Forced and Self-excited Vibrations in Various Non-linear Systems
Having Discontinuous Linear and Non-linear Characteristics
SeiichiroMaezawa
Synopsis
Many cases of forced and self−excited vibrations in various non−1inear systems
having discontinuous linear and non−linear characteristics are treated by means of a
thoroughly consistent method, but detailed results and numerical examples are left
for further study.Tllis method was introduced by the author to solve the problems of steady forced
vibrations induced in an unsymmetrical bilinear system by a harmonic exciting:
forcella). The principal features are as follows:1)Treating the non−linear part of restoring and damping forces as if it were external
exciting force,2)Linearizing the original non−1inear equation by expanding the above part intσ
Fourier series,
3)Solving the resulting linear equation by usual linear procedure,
4)Determining the coefficients of the assumed Fourier series by adjusting the above
obtained solution to satisfy the nonlinear characteristics and the conditions at the・
junction points.This method is superior in nlany respects to the hitherto used inosculating method,.
namely,
1)the whole cycle is solved at one stroke,2)aniany−degree−of−freedom system can be treated quite parttllel to an one−degree−・
of−freedom system,
3)the effect of changing the characteristics of the system can be systematically・
comprehended,
4)the labour of numerical computation is greatly red“ced.
1. IntroductiOI1
There are many non−linear vibration
systems, whose characteristics are expres− sed by a number of linear and non−1inear components. Typical examples of them are shown in Fig・1・1, Fig.1.2, and Fig.1.3, which have broken−1inear characteristics. The springs in Fig.1,1 are subjocted to initial co、m− pression1), the system in Fig.1.2 has gaps2), while the system in Fig.1.3has springs of different kind2). The restoring force char一}ω
Fig.1.1}mp
Fig.1.2壬mu
i[[i∼e, .Fig.13
Jun.1958. Reports of the Faculty of Engineering Yaman.ashi Oniversity
No.9
Fig.1.4 ↑ル・ / Fig.1.5桝L・
}・N・,・ Fig.1.6 μ Fig.1.7叫・
acteristics of these systems are symmetrica1. Unsymmetrical cases are shown in Fig・1.4and Fig.1.5. The actual examples of these symmetrical and unsymmetrical systems are easily found in mechanical and electrical vibration systems;for example, the driving system(transmission elements in automobile or tracting mechanism in train)with clearances3)is a symmetrical one and the vibration system with an elastic or nonelastic stop4)is an unsymmetrical one. Systems having hysteresis loop characteristics are shown in Fig.1・6・and Fig・1・7, the former being vibration system with Coulomb friction5)and the latter an ideal model loaded by laminated spring6). In the figures above, only characteristics of restQring forces are taken into account, but we may assume the systems are also affected by damping forces, the coefficients Qf linear damping being different in several parts of the cycle of vibration. These cases of the ‘‘broken−1inear damping force characteristics” are included with the‘‘broken−1inear spring force chacteristics” in the ’following study. The steady forced vibrations in the ab3ve mentioned systems produced by a harmonic exciting ・force are the main subjects of our investigation. The free vibrations.of them with皿t damping can be treated in the similar way as in the forced vibrations. Further, the self・−excited vibrations of a system which is non−linear in onlyavery small part of aeycle, and linear in the greater part of it are studied. An actual example of it is a classical folk interrupter as shown in Fig.5.17). The above mentioned systems are all of one−degree−of−freedom, but many−degree−of−freedom systems(including the continuous body as an infinite−degree−of−freedom system)which have a number of similar non−linear elements of this kind in themselves, can be treated by our method quiteparaHel to one−degree−of−freedom systems. Actual examples are : the dynamic vibration
absorber with a spring of broken−1inear characteristic ;the torsional vibration in a driving system wll.th clearancess);the effects of clearances, hysteresis and initial setting to flattering in the aeroPlaneg);and the vibration during working Process of a solid horn used in a Ultrasonic ・carving machine. In fact, the latter probleln gave us the chance for the present studyli) The analytical methods hitherto app1ied to solve vibration problems in these systems may be divided into three classes. The first of them we may call the inosculating method, i.e. we obtain the complete solution by inoscula− ting or patching up together several general solutions‘ itransient vibration term plus steady vibra− tion term)of different l inear equations of motion in each regeons of the broken−1inear characteris− ’tics. According to this method, for. the system of the broken−linear characteristics, we‘.can always62
Forced and Self−excited Vibrations in Various Non−1inear Systems Having Discontinuous Linear and Non−linear Characteristics obtain the exact solutions, if we are ready to painstaking labour required for the actual numerical computation, which becomes, for example, in the case of system in Fig.1.4with damping altnost jnsuperable. The second method is the solution by Fourier series, which enables us to obtain the whole cycle .at one stroke, dispensing with any inosculation or transient vibration term. Because the solution is given in a harmonically analysed form, varioug interpretations of its physical meaning are at ・once brought about as in the case of electric circuit theory. Furthermore, a many−degree−of− freedom system can be treated quite parallel to an one−degree−of−freedom system with no greater ユabour. Meanwhile, except the few special cases already treated1)2b)2c)5), where the Fourier expan− 唐奄盾氏@of the restoring or damping forces are given explicitly at the outset of the solution, we are usually to solve simultaneous linear equations infinite in number to determine coefficients 盾?@the expansion. Such conditions are caused by the facts that the non−1inear force and l the displacement and velocity of vibration can not be determined independently because they affect ・each other・Moreover the convergency of the successive apProximate solutions is usually very poor. Such disadvantages are supposed to have impede the application of this method up to the present. The handicaps,however, can be offset by certain means of convergency improvements, ,e.g. by help of the series transformation before adopted by the author11). The third method is the approximate solution. We have a great number of ingeneous solutions presented by many authorsio). Although they may be powerful weapons to attack particular −problems, they are useless to have insight into the general outlook of the problem because of ’their apProximate nature. In the following we will consider several cases of forced and self−excited vibrations set up in ・the above mentioned systems of discontinuous linear and non−1in6ar charactedstics. We treat the problems consistently frgm the start to the end by means of the second lnethod, namely Fourier serles. The main features of the method consist in: . ユ)regarding the non−1inear part of the restoring and damping force as if it were exciting force froml withOut, .2)expanding its expression into Fourier series whose period is the same as that of the original exciting force or of the self−excited vibration to be determined, and thus linearizing the equation of motion, 3)obtaining the solution of thus linearized equation of motion of the sys’tem, subjected to apparent and original exciting force, by the usual linear procedure, 4)writing down the conditions for non−1inear characterigtics, by means of the above obtained displacement and velocity. Fullfilment of these conditions determines the successive coefficients of the assumed Fourier expansion of non−linear force. Thus the process is completed. If necessary, a certain sort of convergency improvement, e. g. that by series transformation, may be applied to make the determinLation of the coefficients easy.
・2.Unsymmetrical Trilinear System
We consider a most general trilinear system of one−degree−of−freedom, subjected to a constant {orce fo and a harmonic force fcosωt. The characteristics of the trilinear system consist of three 』1inear zones. The displacements z, the spring constants and the damping coefficients in them are shown in Table I.Jun.1958. Reports of the Faculty of Engineering Yamanashi University
No.9
Table.1 Spring Constants and Damping Coefficients in Three Zones of a Trilinear System 1 1d・mping…ffi・i斑t・ l c・+・ c C2十e After transient vibrations are damped out, only steady harmonic vibration is our subject of study. The whole cycle is divided into three phases, during each system is in one of three above,mentioned zones. that of the 3rd beθ2(Fig.2.1a, Fig.2.1b, and Fig.2. lc) .diSplacements
. 唐垂窒高〟@con 1st zone z≧三zl l K1+ゐ … 2nd zone z1こ≧z≧≧−z2 〃 3nd zone z≦−z2 K2十〃 Fgi.2.1a is subsistent, which of which the Let the phase angle of the lst phase beθ1, and・ ∼1“㌔ き・・N、2.ωt
¢メd丸恒壬。晒 @ 壬ω・ω七 吐 ト≒θ θ‘θ1 る 2P
9
・LtSp%am ent z糖念
Fig.2.1bL警製
v鋤c凌
㎞1 mx 薯{(θ)伽
躯Ψ) ・乞 Fig.2、1c We put the non−1inear part of the sum of damping and spring forces in the lst phase equal tぴ 91(θ),so that9・(θ)=K・(・…)+C1:・一丁一一くθ<幻 …………(2,。、)
〃 = 0 , 0therwise / whereθis the phase angle measured from the middle point of the lst phase, namely,θ=ω’一α, ・……一(2,02)
αbeing the angle of phase lag. Similarly, we put that of the 3rd phase equal to 92(q), so that:(少):∵)㌔蕊:与1 …………(2・・3)
64Forced and S61f−excited Vibrat ilons in Various Non−linear Systerns Having Discontinuou8 Linear and Non−】inear Characteristics where q is the phase angle measured from the middle point of the 3rd phase, namely, q=θ一β=:to t一α一β, ’’”・・・・・… (2,04) βbeing the phase angle difference between the lst and the 3rd, which differs usualy by only small angl eεfrom π, so that, β=π一ε ・・・・・・・・・… (2,05) Then the equation of motion of the system can be written as follows: ロ . 〃zz十cz十lez=fo十ノ「cos(θ十α)−91(θ)十g2(θ一β) ………… (2,06) lf we expand gl(θ)and g2(ψ)in Fourier series, so that oo g1(θ)・.・ao+Σ(a,、6%θ+bn sinnθ) …………(2,07) ?ZPtl
and
92(・)=・・+h8≦・1…s卿+d・ sinn・)・ …一……・(2・08)
we can put the solution of the equation of motion in the following form:一一ゾ(畿蒜i…戸4…2苦呈’元搾書認鵠讐ゴ⊇・
ちミ、躍鴛講竺∼蕊≡二壁ゴπ)一・, …………(・,・9)
where Pn is given by卿・一ゐ三#, …一・…(2,・・)
The conditions at the pOints of lunction of the broken−1inear characteristics are four in number. the first two being,atθ=土θ・/2, z=21 ……・一・(2,11)
and the second two being,at 9=±θ・/2・z=.−z2 −・…一(2,12)
Adjusting the expression(2,09)of z to fulfill the first two conditions, we obtain,_.!。ノ・・(竺i・・TLユ+,・P−
k ゾ6看ニー万’亘・)・’ギー(b’。アーk le一三、竺罐款蒜篭笠□β)一』(□β)}…三旦…………(2,・3)
・一Y蒜蕊⊇□罐縞鑛酋・6誓β)1一竺
” ・・・… 一・… (2,14> Utilizing thesef, the new experession for 2 becomes as follows, ・一・・一(fo ao COE−一’i十一一』−k『−Zt)(・−c°s;、) cos−− 2一念r激詰漂+醐一 ・)}(づ
oo 一Σ η=2 a・isinψn±亜口」Sg,3−{Cnsin({Pn十力β)十dnCOS(ψn十ねβ)} COS nθ一 :一一一一一 cosθ . μθl Stn、畑θ__.iL、伽
. θl SIn−;− 2 ・・・… 一一・… (2,15) ン(々一〃ln2・・2)2+(c伽)・=一・『’Jun.1958. Reports of the Faculty of Engineerihg Yamanashi Uq iversity
No.9
Quite similarly・adjusting the expression(2・09)to fulfill t,he sec?nd two conditions・ the following expressions for the same displacement z: 2=(ao ¢O foT『−r「一’−le−92)(㌦i割 %θ2 ㏄c,1,C・sq。・一・d。sing。・一{an…(q。・一一・nβ)−b。sin(9。−nβ)} c°s 2 we obtain 一。≧、 ゾ(k−mn…)・+(…)・ c°s”9 一一、。、θ・c°Sg 2 . nθ2 …n・i・・。+dn…q。一(・。・in(9・。一・B)+bn…(虻・β)}. sm 2.貢一了声微2ω・)・+(・n・)一『…1 .−s卿一、i。盈三一s卿
2 ・・・・・・・・・… (2,16) The first expression(2,15)must also satisfy the 2nd two conditions(2,12), and converse1y the second e如ression(2,16)must also satisfy the lst two conditions(2,11)・These requierements are both fultilled by the following two equations, ・。・1㌢㌻一(fo__Co_+go_ん 々 k)(』㌔・士士 2 2 anCOSgn−bnsinψn−{CnCOS(ψπ十μβ) c・sQ1
− dnsin(qn十nβ)} nθl COS 2〆(々一〃ln2ω2)2+(…)’ 、。、⊥
2 μ92 己,、ω・ψ一d。sing。一(侮c・5 q。一%β)−6、,・輌〃(q。−nβ)}c°s− Q一x
t
oo 一Σ nq2 、 レ/て々一〃3η2ωり・+(c%ω)・ θ・ COS 2 %θ2 1 ・。sW。+d。C・Sg仁{ai、sin(q。・一・nβ)+b。・・s(q。−nβ)}sin 2 1土、。、βゾ(le−mn2ω2)2+(cnc・)2 、‘。旦…β
2 .ヵθ1 ansingn十brecosqra−(C・乙S‘%(qn十%β)十dnCOS(ψn十nβ)} szn 一一2....t COSβ±1 +元, /+一 レ/一トk’1’:−m−M“ilo−’i)2十(cηω)2 . θ1 Stn”mQ’ sinβ ■ ’’”°’”…’・ (2,17) When these two equations are satisfied, two expressions(2,15)and(2,16)for the displacement zbecome exactly equal to each other. In fact, higher harmonic terms and the constant terms are equal to each other from the outset and the fundamental harmonic terms can be written in theforms
rl cos(θ一Xl) and T2 cos(φ一X2), and after short calculation equations(2,17)may be shown to be equivalent to the following twoconditions
如弓一三隠と襟撒一一㌶碧圭篭篭旦・ …………(2・・8)
from which we have
r12=r22 , 0r r1=r2≡r ・一・・・・・・… (2,19)tan一丁一=’α%塑三X1−・・r X2=X・+ε …………(2・20)
Finally, th6 assumed Fourier expansions(2,07)and(2,08)must be equal to the right side expressions of the spring force and damping force in(2,01)and (2,03)・ 66Forced and Self−excited Vibrations in Various Non−1inear Systems H4ving Discontinuous Linear and Non−linear CharacteristicS By utilizing the non−dimensional coefficients α・=⑳/kr・α・=a・/kr・βn=bn/kr|
,。一、。/々。,,。一,。/々。,・。−4。/々。∫ ’ ……”(2・21)
and Ω=ω/レ/k/m , ユ/Q:=c/レノ厄 , … ……… (2,22) −the above congitions can be written by the folowing two equations(2,23)and(2,24); (le/K・)〔・・+,急(・・…n・+βa・棚・)〕一・・…(・・Sθ一C・・三一)一甦≡二竺驚二㎏竺禦β)二δ・瓢耐□β)}{・酬一・・尋)
n= LJ 「 L・・L 一 TS−M一ノー「 LT“L/wノー ’ b ’ 1 . ηθt一ゑ =蒜蒜許”β) °s( β)}(・…・−li罎・‘・・
!・COSXI(−sinθ)+鴛・・⊇・勉一.⑭吻。二{魎(竺+・β)二』(・・+nB)}
+Σ
n= ’2 Jstημθ oo一Σ一
η=2 ゾてi二n2n・ア干て元巧○・ αnSゴnqn+βnCOSg)抱一{γπs:独(qn+nβ)+δηcos(qn+紹β)} ゾ(1−n・Ω・)・+(祠「Q)i 〃 _ θt <θ< , 2 〃 = 0 , θ1 20therwise
\1
∫ . %θt l_,竺互二,。、θ)
・輌・丁一 / ・・・・・・・・・…@ (2,23)and
(le/K2)〔・・+n#、(…C・…+…⑭】一・・…(・…一…三一)一膓,γn 鵠竺裟㌶篭芦μβ)一 Bn−一”β)}
C2ω +−jT
oo 一Σ一= Ot・・2 γnsin∼ρ竺十δηCOS¢)…一{αnCOS(9)n−nβ)十β}遥輌79(Pn−nβ)} レ/一ii二n2『五コ)2:}二’て珂..(?)2 cos・x2(−sing) °9_叱旦竺旦旦92竺二亘ηS:μ〈ρ抱一{αnCOS(9n 一一 nβ)一βnsin(qn−nβ)}+Σ
Ol == Lt (・・w−… ノ (・inn・一 」nSt%n9 μi2) . μθ2 St’n−Q−.
.…’T”ir−szng Stn 2 レ/ナ一n・五ヅ+⑦Ω/σ】・ oo 一Σ h’一一一v ei口2 γnsinqn+δ・・cos9)7・一{αnsin(qn−nβ)+βracos(qn−nβ)} レ/.(i−n習Ω2)2+(nn/Q)2 / θ2 θ2 ∼・一一t7−T〈q<2 [
〃 “一・e。・herwi,e / .
These two equations together with the next three equations, . 。。 αnsinψn十βncOSの7v−{γnsin(9n十nβ)十δnCOS(ψη十nβ)} (nc・・…、‘。三 . nθ2Stn.−Q−『 c… t ………一 @(2,24) |1
1 Sln Xl=Σ n=2 . %θ1 58% 2 . θ1 sz% 2 . i陥θ2 s惚・K
’”‘’”会’… @(2,25) 」 ゾてi−tt・h2)・.竰sτQノ・晦∋魎罐蒜,鴇6プ』ρ゜s(一β)L
Xl == Xl十εor x2十β=Xl十π, . 02 Stn 2 ’”…’’”・’・ i2,26) ・・・・・・・・・…@ (2,27)Jun.1958. Reports of the Faculty of Engineering Yamanashi University No.9 will determine the nondimensional coθfficientsαo,αn,βn, bo, bn,δn and the 8mall angleε. Namely, mutiplymg cosnθor cos卿and sinnθor sin卿on each side of the above equations(2,23) ・nd(2・24)・nd i…g・ati・gf…−7i]・・πf・rth・1・ft・id・a・d f・・m−;・・+;・・一膓・・ 十旦_for the right side, we obtain the two systems of simultaneous linear equations for the 2 unknownsαo,αn,β?・,70,γn,δn・ To solve these linear equations directly is sometimes almost insuperable owing to poor convergency of the determinants of their coefficients, so that we are obliged to resort to a certain means of convergency improvements such as series transformation utilized before by the author.11) Once these coefficents are determined, we can say that the problem is completely solved, Thus, the amplitude r of the fundamental harmonic component of the displacement z is calculated from, 1
「/θ゜=⊂厄・三.一+・・…C・・÷三ミ、 漂竺竃元篭雛芦β)一δ醐9bn+nβ)}…竺
1 一蕊γ〃c°5㌻;書驚}芦竺纂ラ訪㌍二㊨ぴπ二鋤…22
’’’’’’’’’’” (2,28) when the amount of the gap eo, θo=Zl十Zl ・・・・・・・・・… (2,29) iS a giVen qUantity. And the amplitude of the exciting harmonic force is calculated from (・・…μ゜sq一β1S卿1−{γ1C°S(“’+β)一δ1S吻(91+β)})2 査 レ/一て1一Ω2)豆二「面7て))豆 .‘+1竿鵠!辮】+一一β)}.li,;:..”T”r,/J.’b2!
w 「 ア、一.些一互鯉』望π二e…ks./r.7z望怨.二」2竺竺≦些ψη±nβ)一δ・nsin(qn+vaβ)} 1, f/〃εor・ ・…X・C・・U一+・・S…Ci・弓一一ジ
一Σ 九=2 ゾー(1−・ n2n2)2+(nΩ/Q)2 7n¢osqn一δeユS i’n OPn ‘一{eCnCOS(qn−nβ)一βnsin(qn−nβ)} 一COS L−−x ゾσ=・漉戸2+(%Ω/o)−2一 nθ1 2 ne2 COS−一一・・− 2 1 ’°’’’’’”…@(2,30) and the phase iag angleαis determined from 。。 αnsinqn十βncosqn−{γnsi’n(qn十nβ)十δ,)COS(qn十nβ)} . nθl Stn’2− 一Σ ゾてi−〆五う2百(%Ω/の2’ .θ、 n=1 吹・一・1)−t−...一...・一一..aTe’b 一,逗ぽr汗万〕二厄輌⊇一『…亘 cos)〈1+im一シ:て元三戸禰●)2ニーTT’ 一二…一…’ ’’’”…”… (2,31) Lastly the constant force fo is siven by“(k,。)一∴麟醗爺卿の一κ砂⇒’
▽・億、γt・’・gggc°sl−31,一一keri:彗誓蒜篭芦鯉酬軌⊇…芋 ………… (2,32) 681蕊譜監言:㌫le盟:蕊認V・「’・u・N・・−1i・・a・Sy…m・Havi・g Disc・・ti・・…
Pt .一−一‘ .. r^.一.一 .一_、,. . where s・/s・i・the rati・・f・th・di・tan・e・f・・m・the eq・il ib・ium P・i・t・f th・mass t・upPer and lowe1 point of iunction of the trilinear characteristics respectively, so that,s・/Sl=9・ノ2・ and St+・・=1 −……・(2,33)
Thus・if we choose the phase angles el andθ20f the lst and 3rd phase, ag two parameters, we can obtain one by one the two fold infinities of vibrational modes of th6 system by means of the above formulas. Under special condition8g the solutions may be simplified. For example, when there are no damping in all the three zones,ε, xl, aad X2 vanish.3・Symmetrical Trilinear Two−degree−of− freedom system
We consider symmetrical trilinear system of two−degree−of−freedom as shown ¢1 徹1・w
も,Ml
Xl ¢ゐXz
丁φ曲 1、 へ1ゐ ftz Fig・ 3・1 Fig.3.2r masses wh・n・・t・d up・n by…n・tant f・rceノ。 and。 quite similarly as in the section 2, so thatMlx・+k1x・・f・+fc・s・t−9・(θ)+92(9) …………(3,01)
ロM・x2+ゐ・x・=9t(θ)−9・@) 1 …・・…一(3,02)
whe「eθ・ndψ・・e th・phase angles meas・・ed f・・m th・middZ・p・i・t・f th。1・wer and upP。r contact phase of the two masses, so that θ =a,t一α. 一…… …・(3,03) p=θ一π=ω’一π一α, … …・・・… (3,04) and where g1(θ)and g2(g)are the pressing forces caused by the compression of the lower andt upPe「sprlngs血espectively during contact. The equations of motion for two rotors in Fig・3.2 can be obtained quite similar as those for two masses− i・Fig・3・1・・d w6 m・y di・p・n・e with th・m,・・th・f・11・wing rea…i・g・f・. th。 t,a。、1。ti。na,l case of Fig・3・1can be apPlied quite parallel to the rotational case of Fig.3.2. Th・p・essing f・rce 9・(θ)・nd g・(ψ)m・y b・here ag・in・xp・・d・d int・F・u・ier series,・。 th・t ゆ91(θ)−a・+hE、…一… 一……(3,・5)
and
co92(・)=c・+h;、・・ω・卿… ……一(3,・6)
Util izing these expansions, the solutions of the equations of rnotion(3,01)and(3,02)Can「be・ obtained by the usual linear procedure asx・一{i晋+k’一還、篭(㌫霊L・一禦惣. 一・…一(3,・7)
…鴛一一鶏+三1(伽一(−1)nCnk2−M2n2ω2)ω・・… ………・(3,・8)
in Fig.3.1andFig・3.2・The former is a modified sy8tem
of a dynamic damper with a kind of non linear spring, while the latter is a simplified model of the driving system with a clearance. These systems can be generalized to include thoseof many−degree−ofイreedom without any
considerable compl icat ionS. The equations of motion of the lst and 2ndi harmonic force/cosωt, are written dowrrJun.1958. R・p。・t・・fth・F・・ulty・f Engi・eeri・g Y・manashi U・三ver・ity
No.9
From these we obtain the difference of displacements of two masses: x・一…念一+(工、「+ユkl ゐ2)(・・−a・)+竿驚Σ 一る、(允、=,k,.・。・+k,=rk1−..+,n2。・)(a・一(一・)…)・・………(3・・9) Th。。 th・。・nditi6。, t。 b, fulfill。d。t th・b。int・・f ju・・ti・n・f th・trili・ea・ch・・a・t・・i・tics (i.e. at the starting and finishing points of contact)becomes, for the lst contact,a・ e一士4L−1−・・一・・ 一・……く3…)
and for the 2nd contact, that atψ=±旦2『, Xl一κ2=−e2 ’ …………(3,11) 2 These two conditions give following three eqations as their concequences, ,1一蕊,一+晋+(_且+_旦た1 ん2)(・。一・。) 一,ξ、G晶颪・+蚕』・)(a・一(一・)72・・∂…スL…………(3・・2) ∫¢05一ρ乏 …嘱一㍊.一裂一(」L+ユん1 ん2)(・・−a・) −nミ1伝二㍍・㌔;一よ,n・ω・)(・・一(一・)na・)…ス2−…………(3・・3) s‘ηα=0, α=O, …………(3,ユ4) Utilizing these relations, the difference of the displacements of the two masse9エ1一κ2 can be transformed into the following simple form.、_e、一。〃 c…一・・弓L l
L証㍍・+・晶・亘・)(・・一(−1)ev…7i)(竺二2麺 2)」 ・・・・・・・・・… (3,15) where r is the ampl itude of the fundamental harmonic and i8 given by。一一.[・・一一£一一(÷+÷)(・・一・・) l
el } 1 60S.『2『͡ εOS竺L l +蕊(._一_….1__..+.…一一1−.一..・々一〃11n2te 2 k2−〃z 2n2ω2)(一(一・ヅ。、す land
e= el十e2. ・… 一・・・… (3,16) When the nondirnensional coefficients, αn=an/Kp, γn=cπ/Kr (n=0,1,2ジ・・… ) … 一・・・・… (3,17) are used, the conditions for the upper and lower contact are °e el α・+,紮・C°sθ=c°sθ一c°52 −,ξ,( K K万=輌・a−,+頁;二…,両・)(一(一・)7…の(…〃・一…”;り・一三一くθ<…;一 ……一・・(3,・8)
” 〃 =0, 0therwise l 70Forced and Self−excited Vibrations in Var ious Non−1 inear Systems Having Discontinuous Linear and Non_1inear Characteristics for fhe lst contact, and °° θ2 ・・+,1;、γ・C°5卿=C卿一C°S”2’7 一誉、G、=i,・ω・+万一▲・ω・)(・・一(一・)・・α・)(一一…η12)
一;<・<膓パ …..…….(3,、9)
u“一・,。,herwi。e /
・for the 2nd contact. From these equations, as in the foregoing Paragraph, w6 can determine the non−dimensional ・coefficientsαo,αη,γo,γn by multiplying cosnθor cosnq on the both sides and integrating from 一πt。π。n th。1。ft。ide and f。。m一L t。一θ・。。 f,。ni−.旦t。.皇旦一。n the right,id。・, by 2 2 2 2 ・adopting suitable series transformation and equating the coefficients of cosine or sine terms of the same order of resulting harmonics. Once these coeffici・ents are determined, the solutions may be said to be completed、 Namely, ・the amplitude r is calculated from r/θ一 1 ) c・・;+・・弓一,鉱一:・ω・+扉㍍・・)(・一(一・)nγ・)(…膓L(一・)・c・・竿 …………(3,20) ・when the total gapθ is given as,.e=e・+e2 …………(3,21)
And the constant force∫o is calcロ1ated from f・/(Kの一一:・・f・・C・・;一・・C・・弩+(2+一乏・)(・・一・・) 一這,( K K −・一一・.一一._十_ .・・一一le1−mln2・・2 1e2− M2n2a) L’)(・・(・・一(一・)n…)…μiL・・(・一(一・)…)c・・三2) ・・・・・・・・・… (3,22) −where sl:s2 is the ratio of the lower gap to the upper gap, so that.and l㍍;/?’} …………(3,23)
Finally the amplitude of the exciting harmonic force is equal to f/K…−Eゐrω2+( ゐ1一吻1ω21+〃,醐,ω・)(・・+・・) 一一・・(3・24) The above solutions are those for systems without damping. The damping effects are easily 一taken .into account by means of similar procedures used in the 2nd paragraph. And the generalization to the higher−degree−of−freedom system or system containing some continuous bodies is done by substituting the appropriate responce coefficients Ml and M2 instead of 1/(疏一 :Mltu2)and 1/(le2一勿2ω2)in all the result80btained above for twq masses. As for the practical applications, the drlving system having a clearance and the dynamic .damper using a spring of the broken−linear characteristics are treated according to the above −procedure with or without slight alternations.4.System with Parallelogram Hysteresis Loop
We consider an one−degree−of−freedom 8ystem with a parallelogram hysteresis loop as shownJun・1958. Reports of the Faculty of Engineering Yanianashi University
No.9
in fig・4・1a, which is an ideal model of a mass loaded by a laminated springs. This subjected to a harmonic force fcosωt.System ig
ru$bMh s。rua. 山}t醐m・nt z Fig.4、1a ・n・n.nt。・砕∼。”¢ 一$(θ) Fig.4.1b We may consider the restoring force to be colnposed of two parts, one of which is a linear spring force exactly proportional to displacement, i. e. kx and the other is a non−1inear force g(θ). The behavior of the non−1inear force.versus the phase angle of the induced vibration is to satisfy・ the parallelogram characteristics as shown in Fig.4.1b. We consider only the steady harmonic forced vibration which subgist after the transient: vibration is damped. In this case−9(θ)can be expanded into Fourier series, so that −9(θ)=Σ(a7L¢05〃θ+bnsinnθ) …………(4,01) 7t=1,3,5,一・t The equation of motion is コぬ+kx=fcosωt−9(θ)・ …・一…(4,02)
Using the above expansion and changing the independent variable from t toθ,θbeing the phasぴ angle expressed by θ=ωZ一α… …・……(4,03) the equation is written in the form, d2x 。。伽2ぴ輪二加(θ+α)惑、∫㌘・c・snθ+b・醐θ) ”……(4・・4)
The solution of this equation satisfying the initial conditions: ひ at θ=0 , x=∠4 and x=0 . ………… (4,05) is・−A〔…θ一・三 .雪竺》元:2塑一隠≡si=5輌〃θ)・ …………(4,・6)
where A is the‘‘amplitude”andαis the‘‘phase lag” given as −_1_._一__一,.,一一.一.,一_・.__....、 …………(4,07) ノ1=δs¢ (・−a・)/(・一、8ふ,芸語 )2織○蒜・)2 Σ nYn tanα謗O:1罵Ω1 ……・一(4・・8>
where
Ω=ω/ωo, ωo=、/ん/卿 …………(4,09) δ錨=:∫!力 “・一… 一… (4,10) and the non−dimengional coefficients xn, yπ(μ=二1,2,3,……) are defined by, Xn:二an/為A , Yn:=bn!kA・ ”°’”三”… (4,11> 72 al cl ” ピ1 “ρ八 ’ 41 c∫ 41Forced and Self−excited Vibrations in Various Non−1inear Systemg Havi血g Discontinuous Linear and Non−1 inear Characteristics The condition at the junction points of the brokenlinear characteristics is(Fig.4,1b) θ=x (0) −x (一θo) ・・・・・・・・・… (4,12) so that, introducing(4,05), we obtain ・≡e/A−・一…θ・憶,,,.、.・−i=・(・一…n・・)㌃≧、,、,ご、3ご・n・(・吻・・−n・in・・)一…・(4・・3) If the hysteresis parallelograms are similar to each other for any amplitude, the abov6 ratio ε is constant. Thus we can say that when the non−dimensional coefficients xn,夕ft(n=1,2,3)・・一・・are determ− ined the problem is completely solved. In fact,θ〔ハcan be calculated from(4,13), while the“amplitude”Aand the‘‘pha8e lag”αare determined from(4,07)and(4,08)and finally the wave form of the displasement is given by(4,06). These non−dimensional coefficients are determined from the conditions that the non−linear force 9(θ)must satisfy the given characteristics, namely: when 一θo≦θ≦0
−9(・)+・)(x−A’−ii) …………(4・・4)
and when o≦θ≦π一θo−9(・)一(ゐ一・)一丁 一・……(4・・5)
whereκis the slope of the upPer and lower side lines of the hysteresis parallelogram. Written in ful1, when一θo≦θ≦.0,一+一( ん1−』万‘)[
謐ヌ↓竺畿籔 …………(4・・6)
n=3,5,... 1−n2n2 2 and when O≦θ≦π一θo,,同§、』・n・+yn・inn・)一(・一,・・/1e)丁.・ 一・……(4・・7)
These equations can be transformed into the s加ultaneous linear equations infinite in number for the nnknowns x.u,Yn(n=1,2,3……), by multiplying both sides of the equations by cos%θand sinnθand integrating from一θo to O for(4,16)and from O toπ一θo for(4,17)and adding together. If the convergency of the sequence un, Yn(n=1,2,3,……) is not good and the solvjng of the above simultaneous equations is cumbersome, we may resort to a certain method of convergency improvement e.9. by means of series transformation. If the parallelogram of hysteresis is a very slender one, the‘’amplitude”at resonanceω=ωo is calculated from A:=δst/v/}liT2十夕II’,2− …… …… (4,18)and
・・一・…一÷(・一・/le)… ……・…(4,・9)
These results coincide with that obtained by the method of equivalent linear damp三ng. It will be worthwhile to add here the case with elliptic hysteresis looP.(Fig.4.2a, Fig.4.2b) The equation of the elliptic looP, by parametric representation, is assumed to be・一ゐA5凝ε)1
………… (4,20)。−A、inr /
whereゲis a parameter and k, A. andεare quantities as shown in Fig.4,2a.Juni 1958. R・p・・t・・fth・F・・ulty・f Engineering Y・m・n・・hi Univrrsity N. 潤D9 c£tsla・…m・n℃
鰺8 岬㍗
Fig.4.2a n。w輪ta知 一2(θ) Fig.4..2b The equation of motion and its solution take exactly the same form ag above, and the equations from(4・01)to(4,12)are equally apPIicable to this case. But the characteristics of the non_1inear force is here9(・)−kA・t…/・一豆丁, …・一…(4,2・)
so that。義ご_,__,)一…,、一嘉:二樵…斗 …..…….(4㈱
/隠(・竺㌶・⑭」 and this conditions are‘‘exactly”satisfied by taking;二,,μ;㌫:::一._一。} …………(4,23)
Therefore, in this case, the methOd of the equivalent linear damping is not an apProximate but an exact procedure. The vibration is pure!ysinusoidal and contains no higher harmonic components. 、 \ A∼w \ 、 、 \ zA 、 、 、 、 、 、 、42a
、 \ ィこIL 、5. Self−excited vibration hl folk−interrupter We consider a classical folk−interrupter as shown in Fig5.1. This may consist of a tuning folk 二Fand electro−magnet m. A U−shaped rider of insulated wire is attached to the lower prong at suchl aheight that during vibation the circuit from the battery to the electr− o−magnet is made and broken by the motion of one end into and out of B the mercury of the cupC. The other end may be kept permanently immersed.‘‘By means of the periodic force thus obtained, the effect of friction is cornpensated, and the vibrat ions of the fol k permanently Fig・5・1 m。int。in。d.・・) If we represent the pull of the electro−magnet during the closing of the circuit with g (θ), this can be expanded into Fourier series, so that g(θ)=ao+Σ(a,、 cosnθ+br、sinnθ). …………(5,01) n・1 Thus, the equation of motion is . コ 〃Zx十¢x十kx=−g(θ) ・・・・・・・・・… (5,02) and its solution is.x−一一撃一一元、趣゜鵠畿≧;警綴塑乃竺塑?一・…………(5・・3)
74Forced and Self−excited Vibrations in Various Non−linear Systems Having Discontinuous Linear and Non−1inear Characteristics
where
t・脇一一k一蹴,一・ 一・……(5,・4)
The condiotins of closing and breaking of the circuit may be put as,at・一土与・x−・ 一…・…(5・・5)
From these we can obtain two equations・=一暢一一三7三漂霧詰ミ当㌫。ア…膓゜ …………(5・・6)
・一☆篭㌶芸。。)・・i・2旦 …………(5・・7)
The pull of the electro−maquet during the circuit closure is of very complicated nature. {tis not symmetrical with respect to the middle point of contact period but is greater for its second half than for its fir8t half. This phenom− 7(6)枠F
\θ。 θ 2 2 Fig.5.2 θ ena is the results of the electrical inductance of the circuit and the lag of the switching on due to the adhering air and of the switching off due to the adhesion of the mercury to the amalgated wire. This unsymmetry of the pull can produce the positive work, which offset the loss of the energy during greater part of a cycle, and sustain vibration. For simplicity, at the beginning, we assume that the pul 1 is expressed by the following simple ・rel ation ,9(・)−F+・F・冷・・三く・〈与
〃 = 0 , 0therwise whereμis a nurnerical coefficient. | l r ノ ・・・・・・・…@t・ (5,08) In this case we have lla)a・一算( . θOs2n 2)F ! .
i玩一÷慧叶 ’””f’◆°’一一(5’°9)
When the force of the electro−magnet F as well as the damping coefficient c is very sma11,all other terms are negligible except the fundamental harmonic terms and the above two
equationg(5,06)5ud(5,07)are reduced to・一一罷一(=i:!謡但)…;
・一α1(1留部黍2⊇・畑♀
where
△=(ω/ω・)−1, .and ω・=ゾ希垣, Q=ゾ痂/。. Frpm these equations we can obtain for the phase angl.e of contactθo 一・・一… @一・・ (5,10) ”°’’’’’’”°@(5,11) ・◆・・・・・…@一 (5,コ2) ’’’’’’’”…@(5,13)Jun.1958. Reports of the Faとulty of Engineering、『amanashi Uhiversity
No.9
3/2 き ・・一晶一/婿Q)・ and for the relative change of the frequency from the natural one:△一ω:ごL緩(F雇)“/(,Q)古
… …一・… (5,14) ・・・・・・・・・…@ (5,15)6.Broke皿一1inear syste血subjected to parametric excitation
Amass subjected to a constant force Po is carried by a spring, whose elastic constant undergoe⑨a harmonic change. This is a dynamical model of a system composed of a pantograph of a running le(1+εcos・・t) Fig.6.1 and H. Shibatal2), who uncovered countermeaSures fOr its prevention. In their reports, by solving the broken−1inear equatilons of motion with the aid of an ananalog computer, they give sketchy descriptions of the severing phenomena. And S. AiEa attacked this problem by means of Fourier series and obtained interesting・ resultsl3). Neverthless, it may not be worthless to add here a few remarks of the author on the problem ahd show the ontline of his solution as an application of the above mentioned method. The resonance curves”of the induced vibrations caus]ng the severance phenomena‘‘tilt”to the range of lower speed12a),(cf. Fig 6.3a. b) This phenomena is analogous to that of the resonance curves of the forced vibrations in the unsy][nmetrical bilinear system with a softening・ spring subjected to a harmonic forceu). This analogy is that between a system having constant gpring subjected to varying force and a、 system having varying sping subjected to constant force. SupPose mass m of the system is subjected to a constant force Po.(Fig.6.1),and is pressed back by a 8pring witll harmonically varying elastic constant. The mean value of the elastic constant is k, and the maximum percentage change of which is士ξ×100%. The equations of motion are different according as the mass is in contact or out of contact.. with the spring. During the former period, ロ mx十(C十c)x十k(1十εcosωりx=Po …………(6,01) and during the latter period, 〃lx十Cx =Po … 一一・・… (6,02) Changing the independent variable t into T, so that dア==dt 1/!1−i6−b’S’fo妻.一一 ・・・・・・・・・… (6,03) and by integrating the above cquations,’丁・一ゾ1−i’g−−ME(,/i2.rm8,”『,一スー一一) …………(6,・4)
where E expresses the elliptic integral of the 2nd kind. Thus・thθ『quations of motion(6・01)and(6・02)are transformed into electric car and the contact l ine. The bouncing motion which a pantograph is liable to take at high speed of the car, breaks the contact with the contact wire and cuts off’ the electric current required for tracting the car. This“severing phenomena”, which had impeded the speed−up progra− mme of railway trains in our country, was investigated by S. Fujii the nature of the phenornena and devised many ingeneous;76
Forced and Self−excited Vibrations in Varioug Non−linear Systems Having Discontinuous Linear and Non−1 inear Characteristics 吻( xv一ε工’ (ゾi禰1」『説)3 Po ωsincot 1+εCOScvt , )+(c+・)i」・tt+,三、。r・+k・ during contact, ・・・・・・・・・…@ (6,05)
and
m(・・r…’(ゾi鷲蕊)+・ジi蒜言一
Po
The conditions, of contact or severanceCiv+k(1+・c…t)>O/
Or 〃 』 <0 ) 1+εCOScvt , during severance. ・・・・・・・・・… (6,06) of the pantograph with the contact wire are, ・・…・一・・… @(6,07) If we put ξ==一‘x十Po/カ==−x十δst, δst=Po/ゐ, ・・・・・・・・・… (6,08) the above two equations(6,05)and(6,06)become 卿ξ・+{7、睾姜;、。⊂・( ωs加ω’ンf:F□.と∂読),}ξ’+為ξ一一i鑑∼,・P・ ・……一(6・・9)and
別ξ・+{ゾ、+i、。、。⊂・( cosinωtゾi+εc∂sωz)3}ξ’撚・{鑑,P・ …一一(6…) These equations are exact ones. As our object is, however, to Obtain the general outlook of the resulting motion, we will make an apProximation thatεis a small quantity and neglect the small quantities above the 2nd order of it. Furthermore, the conditions of contact or severance can be usually replaced without aprreciable errors by, ξ〈δst or ξ〉δst. ・・・・・・・・・… (6.11) Then the bwo equations are greatly simplified as 〃2ξり+(C+ε)ξ,+leξ=εPoτosω〔 …・……・・(6,12) 〃zξv十cξ’+leδst=εPocosω〔 ・・・・・・・・・… (6,13) These equations are identical to the equations of motion for the forced vibration in a vibrating’ system with a non−elastic stop, except that the elasticity and damping of the stop are negative i・e・the system is of‘‘softning”and‘‘easing”type.(Fig.6.2) The resonance curves for these cases were calculated by the authoriib). (Fig 6,3a Fig 6.3b) The effect of damping is to reduce the speed range in which the severance phenomena take place and to supPress the amplitude of the bouncing vibration. It also rounds up the sharp resonance curves near the critical range and eliminate the jumping phenomena and the oscillation hysteresis both peculiar to the ち non−1inear resonance・ Finally we add the exact solution for this case by the present.method. Fig.6.2. The equation of motion is , サ 〃2ξ+(C+c)ξ+kξ==εPocosωt ._ g(θ) …………(6,14)where
oa 8・(θ)=・40+Σ(a・・Cosnθ+6・isinne) ・・………・(6・15) n=1 This equation has the $ame form as that solVed before by the authoriia)・and the conditions at the l…ti・n p・i・ts a・e a1・・th・・am・・Acc・・di・gly the e・pressi・n。f th・amplit・d・r・th・ph・・e 1・9 angleα, and the wave form etc. are of the same for皿as those obtained before.Jun.1958. Reports of the「Faculty of Engineering Yamanashi University
No.9
The only differences are the 9(θ) 〃』 〃 = 0 , Writing in full oo XO+Σ@πCOS詔θ+YnS輌”θ)一ε60S(θ+α) カ=1 conditions of non−linear force. They become this time, 一・kξc・・(・+・)==・一・・le(ξ一・st){・+ξ…(・+・)}−Cξ,;く・<膓一…一…..(6,、6) otherwise | _IC。、θ_、。、.θ・..、°°一一「 2n・・2
1i l .。 …㌦著,嚥・sw・+Y・切・…) ×{1+εcos(θ+α)} oe −s‘”θ+Σ(κncosgn−Ynsinqn)’(”s‘朋θ) nエ2 一蕊私(・XnStn¢)n−]一ツ鷲COS)物…− for __旦o_<θ< θo l 2 2 1−0,・th・・wi・e, 1
一ΣMn(x・ieosqn−YnsinPn)(cosne−cos 60Sθ一工O oe 一Σ〃”(エncosgn−Ynsi招can)切s〃θ η一2 . μθ0・・_ s8”}i「
一,、菩,Mn(X・・SW・+ツ・C・・鋤・棚・θ一.θ。 s‘”『2− ”θ0 2) . nθO 、伽。,−S堰g壽・伽
Sln−.乏一 Cω k x si・・ @) /lil婁∋
1 ノ ・・・・・・・・・… (6,17) and tt ・where エo=ao/”r, エ71・=an/ゐr, yn=bn/ler, n=1,2,3,・・・・・・・・・ ・…s・・・・・… (6,18)an5
瓦一ゾ( 11 一・ nL’ n2)2 +(nn/Q),・伽一伽一1.、鵠ガ …………(6・・9) Ifεtends to zero, equation(6,17)show8 that this problem is the same as tllat of a forced vibration in an unsymmetrical broken−1 inear system with a softening spring and easing damping, subjected to a harmonic exciting force. Then, the severing time ratioθo/2πis determined by speed ratioΩ=ω/ωo=v/vc and rate of ・change of spring constant εonly, being independent of the absolute value of Po. Therefo士e th6 1increasing of the pressing force Po is almost useless for preventing the 8evering phenomena, th6 most effective countermeasure being the reduction ofε, nam61y decreasing the unequality of. the ・compliance of the contact line and increasing缶e dampingl2). ト The speedびis that of the train and vc,is the critical speed for severance phenomena, which is ・equal to・・一去一/;一 一…・・(6,2・)
where J is the span of the contact line.78
Forced and Self−excited Vibrat ions in Varioug Non−1inear Systems HaVing Discontinuous Linear and、 Non−1inear Characteristics P/s,, 5.0
き
4.03
董a・
lz・
1.0 o・ °・7 ・・も 。、r t.。 M 1.2 t3 Spal RUt−−a−%…. Fig 6.3 a Amplitude Ratio versus Speed Ratio of System in Fig 6.1 without Damp輌ng 一一sピ4』Ω・兎 Fig.6.3 b Amplitude Ratio versus Speed Ratio of System in Fig.6.1 with Damping.7. Conclusions
We have given the exact solutlons for the forced and selt−excited vibratipns in several examples ’of systems having discontinuoug linear and non」1inear、characteristics. The thoroughly consistent method used in their solutions is a kind of solution by Fourier series, which was introduced by −the author and proved very useful to estimate the operati血g characteristics of a solid horn used ・in ultrasonic carving machine.11a) According to this method, we regard the non−li,near part of reStoring and damping forces as it ・it were exciting force from without, and expand them into Fourier series so as to linearize the eqUatiOn Of mOtiOn. ’ The crux for solving thus linearized equation lies in the determination of the successive coefficients in the assumed Fourier expansion of the non−1inear part of restoring and dampingJun・1958・ Reports of the Faculty of Engineering Yamanashi University
No.9
forces, in ordeずto satigfy the given non−1inear characteristics in the indivdua1, problems. This part of the process leads to simultaneous linear equations infinite in number with the above coefficiepts as the三r unknowns. In great lnany cases of digcontinuous characteristics, the labour determining them can be greatly reduced by the help of q certain sort of convergency‘ improvement, e.9. by series tranSformat iOn・ の When these coefficients are once determined, we are in posit ion to know every minute polnts・ of the motion of the system. Then we can cal cul ate all quantities pertaining to the vibration,. i.e. the amplitude, the phase lag, the wave form, tlle frequency change of the sustained vibration.− from that of the natural vibration. and etc. In this paper, only the血ndam6ntal formulas are given in short, while detailed discussion and’. nume:ical examples are left for further reports. Moreover, as for forced vibrations, only harmonic one with the same period as the exciting force, is dealt with, the sub−harmonic and super−ha− rmonic ones being untouched. The stability criterions of them are also the subjects of further inveStigatiOnS.8.Acknowledgernents
Th。 。uth。r expresses his si・・er6 thank・t・P・・f. N. T・nig・・hi and A・・i・t・P・・f・S・Aib・・f:’ Yamanashi University for their valuable suggestions, and to Prof. Y. Yamada of DefenceAcademy who kindly helped him write the manuscript. His thanks are also due toMr. T.
Maezima for preparing figures.Referrences
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