Development of Novel Technology for Waste
Water Treatment Using Ultrasonic Cavitation
and Underwater Plasma
著者
方 毓
number
63
学位授与機関
Tohoku University
学位授与番号
環博第128号
フアン ユー
氏
名
方 毓
授
与
学
位
博士(環境科学)
学 位 記 番 号
学 位 授 与 年 月 日
平成
31 年 3 月 27 日
学位授与の根拠法規 学位規則第
4 条第 1 項
研究科,専攻の名称 東北大学大学院環境科学研究科(博士課程)先端環境創成学専攻
学 位 論 文 題 目
超音波キャビテーションと水中プラズマを併用した廃水無害化新
規技術の開拓
指
導
教
員 東北大学教授 コマロフ セルゲイ
論 文 審 査 委 員
主査 東北大学教授 コマロフ セルゲイ
東北大学教授 葛西 栄輝
東北大学教授 我妻 和明 東北大学教授 柴田 悦郎
論 文 内 容 要 旨
A novel wastewater treatment process, acoustic cavitation assisted plasma (ACAP) is proposed in this study aiming at expanding the treatable range of water pollutants due to a synergetic effect of ultrasound irradiation and high voltage plasma discharge, consequently achieving efficient pollutant degradation. In this process, the role of acoustic cavitation is not only to provide generation of chemically active OH radicals, as for example in conventional ultrasonic wastewater treatment techniques, but also to ensure conditions for stable plasma generation in wastewater and, thus, to extend the treatable range of water pollutants. Preliminary investigation on radical generation due to ultrasound irradiation in a batch and a circulatory type reactor has been performed. Then, the effects of acoustic cavitation on the characteristics of underwater plasma discharge have been studied. To evaluate the performance of the ACAP process, degradation tests on Rhodamine B solution were performed in the batch and circulatory reactor. Various important parameters, such as conductivity, pH, initial concentration, ultrasound power and output voltage have been investigated to get a detailed description of the RhB degradation in the ACAP process. In addition, possible mechanisms of RhB degradation and synergistic effects of ACAP process have been also investigated, which provided useful information to reveal the principle of ACAP process.
Preliminary investigations on radical generation were performed in both batch and circulatory ultrasonic reactor by KI method. In this part, effects of acoustic power on generations of OH radical in the batch and circulatory reactor were investigated. In the case of batch reactor,
OH radical generation rate increased with the ultrasound output power, and the reaction efficiency was much higher than in the circulatory reactor at the same output power. In the circulatory reactor, the best reaction condition was obtained at 137W output power and 4L/min flow rate. Numerical simulation was performed to predict the size of cavitation zone and the velocity and pattern of acoustic streaming,
as showed in figure 1. The results revealed that in the batch reactor, acoustic streaming allows the bulk solution to sufficiently pass through the cavitation zone and consequently improve the OH radical generation. Alternatively, in the circulatory reactor the pump-induced flow forms an undesirable flow pattern, which prohibits the OH generation.
Then the studies on characteristics of plasma discharge were conducted in the self-made ACAP device. Various parameters, including solution pH, electric conductivity and ultrasound power have been examined. It was shown that acoustic cavitation allows increasing and the upper limit of solution
electrical conductivity range, where the plasma discharge is still possible, from 39.9 μS/cm to 1002 μS/cm as showed in figure 2. Then the energy efficiency of plasma discharge has been investigated under various conditions. The energy efficiency was found to decrease as the solution electrical conductivity
Figure 1. Effects of ultrasound power on I 3-generation in circulatory reactor
Figure 2. Effects of ultrasound power on I3- generation in circulatory reactor
increases. The other parameters, namely pH and ultrasound output power show much smaller effects on the plasma discharge efficiency.
In the next parts, Rhodamine B (RhB) has been chosen as a model pollutant to evaluate the performance of the ACAP process in the batch and circulatory reactors, respectively. Results showed that RhB initial concentration has significant effect on its degradation both in the batch and circulatory reactors. The degradation efficiency and reaction rate constant show drastic growths and reach maximum values as the conductivity increases from 10 to 20 µS/cm, after which the degradation efficiency begins to decrease with the further increase in conductivity. Both the degradation efficiency and rate constant become higher as the output voltage increases from 25 to 32 kV. In acid (pH 3~5) or alkaline (pH 9~11) solutions, the degradation efficiency is higher than that in neutral solutions in the batch reactor, while in the circulatory reactor, degradation efficiency and reaction constant show continuous decrement with the pH growth. Solution flow rate has a
significant influence on the RhB degradation in circulatory reactor, and better degradation efficiency and reaction constant are obtained at higher flow rates due to improved mass transfer caused by pump-induced flow and acoustic streaming, as showed in figure 3. The maximum degradation efficiency was obtained at an electrical conductivity of 100 µS/cm.
Figure 3. Effects of ultrasound power on I3- generation in circulatory reactor 2 4 6 8 12 16 20 24 28 Degradation efficiency Reaction constant
Flow rate / Lmin-1
D e gr ad at io n E ff ic ie n cy / % 0.012 0.016 0.020 0.024 0.028 R e ac tio n C on st an t k / m in -1
In the last part, the mechanism of Rhodamine B degradation in the ACAP process has been investigated, and a plausible degradation pathway of RhB has been proposed on the basis of UV-Vis and HPLC-TOFMS analysis, and high-speed camera observations. It was found that acoustic cavitation bubbles between electrodes serve as “stepstone” for plasma propagation facilitating its initiation and making it possible to treat wastewater within a wider range of electrical conductivity and solute concentration. These findings prove the vital role of microbubbles for plasma channel formation. The results reveal that the ACAP process has a slight synergistic effect on the wastewater treatment that results from the improved spark discharge due to acoustic
cavitation bubbles, as showed in figure 4. Numerical simulation on fluid flow in the circulatory reactor revealed that the liquid mass transfer is improved with increasing the flow rate, and circulatory flow shows more effects than acoustic streaming when flow
rate is higher than 4 L/min. Figure 4. Comparison of degradation efficiency by using plasma
(別紙)
論文審査結果の要旨及びその担当者
論文提出者氏名 Yu Fang (方 毓)
論 文 題 目
Development of novel technology for treatment of waste water using ultrasonic cavitation and underwater plasma (超音波キャビテーションと水中プラズマを併用した 排水無害化新規技術の開拓) 論文審査担当者 主査 教 授 コマロフ・セルゲイ 教 授 我妻 和明 教 授 葛西 栄輝 教 授 柴田 悦郎 准教授 吉川 昇