Vol.63 , No.3(2015)217日野 慧運「大乗仏典に見えるインド医学の一例 ： 『金光明経』「除病品」を中心として」

Jburnal

_ofindian

andBuddhist

Simdies

Vbl.

63,

No.

3,

March

2015

(177)

The

Suvarnabhasottamastitra's

parivarta"

and

Ayurveda:

Similar

in

Form

but

Different

in

Theory

HiNo

Eun

1.

Descriptive

Similarities

between

Suv

and

Ayurvedic

Ilexts

In

the

"VyfidhipraSamana-parivarta,"

the

16th

chapter of

the

Sanskrit

version of

the

Suvampabhdsottamastitra

(Suv),

a medical

discussion

can

be

fbund,

which

Emmerick

[1996:

78]

translates

as

fo11ows:

i)

(S)Therainy _season

is

_{seen to}

be

three

_{months, auturnn}

is

_saidto

be

_three,winter

likewise

three,

and

threetoo the hot season. 7;ltusthe succession

oftnonths

(forms)

six_periods.

A

_yearissaid to

have

twetvemonths. (6>...

The

monthly

period

is

to

be

viewed

in

twos.

Food

and

drink

areconsumed

accordingly. And the doctor,hisskill,and the

_period,

have

been

explained. (7)And

the

senses and

elements _change

during

the

division

_{ofthe year.}

The

_senses changing, thevarious

diseases

arise

fbr

corporeal beings.{S)Inthatcase, the doctormust have skill concerning thefburfbld

division

into

threemonths, thesix

_periods

inthe

(bimonthly)

division,and the six elements. (9)Illnesses

due

to

excess ofwind oecur

in

therainy season. Disturbanceofthe bileistaught

(to

occur) inautumn.

Likewise,

(illness)

due

toa combination

(arises)

in

winter-time. Illnesses

due

toexcess ofphlegm

arise

in

the

hot

season. OO)Intherainy season, the

(characteristic)

tastes

(are)

fatty,

warrn, salty

and sour;

in

autumn seasons,

fatty,

sweet and cold;

in

winter-time, sweet, sour and fatty;and in

summer-time, rough, warm and

bitter.

"DExcess ofphlegm erupts as seon as one

has

eaten. Exeess ofbile erupts during

digestlon.

Excess ofwind erupts as soon as one

has

digested.

Inthismanner do

the

threeelements erupt ('2)Givestrengthening toone who

has

wind, a

_purgative

toremove

bile,

in

thecase of a combination

(give)

something endowed with

the

three_qualities,and one should use

an emetic

during

a_periodof

(excess)

_phlegm. "3)One must

know

in

which _periodsexcess ofwind,

bileor a combination,

(or)

excess ofphlegm

(occur).

That

fbod,

drink,

or medicine must be

scribed which accords with thetime,theelement and the _person.

(Prose

is

in

italics,

and verse numbers ('")were added

by

the

author)

First

the

_rtus

(seasons)

are

defined,

fbllowed

by

the

disorders

fbund

in

the

medical

theory

of tridosa comprised of vata

(wind),

_pitta

(bile),

and

kclpha/Slesman

(phlegm).

Then,

remedies and rasas

(tastes)

fbr

each season are

_prescribed.

The

fbrm

of

this

_passage,

-The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies

NII-Electronic Library Service

The JapaneseAssociation of Indian and Buddhist Studies

(178)

TheSuvar4abhdsottamasatra's"VyAdhipraSamana-parivarta"

and

iiLyurveda

(E,

HiNo)

though simplified, corresponds

to

that

of the seasonal regimen

descriptions

commonly

fbund

in

orthodox

Ayurvedic

documents.

2)

Thus,

this

_passage

has

been

considered

to

have

been

extracted

from,

or

directly

infiuenced

by

the

Ayurvedic

documents.

2.

Rtu

and

Rasa

.

However,

Suv's

description

is

different

from

orthodox

Ayurvedic

documents

when

it

comes tospecific concepts.

Stzv

introduces

four

and six _rtusas technicalterms,

but

it

actu-ally uses only

the

fbrmer

in

its

medical explanation.

In

contrast, orthodox

Ayurvedic

docu-ments use six

_rtus.3)

If

directly

based

on

Ayurvedic

documents,

theregimen would

be

de-scribed using thesix

_rtus,

but

that

is

not thecase.

In

thisconnection,

Xuanzang

Eelee

writes

in

his

Datang

Xlyu1'i

Ji<gilgrkE'e

that

there

were

three

concepts ofthe seasons

in

India:

thecommon notion of six seasons, and the two understandings

found

in

the

Buddhist

can-non of

three

seasons and

fbur

seasons. 4)

wnile

this

single record cannot

_prove

the

fbur-rtu

concept to

be

distinctive

among

Buddhists,

we can affirm

that

the

concept of seasons

in

Suv

is

not simply copied

from

Ayurvedic

texts.

In

addition,

Suv's

description

of rasas

loosely

corresponds

to

the

Ayurvedic

seasonal regimen although

its

concept of

_rtu

differs

(fig.

1)

.

However,

the

rasas

Suv

enumerates

do

not match the

definition

of the

_sadrasa

(six

rasas)

found

in

orthodox

Ayurveda.

5>

Moreover,

supposedly earlier

Mahdyana

textssuch as

the

Da

zhidu

lun

_JJ<rw

Rwh

6) and

Mahoparinirvduamahdstitra

7)mention theconcept of

sa4rasa.

Thus

Sletv's

theory

of nasa

does

not coincide with

that

of

Ayurvedic

texts,

nor

es-pecially

closer than thatof other

Buddhist

texts.

CSSa.6.4-SO(seasonalregimen),[Sa.20.11-19](sortsof

diseases).sadrasa(Sti.1.66)_tt VyEdhiSamal)a-parivartainSuv

ptude$adiserderedrasaapproprlate' remedy rtudosadisorderedrasaapproprlate' remedy

vasantakapha[katuka,tikta,kapiya, tiksuqa,usoa,nik$a]varnana-gris.makaphakatuka.niksa<forkas9ya?), usl)a vamana gTi$ma[pitta]madhura,Sita.dTava, snigdha varsayata,etc.am)a,layapa,snigdha [madhura,u$n.a] allremedies

[sthipana,

anuvEsana]varsa'vfitaamta,laya4a,snigdha,usrpasamb;haila Sarad'plttamadhura,tikta,laghu, Sita,satiktaka 'vlreeana,raktamoksanaSarad'Plttamadhllra,snigdha,gita 'vlrecana hemantav5taamla.Iava4a,snigdha

[madhura.us4a]

[sthapana, anuvfisana] gigiravAtaamla,tava4a,snigdha

[rnadhura,uspa]

anuvdsana]hemanta'sarluupatamadhllra,amla,snigdha

[sthapana,

'tngurpopapanna

Fig.1Seasonalregimen inCS and Suv,

-1272-The

Suvaruabhdsottamasfitra's

"VyadhipraSainana-parivarta"

and

Ayurveda

(E.

HiNo)

(179)

3.

7)ldosa

In

Ayurvedic

texts,

it

is

said thatthere are

62

saipnipata

(combinations

of

disorders)

_,

but

their

_particular

syrnptoms are not assigned to specific seasons.8)

By

contrast,

in

Bud-dhist

texts

we often

find

404

types

ofdiseases, which are seen as arising

from

the

fbur

ele-ments

(mahabhfita)

or

the

dhatus.

In

this

framework,

each

is

assigned a

dbsa:

vata

to

air

(vdyu),pitta

to

fire

(tojas),

kcrpha

to

water

(op),

and sapanipata

to

earth

(prthivi).9)

In

fact,

cthatu and

dosa

are

different

names

fbr

the same thing;

dhatu

is

the term used to

de-scribe elements cornprising the

body,

whereas

dosa

is

used when they are the causes of

disease,

Thus,

in

the above

_passage,

dhatulmahabhtita

and

dhditufdosa

are used

inter-changeably. iO)

In

the

Buddhist

conception of404

diseases,

it

is

_quite

common tojuxtapose tridosaand samnipata.

Suv

supposedly also adopted

this

manner.

4.

Sadduntu

-

Suv

mentions

_Fa`id,

hatu

(six

elements)

in

the above-cited

8th

verse, _as well as

in

the

prose

fbllowing

the verses. ii)

In

the

1lth

verse, tri-dhdtuare mentioned as

dosa.

While

in

thiscontext _sa4duatu must

include

tri-dhatuldosa,

in

orthodox

Ayurveda

such a conception

cannot

be

fbund.

i2)

Thus

we

have

no choice

but

tounderstand these three(lhatuldosa as

three

d];atulmahabhata,

and

_sa4duatu

as

the

classical

Buddhist

concept of

the

elements of

body,

i.e.,

earth, water,

fire,

air,void

(aka-s'a),

and cognition

(vij'n"dna),

which

includes

the

13)

three

dhatus.

5.

Conclusion

As

seen above, while themedical regimen

in

Sletv

is

similar to

Ayurvedic

texts

in

fbrm,

it

differs

in

content.

Its

understandings ofseasons, etiologies, and theconcept of theelements of

the

body

are closer

to

classic

Buddhist

theory.

There

are

two

_possible

reasons

fbr

this:

Suv's

seasonal regimen could

be

unique to

Buddhism,

belonging

toa

line

of transmission

different

from

orthodox

Ayurveda,

i4) or

it

could

be

an

imitation

only

in

the

fbrm

of an

Ayurvedic

seasonal regimen.

Notes1

)

Nob.,

pp.178-180,

Slci.,

pp.292-297,

Tib.,

pp.139-141,

ft

35lc-352a,

fi

395a,

X

448a.

-The Japanese Association of Indian and Buddhist Studies

NII-Electronic Library Service

The JapaneseAssociation ofIndian and Buddhist Studies

(180>

The

Stivarpabhdsottamastitra's

"VyadhipraSamana-parivarta"

and

iELyurveda

(E.

HiNo)

2)

es

SUtrasthana

_(Stt)

6,

ss

SU.

6,

AH

SU.

3,

XS

105ff:

3)

es

Sa.

6.

4-7,

ss

Stt.

6.

5-9,

AH

Sa.

3.1-2.

Cfl

es

Sn.

7.46,

Yano

[1988:

55].

See

also

Kane

[1958:

667].

4)

T.

no. 2087, vol. _51,

875c-876a.

See

_alsoAKBh III_89,

_p.

_177,

AKVIIL

8l,

_p.

_333.

Three

_seasons:

P'7n.

L

III._1.1, Sij2]n

tti

Ugfire,

T.no. 1428,vol. 22,830b,etc.;

four

seasons: foyiJ'ing

VxEff,

T.no. 793,vol. 17, 737a,AKBh III.15,_p.127,LaL 15,_p.211,etc.

On

the Buddhistcalendar, see Meri

[1999].

5)

CIS

Sa.

1.66,26.9.

6)

T.no. _1509,vol. _{25,60a,attributed}toNaganiuna

_(c.

150-25e),

possibly

compiled

by

KLimarajiva

(40240S);

_proto-Sorv

must

_precede

&

(412-421)

but

the

legend

She

Moteng

zatswa

preached

Suv

(-75)

could not

be

the

historical

fact.

7)

See

Shimoda

[1993:

158,

185],

Nakagawa

_[1989].

8)

(;SSit.

I7.

41-43,

Vimiinasthana

6.

Il;

ss regards

blood

(So"ita)

as the4thdosa.

(SU.

1.20) enumerates 15sapanipa-tas

(SU.

21.25.).

9)

Juxtaposing

tridosa and samnipfita:

SgV

IV,

_p.230,

ANII,

_p.87,

V,

_p.11O,

Da

bore

boiuomiduoJ'ing

_Jk

meZutee

MeK,

T.

no. 220, vol. 6,695c, etc.; 404 diseases out Qf4 causes: Muxing claodiJ'ing

iS

fiMlkpt,

T.

no.

606,

vol. 15,188c, 209b,Mohe sengqi lti

ig:nytee

itre,

T.no. 1425,vol. 22,316c,Da zhidu

tun,

T. no.

1509,

voL 25,119c,469c,478b,etc.;only 404

diseases:

VimatakirtinirdeSa

(Study

Group

on

Bud-dhist

Sanskrit

LiteratuTe

in

the

Institute

for

Comprehensive

Studies

ofBuddhism

in

foisho

University,

ed., Tbkyo:ThishoUniversityPress,2004,ch. II,_p.

68),

Bodhicaryavatarqpafiiika

(P.

L.Vaidya,ed.,

Darbhanga:

The MithilaInstitute,1960,IIv. 55),etc.

See

also Fukunaga

[1972:

56-61],Demieville

[1937:

249-253,

255-257],

Lamotte

_[1976:

36

n.

26],

Shimoda

[1993:

45

n.

54].

10)

Morxiug

dZrodiJ'ing

209b,

Da zhidu

larn

469c,

see also AKBh

III.

44,

_p.

157,

Habata

[1989].

11)

Nob.,

_p. 178,

l.

1,_p.180,

1.

13,

Ski.,

p.292,p.297.

12)

Dhbtu hastwo meanings: dosa and seven

bodi-ly

tissues.

See

Yano

_[1988:

15

n.

40].

X

translated_saqtd.

hatu

inthe

8th

verse as

1

git

(seven

dhatus).

13)

Ex.AKBh I.

28,

_p.

18.

es

also

_presents

_sa4dhntuas consisting ofearth, water,

fire,

air,yoid, and atman

(SU.

8.

9,

2S.

14).Newhere

else

in

Suv

is

_saddudtu

fbund,

despite

dhbtu

being

used

in

"Relic"

(ch.

2)and

in

"Four

Elements

ofthe Body"

(ch.

5).

14)

SeeG.Zysk

[1991].

ANes

Abbreviations

Aff

AFgdngahrdayam.

Ed.Yadunandana Upadhyaya. Kasi

Sanskrit

Granthamala

150.

Vbranasii

Chaukhamba, 1959.

AKBh

Abhidharmakoshabhdsya

_of

PZ"subancthu.

Ed.

P.Pradhan.Patna:K. P.Jayaswal Research

stitute,1967.

AKV

_{EPhufirthdAbhidharmakoSavydkllya:}

T7,e

Pfork

_{ofYkeSomitra.}

Ed.

U.

Wogihara.

Tbkyo:

boBuddhistBook Store,1936.

LalNob.

sto.

Anguttara-nikiiya.

Ed.

Richard

Morris.

London:

PaliTbxt

Society,

1885-191O.

Charahasatnhita-

tu7

Agnivesia. Ed. Vaidya JEdavajiTrikarrljiAcarya.Chaukhamba Ayurveda

Granthamala

34.

Reprint,Varanasi:

Chaukhamba,

1992.

Lalitavistara.Ed.

S.

Lefinann.

Halle

a.

S.:

Verlag

der

Buchhandlung

desWeisenhauses,

1902.

Johannes

Nobel,

Siivaruabhdsottamasditra:

Das Goldglanz-sfitra,ein

Sbnskrittext

des

Maha-ydna-buddhismus. Leiden:OttoHarrassowitz,1937.

Prods

Oktor

Skyzerve,

71iiis

Most

lltcellent

Shine

_of

Gold,

Kiizg

_ofKings

_ofSutras:

77)e

Kho-tanese

Suvar:ctabhdsottamasfitra.

[Cambridge,

Mass.]:Harvard University,2004.

-The　

Suva

_广4abhdSottamastitr_〆s‘“Vy_巨dhipraSamana−

parivarta

”_and 入

yurveda

（E，H_【No） （

181

） ∬ ∬ 　 ， 　

b

． 　 ． lTT 伽 ” 曇 合 義

Sa

η翆γutta−nik凌ya ．　

Ed

．　

L60n

　

Feer

．　

Oxfbrd

；Pali　Text　Society，1884 ．

SuSirutasa

解

hit

酉．　

Ed

．　

Kavir

_司aAnlbik5datta 　

Sh

盃stri．　

Kasi

　

Sanskrit

　

Granthamala

　

l

　

56

．　

Reprint

_，

Varanasi

：

Chaukhamba

_，

2006

．

Taish6　shinshU 　

daizOky6

大正新脩大蔵経

Johannes

　

Nobel

_，　

Suvam

_ηabhasottamastitra _，　

das

　

Goldglanz

−satra _，　die搾bettSchen　Ubersetzun−

gen　mit　_einem

Mb

’_rterbuch ．

Leiden

_：

E

．

J

．

Brill

，

1944

，

跏 吻 _卿 P_加加配 ，Ed ．　Hemann 　Oldenberg ．　London ：Palj　

Text

　

Society

，

1879

−

1883

．

YogaSiataka

．　

Ed

．　

J

．　

FilHozat

．　

Paris

：Institut　Frangais　d’

indoiogie

，1979．

Tanwuchen

曇 無 讖 （

Dha

  ak _寧ema ），　trans．　Jinguangming／ing 金光 明 経．　T ，　no ．

663

，　voL 　16．

飽 伽 伽

_g

槻 η

g

〃御

g

_ガ  合 部金光 明経

T

．no．

664

，　vol．16．

Y

_麺

ing

義 浄，　trans．　

Jinguangming

　zuishenguangJ ’

ing 金光明最勝王経 T ．　no ．665 ，vo1．16．

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Z

勧襯 Mayaku　“Dai

’

O　Nehangy δ”_{蔵 文和 訳 『大乗 涅 槃経』}

1

_．

　　

Tokyo

：

Sa

皿

kib6

　

Busshorin

．

Yano　Michio 矢野_{道雄 ．1988 ．}Indo

　igaku　gairon　Charaka −sanhita イ ン ド医学 概 論チ ャラカ ・サ

　　

　

ン ヒ ター．　KagakU 　ne 　mei 。ho 科 学の 名著 2；

1

．Tokyo ：Asahi　Shuppansha ．

、

＜

Key

　words ＞

Su

　va　r4a 　（p厂a）わ乃〜

iSottamc

〜sfitra，　

Mah

五y互na ，入yurveda，　rtu，　

d

乃巨魏，　

d

（）5a

　

　

　

　　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　　

　

　

　

　

　

　

　

（

Pr

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ject

　

Researcher

，　The　

University

　of ］

R

）

kyo

）