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Development of Novel Technology for Waste

Water Treatment Using Ultrasonic Cavitation

and Underwater Plasma

著者

方 毓

number

63

学位授与機関

Tohoku University

学位授与番号

環博第128号

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フアン ユー

方 毓

博士(環境科学)

学 位 記 番 号

学 位 授 与 年 月 日

平成

31 年 3 月 27 日

学位授与の根拠法規 学位規則第

4 条第 1 項

研究科,専攻の名称 東北大学大学院環境科学研究科(博士課程)先端環境創成学専攻

学 位 論 文 題 目

超音波キャビテーションと水中プラズマを併用した廃水無害化新

規技術の開拓

員 東北大学教授 コマロフ セルゲイ

論 文 審 査 委 員

主査 東北大学教授 コマロフ セルゲイ

東北大学教授 葛西 栄輝

東北大学教授 我妻 和明 東北大学教授 柴田 悦郎

論 文 内 容 要 旨

A novel wastewater treatment process, acoustic cavitation assisted plasma (ACAP) is proposed in this study aiming at expanding the treatable range of water pollutants due to a synergetic effect of ultrasound irradiation and high voltage plasma discharge, consequently achieving efficient pollutant degradation. In this process, the role of acoustic cavitation is not only to provide generation of chemically active OH radicals, as for example in conventional ultrasonic wastewater treatment techniques, but also to ensure conditions for stable plasma generation in wastewater and, thus, to extend the treatable range of water pollutants. Preliminary investigation on radical generation due to ultrasound irradiation in a batch and a circulatory type reactor has been performed. Then, the effects of acoustic cavitation on the characteristics of underwater plasma discharge have been studied. To evaluate the performance of the ACAP process, degradation tests on Rhodamine B solution were performed in the batch and circulatory reactor. Various important parameters, such as conductivity, pH, initial concentration, ultrasound power and output voltage have been investigated to get a detailed description of the RhB degradation in the ACAP process. In addition, possible mechanisms of RhB degradation and synergistic effects of ACAP process have been also investigated, which provided useful information to reveal the principle of ACAP process.

Preliminary investigations on radical generation were performed in both batch and circulatory ultrasonic reactor by KI method. In this part, effects of acoustic power on generations of OH radical in the batch and circulatory reactor were investigated. In the case of batch reactor,

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OH radical generation rate increased with the ultrasound output power, and the reaction efficiency was much higher than in the circulatory reactor at the same output power. In the circulatory reactor, the best reaction condition was obtained at 137W output power and 4L/min flow rate. Numerical simulation was performed to predict the size of cavitation zone and the velocity and pattern of acoustic streaming,

as showed in figure 1. The results revealed that in the batch reactor, acoustic streaming allows the bulk solution to sufficiently pass through the cavitation zone and consequently improve the OH radical generation. Alternatively, in the circulatory reactor the pump-induced flow forms an undesirable flow pattern, which prohibits the OH generation.

Then the studies on characteristics of plasma discharge were conducted in the self-made ACAP device. Various parameters, including solution pH, electric conductivity and ultrasound power have been examined. It was shown that acoustic cavitation allows increasing and the upper limit of solution

electrical conductivity range, where the plasma discharge is still possible, from 39.9 μS/cm to 1002 μS/cm as showed in figure 2. Then the energy efficiency of plasma discharge has been investigated under various conditions. The energy efficiency was found to decrease as the solution electrical conductivity

Figure 1. Effects of ultrasound power on I 3-generation in circulatory reactor

Figure 2. Effects of ultrasound power on I3- generation in circulatory reactor

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increases. The other parameters, namely pH and ultrasound output power show much smaller effects on the plasma discharge efficiency.

In the next parts, Rhodamine B (RhB) has been chosen as a model pollutant to evaluate the performance of the ACAP process in the batch and circulatory reactors, respectively. Results showed that RhB initial concentration has significant effect on its degradation both in the batch and circulatory reactors. The degradation efficiency and reaction rate constant show drastic growths and reach maximum values as the conductivity increases from 10 to 20 µS/cm, after which the degradation efficiency begins to decrease with the further increase in conductivity. Both the degradation efficiency and rate constant become higher as the output voltage increases from 25 to 32 kV. In acid (pH 3~5) or alkaline (pH 9~11) solutions, the degradation efficiency is higher than that in neutral solutions in the batch reactor, while in the circulatory reactor, degradation efficiency and reaction constant show continuous decrement with the pH growth. Solution flow rate has a

significant influence on the RhB degradation in circulatory reactor, and better degradation efficiency and reaction constant are obtained at higher flow rates due to improved mass transfer caused by pump-induced flow and acoustic streaming, as showed in figure 3. The maximum degradation efficiency was obtained at an electrical conductivity of 100 µS/cm.

Figure 3. Effects of ultrasound power on I3- generation in circulatory reactor 2 4 6 8 12 16 20 24 28 Degradation efficiency Reaction constant

Flow rate / Lmin-1

D e gr ad at io n E ff ic ie n cy  / % 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.028 R e ac tio n C on st an t k / m in -1

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In the last part, the mechanism of Rhodamine B degradation in the ACAP process has been investigated, and a plausible degradation pathway of RhB has been proposed on the basis of UV-Vis and HPLC-TOFMS analysis, and high-speed camera observations. It was found that acoustic cavitation bubbles between electrodes serve as “stepstone” for plasma propagation facilitating its initiation and making it possible to treat wastewater within a wider range of electrical conductivity and solute concentration. These findings prove the vital role of microbubbles for plasma channel formation. The results reveal that the ACAP process has a slight synergistic effect on the wastewater treatment that results from the improved spark discharge due to acoustic

cavitation bubbles, as showed in figure 4. Numerical simulation on fluid flow in the circulatory reactor revealed that the liquid mass transfer is improved with increasing the flow rate, and circulatory flow shows more effects than acoustic streaming when flow

rate is higher than 4 L/min. Figure 4. Comparison of degradation efficiency by using plasma

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(別紙)

論文審査結果の要旨及びその担当者

論文提出者氏名 Yu Fang (方 毓)

論 文 題 目

Development of novel technology for treatment of waste water using ultrasonic cavitation and underwater plasma (超音波キャビテーションと水中プラズマを併用した 排水無害化新規技術の開拓) 論文審査担当者 主査 教 授 コマロフ・セルゲイ 教 授 我妻 和明 教 授 葛西 栄輝 教 授 柴田 悦郎 准教授 吉川 昇

(多元物質科学研究所))

論文審査結果の要旨

環境基準が厳しくなり、水がより高価で貴重になるにつれ、節水や水を安全に処理することの重要性が高まって きている。化学薬品の使用を禁止または厳しく制限されている飲料水はその代表的な例である。また、食品加工工 場や製薬工場においても水資源の有効活用、排水量低減による環境負荷の低減のために、回収した排水を浄化し再 利用する技術の開発が不可欠である。この状況の中、物理的作用を利用した水処理法は、処理場から発生する汚染 物質がなく、本質的に環境調和型技術であることから以前より着目され、これまで超音波、紫外線、水中プラズマ を適用することについて様々な研究開発が進められてきた。しかしながら、水中の紫外線と超音波の減衰率が大き く、エネルギー密度が不十分のために処理可能な水量が極めて少ない。また水中プラズマは,水の絶縁破壊電圧が 大きく、かつプラズマ発生の水化学成分依存性が大きいため、安定な処理性能の実現が従来方法及び装置では不可 能である。 本研究では、オンライン処理に適した大量の環境調和型排水処理法の開発を目指して、「音響キャビテーション 支援水中プラズマ照射」という新しいアプローチに基づき、装置設計、バッチ式・循環式の実験と数値シミュレー ションを一貫して研究を行い,以下に示すような顕著な成果を得た。 まず、Weissler 法(ヨウ化カリウムを用いる方法)を利用した超音波処理実験を行い、音響キャビテーションの 特性とそれを最大限に活用するための最適条件を調査した。その結果を踏まえて、ACAP 法(Acoustic Cavitation Assisted Plasma : 音響キャビテーション支援プラズマ)を新しく提案し、高電圧パルスを利用したプラズマ処理用 ユニットを開発した。実験にはモデル排水としてローダミンB (Rhodamine B)水溶液を用い、音響キャビテーシ ョンの有無の条件下でローダミン B の無害化効率について実験的な調査を行い、音響キャビテーションによる排 水プラズマ処理の高効率化と安定化を検証した。特に、プラズマ単独処理では水溶液の導電率がある臨界値をこえ ると水中プラズマ発生が不可能になるのに対し、音響キャビテーション支援水中プラズマの場合には、プラズマ処 理が可能な導電率範囲が25 倍広がることを実証した。この機構について調べた結果、キャビテーション場におい て生成される膨大な量のマイクロバブルが合体し電極付近へ移動するため、プラズマ放電は比較的低電圧でも気液 界面に沿って進展し、ストリーマ状放電から排水処理に有効なスパーク状放電に移行しやすくなることを明らかに した。さらに、処理用ユニット内の流れについて数値シミュレーションを行い、音響流が排水処理効率に及ぼす影 響を調べ、循環式処理プロセスにおいて排水流量と超音波出力に対して最適な条件を明らかにした。 以上の成果により、音響キャビテーションを利用したプラズマ場中に起こる現象に関する基礎的知見を得ること ができ、それがより環境に優しい排水処理技術の開発の基盤となることが期待できる。 よって,本論文は博士 (環境科学) の学位論文として合格と認める。

Figure 1. Effects of ultrasound power on I 3-
Figure 3. Effects of ultrasound power on I 3-  generation in  circulatory reactor 246 81216202428 Degradation efficiency Reaction constant

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