L/M01NO2 3 , ,,-ῌ,--. 78 9>:; (,**-) VWX#'<= ?D@A ,ZB[CD\ p. --0. ]0GH&^_`8IJ; (,***) Kab ,.Nf ,,**

(102) gOP ./ 1/ῌ2/. ]8QERhSETUVi (+322) jW>04 0X +ῌ/**** 0XYZ 040XNO23 0X[ _` 11p. Nakagawa M., Ishizuka Y., Kudo T., Yoshimoto M., Hirose W., Ishizaki Y., Gouchi N., Katsui Y., Solovyow A.W., Steinberg G.S. and Abdurakhmanov A.I. (,**,) Tyatya Volcano, southwestern Kuril arc : recent eruptive activity inferred from widespread tephra. The Island Arc, ++, ,-0ῌ,/.. Hm4x (,**0) /,.2!"#n Mo yp[qrs <=0J[\tuvwx 03 p. ,,+. Nakamura, Y., Katayama, Y. and Hirakawa, K. (,**,) Hydration and refractive indices of Holocene tephra glass in Hokkaido, Northern Japan. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., ++., .33ῌ/+*. Hm4x?|&E (,**,) ῌ lK/2!"#&#'( ? NO .+ ++ῌ,,. Hm4x=H&^_ (,**/) OC U<E K4 +00-

(103) OE 0[ ++. /.3ῌ /0*. Hm4x¡|&E῍¢ (,**2) / , ¥¦§2!"#n ?NO .1 -3ῌ.3. Nanayama, F., Satake, K., Furukawa, R., Shimokawa, K., Atwater, B.F., Shigeno, K. and Yamaki, S. (,**-) Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril trench. Nature, .,.ῌ03.3, 00*ῌ00-. Nanayama, F. Furukawa, R., Shigeno, K., Makino, A., Soeda, Y. and Igarashi, Y. (,**1) Nine unusually large tsunami deposits from the past .*** years at Kiritappu marsh along the southern Kuril Trench. Sedimentary Geology, ,**, ,1/ῌ,3.. Pinegina, T.K. and Bourgeois, J. (,**+) Historical and paleo-tsunami deposits on Kamchatka, Russia : longterm chronologies and long-distance correlations. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, +, +11ῌ+2/. Pinegina, T.K., Bourgeois, J., Bazanova, L.I., Melekestsev, I.V. and Braitseva, O.A. (,**-) A millennial-scale record of Holocene tsunamis on the Kronotskiy Bay coast, Kamchatka, Russia. Quaternary Research, /3, -0ῌ.1. Razzhigaeva, N.G., Korotky, A.M., Sulerzhitsky, L.D., Grebennikova, T.A., Ganzei, L.A., Mokhova, L.M. and Bazarova, V.B. (+332) Holocene tephra of Kunashir I. (Kuril Island). Volcanology and Seismology, ,*, .3ῌ0-..

(104) 274.

(105) Viktor M. KAISTRENKOAlexander Ya. ILIEV. Reimer, P. J., Baillie, M.G.L., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J.W., Bertrand, C. J.H., Blackwell, P.G., Buck, C.E., Burr, G.S., Cutler, K.B., Damon, P.E., Edwards, R.L., Fairbanks, R.G., Friedrich, M., Guilderson, T.P., Hogg, A.G., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Manning, S., Ramsey, C.B., Reimer, R.W., Reimer, R. W., Remmele, S., Southon, J.R., Stuiver, M., Talamo, S., Taylor, F.W., van der Plicht, J. and Weyhenmeyer, C.E. (,**.) IntCal*. terrestrial radiocarbon age calibration, *ῌ,0 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon, .0, +*,3ῌ+*/2. Satake, K., Nanayama, F., Yamaki, S., Tanioka, Y. and Hirata, K. (,**/) Variability among tsunami sources in the +1th-,+st centuries along the southern Kuril trench. In Tsunamis : case studies and recent developments (Satake, K. ed.), Springer, +/1ῌ+1*.. (+31.) !" #$%&'()*+, +.C -. /0 1234 +.C -. (31) 5678 ,2 p. +2,. Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. J. (+33-) Extended +.C database and revised CALIB -.* +.C age calibration program. Radiocarbon, -/, ,+/ῌ,-*. 9:; (+323) <=>? +1 @3AB ()C( DE FGHIJ KL = M5N -* ,1ῌ--. )O P (+3/2) ()CQR STUVWXYZ[T@ <=>?() ()\]<^_?à 5b` cd 2 .*p. efghijkl (+33*) /m5nop q5r<=>?stuv wxyDE zHI 12 3à ,3 -+3ῌ--0. {|}~ g.

(106)