ࢻ࣑ࢽࢫࢺ࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥ ➨ 21 ᕳ➨ 1 ྕ (2014) ISSN 2187-378X
2000 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ㈈ᨻࡢ༴ᶵ
̿ࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯᕞ▱ࡢࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ̿
ᑠἨ㔜
┠ḟ ࡣࡌࡵ Ϩ㸬2000 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ⤒῭㈈ᨻ 㸯㸬ᕞ⤒῭ࡢືྥ㈈ᨻ≧ἣ 㸰㸬㈈ᨻᥦᕞ࣭ᆅ᪉㈈ᨻࡢᙳ㡪 ϩ㸬ࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯ㈈ᨻᘓ 㸯㸬ᕞ㈈ᨻࡢ༴ᶵࡑࡢཎᅉ 㸰㸬㉥Ꮠ㈈ᨻ౫Ꮡᆺࡢ㈈ᨻᘓ Ϫ㸬ᕞ▱ࡢࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ⛯㈈ᨻၥ㢟 㸯㸬ࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ື⮬ື㌴චチᩱᘬࡁୖࡆ 㸰㸬ࣜࢥ࣮ࣝᚋࡢࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞▱ࡢ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀ ࠾ࢃࡾ ࡣࡌࡵ 90 ᖺ௦๓༙ࠊཝࡋ࠸㈈ᨻ༴ᶵࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࡓ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ㈈ᨻࡣࠊ90 ᖺ௦୰┙௨㝆ࠊᬒẼࡀᅇ ࡋ㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡶዲ㌿ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᮇࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥࣂ࣮ࣞࡢIT ⏘ᴗࡸ〇㐀ᴗ࡛㍺ฟࡀᣑࡋࠊᕞ⤒῭ ࡣࡁࡃᡂ㛗ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ1ࠋᥦ13 ྕ௨㝆ࠊᕞ⛯ไࡣᕞẚಶேᡤᚓ⛯౫Ꮡࡍࡿᵓ 㐀2࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊᬒẼࡢᣑࡣᕧ㢠ࡢ⛯ࢆᕞ㈈ᨻࡶࡓࡽࡍࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ⛯࡛ᩍ ⫱ࡸ⚟♴ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫࡢᐇࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ2000 ᖺࡢࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝ(dot-com bubble)ࡢᔂቯ࡛ࠊ ࡧࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡣཝࡋ࠸㈈ᨻ༴ᶵ㝗ࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡶࠊ㈈ᨻᘓ࠾ࡅࡿࢢࣞ ࣭ࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ㸦Gray Davis㸧ᕞ▱ࡢኻᨻࡀᢈุࡉࢀࠊ⡿ྐ࡛ࡶ⛥࡞▱ࡢࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡀᡂ❧ ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 1 90 ᖺ௦ࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ⤒῭ࡢ≧ἣࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᑠἨ㸦2014㸧ཧ↷ࠋ 2 Wassmer(2010), pp.100-101 ཧ↷ࠋࡉ࡚ࠊᮏㄽࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯᕞ▱ࣜࢥ࣮ࣝၥ㢟ࢆ⣲ᮦࠊ2000 ᖺ௦๓༙ ࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ㈈ᨻࡢ≉ᚩࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢࡓࡵࠊḟࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᵓᡂ࡛㆟ㄽ ࢆ⾜࠺ࡇࡍࡿࠋ ࡲࡎࠊϨ࡛ࡣࠊ90 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡽ 2000 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ⤒῭࣭㈈ᨻࡢ≧ἣࡇࡢ ᮇᥦࡉࢀࡓ㈈ᨻᥦࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋḟϩ࡛ࡣࠊ2000 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵࡢཎᅉᙳ㡪 ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࡢୗࠊ㐍ࡵࡉࢀࡓ㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽϪ࡛ࡣࠊ ࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࡢ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀᑐࡍࡿ‶ࢆ⫼ᬒᒎ㛤ࡉࢀࡓࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ືࣜࢥ࣮ࣝᚋࠊㄌ⏕ࡋ ࡓࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞▱ࡢ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡇࡍࡿࠋ Ϩ㸬2000 ᖺ௦๓༙ࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ⤒῭㈈ᨻ 㸯㸬ᕞ⤒῭ࡢືྥ㈈ᨻ≧ἣ 1991 ᖺ㸱᭶௨㝆ࠊ࣓ࣜ࢝⤒῭ࡣᡓᚋ᭱㛗ࡢᬒẼᣑࢆグ㘓ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢᮇࠊᅜෆእࡽࡢᰴ ᘧᕷሙࡢ㈨㔠ὶධࡀᰴ౯ࢆᢲࡋୖࡆࠊሗ࣭㏻ಙ⏘ᴗศ㔝ࡢ✚ᴟⓗ࡞タഛᢞ㈨ࢆಁࡋࡓࠋࡲ ࡓࠊಶேᾘ㈝ࡶపࣥࣇࣞᰴ㧗ࡼࡿ㈨⏘ຠᯝࡼࡗ࡚ቑຍࡋࠊ㛗ᮇࡢᬒẼᣑࢆᨭ࠼ࡿࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓ3ࠋࡇࡢⰋዲ࡞⤒῭≧ἣࡢ୰ࠊࠕᬒẼᚠ⎔ࡣᾘ⁛ࡋỌ⥆ⓗ࡞ᡂ㛗ࡀࡶࡓࡽࡉࡏࡿࠖࡍࡿ ࢽ࣮࢚ࣗࢥࣀ࣑࣮ㄽࡀ⬮ගࢆᾎࡧࡓ4ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ2000 ᖺ㸲᭶ࡢࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯࢆᶵᬒẼࡣῶ㏿㌿ࡌࡓࠋᅗ㸯♧ࡍࡼ࠺ ࢿࢵࢺᴗࡀୖሙࡍࡿࢼࢫࢲࢵࢡᕷሙࡢ⥲ྜᣦᩘࡣ1999ᖺึࡵ2000ࢻࣝྎࡢỈ‽࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ 2000 ᖺึࡵࡣ㸰ಸࡢ 4500 ࢻࣝྎࢆ㉸࠼ࡓ㸦2000 ᖺ㸱᭶ 10 ᪥ࡣྐୖ᭱㧗್ࡢ 5048.62 ࢻࣝ㸧ࠋ ࡇࢁࡀࠊ㸲᭶ࡢᡭ࣊ࢵࢪࣇࣥࢻ㸦ࢪ࣮ࣕ࢞ࣇࣥࢻ㸧ࡢ◚ࡓࢇࠊ࣐ࢡࣟࢯࣇࢺ♫ࡢ⊂⚗ ἲッゴࡢᩋッ5ࢆዎᶵࠊ5 ᭶ࡣ 3400 ࢻࣝྎࡢỈ‽ᭀⴠࡋࡓࠋᰴ౯ࡢୗⴠࡣࡑࡢᚋࡶ⥆ࡁ 2002 ᖺࡣ1100 ࢻࣝྎࡢỈ‽ࡲ࡛ⴠࡕ㎸ࡴࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯࡣࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᬒẼᣑࢆ≌ᘬࡋ࡚ࡁࡓሗ࣭㏻ಙ⏘ᴗศ㔝ࡢᢞ ㈨ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࠊከࡃࡢࢿࢵࢺ⏘ᴗࡣಽ⏘ࡸࣜࢫࢺࣛ㏣࠸㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊ⩣ᖺ 㸷᭶ࡢ9.11 ྠከⓎࢸࣟࡢຨⓎࡣᬒẼࡢᝏ㏣࠸ᡴࡕࢆࡅࡓࠋಶேᾘ㈝ࡶపୗࡋࠊᐇ㉁㹅㹂 㹎㸦2000 ᖺࢻࣝ㸧ࡢᡂ㛗⋡ࡣ 2000 ᖺࡢ 3.7㸣ࡽ 2001 ᖺࡣ 0.5㸣పୗࡋࠊኻᴗ⋡ࡶྠᮇ 4.0㸣 ࡽ4.7㸣ᝏࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ6ࠋ ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ⤒῭ࡶྠᵝࡢ㌶㊧ࢆ㎺ࡗࡓࠋᅗ㸰♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊ90 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆ࠊᬒẼࡀᣑ ࡋࠊኻᴗ⋡ࡶᨵၿࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࠋᕞ⤒῭ࡢᡂ㛗ࢆࡅࢇᘬࡋࡓࡢࡣࢩࣜࢥࣥࣂ࣮ࣞࢆᣐⅬࡍࡿࣁ ࢸࢡᆺࡢ㈠᫆㛵㐃⏘ᴗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ90 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࡣேཱྀࡢቑຍࡸಶேᾘ㈝ࡢఙࡧࢆᫎࡋ࡚ࠊ ᘓタࠊ㔠⼥ࠊᑠࠊࢧ࣮ࣦࢫᖜᗈ࠸ศ㔝࡛ᡂ㛗ࡀぢࡽࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂ 3 90 ᖺ௦ࡢᬒẼᣑࡢ≉ᚩࡣᖹ㔝(2005), pp.29-36 ཧ↷ࠋ 4 ࢽ࣮࢚ࣗࢥࣀ࣑࣮ㄽࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᆏ(2000), pp.210-212 ཧ↷ࠋ 5 ෆ⏣(2002),p.72 ཧ↷ࠋࡋࡋࡑࢀࡽࡀᰴ౯ୗⴠࡢ୍ࡘࡢዎᶵ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡋ࡚ࡶࠊᰴᘧࡢࣂࣈࣝ ࡣ࠸ࡎࢀᙎࡅࡿ㐠࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊᙎࡅࡿࡃࡋ࡚ᙎࡅࡓࣟࣂ࣮ࢺ࣭࣏࣮ࣜࣥࡣホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࣏࣮ࣜࣥ(2009), pp.97-99 ཧ↷ࠋ
⏕⏘㢠㻔㻝㻜㻜䝗䝹䠅 ྜ䠄䠂䠅 ᑐ๓ᖺᗘఙ䜃⋡䠄䠂䠅 〇㐀ᴗ 163,880 12.8 -10.4 䝁䞁䝢䝳䞊䝍䞊 57,106 4.5 -14.6 ༺ᴗ 80,057 6.2 7.9 ᑠᴗ 95,101 7.4 6.8 ሗ⏘ᴗ 81,123 6.3 -0.1 㔠⼥䞉ಖ㝤 275,519 21.5 4.3 ᑓ㛛䞉ᢏ⾡䝃䞊䞂䜱䝇 25,360 2.0 -23.6 ᗣ䞉♫ᢇຓ 67,453 5.3 5.6 ᨻᗓ 140,579 11.0 3.2 䛭䛾 363,008 28.3 28.3 ྜィ 1,281,733 100.0 -0.4 ⾲ ⾲䠍䠍 䚷䚷䜹䜹 䝸䝸䝣䝣䜷䜷䝹䝹䝙䝙䜰䜰 ᕞᕞ䛾䛾⏕⏕⏘⏘㒊㒊㛛㛛ูู㻳㻳 㻰㻰㻼㻼 䠄䠄㻞㻞㻜㻜㻜㻜㻝㻝ᖺᖺ䠅䠅 ฟ ฟᡤᡤ䠅䠅 㻯㻯 㼍㼍㼘㼘 㼕㼕 㼒㼒㼛㼛 㼞㼞 㼚㼚 㼍㼍㻌㻌㻰㻰㼑㼑 㼜㼜㼍㼍㼞㼞 㼠㼠 㼙㼙 㼑㼑 㼚㼚 㼠㼠 㻌㻌㼛㼛 㼒㼒㻌㻌㻲㻲㼕㼕 㼚㼚 㼍㼍㼚㼚 㼏㼏 㼑㼑 㻔㻔㻞㻞 㻜㻜 㻜㻜 㻥㻥 㼎㼎㻕㻕㻘㻘 㼜㼜㼜㼜㻚㻚 㻢㻢 㻡㻡 㻙㻙 㻢㻢 㻢㻢 㻚㻚
ቯ〇㐀ᴗࡢ㍺ฟప㏞7ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ2001 ᖺࡣ࣐ࢼࢫᡂ㛗㸦㸫0.4㸣㸧㌿ࡌࠊኻᴗ⋡ࡶ 2003 ᖺ ࡣࠊ6.8㸣ᝏࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ᕞෆGDP ࢆ⏘ᴗ㒊㛛ูぢࡿࠊ2001 ᖺࡣ〇㐀ᴗ㸦㸫10.4㸣㸧̿୰࡛ࡶࠊࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮࣭ ᐙ㟁〇ရࡣ㸫14.6㸣ࡢῶᑡ̿ࠊሗ⏘ᴗ㸦㸫0.1㸣㸧ࠊᑓ㛛࣭ᢏ⾡ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫᴗ㸦㸫23.6㸣㸧࠸ࡗ ࡓศ㔝࡛ⴠࡕ㎸ࡳࡀࡁࡃࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ㒊㛛࠾ࡅࡿᑵᴗ⪅ᩘࡶࡁࡃపୗࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 㸯㸧ࠋࡾࢃࡅࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥࣂ࣮ࣞࢆᢪ࠼ࡿࢧࣥࢱࢡࣛࣛ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࡢ≧ἣࡣ῝้࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㞠⏝⪅ ᩘࡣ99 ᖺ 92 9300 ேࡽ 2003 ᖺࡣ 77 9200 ேῶᑡࡋࠊኻᴗ⋡ࡶ 3.1㸣ࡽ 8.3㸣㊴ࡡ ୖࡀࡗࡓ㸦ᅗ3㸧ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ 2000 ᖺ௦๓༙ࠊᬒẼࡀᚋ㏥ࡍࡿ୰ࠊᕞ㈈ᨻࡢ≧ἣࡶᝏࡋࡓࠋ90 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࠊ⤒῭ ᡂ㛗ࢆᫎࡋ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡢṓධࠊṓฟࡣ㧗࠸ఙࡧࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ2001-02 ᖺᗘ㸦2001 ᖺ㸵᭶ࡽ 2002 ᖺᗘ㸴᭶㸧ࡣ 35 ൨ 3500 ࢻࣝࠊ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ṓฟẚ࡛̿4.6㸣ࡢᕧ㢠ࡢ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓ㸦⾲2㸧8ࠋࡇࡢᮇࠊᕞ࡛ࡶᬒẼᚋ㏥ࡼࡗ࡚㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡀᝏࡋࠊᕞయࡢᖺᗘᮎ ᨭ㸦ending balance㸧ࡣࡁࡃῶᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊᖺᗘᮎᨭࡀ㉥Ꮠ࡞ࡗࡓᕞࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ ᕞࢆྵࡵࢃࡎ㸱ᕞ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ9ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡀ㉥Ꮠ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡢࡣࢃࡎ㸯ᖺᗘࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ᪩ࡃࡶ 2002-03 ᖺ ᗘࡣࡧ㯮Ꮠ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ⤒㈝๐ῶࡸṓධỈ‽ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶࠊ㉥Ꮠᕞ
മ࡛࠶ࡿ⤒῭ᅇമ㸦Economic Recovery Bond㸧ࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡇࡼࡿࠋࡑࡢ㔠㢠ࡣ 2002-03
ᖺᗘࡀ92 ൨ 4200 ࢻࣝ㸦୍⯡ᇶ㔠ṓධࡢ 11.5㸣㸧ࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘࡀ 20 ൨ 1200 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓ10ࠋ 90 ᖺ௦๓༙ࠊ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡀ㸲ᖺᗘࡶ㐃⥆ࡋࠊቑ⛯ࠊ⤒㈝๐ῶࠊᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢ㈇ᢸ㌿᎑➼࡛㉥Ꮠࡢ ๐ῶࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡀࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡣ㉥Ꮠᕞമ౫Ꮡࡋ࡚▷ᮇ㛫࡛㈈ᨻᨭࡢᆒ⾮ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࡇࡢ㛫ࠊᕞࡢ⤒῭ࠊ㈈ᨻࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓฟ᮶ࡋ࡚㟁ຊ༴ᶵ㸦electricity crisis㸧 ࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿ11 ࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ࡛ࡣ 96 ᖺୗ㝔ἲ 1890 ྕࢆᕞ㆟࡛ྍỴࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊᕷ ሙ➇தࢆᑟධࡋ࡚㟁ຊᩱ㔠ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࡿ┠ⓗ࡛సࡽࢀࡓἲᚊ࡛ࠊᚑ᮶ࠊ㟁ຊ♫ࡀ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓⓎ ㏦㟁ᴗࢆศ㞳ࡋࠊⓎ㟁ᴗᕷሙཧධࢆಁࡀࡑ࠺ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤌ࡳࡣḟࡢࡼ࠺ ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ12 㸦ᅗ㸲㸧ࠋ
㸯㸧ࡲࡎࠊ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅㸦Investor-Own Utilities, IOUs㸧㸫༡࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢚ࢪࢯࣥ♫ࠊࣃࢩࣇ
ࢵࢡ࢞ࢫ㸤࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣜࢵࢡ♫㸦P㸤E㸧ࠊࢧࣥࢹ࢚ࢦ࣭࢞ࢫ㸤࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣜࢵࢡ♫㸫ࡣⓎ㟁ᴗ ⪅Ⓨ㟁タࢆ༷ࡍࡿࠋ 㸰㸧༺㟁ຊྲྀᘬᡤ㸦Power Exchange ,PX㸧ࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅ࡣ PX ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊⓎ㟁ᴗ⪅ 7 2001 ᖺࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡢ〇ရ㍺ฟࡣᑐ๓ᖺᗘẚ࡛ 10.8㸣పୗࡋࡓࠋ 8 ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡢ㈈ᨻᨭࡣṓධ̿ṓฟ㸦㸻ᖺᗘᮎᨭ㸧̿㸦ᮍᡶ㔠㸩✚❧㔠㸩മົὶື ‽ഛ㔠㸧࡛♧ࡉࢀࡿࠋ 9 ᖺᮎᗘᮎᨭ㸦ṓධ̿ṓฟ㸧ࡢᑐṓฟẚࡢ≧ἣࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ㸦㸫2.8㸣㸧ࠊ࢜ࣞࢦࣥᕞ㸦㸫 18.5㸣㸧ࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣁࣥࣉࢩ࣮ࣕᕞ㸦㸫3.2㸣㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋNASBO(2003), p.55 ཧ↷ࠋ 10 ᚋ࡛ヲࡋࡃぢࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ 2002-03 ᖺᗘ࡛ࡣ㸯ᖺ‶ᮇࡢ▷ᮇධ㸦92 ൨ 4200 ࢻࣝ㸧ࢆ ⾜࠸ࠊ⩣2003-04 ᖺᗘ⤒῭ᅇമࢆⓎ⾜ࡋࠊ▷ᮇධศࢆࡾ࠼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 11 㑥ᩥ⊩࡛ࡣᯇ⏣(2002), pp.132-138,㔠Ꮚ(2005),pp.198-201 ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 12 Ibele(2002), pp.16-17 ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡽ㟁ຊࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿࠋ
㸱㸧⊂❧⣔⤫㐠⏝ᶵ㛵㸦Independent System Operator㸧ࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊ㏦㟁⥙ࡢ㐠⏝ࠊ㟁ຊ㟂せࡢ┘
どࢆ⾜࠸ࠊPX ண㟁ຊ㟂せࢆఏ㐩ࡍࡿࠋ 㸲㸧㟁Ẽᴗ⪅ࡣ㟁ຊᾘ㈝⪅ᑐࡋ࡚㟁Ẽᩱ㔠ࢆタᐃࡍࡿࠋ2002 ᖺ 12 ᭶ࡲ࡛ᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᑠ ౯᱁ࡣ࢟ࣕࢵࣉไࢆㄢࡍࡀࠊⓎ㟁ᴗ⪅ࡽ㉎ධࡍࡿ༺౯᱁ࡣ࢟ࣕࢵࣉࢆㄢࡉ࡞࠸ࡋࡓࠋ つไ⦆ᙜึࠊ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅ࡢᡤ᭷ࡍࡿⓎ㟁ᡤࡣⓎ㟁ᴗ⪅༷࡛ࡁࠊPX ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚㟁ຊࡢ ㈙ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅ࡣ༺౯᱁ᑠ౯᱁ࡢ㛫࡛㐺ṇ࡞࣐࣮ࢪࣥࡀྲྀࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊᑠ ࡢ㟁ຊᩱ㔠ࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡓࠋつไ⦆ࡢຠᯝࡣࡇࡢⅬ࡛ࡣぢࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡋࡋࠊ2000 ᖺ࡞ࡿែࡣ୍㌿ࡋࡓࠋᕞࡢ⤒῭ᡂ㛗ࠊᑡ㞵ࡼࡿỈຊⓎ㟁ᡤࡢ౪⤥㊊ࠊ 㻝㻥㻥㻣䇲㻥㻤 54,973 11.7 52,874 7.7 2,595 4.9 㻝㻥㻥㻤䇲㻥㻥 58,615 6.6 57,827 9.4 3,116 5.4 㻝㻥㻥㻥䇲㻜㻜 71,931 22.7 66,494 15.0 8,666 13.0 㻞㻜㻜㻜䇲㻜㻝 71,428 -0.7 78,053 17.4 1,310 1.7 㻞㻜㻜㻝䇲㻜㻞 72,239 1.1 76,752 -1.7 -3,535 -4.6 㻞㻜㻜㻞䇲㻜㻟 80,564 11.5 77,482 1.0 679 0.9 㻞㻜㻜㻟䇲㻜㻠 76,774 -4.7 78,345 1.1 2,847 3.6 㻞㻜㻜㻠䇲㻜㻡 82,210 7.1 79,804 1.9 9,112 11.4 㻞㻜㻜㻡䇲㻜㻢 93,427 13.6 91,592 14.8 10,071 11.0 㻞㻜㻜㻢䇲㻜㻣 95,415 2.1 101,413 10.7 3,015 3.0 ฟ ฟᡤᡤ䠅䠅 㻯㻯 㼍㼍㼘㼘㼕㼕㼒㼒㼛㼛 㼞㼞 㼚㼚 㼕㼕㼍㼍㻌㻌㻰㻰㼑㼑 㼜㼜㼍㼍㼞㼞 㼠㼠 㼙㼙 㼑㼑 㼚㼚 㼠㼠 㻌㻌㼛㼛 㼒㼒㻌㻌㻲㻲㼕㼕㼚㼚 㼍㼍㼚㼚 㼏㼏 㼑㼑 㻌㻌㻴㻴㼛㼛 㼙㼙 㼑㼑 㼜㼜㼍㼍㼓㼓㼑㼑 㻘㻘 㻯㻯 㼍㼍㼘㼘㼕㼕㼒㼒㼛㼛 㼞㼞 㼚㼚 㼕㼕㼍㼍㻌㻌㻮㻮㼡㼡 㼐㼐㼓㼓㼑㼑 㼠㼠 㻌㻌㻵㻵㼚㼚 㼒㼒㼛㼛 㼞㼞 㼙㼙 㼍㼍㼠㼠 㼕㼕㼛㼛 㼚㼚 㻘㻘 㻯㻯 㼔㼔 㼍㼍㼞㼞 㼠㼠 㻌㻌㻭㻭䜘䜘䜚䜚ససᡂᡂ䚹䚹 ⾲ ⾲㻞㻞䚷䚷䜹䜹 䝸䝸䝣䝣䜷䜷䝹䝹䝙䝙䜰䜰 ᕞᕞᨻᨻᗓᗓ䛾䛾୍୍⯡⯡ᇶᇶ㔠㔠䛾䛾᥎᥎⛣⛣ ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ṓධ 䠄㻝㻜㻜䝗䝹䠅 ᑐ๓ᖺᗘఙ䜃⋡ 䠄䠂䠅 ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ṓฟ 䠄㻝㻜㻜䝗䝹䠅 ᑐ๓ᖺᗘఙ䜃⋡ 䠄䠂䠅 ㈈ᨻᨭ䠄㻝㻜㻜 䝗䝹䠅 ㈈ᨻᨭ䠋୍⯡ ṓฟ䠄䠂䠅
⎔ቃつไࡼࡿⓎ㟁ᡤࡢṆࠊ㏦㟁タࡢ⪁ᮙࠊࡉࡽⓎ㟁タࡢᘓタㄆྍࡢ㐜ࢀ࠸ࡗࡓᵝࠎ ࡞せᅉࢆ⫼ᬒࠊ㟁ຊࡢ㟂⤥ࡀᛴ⃭ࡦࡗ㏕ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ13ࠋ ࡇࡢ㟂⤥ࡢࡦࡗ㏕ࡣ༺㟁ຊ౯᱁ࢆᖜᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ⤖ᯝ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ2000 ᖺ 4 ᭶ࡣ㸯࣓࢞࣡ࢵ ࢺᙜࡓࡾ30 ࢻࣝ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ6 ᭶ࡣ 100 ࢻࣝ௨ୖ࡞ࡾࠊࡉࡽ 11 ᭶ࡣ᭱㧗 450 ࢻ ࣝࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋ࡚࠸ࡗࡓ14ࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊ༺౯᱁ࡢᛴ㦐ࡣ㟁ຊᾘ㈝⪅ࡢᑠ౯᱁୍㒊ࡋ㌿᎑࡛ ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓࠋඛࡶ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊᑠ౯᱁ࡣ࢟ࣕࢵࣉไࡀㄢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵపࡃᤣ࠼⨨ࢀ ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡘࡅࡣ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅ᅇࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ༺౯᱁ᑠ౯᱁࡛㏫ࡊࡸࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ ࡓࡵࠊᕧ㢠ࡢ㈇മࢆᢪ࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋPG㸤Eࠊ༡࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࢚ࢪࢯࣥ♫ࡢ ♫ࡣ⤒Ⴀ༴ᶵ㝗ࡾࠊ⡿᭱つᶍࢆࡿPG㸤E ♫ࡣ㸲᭶ಽ⏘ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㟁ຊ ㊊ࡽ2001 ᖺ㸯᭶ࠊ㸱᭶ࡣィ⏬㟁ࡀᆅᇦⓗᐇࡉࢀࠊᕞ⤒῭ࡣ῝้࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ᕞᨻᗓࡣ㟁ຊ༴ᶵࢆゎỴࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊ⤒Ⴀ㞴࠶ࡗࡓ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅௦ࢃࡾࠊ2001 ᖺ㸯᭶ࡽ㸶 ᭶ࡅ࡚ࠊⓎ㟁ᴗ⪅ࡽ㟁ຊࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋᕞᨻᗓࡣ100 ൨ࢻࣝࡶࡢ㈈※ࢆᢞࡌ Ⓨ㟁ᴗ⪅ࡽ㟁ຊࢆ㉎ධࡋࠊࡇࢀࢆ30 ൨ࢻ࡛ࣝ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅㈍ࡋࠊ㟁ຊ౪⤥ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋࡓࡢ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᕞ㈈ᨻࡣ⣙70 ൨ࢻࣝࡶࡢ㈇ᢸࢆࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ15ࠋᚋぢࡿࡼ࠺ࡇ ࡢࠊ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡢṓධࢆὶ⏝ࡋ࡚ࠊ㈈※ࡢ⿵࡚ࢇࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊࡇࡢ⿵࡚ࢇ㢠 ࡣ୍⯡ᇶ㔠㏉῭ࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵ㈈ᨻⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡣ୍ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㟁ຊ༴ᶵࡢᨻⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪ࡣࡁ ࡃࠊᕞ▱ࡢホ౯ࢆⴠࡍࡇ࡞ࡾࠊ▱ᑐࡍࡿࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ືࡢ⫼ᬒ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 㸰 㸰㸬㸬㈈㈈ᨻᨻᥦᥦᕞᕞ࣭࣭ᆅᆅ᪉᪉㈈㈈ᨻᨻࡢࡢᙳᙳ㡪㡪 ḟࠊࡇࡢᮇࠊᥦࡉࢀࡓ㈈ᨻᥦ㸦fiscal proposition㸧ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡇࡋࡼ࠺ࠋࡇ ࢀࡽࡢᥦࡣ௨ୗࡢࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸯㸧⮬ື㌴⇞ᩱᑐࡍࡿᕞୖ⛯ࢆᜏஂⓗ㐨㊰➼ࡢ┠ⓗ㈈ 13 Ibid.,pp.19-20 ཧ↷ࠋ 14 Sweeney(2002), p.6 ཧ↷ࠋ 15 Ibid.,p.10 ཧ↷ࠋ 㟁䚷ຊ ᩱ䚷㔠 㟁䚷ຊ ᩱ ᩱ䚷䚷㔠㔠 䚷 䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䝅䝅䝇䝇䝔䝔䝮䝮ㄪㄪᩚᩚ 䚷䚷䚷䚷ᩱ䚷㔠 ᅗ ᅗ㻠㻠䚷䚷つつไไ⦆⦆ᚋᚋ䛾䛾䜹䜹䝸䝸䝣䝣䜷䜷䝹䝹䝙䝙䜰䜰ᕞᕞ䛾䛾㟁㟁ຊຊᕷᕷሙሙ ฟ ฟᡤᡤ䠅䠅 㻵㻵㼎㼎㼑㼑 㼘㼘㼑㼑 㻔㻔㻞㻞 㻜㻜 㻜㻜 㻞㻞 㻕㻕㻘㻘㼜㼜㻚㻚㻝㻝 㻢㻢 ཧཧ↷↷䚹䚹
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※ࡋࡓᥦ42 ྕ㸦2002 ᖺ㸧ࠊ㸰㸧Ꮫᰯࡢㄢእᤵᴗࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㈈※ࢆ࠼ࡓᥦ 49 ྕ㸦2002 ᖺ㸧ࠊ㸱㸧ᆒ⾮ண⟬ࢆㄢࡋࡓᥦ58 ྕ㸦2004 ᖺ㸧ࠊ㸲㸧⢭⚄⾨⏕ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㈈※ㄪ㐩ࢆ┠ⓗ ᐩ⿱ᒙᡤᚓ⛯ຍ⛯ࢆㄢࡋࡓᥦ63 ྕ㸦2004 ᖺ㸧ࠊ㸳㸧ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢㄢ⛯ᶒᑐࡋ࡚ᕞࡀไ⣙ࢆ ࠼ࡿࡇࢆ⚗ࡌࡓᥦ1A ྕ(2004 ᖺ)࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸳㸧ࡢᥦ 1A ྕࡘ࠸࡚ࡣϪ⠇ㄝ᫂ࢆㆡࡾࠊ ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢᥦࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚⤂ࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ ࡲࡎࠊᥦ42 ྕ࡛࠶ࡿ16ࠋࡇࢀࡣ࢞ࢯࣜࣥᑐࡍࡿᕞୖ⛯ࢆᜏஂⓗ㐨㊰ࡸබඹ㏻ᶵ㛵 㸦௨ୗ㐨㊰➼㸧ᑐࡍࡿ┠ⓗ㈈※ࡍࡿᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢞ࢯࣜࣥᑐࡍࡿᕞୖ⛯ࡣ2000 ᖺࡢ
㏻ΰ㞧ᩆ῭ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㸦Transportation Congestion Relief Program㸧ࡢୗ࡛ࡣࠊ㐨㊰➼ᑐࡍࡿ⮫
ⓗ࡞┠ⓗ㈈※ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢᮇ㛫ࡣ2003-04 ᖺᗘࡽ 2007-08 ᖺᗘࡢ㛫࡛ࠊ2008-09 ᖺᗘ௨㝆
ࡣ୍⯡㈈※ࡉࢀࡿணᐃ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᥦ42 ྕࡣ 2007-08 ᖺᗘࡲ࡛ࡢ┠ⓗ⛯ࢆᕞ᠇ἲ࡛つ
ᐃࡋࠊ2008 ᖺᗘ௨㝆ࡶࡇࡢᥐ⨨ࢆᜏஂࡍࡿࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ17ࠋ
ᥦࡢᨭᣢ⪅ࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ⮬ື㌴༠㸦California State Automobile Association㸧ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ ࢛ࣝࢽࣁ࢙࣮࢘ࣃࢺ࣮ࣟࣝ(California Highway Patrol)ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᾘ㜵ኈ༠(California Fire Chiefs Association)➼࡛ࠊ࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ㈨㔠㸦700 ࢻࣝ㸧ࡢከࡃࡣᘓタ♫ࡸປാ⤌ྜࡀᢸࡗ
ࡓࠋᥦࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯㸧ࣁ࢙࣮࢘ᘓタࡀ㐍ࡳࠊ㐨㊰ࡢᏳᛶࡶ㧗ࡲࡿ18ࠊ㸰㸧࢞
ࢯࣜࣥࢆ㉎ධࡍࡿᨭᡶ࠺ୖ⛯ࢆ㐨㊰㈈※࡚ࡿࡇࡣྜ⌮ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠊ㸱㸧㐨㊰ᢞ㈨ࡣ࢝ ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ⤒῭ࢆᅇࡉࡏࡿ࠸ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ᑐ⪅ࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᩍဨ⤌ྜ㸦California Teachers Association㸧ࠊࢧ࣮ࣦࢫᚑᴗဨᅜ㝿⤌ ྜ㸦Service Employees International Union㸧➼࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑐࡢ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯㸧㐨㊰➼ࡢ┠ⓗ
㈈※ࡣᩍ⫱ࠊᗣࠊᏳࢧ࣮ࣦࢫࡢ㈈※ࢆ12 ൨ࢻࣝࡶኻࢃࡏࡿࠊ㸰㸧ᜏஂⓗ┠ⓗ㈈※ࡉ
ࢀࢀࡤࠊᑗ᮶ࡢࢽ࣮ࢬࡢኚᑐᛂ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡿ࠸ࡗࡓ⌮⏤ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊࡁ࡞ ᑐࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ㈶ᡂ335 5553 ⚊㸦69.1㸣㸧ࠊᑐ 150 3727 ⚊㸦30.9㸣㸧࡛ྍỴࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ḟࠊᥦ49 ྕ࡛࠶ࡿ19ࠋࡇࢀࡣᕞࡢ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡽᏛᰯࡢㄢእάື4 ൨ 4500 ࢻࣝࢆᨭฟ
ࡍࡿࡇࢆ⩏ົࡅࡓᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᥦࡢᨭᣢ⪅ࡣࣁࣜ࢘ࢵࢻࢫࢱ࣮ࡢ࣮ࣀࣝࢻ࣭ࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶ ࢿࢵ࣮࢞20ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᩍဨ⤌ྜࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞಖᏳᐁ༠㸦California State Sheriffs Association㸧➼࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢಶேࠊᅋయࡀᥦ 49 ྕࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊㄢእࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ ᐇࡀⱝ⪅ࡢࢠࣕࣥࢢάືࡸ⸆≀⏝ࢆῶࡽࡋࠊᏛᰯࡢᡂ⦼ࢆᨵၿࡍࡿຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿ⪃࠼ࡓࡽ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊᥦࡢᑐ⪅ࡣዪᛶᢞ⚊⪅༠㸦League of Women Voters of California㸧➼ࡢᅋయࡀ࠶ ࡗࡓࠋᑐࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᕞᨻᗓࡢ㈈※ࡀࡇࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᅛᐃࡉࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊண⟬⦅ᡂࡀ◳┤ࡍ ࡿ༴ࡋࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡁ࡞ᑐ㐠ືࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࡇࠊ࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥάືከ㢠ࡢᐤ
16 California Secretary of State(2002b), pp.14-17 ཧ↷ࠋ
17 ⛯ࡢ㏵ࢆḟࡢ㸱ࡘ㓄ศࡍࡿࡋࡓࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㸯㸧බඹ㏻ᶵ㛵 20㸣ࠊ㸰㸧ᕞᨻᗓࡢ
㏻ᨵⰋࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ㸦State Transportation Improvement Program㸧 40㸣ࠊ㸱㸧ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢ⾤㊰ࡸ
㐨㊰ࡢᨵಟ40㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㈈ᨻつᶍࡣ 2008-09 ᖺᗘண⟬࡛ࡣ 14 ൨ࢻࣝぢ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
18 Working Partnership USA(2006), pp.79-80 ཧ↷ࠋ
19 ᥦࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊCalifornia Secretary of State(2002a), pp.18-23 ཧ↷ࠋ
㸦1130 ࢻࣝࠊ࠺ࡕࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞ࡀ 150 ࢻࣝᐤ㸧ࡀᐤࡏࡽࢀࡓࡇࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᥦ 49 ྕࡣ㈶ᡂ394 6448 ⚊㸦56.7㸣㸧ࠊᑐ 302 3433 ⚊㸦43.4㸣㸧࡛ྍỴࡉࢀࡓࠋ21
㸱␒┠ࡣࠊᥦ58 ྕ࡛࠶ࡿ22ࠋࡇࡢᥦࡣ㈈ᨻつᚊ㛵ࢃࡿᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋලయⓗ࡞ෆᐜࡣࠊ㸯㸧
ᕞ㆟ᆒ⾮ண⟬㸦balanced budget㸧ࡢྍỴࢆ⩏ົࡅࡿࠊ㸰㸧▱ࡀ㈈ᨻ⥭ᛴែ(fiscal emergency) ࢆᐉゝࡋࡓሙྜࠊ㆟ᑐࡋ࡚㈈※㊊ࢆ᭱ඃඛ࡛ᑐฎࡍࡿࡇࢆࡌࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ࠼ࡿࠊ㸱㸧ண ⟬Ᏻᐃᇶ㔠㸦Budget Stabilization Account, BSA㸧ࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿࠊ㸲㸧㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࢆゎᾘࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛㛗 ᮇമࡢⓎ⾜ࢆ⚗ࡌࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ୖグࡢෆᐜࢆ⿵㊊ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࠋࡲࡎ㸯㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᕞ᠇ἲୖࠊᕞ▱ࡣ㆟ᑐࡋ࡚ᆒ⾮ண⟬ ࢆᥦࡍࡿ⩏ົࡀㄢࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ㆟ࡣᆒ⾮ண⟬ࢆྍỴࡋࠊ▱㏦ࡍࡿ⩏ົࡣ࡞ࡗ ࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸯㸧ࡢつᐃ࡛ṓධぢ㏻ࡋṓฟண⟬ࡢ୍⮴ࢆ⩏ົࡅࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸰㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᠇ἲୖࠊண⟬ࡢᇳ⾜㐣⛬࡛ṓධḞ㝗ࡀⓎ⏕ࡋ࡚ࡶࡇࢀᑐฎࡍࡿᡭẁࢆㅮࡌ ࡿࡼ࠺ᐃࡵ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸰㸧ࡢつᐃ࡛▱ᶒ㝈ࢆ࠼࡚ࠊண⟬ᇳ⾜㐣⛬࡛㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡀ ⏕ࡌࡓሙྜࡣࠊ⮫㆟ࢆᣍ㞟ࡋ㉥Ꮠゎᾘ⟇ࢆᥦࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙉไຊࢆᣢࡓ ࡏࡿࡓࡵࠊ㆟ࡀ45 ᪥௨ෆゎᾘ⟇ࢆᥦࡋ࡞ࡗࡓሙྜࡣࠊ▱ࡣ㆟ࡢ㆟Ỵᶒࢆไ⣙࡛ࡁ ࡿࡋࡓࠋ 㸱㸧ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᠇ἲ࡛ࡶ⥭ᛴഛ࠼࡚✚❧ᇶ㔠ࢆタ⨨ࡍࡿࡇࢆㄆࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ✚❧ࡢ᮲ ௳ࡸつᶍࡘ࠸࡚つᐃࡋ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸱㸧࡛ࡣBSA ࢆタ⨨ࡋ࡚ࠊẖᖺᗘࠊ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ண⟬ ࡢ୍ᐃྜࢆBSA ✚❧࡚ࡿࡋࡓࠋ✚❧ྜࡣ 2006-07 ᖺᗘࡀ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡢ㸯㸣㸦⣙ 8 ൨ 5000 ࢻࣝ㸧ࠊ2007-08 ᖺᗘࡀ㸰㸣ࠊ2008-09 ᖺᗘࡀ㸱㸣ቑຍࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡁࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ BSA ࡢつᶍࡀ୍ ⯡ᇶ㔠ࡢ㸳㸣㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣ80 ൨ࢻࣝ㸧࡞ࡿࡲ࡛✚❧࡚ࢆ⥅⥆ࡍࡿᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ23ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ✚❧㔠 ࢆྲྀࡾᔂࡍሙྜࡣࠊ㆟ࡢ㐣༙ᩘࡢᢎㄆ▱ࡢチྍࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
㸲㸧ࡣ⤒῭ᅇമ(Economic Recovery Bond)ࡢⓎ⾜ࢆෆᐜࡋࡓᥦ 57 ྕࡢᢎㄆࢆ๓ᥦࡋࡓ
ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦ᥦ57 ྕࡘ࠸࡚ࡣϪ⠇࡛ヲࡋࡃ㏙ࡿ㸧ࠋᥦ 57 ྕࡀᢎㄆࡉࢀ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࢆゎᾘ
ࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛⤒῭ᅇമ㸦ୖ㝈150 ൨ࢻࣝ㸧ࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓᚋࡣࠊୖグࡢ㸲㸧♧ࡉࢀࡓ㛗ᮇമࡢⓎ
⾜ࢆᑗ᮶ࠊㄆࡵ࡞࠸ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ㛗ᮇമࡣ୍⯡㈈※ಖドമࠊࣞࢽ࣮ࣗമ➼ࢆᑐ㇟ ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ▷ᮇമࡸ࣡ࣛࣥࢺമࡣ㝖እࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ᥦ 58 ྕࡢᨭᣢ⪅ࡣࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞▱ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞၟົ┬ࠊᕞୗ㝔㆟ဨࡢࣁ࣮
ࣈ࣭㹈࣭࢚࢘ࢵࢯࣥ㆟㛗㸦Herb J. Wesson㸧ࠊୗ㝔ண⟬ጤဨࡢࢪ࢙ࢽ࣮࣭࢜ࣟ࣌ࢨ㸦Jenny Oropeza㸧 ㆟㛗࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ㈶ᡂࡢ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊᕞ㆟ࡀ⛯ぢྜࢃ࡞࠸ṓฟࢆྍỴࡋ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡾࠊ㈈ᨻ㉥
Ꮠࡢၥ㢟ࡀゎᾘ࡛ࡁࡿⅬࡸ⤒῭ᅇമࡢⓎ⾜ᥦ 58 ྕࡢྍỴࡀ⌧ୗࡢ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵࢆゎỴ࡛ࡁࡿ
㐨࡛࠶ࡿ࠸ࡗࡓⅬࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ᑐ⪅ࡣࢧࣥࢱࣂ࣮ࣂࣛ࢝࢘ࣥࢸ⣡⛯⪅༠㸦Santa Barbara County Taxpayers Association㸧ࠊ
ࢧࣥࢹࢦ࣭ࢱࢵࢡࢫࣇࢱ࣮㸦San Diego Tax Fighters㸧ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡓࠋᑐ⌮⏤ࡣᥦ 58
21 ࡋࡋࠊඛࡶ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ᙜࡣᕞ㈈ᨻࡣ༴ᶵⓗ࡞≧ែ࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵண⟬ᥐ⨨ࡀㅮࡌࡽࢀ࡞
ࡗࡓࠋWorking Partnership USA(2006),pp.75-76 ཧ↷ࠋ
22 ᥦࡢෆᐜࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊCalifornia Secretary of State(2004b), pp.10-15.ࡇࡢᥦࡣ㆟ᥦ࡛࠶ࡗ
ࡓࠋ㆟࡛ࡣACAX55 ྕࡋ࡚ᥦࡉࢀࠊୗ㝔㈶ᡂ 80ࠊᑐ 0 ࠊୖ㝔㈶ᡂ 35ࠊᑐ 5 ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ྕࡀᥦ57 ྕࢆ๓ᥦࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊᕧ㢠࡞㉥ᏐᕞമࡢⓎ⾜ࢆㄆࡵࡿࡇࡢᑐ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࠋఫẸᢞ⚊࡛ࡣ㈶ᡂ453 5084 ⚊㸦㈶ᡂ 71.7㸣㸧ࠊᑐ 184 1138 ⚊㸦ᑐ 28.3㸣㸧࡛ᅽಽ ⓗ࡞ᨭᣢࢆᚓ࡚ྍỴࡉࢀࡓࠋ 㸲␒┠ࡣࠊᥦ63 ྕ࡛࠶ࡿ24ࠋࡇࢀࡣ100 ࢻࣝ௨ୖࡢㄢ⛯ᡤᚓࢆ᭷ࡍࡿ⣡⛯⪅ᑐࡋ࡚⌧⾜ ࡢ᭱㧗⛯⋡9.3㸣㸯%ࡢᡤᚓ⛯ຍ⛯ࢆຍ࠼࡚ࠊ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࡢ⢭⚄་⒪ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ㈈※ࡍࡿ ᥦ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ2004-05 ᖺᗘࡣ 7 ൨ 5000 ࢻࣝࡢ㈈※ࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀࠊᑐ㇟࡞ࡿ⣡⛯⪅ࡣ 2 5000 ேࡽ3 ேࡉࢀࡓࠋຍ⛯ࢆㄢࡋ࡚ㄪ㐩ࡉࢀࡓ⛯ࡣ⢭⚄་⒪ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫᇶ㔠✚ࡳ❧࡚ࡽ ࢀࠊ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࡢ⢭⚄་⒪㈝ᨭฟࡉࢀࡿ25ࠋᇶ㔠ࡣẖᖺᗘࡢᕞண⟬⦅ᡂࡢᙳ㡪ࡣཷࡅࡎࠊࡑࡢ ✚❧㢠ࡣ▱ࠊ㆟ࡀኚ᭦࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡇࡢᥦࢆᨭᣢࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ┳ㆤ༠㸦California Nurses Association㸧ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ ࣝࢽ㆙ᐹ⨫㛗༠㸦California Police Chiefs Association㸧ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᩍဨ⤌ྜࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ ࣝࢽᕞ PTA(California State PTA)ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ࣓ࣥࢱࣝ࣊ࣝࢫ༠㸦Mental Health in California㸧࠸ࡗࡓᅋయ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᨭᣢࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ100 ே㸦Ꮚ౪ࡶྵࡴ㸧ࡢᕞẸࡀ⢭⚄ࢆ
ᝈࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᚲせ࡞⒪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋᥦ63 ྕ࡛⢭⚄⒪ࡀᐇࡍࢀࡤࠊ♫ᖐࡀྍ
⬟࡞ࡾࠊ࣓ࢹࢣࠊ࣮࣒࣍ࣞࢫࡢᐜᡤ➼ࡢ⤒㈝ࡶ๐ῶ࡛ࡁࡿ࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀ
ࡽࡢᅋయࡽ470 ࢻࣝࡶࡢ࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥ㈨㔠ࡀᐤࡉࢀࡓࠋ
୍᪉ࠊᑐ⪅ࡣඹඪࡢᕞୗ㝔㆟ဨࡢ࣭ࣞ࣊ࣥࢬ㸦Ray Haynes㸧⡿ㄢ⛯ไ㝈ဨ㸦National
Tax Limitation Committee 㸧➼࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᑐࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊᑡᩘࡢᐩ⿱⪅㈇ᢸࢆㄢࡏࡤࠊᕞእࡢ ⛣㌿ࢆಁࡍࡇ⧅ࡀࡿࠋ⛣㌿ࡋࡓሙྜࠊ㈇ᢸࡢከࡃࡣ୍⯡ࡢఫẸᑐࡍࡿቑ⛯⤒㈝๐ῶࡢᙧ ࡛㌿᎑ࡉࢀࡿゝࡗࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋᑐ㐠ືࡢᐤࡣ2 8000 ࢻࣝᑡ㢠࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢ✀ࡢᥦ㏻ᖖࠊᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᴗᅋయࡣูࡢᥦ㸦ᥦ72 ྕ㸧ࡢ࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥάື⢭ຊ ࢆഴࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊᑐ㐠ືࡣື࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ26ࠋࡑࡢࡇࡀዌຌࡋ࡚ᥦ63 ྕࡣᕞẸ ᢞ⚊ࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ㈶ᡂ619 1691 ⚊㸦53.7㸣㸧ࠊᑐ 533 7216 ⚊㸦46.3㸣㸧࡛ྍỴࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ 2000 ᖺ௦ึ㢌ࡶࠊ㈈ᨻᥦࡼࡗ࡚┠ⓗ㈈※㸦ᥦ 42 ྕࠊᥦ 63 ྕ㸧ࡸṓฟࡢ ㏵ࡢ≉ᐃ㸦ᥦ49 ྕ㸧ࠊࡉࡽᆒ⾮ண⟬ࡸᇶ㔠✚❧࡚ࡢ⩏ົ࠸ࡗࡓ⤌ࡳࡀᕞண⟬ไᗘ ࡢ୰⤌ࡳ㎸ࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ┤᥋Ẹ⩏ࡀᕞࡢண⟬ࡢඃඛ㡰ࡸ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀࢆࡲࡍࡲ ࡍไ⣙ࡍࡿࠕᢞ⚊⟽ᆺண⟬⦅ᡂ㸦ballot-box budgeting㸧ࠖࡢⰍᙬࢆᙉࡵ࡚࠸ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ27ࠋ ϩ㸬ࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯ㈈ᨻᘓ 㸯㸬ᕞ㈈ᨻࡢ༴ᶵࡑࡢཎᅉ ඛࡶ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ึࡵࡢᬒẼᚋ㏥ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡣཝࡋ࠸㈈ᨻ≧ἣ
24 California Secretary of State(2004a), pp.32-37 ཧ↷ࠋ
25 ᚑ᮶ࡽᕞࡣ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࡢ⢭⚄་⒪ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࢆ⿵ຓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢᇶ㔠ࡀᡂ❧ࡋࡓᚋࡶࠊ
2003 ᖺᗘࡢᕞࡢ⢭⚄་⒪ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ⿵ຓ㢠ࢆୗᅇࡗ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
26 Working Partnership USA(2006), p.43 ཧ↷ࠋ
⨨ࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊ2000-01 ᖺᗘࡽ 2003-04 ᖺᗘࡲ࡛ࡢᕞࡢ୍⯡ᇶ㔠↔Ⅼࢆ ᙜ࡚ࠊ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵࡢཎᅉ㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡿࡇࡍࡿࠋ 2000-01 ᖺᖺᗘᗘ㈈㈈ᨻᨻ㸧㸧 ࡲࡎࠊ2000-01 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻࡢ≉ᚩࡽ㏙ࡿࡇࡋࡼ࠺ࠋ90 ᖺ௦୰┙ࡽṓධࡣ㧗࠸ఙࡧ⋡ࢆ ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢᖺᗘ࡛ࡣ๓ᖺᗘࢀࡋ719 ൨ 3100 ࢻࣝࡽ 714 ൨ 2800 ࢻࣝ㸫0.7㸣ῶ ᑡࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲2㸧ࠋཎᅉࡣᬒẼࡢప㏞ࡼࡿ⛒⛯ධࡢపୗ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᬒẼࡢᙳ㡪ࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࡢࡣ
⩣ᖺᗘ௨㝆࡛ࠊࡇࡢᖺᗘ࡛ࡣ⛒⛯ධࡣ700 ൨ 2700 ࢻࣝࡽ 756 ൨ 6800 ࢻࣝቑຍࡋ࡚࠸
ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦ᅗ㸳㸧ࠋṓධࡀῶᑡࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣ㟁ຊ༴ᶵక࠺⛯እධࡢపୗࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
ඛࡶㄝ᫂ࡋࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ࡛ࡣࡇࡢᮇࠊⓎ㏦㟁ศ㞳ࢆ┠ᣦࡋࡓ㟁ຊࡢつไ⦆
ࡀ┠ฟ࡚ࠊ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅ࡣ⤒Ⴀ㞴┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵᕞࡣ㟁Ẽᴗ⪅௦ࢃࡾⓎ㟁ᴗ
⪅ࡽ༺㟁ຊࢆ㉎ධࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㟁ຊ㉎ධࡣᕞࡢ≉ูᇶ㔠࡛࠶ࡿỈ㈨※ᒁ㸦Department of
Water Resources㸧ࡢ㟁ຊ㉎ධᇶ㔠(Electric Power Purchase Fund)ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡀࠊᕞࡢ୍⯡ᇶ㔠
ࡽྠィ62 ൨ࢻࣝࡢ⧞ࡾධࢀࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡢṓධࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࠊṓฟࡣ90 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ྠᵝࠊቑຍࡋ⥆ࡅࡓࠋ664 ൨ 9400 ࢻࣝࡽ 780 ൨ 5300 ࢻ
ࣝ๓ᖺᗘẚ 17.4㸣ࡶቑຍࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋせ⤒㈝࡛࠶ࡿึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦7.8㸣㸧ࠊ㧗
➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦14.1㸣㸧ࠊᗣ࣭ᑐேࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ㈝㸦13.0㸣㸧ࠊ▹ṇ࣭᭦⏕㈝㸦11.6㸣㸧ࡢቑຍຍ࠼ࠊ
ࡑࡢࡢ㡯┠㸦63.1㸣㸧࡛ࡶᖜ࡞ቑຍࡀぢࡽࢀࡓ㸦ᅗ 6㸧ࠋࡑࡢࡢ㡯┠ࡣࠊ㏻ΰ㞧ゎᾘࣉ
ࣟࢢ࣒ࣛᑐࡍࡿ15 ൨ࢻࣝࡢᨭฟ⮬ື㌴චチᩱ㸦Vehicle License Fee㸧ࡢῶ⿵࡚ࢇᑐࡍࡿ 8
൨8000 ࢻࣝࡢᨭฟࡀྵࡲࢀࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡣ㐨㊰ࡸබඹ㏻ࡢᩚഛ㈝࡛ࠊࡇࡢᖺᗘ⮫ⓗቑຍࡋ ࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᚋ⪅ࡣᚋヲࡋࡃ㏙ࡿࡀ98-99 ᖺᗘண⟬ἲࡽᐇࡉࢀࡓ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬ ࡁୗࡆక࠺ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓᑐࡍࡿῶ⿵࡚ࢇᥐ⨨࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ㟁ຊ༴ᶵక࠸ṓධࡀ๓ᖺᗘࢀࡋࡓࡶࢃࡽࡎࠊṓฟࡢ᪉ࡣ90 ᖺ௦ྠᵝࡢ ࣮࣌ࢫ࡛ቑຍࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊṓฟࡀṓධࢆ㉸㐣ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ㉸㐣ศࡣ๓ᖺᗘࡢ㈈ᨻᨭࡢ 㯮Ꮠ࡛⿵࡚ࢇࡍࡿࡇ࡛㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠ㝗ࡿࡇࡣᅇ㑊࡛ࡁࡓࡀࠊ㈈ᨻᨭࡣ๓ᖺᗘ86 ൨ 6600 ࢻ ࣝ㸦୍⯡ᇶ㔠ṓฟẚ13.0㸣㸧ࡽ 13 ൨ 1000 ࢻࣝ㸦1.7㸣㸧ῶᑡࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ㈈ᨻ ᨭࡢῶᑡࡀ⩣ᖺᗘࡢ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵᙳ㡪ࡍࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ 2001-02 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻ㸧 ḟࠊ2001-02 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋṓධࡣ 722 ൨ 3900 ࢻ࡛ࣝ๓ᖺẚ 1.1㸣ࡰᶓࡤ࠸ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⛯እධࡣ๓ᖺᗘࡢỈ㈨※ᒁ⧞ࡾධࢀࡓ㈈※62 ൨ࢻࣝࡀ୍⯡ᇶ㔠㏉῭ࡉࢀࡓࡇ ࡛๓ᖺᗘࡢ㸫42 ൨ 4000 ࢻࣝࡽ 95 ൨ 8000 ࢻࣝᖜቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ28ࠋࡋࡋࠊ⛒⛯ධ ࡣᬒẼᚋ㏥ࢆཷࡅ࡚ᖜῶࡋࠊ756 ൨ 6800 ࢻࣝࡽ 626 ൨ 7900 ࢻࣝ๓ᖺẚ̿17.2㸣 ࡶపୗࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⛒⛯ධࡢῶᑡࢆࡶࡓࡽࡋࡓࡢࡣಶேᡤᚓ⛯ࡢῶᑡࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ446 ൨ 1400 ࢻࣝࡽ 330 ൨ 4700 ࢻࣝపୗࡋ๓ᖺᗘࡢ⣙㸱㸭㸲ࡢỈ‽ⴠࡕ㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡓࠋ ಶேᡤᚓ⛯ࡣ90 ᖺ௦୰┙௨㝆ࡢᬒẼࡢᣑࢆཷࡅ࡚ቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀᖜῶࡋࡓ ཎᅉࡣࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯ῝࠸㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣂࣈࣝᔂቯ๓ࡢ2000 ᖺᗘ㸦ㄢ⛯ᖺᗘ㸧ࡢㄢ
⛯࣮࣋ࢫ㸦ㄪᩚᚋ⥲ᡤᚓ㸦Adjusted Gross Income, AGI㸧㸧29ࡣ8497 ൨ 7900 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࡀ 2001
ᖺᗘࡣ7771 ൨ 9700 ࢻࣝᛴῶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦⾲ 3㸧ࠋῶᑡࡢࡁ࡞⌮⏤ࡣ㈨ᮏ㈨⏘ࡢ༷┈㸦Net
Sale of Capital Assets㸧ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫࡢᵓᡂẚࡣ 13.9㸣ࡽ 6.3㸣༙ῶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲ
ࡓࠊῶᑡᐤ⋡ࡶ94.9㸣㧗ࡃࠊㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫࡢῶᑡࡢࢇࡀࡇࡢ㈨ᮏ㈨⏘ࡢ༷┈ࡢῶᑡ ࡼࡿࡇࡀࢃࡿࠋ 28 ᕞࡣ㟁ຊമ(electricity bonds)ࢆⓎ⾜ࡋ࡚ࠊ୍⯡ᇶ㔠㈈※ࢆ㏉῭ࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ ୍ⓗ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋSheffrin(2004), pp.215-216 ཧ↷ࠋ 29 ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡢᡤᚓ⛯ࡢㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫࡣ㐃㑥ᡤᚓ⛯ࡢㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫࢆᇶᕞ⊂⮬ࡢ㡯┠ࢆຍ ῶ⟬ࡋ࡚⟬ฟࡉࢀࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ㐃㑥ᡤᚓ⛯ࡢㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫࡢ㒊ศࢆᑐ㇟ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㈨ᮏ㈨⏘ࡢ༷┈ࡣࡍ࡞ࢃࡕᰴᘧࡢ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࢤࣥࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᅗ7 ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ࠊ90 ᖺ௦ࡢᬒẼࡢᣑࡼࡾಶேᡤᚓ⛯ࡢㄢ⛯࣮࣋ࢫࡣ4670 ൨ 9200 ࢻࣝࡽ 8295 ൨ 4700 ࢻࣝ 1.8 ಸቑຍࡋࡓࡀࠊᰴ౯ࡢୖ᪼ࡼࡾ㈨ᮏ㈨⏘ࡢ༷┈ࡣ 211 ൨ 8800 ࢻࣝࡽ 1179 ൨ 6600 ࢻࣝ 5.6 ಸቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡇࡢࡁࡃ⭾ࡽࢇࡔ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࢤࣥࡀࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢ ᔂቯ୍࡛Ẽⴎࡳᡤᚓ⛯ࡢῶࢆᣍ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ30ࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊᰴ౯ୗⴠࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅࡓᡤᚓࡋ࡚ࡶ࠺㸯ࡘᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩ࡛ࣙࣥ ࠶ࡿࠋࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡣࠊ♫ࡀᚑᴗဨ࠼ࡿ⮬♫ᰴࢆ≉ᐃࡢᮇ㛫ࠊ≉ᐃࡢ౯᱁࡛㉎ධ ࡛ࡁࡿᶒࡢࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ90 ᖺ௦ࠊࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒ᴗ࡛ࡣᚑᴗဨࡢሗ㓘ࡢ୍㒊ࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࢫࢺࢵ ࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢ⏝ࡀቑ࠼࡚࠸ࡓࠋᰴ౯ୖ᪼㐃ືࡋ࡚ࠊࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢ౯್ࡶቑࡋࡓ
ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ┤᥋⛯ጤဨ㸦Franchise Tax Board㸧ࡢ᥎ィࡼࡿࠊࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜
30 ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ㈈ᨻᒁࡢ᥎ィ࡛ࡣ 2000 ᖺᗘࡢ࢟ࣕࣆࢱࣝࢤࣥ⛯ࡣ 106 ൨ࢻ࡛ࣝࠊ୍⯡
ᇶ㔠ṓධࡢ14.8㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ2001 ᖺᗘ࡛ࡣࡑࢀࡒࢀ 46 ൨ࢻࣝࠊ6.3㸣పୗࡋࠊࡉࡽ 2002
ᖺᗘࡣ32 ൨ࢻࣝࠊ4.5㸣ⴠࡕ㎸ࢇࡔࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋCalifornia Department of Finance(2009), p.69 ཧ↷ࠋ 㻞㻜㻜㻜ᖺᗘ ྜ 㻞㻜㻜㻝ᖺᗘ ྜ ῶᑡᐤ⋡ ㈤㔠䞉⤥ 555,949 65.4 552,731 71.1 4.4 Ꮚ 24,660 2.9 24,418 3.1 0.3 㓄ᙜ 18,411 2.2 14,669 1.9 5.2 ᖺ㔠➼ 34,267 4.0 35,154 4.5 -1.2 ⣧ᴗᡤᚓ 38,209 4.5 37,010 4.8 1.7 ㈨ᮏ㈨⏘䛾༷┈ 117,966 13.9 49,107 6.3 94.9 䝟䞊䝖䝘䞊䝅䝑䝥䞉䠯ἲே⣧ᡤᚓ 29,931 3.5 32,419 4.2 -3.4 䛭䛾 30,286 3.6 31,589 4.1 -1.8 ྜィ 849,679 100.0 777,097 100.0 100.0 ⾲ ⾲㻟㻟䚷䚷䜹䜹 䝸䝸䝣䝣䜷䜷䝹䝹䝙䝙䜰䜰 ᕞᕞಶಶேேᡤᡤᚓᚓ⛯⛯䛾䛾ㄢㄢ⛯⛯ᡤᡤᚓᚓ䛾䛾ᵓᵓᡂᡂ䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䠄䠄༢༢䠖䠖㻝㻝㻜㻜㻜㻜䝗䝗䝹䝹䠅䠅 ฟ ฟᡤᡤ䠅䠅 㻯㻯 㼍㼍㼘㼘㼕㼕㼒㼒㼛㼛 㼞㼞 㼚㼚 㼕㼕㼍㼍㻌㻌㻲㻲㼞㼞 㼍㼍㼚㼚 㼏㼏 㼔㼔 㼕㼕㼟㼟㼑㼑 㻌㻌㼀㼀 㼍㼍㼤㼤㻌㻌㻮㻮㼛㼛 㼍㼍㼞㼞 㼐㼐㻔㻔㻞㻞 㻜㻜 㻜㻜 㻟㻟 㻕㻕㻘㻘 㼜㼜㻚㻚 㻝㻝 㻡㻡 ཧཧ↷↷䚹䚹
ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢ㔠㢠ࡣ98 ᖺᗘ㸦ㄢ⛯ᖺᗘ㸧350 ൨ࢻࣝࠊ2000 ᖺᗘࡣ 820 ൨ࢻࣝࡲ࡛ୖ᪼ࡋࠊࣂࣈࣝ ᔂቯᚋࡢ2001 ᖺᗘࡣ 440 ൨ࢻ༙ࣝῶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ31ࠋ
ࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢ⛯ࡢᙳ㡪ᗘࡋ࡚ࡣ௦᭰ⓗ᭱పㄢ⛯㸦Alternative Minimum Tax,AMT㸧
ࡢ㠃ࡽᤊ࠼ࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋAMT ࡣࠊ⛒⛯ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࡼࡾᖜ⛯㈇ᢸࢆ㍍ῶࡉࢀࡿ㧗㢠⣡ ⛯⪅᭱ప㝈ࡢ⛯㈇ᢸࢆㄢࡍᡤᚓ⛯ไᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤌ࡳࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㏻ᖖࡢᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ ㄢ⛯ᡤᚓࢆィ⟬ࡍࡿ㝿᥍㝖ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㐺᱁ࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥ࡞ࡢ㡯┠ࢆຍ⟬ㄪᩚࡋ࡚ AMT ࡢㄢ⛯ᡤᚓࢆ⟬ฟࡋ࡚ࠊḟ࠸࡛ࡇࡢㄢ⛯ᡤᚓࡽ୍ᐃ㢠ࢆ᥍㝖㸦ኵ፬ྜ⟬⏦࿌⪅ࡢሙྜࠊ6 923 ࢻࣝ㸧ࡋࠊࡇࢀ㸵㸣ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆㄢࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᅗ8 ♧ࡍࡼ࠺ 2000 ᖺᗘࡢ AMT ࡢ⣡⛯㢠ࡣ 2 ൨ 4300 ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㐺᱁ࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡼࡿ⣡⛯㢠ࡣ2 ൨ 720 ࢻࣝ⣙ 85㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ32ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊᡤᚓ⛯࡛ㄢ⛯ࡉࢀ࡞ ࠸㐺᱁ࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࢆAMT ࡛ㄢ⛯ࡋࠊAMT ⣡⛯㢠ࡢ༙ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ ࡋࠊAMT ࡶࣂࣈࣝᔂቯࡼࡿࢫࢺࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢῶࡢᙳ㡪ࢆᙉࡃཷࡅ࡚ࠊ2001 ᖺᗘࡣ㸲 ᙅࡢ7600 ࢻࣝῶࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡉ࡚ḟࠊṓฟࡢኚࡘ࠸࡚㏙ࡼ࠺ࠋ2001-02 ᖺᗘࡢṓฟ㢠ࡣ 767 ൨ 5200 ࢻ࡛ࣝ๓ᖺᗘ ẚ㸫1.7㸣๐ῶࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ90 ᖺ௦༙ࡤࡽቑຍࡢ୍㏵ࢆ㎺ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓṓฟࡼ࠺ࡸࡃࣈ࣮ࣞ ࢟ࡀࡿࡼ࠺࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡶࡗࡶࠊṓฟࡢ๐ῶࡣᖺᗘࠊ㐨㊰ᩚഛ➼࡛⮫ⓗቑຍࡋࡓࠕࡑ ࡢࡢ㡯┠࡛ࠖ⾜ࢃࢀࠊせ⤒㈝࡛࠶ࡿึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦0.6%㸧ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦5.4%㸧ࠊᗣ࣭ᑐ ேࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ㈝㸦10.3%㸧ࠊ▹ṇ࣭᭦⏕㈝㸦6.5%㸧ࡣ┦ኚࢃࡽࡎቑຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⛒⛯ ධࡀᖜపୗࡋࡓࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎࠊせ⤒㈝ࡢ๐ῶࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ࡞ࡐ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ ㆟ศᯒᒁ࡛ࡣࠊ1998-99 ᖺᗘࡽ 2001-02 ᖺᗘࡲ࡛ࡢ㸲ᖺᗘࡢṓฟࡢቑຍせᅉࢆศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ ࡿ33ࠋࡇࡢ㛫ࠊయ࡛189 ൨ࢻࣝቑຍࡋࠊ⤒㈝ูぢࡿࠊձk㸫14 ᩍ⫱㈝ 50 ൨ࢻࣝ(26.5%) ࠊ ղ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦▷ࢆ㝖ࡃ㸧27 ൨ࢻࣝ(14.3%)ࠊճ⚟♴ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ 18 ൨ࢻࣝ(9.5%)ࠊմ་⒪ࢧ࣮ ࣦࢫ40 ൨ࢻࣝ(21.2%) ࠊյῶ⛯⿵࡚ࢇ 21 ൨ࢻࣝ(11.1%)ࠊյࡑࡢ 33 ൨ࢻࣝ(17.5%)ศࡅࡽ 31 Spilberg&Alexander(2003), p.560 ཧ↷ࠋ 32 Prohofsky(2003), p.1079 ཧ↷ࠋ 33 LAO(2003a), p.1 ཧ↷ࠋ
ࢀࡿࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿᩍ⫱ࠊᗣ࣭⚟♴ࡢศ㔝࡛ቑຍ㢠ࡢ⣙70㸣ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࠋ ࡲࡓࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤒㈝ࡀቑຍࡋࡓせᅉࢆࠊࠕ≀౯ୖ᪼ேཱྀቑຍࡼࡿせᅉࠖࠕࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢ᪂ タ࣭ᣑࠊࢧ࣮ࣦࢫỈ‽ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࡼࡿせᅉࠖࡢ2 ࡘศࡅ࡚ศᯒࡍࡿࠊቑຍ㢠ࡢ⣙ 60㸣 ࡀ๓⪅ࡢせᅉࠊṧࡾ⣙40㸣ࡀᚋ⪅ࡢせᅉศࡅࡽࢀࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ㈝┠ู㸦ణࡋࡇࡢሙྜࡣᑐ㇟ ᮇࡀ98-99 ᖺᗘࡽ 2002-03 ᖺᗘ㸧ぢࡿࠊ๓⪅ࡢせᅉ࡛ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿྜࡣ㹩̿14 ᩍ⫱㈝ࡢ ሙྜࡣ⣙73㸣ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㈝ࡣ⣙ 60㸣ࠊSSI/SSP ࡣ⣙ 66㸣ࠊMedi-Cal ࡣ⣙ 74㸣ࡉࢀࡓ34ࠋ 90 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࠊ⛒⛯ධࡀࣂࣈࣝᬒẼࡼࡗ࡚ẖᖺቑຍࡍࡿᛂࡌ࡚ࠊ᪂つࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺࡢタ ࡸࢧ࣮ࣦࢫỈ‽ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࠼ࡤࠊᩍဨ⤥ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࡸࢡࣛࢫつᶍࡢ๐ῶ క࠺ᩍဨࡢቑဨࠊᕞ❧Ꮫࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢቑ㢠ࠊุᡤ㈝㈇ᢸࡢᆅ᪉ࡽᕞࡢ⛣⟶ࠊࡉࡽ⮬ ື㌴චチᩱᘬࡁୗࡆక࠺ῶ⿵࡚ࢇ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ࠸ࡗࡓᥐ⨨ࡀ᥇ࡽࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿ35ࠋ ࡋࡋࠊࡑ࠺ࡋࡓせᅉ௨ୖࠊேཱྀࡸ≀౯ࡼࡿཷ⤥⪅ᩘ㸦ࡶࡋࡃࡣ⏕ᚐᩘ㸧ࠊཷ⤥㢠ࡢቑຍせᅉ ࡀᙉࡃാࡁࠊྍ㑊ⓗṓฟࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ⛒⛯ධࡀపୗࡋࡓࡽゝࡗ࡚ ࡶࠊேཱྀࡸ≀౯ࡢపୗࢆకࡗ࡚࠸࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊᐜ᫆⤒㈝๐ῶࢡࢭࣝࢆ㋃ࡴࡇࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞ ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ௨ୖࠊṓධࠊṓฟࡢ≉ᚩࡘ࠸࡚㏙࡚ࡁࡓࠋṓධࡣ⛯እධࡀቑ࠼ࡘࡘࡶ⛒⛯ධࡀῶࡋ ࡓࡓࡵ๓ᖺᗘࡢỈ‽ࡁࡃኚࢃࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉ࠊṓฟࡣ⛒⛯ධࡀῶᑡࡋࡘࡘࡶせ⤒㈝ࡢ ๐ῶࡀ㉳ࡇࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊࡇࢀࡶ๓ᖺᗘࡢỈ‽ࢆࢃࡎୗᅇࡗࡓ⛬ᗘ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ ᖺᗘᘬࡁ⥆ࡁṓධࡣṓฟࢆୗᅇࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ๓ᖺᗘ␗࡞ࡾ㉥Ꮠࢆ⿵࡚ࢇࡍࡿ ㈈ᨻᨭࡢつᶍࡣᑠࡉࡗࡓࡓࡵࠊ2001-02 ᖺᗘࡣ㸫21 ൨ 3300 ࢻࣝࡶࡢ㉥Ꮠࡀ⏕ࡌࡿࡇ࡞ ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢ㉥Ꮠࢆࡢࡼ࠺ゎᾘࡍࡿࡢࡀḟᖺᗘࡢ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀ࠾ࡅࡿ᭱ࡢㄢ㢟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ 2002-03 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻ㸧 ࡉ࡚ࠊ2002-03 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓ᖺᗘⓎ⏕ࡋࡓ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡣᙜヱᖺᗘ⧞ࡾ㉺ࡉࢀࡿ ࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢ㉥Ꮠࡣࡢࡼ࠺ゎᾘࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢᖺᗘ࡛ࡣࠊṓධࡣ805 ൨ 6400 ࢻࣝ๓ᖺẚ࡛ 11.5㸣ࡶቑຍࡋࡓ༙㠃ࠊṓฟࡣ 774 ൨ 8200 ࢻࣝ 1.0㸣ቑᢚไࡉࢀࡓࠋ ᗣ࣭ᑐேࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ㈝㸦5.7㸣㸧ࠊ▹ṇ࣭᭦⏕㈝㸦3.5㸣㸧ࡣቑຍࡋࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦㸫 3.8㸣㸧ࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦㸫1.6㸣㸧ࡣ๐ῶࡉࢀࡓࡇࡀᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊṓධ㢠ࡣṓฟ㢠ࢆ 㸰ᖺࡪࡾ㉸㐣ࡋࡓࠋ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡣࢃࡎ㸯ᖺᗘ࡛ゎᾘ࡛ࡁࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶṓධࡀቑຍࡋࡓ ࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊᬒẼᅇࡼࡾ⛒⛯ධࡀϬᏐᅇࢆ㐙ࡆࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ⛒⛯ධࡣ648 ൨ 7900 ࢻࣝ 3.5㸣ᚤቑࡋࡓࡔࡅ࡛ࠊ2000-01 ᖺᗘࡢỈ‽ࢆࡣࡿୗᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ≉ᇶᖿ⛯࡛ ࠶ࡿಶேᡤᚓ⛯ࡣప㏞ࡋࡓࡲࡲ࡛327 ൨ 1000 ࢻࣝ๓ᖺᗘࡼࡾࡶࡉࡽపୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋㄢ⛯ᡤ ᚓࡀቑຍ㌿ࡌࡿࡢࡣḟᖺᗘࡲ࡛ᚅࡓ࡞ࡃ࡚ࡣ࡞ࡽ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ ࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୰ࠊṓධࡀቑຍࡋࡓࡢࡣ⛯እධࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᖺᗘࠊ⛯እධࡣ156 ൨ 8500 ࢻࣝᛴቑࡋṓධࡢ19.5㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⛯እධࡢ࡞ෆᐜࡣࠊ92 ൨ 4200 ࢻࣝࡢ⤒῭ᅇ മ㸦ణࡋࡇࡢᖺᗘࡣ▷ᮇධࡀᐇ㸧36 25 ൨ࢻࣝࡢࡓࡤࡇമ(Tobacco Bond)ࡢධ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 34 LAO(2003b), pp.2-3, p.5, p.8 ཧ↷ࠋ 35 Wassmer(2010), p.108 ཧ↷ࠋ 36 2002-03 ᖺᗘ࡛ࡣ⛯ぢ㎸ࡳ࣡ࣛࣥࢺമ࠸࠺▷ᮇࡾධࢀ࡛㈈※ㄪ㐩ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘ▷ᮇࡾධࢀࡢൾ㑏㈈※ࡋ࡚⤒῭ᅇമࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࠋⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣ2003-04 ᖺᗘ࡛
ࡇࢀࡽࡢമๆⓎ⾜ࡼࡗ࡚ᨭࡢᆒ⾮ࡀᅗࡽࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⠇࡛ࡶ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ90 ᖺ௦ึ 㢌ࡢ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵ␗࡞ࡾࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ࡣ㉥Ꮠ㈈ᨻ㸦deficit financing㸧౫Ꮡࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ㈈ᨻᨭࢆᆒ⾮ ࡉࡏࡓࡇࡀ㝿❧ࡗࡓ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ 2003-04 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻ㸧 ᭱ᚋࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢᖺᗘࡢṓฟࡣ 783 ൨ 4500 ࢻ࡛ࣝࠊ๓ᖺᗘẚ 1.1㸣ᚤቑࡋࡓࠋ࡞ṓฟ㡯┠ࢆぢࡿࠊึ➼୰➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦1.9㸣㸧ࢆ㝖ࡁࠊ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㈝㸦㸫 7.5㸣㸧ࠊᗣ࣭ᑐேࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ㈝㸦㸫1.3㸣㸧ࠊ▹ṇ࣭᭦⏕㈝㸦㸫7.6㸣㸧࡛๐ῶࡉࢀࡓࠋṓධ㢠ࡣ 767 ൨ 7400 ࢻ࡛ࣝ㸫4.7㸣ῶᑡࡋࡓࠋ⛒⛯ධࡣᬒẼࡢᅇࢆཷࡅ࡚๓ᖺᗘẚ㍑ࡋ 8.2㸣ቑຍ ࡋࡓࡀࠊ⛯እධࡀῶᑡࡋࡓࡓࡵࠊṓධయ࡛ࡣῶᑡࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ⛯እධࡢῶᑡࡣᖺᗘ ẚᕞമⓎ⾜ࡀῶࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ⤒῭ᅇമࡀ20 ൨ 120 ࢻࣝࠊࡓࡤࡇമࡀ 22 ൨6400 ࢻࣝྜࢃࡏ࡚ 40 ൨ࢻࣝࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㉥ᏐᕞമࡀⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ ࡧṓධ㢠ࡣṓฟ㢠ࢆୗᅇࡗࡓࡀࠊ๓ᖺᗘࡢ㯮Ꮠศࡀ⧞㉺ࡉࢀࡓࡓࡵࠊ㈈ᨻᨭࡣ28 ൨ 4700 ࢻ ࣝ㸦୍⯡ṓฟࡢ3.6㸣㸧ࡢ㯮Ꮠ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㉥Ꮠ㈈ᨻ౫Ꮡࡋࡓ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀࡣ 2003-04 ᖺᗘࡶ⥆ࡃࡇ ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸰㸬㉥Ꮠ㈈ᨻ౫Ꮡᆺࡢ㈈ᨻᘓ ඛࡶ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ2000 ᖺ௦ึࡵࡢ㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࡣ 90 ᖺ௦ࡢࡑࢀࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ๓ ⪅ࡣ㈈ᨻᨭࡢᆒ⾮ࢆ㉥ᏐᕞമࡢⓎ⾜౫Ꮡࡋ࡚ṇࡋࡓࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᚋ⪅ࡣቑ⛯ࡸ⤒㈝ࡢ๐ ῶ࠸ࡗࡓ࠸ࢃࡤ࣮࢜ࢯࢻࢵࢡࢫ࡞ᡭẁࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ṇࡋࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ࠺ࡋ࡚⏕ࡌ ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱௦ࡢ2002-2003 ᖺᗘࡽ 2003-04 ᖺᗘࡢண⟬⦅ᡂ㐣⛬↔Ⅼ ࢆᙜ᳨࡚ウࡍࡿࡇࡋࡼ࠺37ࠋ 2002-03 ᖺᗘண⟬ἲࡣ᪂ᖺᗘࡀጞࡲࡿ㸰᭶㐜ࢀࡢ 2002 ᖺ㸷᭶㸳᪥ᡂ❧ࡋࡓࠋண⟬⦅ᡂࢆ㞴 ⯟ࡉࡏࡓࡢࡣゝ࠺ࡲ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᕧ㢠࡞㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡢゎᾘ⟇࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2002 ᖺ㸯᭶ᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡓ▱ண ⟬ࡢⅬ࡛ࡣ㉥Ꮠ㢠ࡣ125 ൨ࢻࣝ᥎ィࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊ㸳᭶ᨵᐃண⟬㸦May Revision㸧ࡢⅬ࡛ ࡣࡉࡽつᶍࡀ⭾ࢀୖࡀࡾ236 ൨ࢻࣝ࡞ࡗࡓ38ࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ2002-03 ᖺᗘண⟬ἲ࡛ࡶࡇࡢ 236 ൨ࢻ ࣝࢆ࣮࣋ࢫࡋࡓ㉥Ꮠゎᾘ⟇ࡀ┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ39ࠋෆᐜࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸯㸧⤒㈝๐ῶ75 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦㉥Ꮠ㢠యࡢ 31.8㸣㸧ࠋᩍ⫱ࠊᗣ࣭ᑐேࢧ࣮ࣦࢫ➼ࡢせ⤒㈝ࢆ ୰ᚰࡍ࡚ࡢ⤒㈝࡛ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡢᗫṆࠊᐇࡢ⧞ࡾᘏࠊࢧ࣮ࣦࢫỈ‽ࡢᘬࡁୗࡆࠊࡉࡽ ⏕ィ㈝ㄪᩚࡢษࡾୗࡆࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ 㸰㸧ධ56 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦23.7㸣㸧ࠋᑗ᮶ࠊධࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡓࡤࡇゎ㔠㸦tobacco settlement㸧ࢆൾ 㑏㈈※ࡓࡤࡇമࡢⓎ⾜ࢆ⾜࠺40ࠋ ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᕞ㈈ᨻᒁࡀసᡂࡋࡓ㈈ᨻ⤫ィୖ࡛ࡣࠊ2002-03 ᖺᗘⓎ⾜ࡉࢀࡓ⾲♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
California Department of Finance Homepage, California Budget Information,Chart.H ཧ↷ࠋ
37 ࡇࡢᮇࡢᕞ㈈ᨻࡢືྥࢆ◊✲ࡋࡓࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊụୖ(2005),pp.127-133 ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ 38 LAO(2002a),p.13 ཧ↷ࠋ
39 ෆヂࡣ 2002-03 ᖺᗘ୰ࡢᨭࢠࣕࢵࣉࡽⓎ⏕ࡍࡿ㉥Ꮠศࡀ 170 ൨ࢻࣝࠊ2001-2002 ᖺᗘศࡢ
㉥Ꮠࡢ㒊ศࡀ60 ൨ࢻࣝ➼࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋIbid.,pp.3-5 ཧ↷ࠋ
㸱㸧ィ㛫ࡢ㈨㔠⛣㌿➼ 48 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦20.3㸣㸧ࠋ㐨㊰ᩚഛ㛵㐃ࡢ≉ูᇶ㔠ࡽ㈨㔠ࢆࡾධࢀ୍ ⯡ᇶ㔠㈈※ࢆ⧞ࡾධࢀࡿࠋ
㸲㸧ṓධቑຍ29 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦12.3㸣㸧ࠋ⧞ᘏḞᦆ㔠㸦net operating loss carry-forward㸧ࡢṆࠊࢫࢺ
ࢵࢡ࢜ࣉࢩࣙࣥࡢ※Ἠ⛯⋡ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ㸦6㸣ࡽ 9.3㸣㸧ࠊᩍဨ⛯㢠᥍㝖㸦teacher tax credit㸧ࡢṆ
࡞ࢆ⾜࠺41ࠋ 㸳㸧ᩍ⫱㈝ࡢ㓄ศࡢ⧞ࡾᘏ17 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦7.2㸣㸧ࠋᏛ༊ࡢᩍ⫱⿵ຓ㔠ࡢᨭᡶ࠸ࢆ 2002 ᖺ 6 ᭶ ࡽ㸵᭶ᖺᗘࢆ㊬࠸࡛⧞ࡾᘏࡋࠊ2002-03 ᖺᗘศࡢᩍ⫱㈝ࢆ๐ῶࡍࡿࠋ 㸴㸧㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ11 ൨ࢻࣝࡢቑ㢠㸦4.7㸣㸧ࠋ࣓ࢹࢣࢻࡢ㐃㑥㈇ᢸ㔠ࡸᅜ㜵㛵㐃㸦ࣂ࢜ࢸ ࣟࢆྵࡴ㸧ࡢ㐃㑥⿵ຓ㔠ࡢቑ㢠ศࢆぢ㎸ࡴ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺㉥Ꮠ๐ῶ⟇ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ㸯㸧ࡢ⤒㈝๐ῶࡢྜࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗࠸ࡀࠊබമⓎ⾜ࡸ≉ูᇶ㔠 ࡽࡢ㈨㔠ࡢࡾධࢀ౫Ꮡࡍࡿྜࡶ㧗ࡗࡓࠋᮏ᱁ⓗ࡞ቑ⛯ࡣ㑊ࡅࡽࢀࠊ⧞㉺Ḟᦆ㔠ࡢṆࡸ ⛒⛯ඃ㐝ᥐ⨨ࡢぢ┤ࡋࡀᑠᖜ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ㐣ࡂ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡶࡗࡶቑ⛯⮬యࡣ▱ࡸ㆟ࡶ᳨ウ ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㸯㸧ᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ᭱㧗⛯⋡ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࠊ㸰㸧⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࠊ㸱㸧ࡓࡤࡇ⛯ࡢቑ ⛯ࡶᑂ㆟ࡉࢀࡓࡀ᭱⤊ⓗ㆟࡛ྜពࢆᚓࡿࡇࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞ࡗࡓ42ࠋ ࡇࢀࡣ90 ᖺ௦ࡢࣆ࣮ࢱ࣮࣭࢘ࣝࢯࣥ▱௦ࡢ㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࡣࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿࠋ90-91 ᖺᗘ ࡽ93-94 ᖺᗘࡢ㛫 371 ൨ࢻࣝࡢ㈈ᨻ㉥ᏐࡀⓎ⏕ࡋࡓࡀࠊබമⓎ⾜ࡼࡿ㉥Ꮠゎᾘ⟇ࡣ᥇ࡽࢀࡎࠊ ቑ⛯㸦79 ൨ࢻࣝ㸧ࡸ⤒㈝๐ῶ㸦124 ൨ࢻࣝ㸧ゝࡗࡓཝࡋ࠸ᘓ⟇ࡀ᥇ࡽࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࠊ ಶேᡤᚓ⛯ࡣ᭱㧗⛯⋡㸦9.3㸣 10ࠊ11㸣ࡢ㸰ẁ㝵⛯⋡ࡀຍ㸧ࡀᘬࡁୖࡆࡽࢀࠊୖ⛯ࡣ⛯⋡ࡢ ᘬࡁୖࡆ㸦1.25㸣⛯⋡ᘬࡁୖࡆ㸧ㄢ⛯ᑐ㇟ࡢᣑࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ43ࠋ ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ㆟ࡣ୍㈏ࡋ࡚Ẹඪࡀඪࢆᥱࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡣẸඪฟ㌟ࡢ▱ ࡛࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚࢘ࣝࢯࣥࡣඹඪฟ㌟ࡢ▱࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ๓⪅ࡣẸඪࡼࡿࠕ⤫୍ᨻᗓ 㸦unified government㸧ࠖࢆᙧᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ୍ぢࡍࡿ㆟ࡢㄪᩚࡣᚋ⪅ẚࡋ࡚ᐜ࡛᫆࠶ࡗ ࡓࡼ࠺ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᐇ㝿ࡣ␗࡞ࡾㄪᩚࡣ㞴⯟ࡋࡓ44ࠋࡇࡢ⌮⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊ㸯ࡘࡣࠊ1990 ᖺᕞ㆟㆟ဨᑐࡍࡿ௵ᮇไ㸦term-limits㸧ࡀᑟධࡉࢀࡓࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࡢᮇࠊ୧ඪࡢ ࣋ࢸࣛࣥࡢ㆟ဨࡀ௵ᮇษࢀ࡞ࡾࠊண⟬΅࠾ࡅࡿㄪᩚᙺࡀᅾ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㸰ࡘ ࡣࠊ2001 ᖺ㸷᭶㑅ᣲ༊ࡢ༊ࡢぢ┤ࡋ㸦redistricting㸧ࡀ⤊ࡋࡓࡇࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋࡇࢀ ࡼࡗ࡚ࠊ୧ඪࡀ΅ྥࡁྜ࠺ࣥࢭࣥࢸࣦࡀኻࢃࢀࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ45ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᨻⓗ࡞せᅉ ࡍࡿุࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࠊ1998 ᖺ୧⪅ࡀゎࡋࡓࠋࡓࡤࡇ⏘ᴗࡣゎࡢ᮲௳ࡋ࡚ࠊᕞẖᖺࠊゎ 㔠ࢆᨭᡶ࠺ࡇࡀࡌࡽࢀࡓࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡢゎ㔠ࡢᨭᡶ࠸㢠ࡣ210 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦25 ᖺ㛫ࡢ ྜィ㢠㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢゎ㔠ࢆࡓࡤࡇゎᇶ㔠✚ࡳ❧࡚ࠊᕞമⓎ⾜ࡢൾ㑏㈈※ࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ ࡗࡓࠋLAO(2002b),p.1 ཧ↷ࠋ 41 ᩍဨ⛯㢠᥍㝖ࡣᩍဨචチࢆࡶࡘ᭷㈨᱁ᩍဨ㸦credentialed teacher㸧ົṔᛂࡌ࡚ 250 ࢻࣝ ࡽ1500 ࢻࣝࢆಶேᡤᚓ⛯ࡽ⛯㢠᥍㝖ࡍࡿ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 42 LAO(2002a),p.21 ཧ↷ࠋ 43 90 ᖺ௦ࡢ㈈ᨻᘓࡘ࠸࡚ࡣᑠἨ(2014),pp.32-40 ཧ↷ࠋ 44 ࡑࡢཎᅉࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Sheffrin(2004),pp.220-221 ཧ↷ࠋ 45 1990 ᖺᥦ 140 ྕࡀྍỴࡉࢀࡓ⤖ᯝࠊୖ㝔㆟ဨࡣ⏕ᾭ࡛㸰ᮇ㸶ᖺࠊୗ㝔㆟ဨࡣ㸱ᮇ㸴ᖺไ 㝈ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ㑅ᣲ༊ࡣ10 ᖺࡈᅜໃㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࢆཷࡅ࡚ேཱྀ࡛➼ࡋࡃศࡉࢀࡿࡀࠊ༊ ࡾᙜࡓࡗ࡚ࡣࢤ࣐ࣜࣥࢲ࣮ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟ࢆ⏕ࡌࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࠋᑠἨ(2012a),p.170 ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡀࣁ࣮ࢻ࡞㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࢆᐇࡍࡿ㞀ᐖ࡞ࡾࠊጇ༠ࢆᚓࡸࡍ࠸㉥ᏐᕞമࡢⓎ⾜ྥࢃࡏࡓࡢ ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ࡇࢁࡀࡑࡢᚋࠊࡇࡢ 2002-03 ᖺᗘண⟬࡛♧ࡉࢀࡓ㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࢆㅮࡌ࡚ࡶࠊ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡣゎᾘ ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡇࡀࢃࡗࡓࠋ2002 ᖺ 11 ᭶㑅ࡉࢀࡓࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࡣ⩣ᖺࡢ 2003 ᖺ㸯᭶ 2003-04 ᖺᗘࡢ▱ண⟬ࢆᕞ㆟ᥦ♧ࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢࡢ୰࡛ࠊḟᖺᗘࡢ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡢつᶍࡣ 346 ൨ ࢻࣝ࡞ࡿࡇࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓ46ࠋෆヂࡣࠊ2002-03 ᖺᗘண⟬ศ࡛ḟᖺᗘ⧞㉺ࡉࢀࡿ㉥Ꮠ㢠ࡀ 55 ൨ ࢻࣝࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘண⟬࡛Ⓨ⏕ࡍࡿ㉥Ꮠศࡀ 291 ൨ࢻ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊ▱ண⟬࡛ࡣࡇࡢ 346 ൨ࢻࣝࡢ㉥Ꮠࡢ⿵࡚ࢇ⟇ࡶ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㡯┠ูࡣḟࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦⾲4㸧47ࠋ 㸯㸧⤒㈝๐ῶ207 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦59.9㸣㸧ࠋྖἲࢆ㝖ࡃせ⤒㈝ࡢ๐ῶ㸦ᩍ⫱ࠊᗣ࣭⚟♴㸦Medi-Calࠊ Cal-WORKsࠊSSI/SSP ➼㸧㸧ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ 㸰㸧ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢᶒ㝈⛣ㆡ 82 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦23.6㸣㸧ࠋᗣ࣭⚟♴ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫࡢ㈐௵ࢆᆅ᪉ᨻᗓ⛣ ㆡࡍࡿぢ㏉ࡾࡋ࡚ࠊୖ⛯➼ࡢቑ⛯ࢆ⾜࠺ࠋ 㸱㸧ᇶ㔠ࡢ㈇ᢸ㌿᎑19 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦5.5㸣㸧ࠋᏛᤵᴗᩱࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࡸุᡤ➼ࡢᩱ㔠ࢆᘬࡁୖ
46 California Department of Finance(2003b),p.8 ཧ↷ࠋ 47 Ibid.,pp.9-16 ཬࡧ LAO(2003d),pp.4-6 ཧ↷ࠋ ▱ண⟬ ྜ 䠑᭶ᨵᐃ ྜ ṓฟ๐ῶ 20,728 59.9 18,875 49.4 ᶒ㝈⛣ㆡ 8,154 23.6 1,732 4.5 ᇶ㔠䜈䛾㈇ᢸ㌿᎑ 1,903 5.5 2,076 5.4 ⛣㌿➼ 2,114 6.1 1,913 5.0 ධ 1,683 4.9 2,902 7.6 ㉥Ꮠᕞമ䛾Ⓨ⾜ - - 10,700 28.0 ྜィ 34,582 100.0 38,198 100.0 ⾲㻠䚷㻞㻜㻜㻟䇲㻜㻠ᖺᗘண⟬䛻䛚䛡䜛ᨭ䜼 䝱䝑䝥䛾ゎᾘ⟇㻌㻌㻔༢䠖㻝㻜㻜䝗䝹䠅 ฟᡤ䠅 㻯 㼍㼘㼕㼒㼛 㼞 㼚 㼕㼍㻌㻰㼑 㼜㼍㼞 㼠 㼙 㼑 㼚 㼠 㻌㼛 㼒㻌㻲㼕㼚 㼍㼚 㼏 㼑 㻔㻞 㻜 㻜 㻟 㼍㻕㻘 㼜㻚 㻤 ཧ↷䚹 ▱ 䠑᭶ᨵᐃ ᶒ㝈⛣ㆡ㛵㐃ቑ⛯ 䚷ಶேᡤᚓ⛯ 2.6 1.6 䚷ୖ⛯ 4.6 -䚷䛯䜀䛣⛯ 1.2 0.3 䚷ᑠィ 8.3 1.8 ㉥Ꮠ๐ῶമ䛾ൾ㑏㈈※ 䚷ୖ⛯ - 1.7 ⮬ື㌴චチᩱᘬ䛝ୖ䛢 - 3.1 䛭䛾 0.1 0.4 ྜィ 8.4 7.1 ⾲㻡䚷㻞㻜㻜㻟㻙㻜㻠ᖺᗘண⟬䛻䛚䛡䜛ቑ⛯䚷䚷䚷䠄༢㻦㻝㻜൨䝗䝹䠅 ฟᡤ䠅 㻸㻭㻻㻔㻞 㻜 㻜 㻟 䠿㻕㻘 㼜㻚 㻢 ཧ↷䚹
ࡆࠊ୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡽࡢ⧞ධࢆῶࡽࡍࠋ 㸲㸧⛣㌿࣭ࡑࡢࡢධ21 ൨ࢻࣝ㸦6.1㸣㸧ࠋࢿࢸࣦ࣭࣓ࣜ࢝ࣥㄆࡵࡽࢀࡓ࢝ࢪࣀධ ࢆ୍⯡ᇶ㔠⧞ධࢀࡿࠋ 㸳㸧ධ➼17 ൨ࢻࣝࠋᖺ㔠ᇶ㔠ࡸᵝࠎ࡞ᇶ㔠㸦㸸㣧ᩱỈ⨁ࣜࢧࢡࣜࣥࢢᇶ㔠ࠊࢱࣖࣜࢧ ࢡࣜࣥࢢ⟶⌮ᇶ㔠➼㸧ࡽࡾධࢀࢆ⾜࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ ඛ♧ࡋࡓ2002-03 ᖺᗘண⟬ἲ␗࡞ࡾࠊᕞമⓎ⾜౫Ꮡࡍࡿࡼࡾࡶ⤒㈝ࡢ๐ῶᆅ᪉ᨻᗓ ࡢᶒ㝈⛣ㆡ㸦ቑ⛯㸧ࢆయࡋࡓࣁ࣮ࢻ࡞㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋᶒ㝈⛣ㆡࡣᕞࡽᆅ᪉82 ൨ࢻࣝࡢ་⒪࣭⚟♴ࢧ࣮ࣦࢫࢆ⛣⟶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡶࡗࡶᶒ㝈ࡢࡳጤㆡࡋ࡚ࡶᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡣ ົࡢ࡞ᇳ⾜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊྠ㢠ࢆᕞࡀቑ⛯ࡋࡇࢀࢆ㈈※ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡍࡿࡇࢆண ᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋቑ⛯ࡋ࡚ᣲࡀࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊձୖ⛯ࡢ㸯㸣ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࠊղᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ᭱㧗⛯⋡ࡢ10㸣 ࡽ11㸣ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࠊճࡓࡤࡇ⛯ࡢቑ⛯㸦㸯⟽ᙜࡓࡾ 1.1 ࢻࣝቑ㸧࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㸦⾲ 5㸧ࠋᕞࡋ࡚ࡣ ᚋࠊቑࡍࡿࡇࡀணࡉࢀࡿᗣ࣭ᑐேࢧ࣮ࣦࢫࢆᆅ᪉⛣ㆡࡋࠊቑ⛯ࡼࡗ࡚ᅛᐃࡋࡓ ㈈※ࢆࡋࡓ᪉ࡀᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞⤒㈝⠇ῶࢆࡶࡓࡽࡍ⪃࠼ࡓᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋ ࡇࢁࡀࠊྠᖺࡢ㸳᭶ᨵᐃண⟬࡛ࡣࠊࡇࡢ▱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡿ㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࡀ᪂ࡓᥦ♧ࡉ ࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ48ࠋ㸳᭶ᨵᐃண⟬࡛ࡣ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡣࡉࡽቑຍࡋ 382 ൨ࢻࣝ࡞ࡿぢ✚ࡶࡽ ࢀࡓࠋ㉥Ꮠ⿵࡚ࢇ⟇ࡢ࡞ኚ᭦Ⅼࡣ௨ୗࡢ㏻ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 㸯㸧⤒㈝๐ῶࡣࢫࢣ࣮ࣝࢲ࢘ࣥࡋࠊᩍ⫱ࠊᗣ࣭⚟♴㸦Medi-CalࠊCal-WORKsࠊSSI/SSP㸧ࡢศ 㔝ࡢ๐ῶࢆ⦆ࡍࡿࠋ㸰㸧ᆅ᪉ࡢᶒ㝈⛣ㆡࢆᖜ๐ῶࡋࠊࡓࡤࡇ⛯ࠊᡤᚓ⛯ࡢቑ⛯ࡶ83 ൨ࢻ ࣝࡽ18 ൨ࢻࣝῶ㢠ࡍࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡑࢀࡽ௦ࢃࡗ࡚ࠊ㸱㸧⮬ື㌴චチᩱࢆᘬࡁୖࡆ࡚ࠊᆅ᪉ᨻ
ᗓࡢῶ⿵࡚ࢇ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆ๐ῶࡍࡿࠋࡉࡽ㸲㸧107 ൨ࢻࣝࡢ㉥Ꮠ๐ῶമ㸦deficit reduction bond㸧
ࡢⓎ⾜ࢆ┒ࡾ㎸ࡳࠊൾ㑏㈈※ࡋ࡚ୖ⛯ࡢ⛯⋡ࢆ0.5㸣ᘬࡁୖࡆࡿ⮫ቑ⛯㸦2003-04 ᖺᗘศ 17 ൨ࢻࣝ㸧ࢆᥦ♧ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ49ࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ኚ᭦ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀࡓ⌮⏤ࡣቑ⛯ࡀ㆟࡛ྜពࡉࢀ࡞ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊୖ㝔 ࠾ࡅࡿ㔝ඪඹඪࡢ࣮ࣜࢲ࣮࡛࠶ࡿࢪ࣒࣭ࣈ࣮ࣝࢺ㸦Jim Brute㸧ࡣࠊࠕᕞࡢ㈈ᨻၥ㢟ࡣṓධ㊊ ࡀ⌮⏤࡛࡞ࡃࠊ㐺ษ࡞ṓฟᣑࡢ⤖ᯝࠖࡔࡋ࡚ቑ⛯ࢆᣄ⤯ࡋࡓࠋᨭᆒ⾮⟇ࡋ࡚ቑ⛯ࡼ ࡾࡶࡴࡋࢁࠊ⤒㈝๐ῶබമⓎ⾜ࢆồࡵ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ50ࠋ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ࡛ࡣண⟬ࡶቑ⛯ ࡶ㸰㸭㸱௨ୖࡢ㈶ᡂࢆせࡍࡿࡢ࡛᥇Ỵ࠾ࡅࡿ㔝ඪࡢࣉࣞࢮࣥࢫࡀ㧗ࡲࡿࠋ㔝ඪඹඪࡢጇ༠ ࡞ࡋࡣ࠸࡞ࡿ㈈ᨻᘓ⟇ࡶ๓㐍ࡲ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ ࡼࡿ⿵ຓ㔠ࡢ๐ῶ㉥Ꮠ๐ῶമࡢⓎ⾜ࡀ㑅ᢥࡉࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓⪅ࡢၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣḟ⠇ㆡ ࡾࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣᚋ⪅ࡢ㉥Ꮠ๐ῶമ↔Ⅼࢆ⨨࠸࡚㏙࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡍࡿࠋ ㉥Ꮠ๐ῶമࡀ㑅ࡤࢀࡓ⌮⏤ࡣࠊ᪩ᮇ㈈ᨻᨭࢆᆒ⾮̿2002-03 ᖺᗘ㈈ᨻࢆ㯮Ꮠࡋࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘ㉥Ꮠࢆ⧞㉺ࡉ࡞࠸㸫࡛ࡁࡿ࠸࠺ᨻ⟇ⓗ࡞࣓ࣜࢵࢺࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ51ࠋ㉥Ꮠ๐ῶ മࡢൾ㑏ᮇ㛫ࡣ㸳ᖺ࡛ࠊൾ㑏㈈※ࡣୖ⛯ࡢ 0.5㸣ࢆ࡚ࡿࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡶࡗࡶୖ⛯ࢆ༢⣧
48 California Department of Finance(2003a),pp.7-8. 49 LAO(2003c),p.5 ཧ↷ࠋ
50 Decker(2009),p.87 ཧ↷ࠋ
0.5㸣ቑ⛯ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ⌧⾜ࡢ 7.25㸣ࡢᕞୖ⛯ࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᆅ᪉㓄ศࡍࡿ 0.5%ศ52ࢆᕞࡀൾ 㑏㈈※ࡋ࡚ὶ⏝ࡍࡿ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢሙྜࠊᆅ᪉ᨻᗓ㸦ࡇࡢሙྜࠊ࢝࢘ࣥࢸᕷ㸧 ࡣῶࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᕞࡣᏛ༊ࡢ㈈⏘⛯ࢆᆅ᪉ᨻᗓ㓄ศࡋ࡚㈈※ࢆ⿵࡚ࢇࡋࠊᏛ༊ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣᕞࡀ
୍⯡ᇶ㔠ࡽ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆ㓄ศࡍࡿࡇ࡛㈈※ࢆ⿵࡚ࢇࡍࡿ࠸࠺」㞧࡞⛯※㸦Tax Swap㸧ࡢ
⤌ࡳࡀ᥇ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ㸦ᅗ㸷㸧ࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊࡇࡢ107 ൨ࢻࣝࡢ㉥Ꮠ๐ῶമࡣ 2003-04 ᖺᗘண⟬ἲ࡛ࡣࠊ
㈈ᨻᘓമ㸦Fiscal Recovery Bonds㸧ࡢྡ⛠ኚࢃࡾࠊண⟬┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡇࢁࡀࠊ㈈ᨻᘓമࡢⓎ⾜ࡣ✺ዴࠊᬯ♋ࡾୖࡆࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ2004 ᖺ 9 ᭶ 24 ᪥ἲᚊ
ົᡤࡢࣃࢩࣇࢵࢡἲᚊ༠㸦Pacific Legal Foundation㸧ࡀࠊ㈈ᨻᘓമࡢⓎ⾜ࡣᕞ᠇ἲࡢ㉳മไ
㝈ࢆ◚ࡿࡶࡢࡋ࡚ࠊᕞุᡤッ࠼ࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᕞ᠇ἲࡢつᐃ࡛ࡣࠊ30 ࢻࣝࢆ㉸
࠼ࡿᕞമࢆⓎ⾜ࡍࡿሙྜࠊఫẸᢞ⚊ࢆ⩏ົࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ ࡓ53ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊᕞᨻᗓ㒊ෆࡽࡶ㈈ᨻᘓമࡢⓎ⾜ࢆᠱᛕࡍࡿኌࡀୖࡀࡗࡓࠋᕞമⓎ⾜ࢆᡤ⟶ࡍࡿ࢝ࣜ ࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ㈈ົ㛗ᐁ㸦State Treasurer㸧ࡢࣇ࣭ࣝࣥࢪ࢙࣮ࣜࢹࢫ㸦Phil Angelides㸧ࡣḟࡢ
ࡼ࠺࡞ᣦࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ54ࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ107 ൨ࢻࣝࡢ㈈ᨻᘓമࡢⓎ⾜ࡼࡗ࡚ᕞࡢᢪ࠼ࡿẖᖺࡢබമ ㈝ࡣ23 ൨ࢻࣝ࡞ࡾࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡞ඖൾ㑏㈝ࡣ 114 ൨ 4300 ࢻࣝᘬࡁୖࡀࡿࠋࡇࢀࡼࡾ㸯ୡ ᖏᙜࡓࡾ995 ࢻࣝࡶ᪂ࡓ㈇ᢸࡀቑ࠼ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊබമ㈇ᢸࡢቑຍࡣ㈈ᨻࡢ◳┤ࢆࡶ ࡓࡽࡍࡶࠊ㈈ᨻᘓമࡢⓎ⾜ࡀ୍⯡㈈※ಖドമࡸ࣮ࣜࢫධമࡢⓎ⾜ࢆࢡࣛ࢘ࢻ࢘ࢺࡍ ࡿࡓࡵࣥࣇࣛᢞ㈨ࢆ㐜ࡽࡏࡿࠋࡉࡽࡣࠊᕞമࡢ㔞Ⓨ⾜ࡣ᱁ࡅࢆᘬࡁୗࡆࡿࡇ࡞ࡾࠊ 52 ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡢᕞୖ⛯ࡣᕞࡀᆅ᪉ୖ⛯ࢆྵࡵ࡚ᚩࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྜィ⛯⋡ࡣ 7.25㸣࡛ 6㸣ࡀᕞୖ⛯㸦࠺ࡕ 1㸣ศࡢ⛯ࡣᆅ᪉㓄ศ㸧࡛ࠊṧࡾ 1.25㸣ࡀᆅ᪉ୖ⛯ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ 1.25㸣ࡢ࠺ࡕ 0.5㸣ࢆൾ㑏㈈※ࡋ࡚ὶ⏝ࡋࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᚋ㏙ࡍࡿᥦ 57 ྕ࡛ࡣ 0.5㸣ࢆ༙ ศࡢ0.25㸣ᘬࡁୗࡆࡓࠋ 53 Business Wire(2003)ཧ↷ࠋ 54 Angelides(2003),pp.A-8-A-10 ཧ↷ࠋ ᅗ ᅗ㻥㻥䚷䚷㉥㉥ᏐᏐ๐๐ῶῶമമ䛾䛾ൾൾ㑏㑏䛸䛸⛯⛯※※ ฟ ฟᡤᡤ䠅䠅 㻯㻯㼛㼛㼘㼘㼑㼑 㼙㼙㼍㼍㼚㼚 㻔㻔㻞㻞 㻜㻜 㻜㻜 㻤㻤 㻕㻕㻘㻘㼜㼜㻚㻚㻞㻞 㻢㻢 䜢䜢ཧཧ⪃⪃䛻䛻ససᡂᡂ䚹䚹 ᕷ ᕷ䚸䚸䜹䜹䜴䜴䞁䞁䝔䝔䜱䜱䛾䛾 ୖୖ⛯⛯䛾䛾0.5䠂䠂 ㉥ ㉥ᏐᏐ๐๐ῶῶമമ䛾䛾ൾൾ 㑏 㑏㈈㈈※※ᇶᇶ㔠㔠 ᕞ ᕞᨻᨻᗓᗓ䛾䛾୍୍⯡⯡ᇶᇶ 㔠 㔠 Ꮫ Ꮫ༊༊䛾㈈⏘⛯⛯ ᕷ ᕷ䚸䚸䜹䜹䜴䜴䞁䞁䝔䝔䜱䜱䛾䛾 ㈈ ㈈⏘⏘⛯⛯ ⧞ ⧞䜚䜚ධධ䜜䜜 ㈈ ㈈⏘⏘⛯⛯䛻䛻䜘䜘䜛䜛㈈㈈※※⿵⿵䛶䛶䜣䜣 ⿵ ⿵ຓຓ㔠㔠䛻䛻䜘䜘䜛䜛 ㈈ ㈈※※⿵⿵䛶䛶䜣䜣
බമ㈇ᢸࢆ୍ᒙ㧗ࡵࡿ࠸࠺ᣦ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞമࡢ᱁ࡅ㸦ࢫࢱࣥࢲ࣮ࢻ
㸤ࣉ࣮ࢬ㸧ࡣࡁࡃᘬࡁୗࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ2000 ᖺ 9 ᭶ࡢ AA ࡽ 2002 ᖺ 12 ᭶ A ࠊࡉࡽ
2003 ᖺ 7 ᭶ࡣ BBB ⡿᭱పࡢỈ‽࡛࠶ࡗࡓ55ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊᕞᨻᗓࡣ㈈ᨻᘓമࡢⓎ⾜ࢆぢ㏦ࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢁࡀࠊᕞࡣ᪤ࠊ㈈ᨻ ᘓമࡢⓎ⾜ࢆぢ㎸ࢇ࡛2002-03 ᖺᗘᮎࠊධぢྜ࠸࣡ࣛࣥࢺമ㸦Revenue Anticipate Warrants㸧
࡛92 ൨ 4200 ࢻࣝࡢ▷ᮇධࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ㈨㔠ࢩ࣮ࣙࢺࢆᅇ㑊ࡍࡿᡭẁࢆㅮࡌ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ▷ᮇධ࡞ ࡢ࡛ᕞമⓎ⾜␗࡞ࡾఫẸᢞ⚊ࡅࡿᚲせᛶࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊൾ㑏ࡣ㸯ᖺ௨ෆ▷ࡃࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘ ᮎ㸦2004 ᖺ㸴᭶㸧ࡀൾ㑏ᮇ᪥࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋൾ㑏ᮇ᪥ࡀ㏕ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘண⟬┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀ ࡓ㈈ᨻᘓമࡣⓎ⾜࡛ࡁ࡞࠸≧ែ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⿄ᑠ㊰ࡢ≧ἣࡀᡴ㛤ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊࢩࣗ࣡ ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞▱௦ࡋࡓᚋ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ Ϫ. ᕞ▱ࡢࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ⛯㈈ᨻၥ㢟 1㸬 ࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ື⮬ື㌴චチᩱᘬࡁୖࡆ 2003-04 ᖺᗘࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡀ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵⱞᝎࡋ࡚࠸ࡓᖺ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࡀࠊྠᨻⓗࡶ ⃭ືࡋࡓᖺ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋ2003 ᖺ 11 ᭶ࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࡣࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡉࢀࠊࣁࣜ࢘ࢵࢻࢫࢱ࣮ࡢ ࣮ࣀࣝࢻ࣭ࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞ࡢ௦ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗࡓࠋ▱ࡢࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡣ㈈ᨻ༴ᶵࡢၥ㢟῝ࡃ ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ⠇࡛ࡣࣜࢥ࣮ࣝၥ㢟ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ࠾ࡅࡿ┤᥋Ẹ⩏㈈ ᨻࡢ㛵ಀࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚࠸ࡃࡇࡋࡼ࠺56ࠋ 1999 ᖺᕞ▱ᑵ௵ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡣࠊᑵ௵ࡽࡋࡤࡽࡃࡢ㛫ࡣࠊࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᜠ ᜨ࡛⤒῭ࡶ㈈ᨻࡶⰋዲ࡞≧ែ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡓࡵேẼࡣ㧗ࡃࠊ2000 ᖺ 9 ᭶ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ 66㸣ࡢᨭᣢ⋡ ࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࡑࡢᚋࠊࢻࢵࢺࢥ࣒࣭ࣂࣈࣝࡢᔂቯࡼࡿᬒẼࡢᝏࠊ㟁ຊ༴ᶵࡼࡿィ⏬ 㟁ࠊࡉࡽᡤᚓ⛯ࡢῶࡼࡿ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠ࠸ࡗࡓ༴ᶵⓗ࡞≧ἣࡀ⥆ࡃ୰ࠊ2002 ᖺ 1 ᭶ࡣᨭᣢ ⋡ࡣ52㸣పୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ57ࠋ 11 ᭶▱㑅ࢆ᥍࠼ࡿ୰ࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ㝕Ⴀࡣඹඪࡢೃ⿵⪅ࢆ㑅ࡪணഛ㑅ᣲ๓ࠊྠඪࡢ᭷ຊ ೃ⿵ࢆ྇ࡃ㑅ᣲᡓ␎ࢆ㛤ጞࡋࡓࠋ᭷ຊೃ⿵ࢆணഛ㑅ᣲ࡛㋾ⴠࡍࡇ࡛ࠊᮏ㑅ᣲ࡛ࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡀ ࡚ࡿඹඪೃ⿵⪅ࢆ㑅ࡪࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᙜࠊ᭷ຊೃ⿵┠ࡉࢀࡓࣟࢧࣥࢮࣝࢫᕷ㛗ࡢࣜࢳ࣮ࣕ ࢻ࣭ࣛࢲࣥ㸦Richard Riordan㸧ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊᗈ࿌ࢆࡗࡓࢿ࢞ࢸࣦ࣭࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ ணഛ㑅ᣲ࡛ᩋࡉࡏࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࣅ࣭ࣝࢧࣔࣥ㸦Bill Simon㸧ࡀඹඪೃ⿵ࡋ࡚㑅 ฟࡉࢀࠊ11 ᭶ࡢ㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣࠊ353 3490 ⚊(47.3%)ᑐ 316 9801 ⚊㸦42.4㸣㸧࡛ࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡣ 㑅ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ58ࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ㝕Ⴀࡢ㑅ᣲᡓ␎ࡣᡂຌࡋࡓࡀࠊᢞ⚊⪅ࡢ‶ࡣᑡ࡞ࡃ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ㑅ᣲ๓ࡢ10 ᭶⾜ ࢃࢀࡓୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠕࡕࡽࡀ▱ೃ⿵ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ࠖ࠸࠺ၥ࠸ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࡕࡽࡶೃ⿵⪅
55 U.S. Department of Commerce(2004),p.280 ཧ↷ࠋ
56 㑥ᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࣜࢥ࣮ࣝၥ㢟ࡘ࠸࡚ᒣᒸ(2009),p.111 ࡀヲࡋ࠸ࠋ 57 Baldassare and Katz(2008), p.44 ཧ↷ࠋ
ࡋ࡚‶㊊ࠖࡀ 57㸣࡛ࠊࠕࡕࡽࡶ‶㊊ࠖࡢ 38㸣ࢆࡁࡃୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ59ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㑅ᣲᑐࡍ ࡿ㛵ᚰࡶⷧࡃࠊᢞ⚊⋡ࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᨻྐୖ᭱పࡢ 50.6㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓ60ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊᙜ᪥⾜ࢃࢀࡓ 㑅ᣲ࡛ࡣࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞ࡀᥦ⪅࡞ࡗࡓᥦ49 ྕࡶᢞ⚊ࡉࢀࡓࠋࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞ࡀᨻ ࡢ⾲⯙ྎⓏሙࡋࡓࡇ࡛ࠊ▱㑅ࡣᑐ↷ⓗఫẸࡢ㛵ᚰࢆ㞟ࡵࠊከࡃࡢᨭᣢࢆཷࡅྍỴࡉ ࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡢ㑅ᚋࠊ㛫ࡶ࡞ࡃࡋ࡚ࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ືࡀ㛤ጞࡉࢀࡓࠋ2003 ᖺࡢ 2 ᭶ 5 ᪥ ᥦ13 ྕࢆྍỴᑟ࠸ࡓᕷẸᅋయ࡛࠶ࡿࠕேẸࡢ᧦ㆤ⪅㸦People¶s Advocate㸧ࠖࡢ௦⾲࡛࠶ࡿࢸ ࢵࢻ࣭ࢥࢫࢱ㸦Ted Costa 㸧ࡽࡀࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡢㄳ㢪⨫ྡࢆ㞟ࡵጞࡵࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢥࢫࢱࡣࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ ࡢㄳ㢪᭩ࡢ୰࡛ࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡣ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ㈈ᨻࡢ⟶⌮ࢆࡃㄗࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ(gross mismanagement of California finances)ࠋ⣡⛯⪅ࡢ㔠ࢆ↓㥏࠸ࠊᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢ⿵ຓ㔠ࢆ࢝ࢵࢺࡋᏳࢆ⬣ࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᨻ⟇ࡢኻᩋࡽ⏕ࡌࡓ␗ᖖ࡞ࢥࢫࢺࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄝ࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ༴ᶵⓗ࡞ẁ㝵 ࡞ࡿࡲ࡛ᕞࡢ㔜せ࡞ၥ㢟ᑐฎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ᢈุࡋࡓ61ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓᢈุࡢ⫼ᬒࡣࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ㝕 Ⴀࡀᖺࡢඹඪணഛ㑅ධࡋࣛࢲࣥᑐࡍࡿࢿ࢞ࢸࣦ࣭࣮࢟ࣕࣥ࣌ࣥࢆᙇࡾᩋࡉࡏ ࡓࡇࡢᛣࡾࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡉࢀࡓ62ࠋ ࡶࡗࡶ▱ᑐࡍࡿࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ືࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ⌋ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࣟࢼࣝࢻ࣭࣮ࣞ࢞ࣥࡸࢪ ࢙࣮࣭ࣜࣈࣛ࢘ࣥ࡞Ṕ௦▱ࡶࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡣᡂ❧ࡋ࡞ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡢࠊࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ືࡣ⾜ࢃࢀࡓࡢ ࡛࠶ࡿ63ࠋࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡣᡭ⥆ࡁୖࠊ160 ᪥௨ෆ๓ᅇࡢ▱㑅ࡢᢞ⚊ᩘࡢ 12㸣㸦ࡇࡢሙྜࡣ⣙ 90 ேศ㸧༉ᩛࡍࡿ⨫ྡᩘࢆ㞟ࡵࡿࡇࡀ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ⨫ྡࡶ᭱ప㸳ࡘࡢ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࡽ㞟ࡵ ࡿࡇࡀ᮲௳࡙ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣟࢧࣥࢮࣝࢫ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᕧ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࡢᨻⓗ࡞ᙳ㡪 ຊࢆ⦆ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡢ⨫ྡ㞟ࡵࡣ㈨㔠㠃࡛㞴⯟ࡋࡓࡀࠊ᭱⤊ⓗᚲせᩘࡢ㸰ಸࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ210 ேࡢ⨫ྡࡀ㞟ࡲࡾࠊ2003 ᖺ 10 ᭶ఫẸᢞ⚊ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀྠ᪂▱ ࢆ㑅ฟࡍࡿ㑅ᣲࡶ⾜ࢃࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ135 ேࡶࡢೃ⿵ࡀฟ㤿ࡋࠊࡑࡢ୰ࠊࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿ ࢵ࣮࢞ࡶྡࢆ㐃ࡡࡿࡇ࡞ࡗࡓ64ࠋ ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊࡇࡢࣜࢥ࣮ࣝ㐠ືࡀᒎ㛤ࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࡣࠊఫẸࡢ㈈ᨻ㐠Ⴀᑐࡍࡿ‶ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࠋඛ ࡶ㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࡢ 2002-03 ᖺᗘண⟬࡛ࡣ㈈ᨻᨭࡢࢠࣕࢵࣉࡀゎᾘࡉࢀࡿண ᐃ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡋࡋࠊ㑅ᚋࠊ㉥Ꮠࡣቑຍࡋḟᖺᗘࡢ2003-04 ᖺᗘࡢ▱ண⟬㸦2003 ᖺ 1 ᭶ᥦ 㸧࡛ࡣ346 ൨ࢻࣝቑຍࡍࡿࡇࡀぢ㎸ࡲࢀࡓࠋ2003 ᖺ 2 ᭶ࡢࢩࣥࢡࢱࣥࢡࡢ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽ
බඹᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤ㸦Public Policy Institute of California, PPIC㸧ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠕ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞࡢ
㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡢつᶍࡘ࠸࡚࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖࡢ㉁ၥᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࠕࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ࠖ⟅࠼ࡓேࡀ74㸣ࠊࠕᗄศ
ၥ㢟࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ⟅࠼ࡓேࡀ21㸣ࡶ࠸ࡓ65ࠋࡲࡓࠊࠕ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡢ㈐௵ࡢᡤᅾࡣࡇࠖࡢ㉁ၥᑐࡋ
59 Ibid.,p.54 ཧ↷ࠋ 60 Ibid.,p.57 ཧ↷ࠋ
61 California Secretary of State(2003)ཧ↷ࠋ 62 Baldassare and Katz(2008),p.68 ཧ↷ࠋ 63 Ibid.,p.73 ཧ↷ࠋ
64 Lawrence(2013),pp.74-75 ཧ↷ࠋ 65 PPIC(2003),p.1 ཧ↷ࠋ
࡚ࠊࠕࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࠖ࠶ࡿ⟅࠼ࡓேࡀ23㸣᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃࠊ௨ୗࠊࠕேཱྀቑ⛣Ẹࠖࡀ17㸣ࠊࠕᕞ ࡢ⤒῭ⓗప㏞ࠖࡀ16㸣ࠊࠕ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮༴ᶵࠖࡀ 13㸣ࠊࠕᕞ㆟ࡢẸඪ㆟ဨࠖࡀ 6㸣ࠊࠕᕞ㆟ࡢ ඹඪ㆟ဨࠖࡀ 4㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᨭᣢᨻඪู࡛ࡣࠊඹඪᨭᣢ⪅ࠊࡑࡢ࡛ࡣࠕࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࠖ ࡢ㈐௵ࢆᣲࡆࡿྜࡀ᭱ࡶ㧗ࡃࠊẸඪᨭᣢ⪅࡛ࡶ㸰␒┠㧗ࡗࡓ66ࠋࡉࡽࠊࠕ▱ࡢ㈈ᨻ㐠 Ⴀࡢᡭἲࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿྰࠖࡢ㉁ၥᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠕᨭᣢࡍࡿࠖࡀ 26%ࠊࠕᨭᣢࡋ࡞࠸ࠖࡀ 63%࡛ ᨭᣢࡀ㧗ࡗࡓࠋᨭᣢᨻඪู࡛ぢ࡚ࡶ࡚ᨭᣢࡢྜࡀᨭᣢࢆࡁࡃୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ67ࠋ ㈈ᨻၥ㢟ࡢ୰࡛ࡾࢃࡅ㛵ᚰࡀᣢࡓࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ2003-04 ᖺᗘ㸳᭶ᨵᐃண⟬┒ࡾ㎸ࡲࢀࡓ⮬ ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋPPIC ࡢୡㄽㄪᰝ࡛ࡣࠊࠕ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࢆ࠺ᛮ࠺ࠖ ࡘ࠸࡚58㸣ࡢఫẸࡀᑐࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࠊ㈶ᡂ 39㸣ࢆࡁࡃୖᅇࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୖࡆ ࡣࡢ⛯ࡢቑ⛯ẚ࡚ࡶᑐࡢྜࡀ㧗ࡃఫẸࡢ‶ࡢ✀68࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡢ࡞ㄽⅬ࡞ ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡢᑟ⪅࡛࠶ࡿࢥࢫࢱࡣ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୖࡆၥ㢟69ࢆࣜࢥ࣮ࣝࡢ⌮⏤ࡢ 㸯ࡘᣲࡆࠊࢩࣗ࣡ࣝࢶࢿࢵ࣮࢞ࡶᩘᑡ࡞࠸ලయⓗ࡞බ⣙ࡢ୰⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୗࡆࢆᣲࡆ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡣ⮬ື㌴㸦ື⏘㸧ᑐࡍࡿ㈈⏘⛯ࡢ௦᭰㈈※ࡋ࡚1935 ᖺࡽᑟධࡉࢀࡓᆅ᪉ ᨻᗓࡢᩱ㔠(fee)࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ⤌ࡳࡣࠊ࢝ࣜࣇ࢛ࣝࢽᕞ࡛Ⓩ㘓ࡉࢀࡓ⮬ᐙ⏝㌴ᑐࡋ࡚ẖᖺࠊ ᩱ㔠ࢆ㈿ㄢࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࠊἲᐃῶ౯ൾ༷⋡ࢆࡌࡓ㌴୧౯᱁2㸣ࡢᩱ⋡ࢆㄢࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ70ࠋᩱ㔠ᚩ ࡣᕞࡀᆅ᪉ᨻᗓ௦⾜ࡋ࡚⾜࠸ࠊ࢝࢘ࣥࢸࠊᕷேཱྀ࡛㓄ศࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᩱ⋡ࡣ1935 ᖺࡽ 99 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡎࡗ 2㸣࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ90 ᖺ௦ᚋ༙ࠊ㈈ᨻ㯮Ꮠࡀ ቑ࠼ࡿ୰ࠊ㯮Ꮠศࢆῶ⛯ᅇࡍせồࡀඹඪࢧࢻࡽ⌧ࢀࡓࠋࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡢ๓௵ࡢࣃࢵࢺ࣭ࣈ ࣛ࢘ࣥ▱㆟ࡣࡇࢀࢆཷࡅධࢀࡓࠋ98-99 ᖺᗘண⟬ἲ࡛⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢ⛯⋡ࢆ 2001 ᖺࡽẖ ᖺẁ㝵ⓗᘬࡁୗࡆ࡚࠸ࡁࠊ2003 ᖺ 0.65㸣ࡍࡿࡇỴᐃࡋࡓࠋ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡣᕞࡀᕞ᠇ἲ ୖࠊᩱ⋡ࡢタᐃࠊධࡢ㓄ศࡘ࠸࡚ᶒ㝈ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢ㈈※࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇ ࡢࡓࡵࠊᩱ⋡ᘬࡁୗࡆక࠺ᆅ᪉ᨻᗓࡢῶศࡣᕞᨻᗓࡀᆅ᪉⿵ຓ㔠ࡼࡾ⿵࡚ࢇࡍࡿࡇࡋ ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋࡋࡑࢀྠࠊᕞࡢ㈈ᨻ≧ἣࡀᑗ᮶ᝏࡋࠊῶศࢆ⿵࡚ࢇࡍࡿ༑ศ࡞㈈※ࡀ࡞ ࠸ሙྜࡣࠊ▱ࡢุ᩿࡛ᩱ⋡ࢆඖࡢ2㸣ᡠࡏࡿࡍࡿࢺ࣮ࣜ࢞᮲㡯ࡶ⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 2003-04 ᖺᗘࠊ㈈ᨻ㉥Ꮠࡀቑຍࡍࡿ୰ࠊࢹ࣮ࣦࢫ▱ࡣࢺ࣮ࣜ࢞᮲㡯ࢆࡗ࡚ࠊ2003 ᖺ 10 ᭶ ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࢆࡧඖࡢ 2㸣ࡢỈ‽ᘬࡁୖࡆࡿࡇࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ື㌴චチᩱࡢᘬࡁୖ 66 ඹඪᨭᣢ⪅ࡢ 40%ࠊࡑࡢࡢ 21㸣ࡀ▱ࡢ㈐௵ࢆᣲࡆࡓࠋẸඪᨭᣢ⪅ࡢ 21%ࡀᕞࡢ⤒῭ ⓗప㏞ࢆᣲࡆࠊḟ࠸࡛18%ࡀ▱ࡢ㈐௵ࢆᣲࡆࡓࠋIbid.,p.2 ཧ↷ࠋ 67 Ẹඪᨭᣢ⪅ࡣᨭᣢ 32%ࠊᨭᣢ 57%ࠊඹඪᨭᣢ⪅ࡣᨭᣢ 11%ࠊᨭᣢ 84%ࠊࡑࡢࡣᨭᣢ 24%ࠊᨭᣢ 68%࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋIbid.,p.3 ཧ↷ࠋ 68 ᡤᚓ⛯ࡢ᭱㧗⛯⋡ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ52%ࡀ㈶ᡂࠊ42㸣ࡀᑐࠋࡓࡤࡇ⛯ࡢᘬࡁୖࡆࡘ ࠸࡚ࡣ74㸣ࡀ㈶ᡂࠊ25㸣ࡀᑐࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋIbid.,pp.7-8 ཧ↷ࠋ 69ࠕࢹ࣮ࣦࢫࡣ⮬ື㌴⛯(car tax)ࢆ㸱ಸࡍࡿࠋఱࡽࡢ⮬ື㌴⛯ࡢቑ⛯ࡣᣄྰᶒࢆ⾜ࡍࡿ ⣙᮰ࡋࡓᚋࠊ▱ࡣࢫࢱࢵࣇᘬࡁୖࡆࢆࡌࡓࠋࡇࢀࡼࡾᖹᆒⓗ࡞ᐙ᪘ࡣ㸯ᖺᙜࡓࡾ460 ࢻࣝࡢ㈇ᢸ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋᢞ⚊ࡶ࡞࠸ࠊㄝ᫂㈐௵ࡶᯝࡓࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠊ↓㈐௵ࡔࠖࠋCalifornia Secretary of State(2003)ཧ↷ࠋ 70 ࠼ࡤࠊ㉎ධ౯᱁ 2 2100 ࢻࣝࠊⓏ㘓ᖺᩘࡀ 3 ᖺࡢ㌴ࡢሙྜ࡛ࠊἲᐃῶ౯ൾ༷⋡ࡣ 80㸣ࠊ⛯ ⋡ࡀ2㸣ࡢሙྜࠊචチᩱࡣ 2 210080%2%㸻354 ࢻࣝ࡞ࡿࠋLAO(1998),p.3 ཧ↷ࠋ
