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ᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩᲧセࠍㅢߒߚ⧷⺆⊒㖸ᜰዉ
═ ේ ሶ
Teaching English Pronunciation Based on Contrastive Phonetics
KASAHARA, Sonoko
ⷐᣦ㧦ᣣᧄ⺆⠪ߦኻߒޔᲣ⺆ߢࠆᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩᲧセࠍߒߥ߇ࠄታ ᣉߒߚ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ᜰዉߦߟߡႎ๔ߔࠆޕᣣᧄߢ↢߹ࠇ⢒ߞߚቇ⠌ ⠪ߩ႐วޔᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ⍮⼂ߥࠅ⊒㖸ߩ⠌ᘠ߇⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࠍ⠌ᓧߔ ࠆ߁߃ߢᄙ߆ࠇዋߥ߆ࠇᓇ㗀ߔࠆޕߘߎߢᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩ㘃ૃὐ߿⋧㆑ ὐࠍ␜⊛ߦᢎߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔᱜ⏕ߥ⧷⺆ࠍ⠌ᓧߐߖࠆߎߣ ࠍ⹜ߺߚޕኻ⽎⠪ߪᢥᢎᄢቇߢ⧷⺆ࠍኾߒߡࠆ㧝ᐕ↢ 38 ฬߢ ࠆޕᬺᦼ㑆ߪ 2012 ᐕ 4 ߆ࠄ 7 ߹ߢว⸘ 28 ࿁ߦࠊߚࠆޕᚑᨐ ߣߒߡޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣ⧷⺆ߩ㖸ჿᲧセ߇⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸⠌ᓧߩഥߌߦߥࠆౕ ࠍቇ↢⥄り߇⸒⪲ߢ⺑ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣޔ߹ߚᲣ⺆ߢ ࠆᣣᧄ⺆߇⠌ᓧߩᅹߍߦߥࠆߣኻ╷ᣇᴺ߽⺑ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎߣߥߤ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆޕ৻ᣇޔߎߩࠃ߁ߥᢎᴺߩ ലᨐࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߦߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩ⋧㆑ὐ߿㘃ૃὐߩ⺑ࠍ߁ߌߥ߆ ߞߚࠢࠬߩቇ↢ߩ⧷⺆⊒㖸ߣᲧセߔࠆᔅⷐᕈ߇⺖㗴ߣߒߡᱷࠆޕ ࠠࡢ࠼㧦⊒㖸ᜰዉޔ⥃⇇ᦼ⺑ޔᲣ⺆ޔ⺞㖸ޔᗧ⼂ൻ 㧝㧚⢛᥊ߣ⋡⊛ ᢥᢎᄢቇߦᣈߌࠆޟ⧷⺆⊒㖸Ṷ⠌ޠߩ⟎ߠߌߣ⋡⊛ ᢥᢎᄢቇᢥቇㇱ⧷☨⺆⧷☨ᢥቇ⑼ߢߪ2012ᐕ4ࠃࠅᣂࠞࠠࡘࡓࠍ 㐿ᆎߒߚޕᡷ㕟ߩਥߥ⋡ᮡߩ৻ߟߦޔቇᤨߩ⧷⺆ㆇ↪ജࠍතᬺᤨ߹ߢߦ ⏕ታߦિ߫ߔߎߣ߇ឝߍࠄࠇޔᣂߒṶ⠌⑼⋡߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߚޕߘߩ৻ߟ߇ ৻ᐕᰴߩᔅୃ⑼⋡ޔޟ⧷⺆⊒㖸Ṷ⠌ޠߢࠆޕ1 ቇᐕࠍฬ★㗅ߦ 4 ࠢࠬߦ̆̆ ಽߌޔߘࠇߙࠇㅳ 2 ࿁ߩᬺࠍⴕ߁ޕ4 ࠢࠬㅢߩ⋡ᮡߪએਅߩߣ߅ࠅ ߢࠆޕ ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߩࡔࠞ࠾࠭ࡓ߿⡞ߎ߃ᣇߩ․ᓽߦߟߡޔ⢛᥊ߦࠆℂ⺰ࠍ ℂ⸃ߔࠆߣߦޔ⧷⺆ߩ㖸ࠍታ㓙ߦ⡬߈ขࠅޔ⊒㖸ߔࠆṶ⠌ࠍ㓸ਛ⊛ߦ ⴕ߁ޕ․ߦޔᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ㗄⋡ࠍᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩᲧセࠍㅢߒߡ⏕ߒޔታᗵߒ ߚ߁߃ߢޔりߦߟߌࠆޕ 㧔1㧕㖸ߩಽ㘃ߩၮ␆ߣ․ᓽ㧔Უ㖸ߪ⥠ߩ⟎߿ໃߩᒻޔሶ㖸ߪჿޔή ჿߩޔ⺞㖸ὐޔ⺞㖸ᣇᴺ㧕 㧔2㧕⧷⺆ߦ․ᓽ⊛ߥޔᒝࡄ࠲ࡦޔ࠭ࡓޔࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡚ࠪࡦ 㧔3㧕⥄ὼߥࠬࡇ࠼ߢߐࠇߚ⧷⺆ߦ߅ߡ↢ߕࠆ⻉⽎㧔㖸ߩ⣕⪭㨮 ㅪ⚿ޔᒙൻߥߤ㧕 3 ᐕᰴߦኾ㐷⑼⋡ߣߒߡޟ⧷⺆㖸ჿቇ㖸㖿⺰ޠ߇⸳⟎ߐࠇߡࠆߩߢ ℂ⺰ߩ⚦ߪߘߜࠄߦ⼑ࠆߣߒޔ1 ᐕᰴߩޟ⧷⺆⊒㖸Ṷ⠌ޠߢߪᄢቇᜰቯ ߩᢎ⑼ᦠޔGilbert㧔2005㧕ߦઃዻߔࠆ CD ࠍ⡬ߡ➅ࠅߒ⊒㖸ߔࠆߥߤ ታ〣ߦᤨ㑆ࠍ߆ߌࠆޕ ቇ↢ߩ⢛᥊ߣᬺߩߨࠄ ╩⠪߇ᜂᒰߒߚࠢࠬߩቇ↢ 38 ฬߪోຬޔᣣᧄ⺆ࠍᲣ⺆ߣߒޔਛቇ 3 ᐕ㑆ࠍࠣࠕࡓߢㆊߏߒߚߣ߁ 1 ฬࠍ㒰ߡߪᣣᧄߢ↢߹ࠇ⢒ߞߡࠆޕ ߘࠎߥᓐࠄߦߥߗᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩᲧセࠍㅢߒߡ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࠍᢎ߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆ ߩ߆ޕ ߭ߣߟߦߪቇ↢ߚߜߩᐕ㦂߇ 18 ᱦ߆ࠄ 19 ᱦߦ㆐ߒߡࠆߎߣ߇⥄ὼ⠌ ᓧࠍ㔍ߒߊߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߍࠄࠇࠆ㨫⸒⺆⠌ᓧߪࠆᐕ㦂ࠍ߃ࠆߣ㔍ߒ ߊߥࠆߣ߁⥃⇇ᦼ⺑ࠍ Birdsong㧔1999㧕ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦቯ⟵ߒߡࠆ㧦
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…the CPH (Critical Period Hypothesis) states that there is a limited developmental period during which it is possible to acquire a language be it L1 or L2, to normal, nativelike levels. Once this window of opportunity is passed, however, the ability to learn language declines (1).
ᄖ࿖⺆⠌ᓧߩਛߢ߽․ߦ㖸ჿߩ⠌ᓧߪޔᕁᤐᦼ߇ᆎ߹ࠆ߿ุ߿ޔ߽ߪ߿ ࡀࠗ࠹ࠖࡧߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒߣ߁ਥᒛ߽ࠆ㧔Selinger 1978, 11-19㧕ޕLennenberg㧔1967; 167㧕ߪᕁᤐᦼࠍㆊ߉ࠆߣᗧ⼂⊛ߢ㛽ߩ᛬ࠇࠆ ദജ߇ᔅⷐߦߥࠆߣ⸒߁ޕ ߔߢߦᲣ⺆ߣ߁৻ߟߩ⸒⺆߇⏕┙ߐࠇߚᓟߦᣂߚߥ⸒⺆ࠍりߦߟߌࠃ ߁ߣߔࠆᤨޔᲣ⺆ߩਛߢㄭ㖸ࠍߡߪߡಣℂߒޔ↥ߦ߅ߡ߽Უ⺆ ߩਛ߆ࠄૃߡࠆߣᕁ߁㖸ࠍᜬߜߒ߆ߨߥޕኻ⽎⸒⺆ߩ㖸ࠍᲣ⺆ߩ ࠆ㖸ߣหߓ߽ߒߊߪૃߡࠆߣ⍮ⷡߒߡߒ߹߁ߣޔᣂߚߥ㖸ჿࠞ࠹ࠧ ࠍߟߊࠄߥߊߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߩߢࠆ㧔Flege 1995, 239㧕ޕታ㓙ߦߪ㆑߁㖸ߢ ࠅޔ⺞㖸⟎߽⺞㖸᭽ᑼ߽⇣ߥࠆߎߣࠍ␜⊛ߦᢎ߃ߥ㒢ࠅޔᱜߒ ⧷⺆㖸ჿࠍ⥄ὼߦりߦઃߌࠆߎߣߪ㔍ߒޕߒ߆ߒᱴߤߩቇ↢߇ਛቇޔ㜞 ᩞߢߘߩࠃ߁ߥᯏળࠍᜬߚߧ߹߹ᄢቇߦቇߒߡߊࠆޕ ╩⠪߇ᜂᒰߒߚࠢࠬߩቇ↢ 38 ฬߦࠕࡦࠤ࠻⺞ᩏߢޔޟߎߩᬺࠍฃ ߌࠆ೨ߦ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࠍീᒝߒߚߎߣ߇ࠆ߆㧫ޠߣ⡞ߚߣߎࠈޔ30 ฬ߇ ޟߥޠߣ╵߃ߚޕീᒝߒߚߎߣ߇ࠆߣ╵߃ߚ 8 ฬߩ߁ߜ 6 ฬߪޔޟߟޔ ߤߎߢޔߤࠎߥᢎ᧚ࠍߞߡീᒝߒߚ߆㧫ޠߣ߁⾰ߦኻߒޔޟਛቇޔ㜞 ᩞߩ⧷⺆ߩᬺߢޠߣ࿁╵ߒߚ߇ޔᢎ᧚ฬߥߤߩ⸒ߪߥߊޔ߁ߜ 1 ฬ߇ ᦠߡࠆࠃ߁ߦޔޟᬺߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ⸅ࠇߚ⒟ᐲߢޔ⊒㖸ߦ․ൻߒߚᬺ ߢߪߥ߆ߞߚޠࠃ߁ߛޕ ޟߎߩᬺࠍฃߌࠆ೨ߦ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࠍീᒝߒߚߎߣ߇ࠆޠߣ╵߃ߚᱷ ࠅ 2 ฬߩ߁ߜ 1 ฬߪ㨬ዊቇᩞ 4 ᐕ߆ࠄ 5 ᐕߦ߆ߌߡ ECC㧔⧷ળቇᩞ㧕ߢ㨭 ߣ╵߃ߡࠆ㨫߽߁ 1 ฬߪ㨬㜞ᩞ↢ߩߣ߈㨮ੱ⊛ߦ㜞ᩞߩవ↢ߦᢎࠊߞߚ㨫 ੩ㇺᄖ࿖⺆ᄢቇߩᤄߩᢎ⑼ᦠࠍߞߡߚ㨭ߣ╵߃ߡࠆ㨫ߎߩ 2 ฬߩቇ⠌
̆̆ ⚻㛎ߦߟߡᦝߦߒߊ⺞ᩏߔࠆᯏળߪߥ߆ߞߚ߇㨮ᣣᧄ⺆ߣᲧセߒߥ߇ ࠄ♽⊛ߦ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࠍീᒝߒߚ⚻㛎ߪዋߥߊߣ߽ 8 ഀㄭቇ↢߇ᜬߚߥ ⁁ᘒߢቇߒߡ߈ߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ㨫 ߘ߁ߒߚ⢛᥊ߩቇ↢ߚߜߦⴕ߁⧷⺆⊒㖸Ṷ⠌ߢߪޔᲣ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ⍮⼂ࠍ⧷ ⺆⊒㖸⠌ᓧߩ㒖ኂⷐ࿃ߣߒߡߢߪߥߊޔߒࠈὐߣߒߡ↢߆ߖߥߛࠈ ߁߆ߣ╩⠪ߪ⠨߃ߚޕߚߣ߃߫ޟࡕࡦߩߣ lemon ߩ le ߩሶ㖸ߪหߓ ߆㧫ޠߣ߆ߌޔታ㓙ਔᣇ⊒㖸ߐߖޔ᳇ߠߚߎߣࠍ⊒ߐߖࠆޕࠆ ⧷⺆ߩ㖸ߣૃߡࠆޔ߽ߒߊߪหߓߛߣߣࠄ߃߇ߜߥᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸ჿࠍߤ߁ ⺞㖸ߔࠆߩ߆ޔ⥄ಽߩ⸒⪲ߢ⺑ߐߖࠆߎߣߢޔቇ↢⥄ࠄ߇߰ߛࠎᒰߚࠅ ೨ߦ↪ߒߡࠆᲣ⺆ࠍቴⷰߒޔ⸒⺆ታߦᵈᗧࠍᛄ߁ࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߎߣࠍ ⁓ߣߒߚޕߘߒߡޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣ⧷⺆ߩ㖸ჿߩ㘃ૃὐ߿⋧㆑ὐࠍ␜⊛ߦᢎ ߔࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡޔᱜ⏕ߥ⧷⺆⊒㖸ߩᗧ⼂ൻࠍ⹜ߺߚޕ ᬺߩㅴᣇ㧔#RRGPFKZෳᾖ㧕 ᬺߢߪᢎ⑼ᦠߩ✵⠌㗴ߦࠆ೨ߦޔಽ▵㖸㧔Უ㖸ޔሶ㖸㧕ߢࠇ߫ ⺞㖸ᣇᴺ߿ࠬࡍࡦࠣߣߩ㑐ଥࠍ⺑ߒߚޕಽ▵㖸㧔ࠕࠢࡦ࠻߿ࠗࡦ ࠻ࡀ࡚ࠪࡦߥߤࡊࡠ࠰࠺ࠖ㧕ߪ⧷⺆߽ᣣᧄ⺆ห᭽ޔ㖸▵߇㖸ჿߩಾ ࠅߦߥࠆߎߣޔߚߛߒᣣᧄ⺆ߣ㆑ߞߡฦ㖸▵ߩ㐳ߐ߿ᒝߐߪ৻ቯߢߪߥߊޔ 㐳⍴ޔᒝᒙ߇⧷⺆ࠄߒ࠭ࡓࠍ↢ߺߔߎߣࠍ⺑ߒߚޕߐࠄߦ⧷⺆ߩ ઍ⊛ߥ㖸⺞ߣޔᩭߩ㈩⟎ߦߟߡ⺑ߒߚޕᣣᧄ⺆ߣኻᾖߐߖߡ⺑ߔ ࠆߦߚߞߡߪޔ⧷⺆ޔᣣᧄ⺆ਔᣇߩ㖸ჿߣ㖸㖿ߦኻߔࠆ⚦ߥ⍮⼂߇ᔅ ⷐߦߥࠆޕߘߎߢޔᣣᧄੱቇ⠌⠪߇ᵈᗧߔߴ߈ὐߦߟߡޔవⴕ⎇ⓥޔ┻ ᨋᢪ⮮㧔2008㧕ࠍෳᾖߒߥ߇ࠄᢎ߃ߚ㨫 ᦼ㑆ߪ 2012 ᐕ 4 ߆ࠄ 7 ߹ߢޔว⸘ 28 ࿁ߩᬺߦࠊߚࠆޕ1 ࠦࡑ 90 ಽߩᬺࠍㅳ 2 ࿁ⴕ߁ޕᲣ㖸ޔሶ㖸ޔಽ▵㖸㧔ࡊࡠ࠰࠺ࠖ㧕ߩ㗅ߢㅴ ߚ߇ޔᒝᲣ㖸ߣᒙᲣ㖸ߩ㖸⾰⊛ߥ㆑߇⺆ࠕࠢࡦ࠻߿ᢥߩ࠭ࡓߦߤ߁ 㑐ଥߔࠆ߆ߪޔᲣ㖸ߩṶ⠌ᤨߦᢎ߃ߚޕߎߩ 3 ߟߦᄢ߈ߊಽߌߚ㗄⋡߇ߘ ࠇߙࠇ⚳ࠊࠆߏߣߦ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߣታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍⴕޔᦨ⚳ᣣߦ╩⸥ᒻᑼߩ
̆̆ ᦼᧃ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍⴕ߁ޕታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ߪ 38 ฬࠍ 2 ࠣ࡞ࡊߦಽߌޔ2 ࿁ߩᬺߦ ࠊߚߞߡታᣉߒߚޕ৻ੱߕߟޔࠄࠇߚᤨ㑆ߦᢎቶߦቶߒޔ೨ߩㅳߦ ᷰߒߡ߅ߚ⺖㗴ࠍ⺒ߺߍࠆޕ⊒㖸⸥ภࠍࠄ߆ߓ⺞ߴߡ⸥ߒߡ߅ ߡ߽⦟ߣߒߚޕ߹ߕߪ⺖㗴ࠍߔߴߡ⺒߹ߖޔߘߩߣਇᱜ⏕ߛߞߚ▎ ᚲࠍᜰ៰ߒޔࠆ⒟ᐲ᧪ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠆ߹ߢߘߩ႐ߢ✵⠌ߐߖߚޕ Უ㖸ߩ⺑ޔ߮✵⠌ߦ 4 ࠦࡑ㧔6 ᤨ㑆㧕ࠍഀ߈ޔߘߩߣ 1 ࿁ߩᬺ ߢ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߣޔ⠉ㅳߩታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ߩ੍ⴕ✵⠌ࠍⴕߞߚޕሶ㖸ߩ⺑ޔ ߮✵⠌ߦߪ 6 ࠦࡑ㧔9 ᤨ㑆㧕ࠍഀ߈ޔߘߩߣ 1 ࿁ߩᬺߢ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߣޔ ⠉ㅳߩታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ߩ੍ⴕ✵⠌ࠍⴕߞߚޕಽ▵㖸߽ሶ㖸ߣห᭽ߦޔ⺑ߣ ✵⠌ߦ 6 ࠦࡑ㧔9 ᤨ㑆㧕ࠍഀ߈ޔߘߩߣ 1 ࿁ߩᬺߢ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߣޔ⠉ ㅳߩታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ߩ੍ⴕ✵⠌ࠍⴕߞߚޕߐࠄߦޔᦼᧃ࠹ࠬ࠻⋥೨ߩᣣߦߪࠢ ࠬ⁛⥄ߩࠕࡦࠤ࠻ࠍታᣉߒޔᬺࠍㅢߓߡᗵߓߚߎߣࠍᦠ߆ߖߚޕ ✵⠌ߦߞߚᢎ⑼ᦠߩ CD 㖸ჿߪᮡḰ⊛ߥࠕࡔࠞ⊒㖸ߢࠆߚࠕࡔ ࠞ⊒㖸ࠍਛᔃߦ⺑ߒߚ߇ޔᮡḰ⊛ߥࠗࠡࠬ⊒㖸ߣߩ㆑ߦ߽ㆡቱ⸅ ࠇޔᤋ↹ޟࡑࠗࡈࠚࠕ࠺ࠖޠߩ㐓⾨ࠍㅢߒߡࠦ࠶ࠢ࠾ߦߟߡ߽ ⺑ߒߚޕ 㧞 ᬺౝኈ Უ㖸
Უ㖸ߩᬺߩዉߣߒߡ ‘hat’, ‘hot’, ‘hut’ ߩ 3 ⺆ࠍ᧼ᦠߒޔ3 ߟߩ⊒㖸߇ ߤ߁㆑߁߆ߨߚޕቇ↢ߪฦ⥄ޔߎߩ 3 ⺆ࠍ⊒㖸ߒߡߺߚ߁߃ߢޟhat ߪࡂ ࠶࠻ޔhot ߪࡎ࠶࠻ޔhut ߪࠃߊಽ߆ࠄߥޠޔޟhat ߣ hut ߪหߓޠޔޟߺࠎߥ ㆑߁ߌߤޔߤ߁㆑߁ߩ߆⺑ߢ߈ߥޠߥߤߣ╵߃ߚޕᰴߦޔߎߩ 3 ߟߩ Უ㖸ߩ߁ߜᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠕޠߣหߓߛߣᕁ߁߽ߩߪࠆ߆ߨߚߣߎࠈޔޟߤ ࠇ߽㆑߁ޠߣ߁ᱜ⸃ࠍߍߚቇ↢ߪߥ߆ߞߚޕߘߎߢන⺆ߩਅߦߘࠇ ߙࠇߩ⊒㖸⸥ภࠍᦠ߈ޔฦᲣ㖸ߩ⺞㖸ࠍ⺑ߒߚޕ ߎ߁ߒߚዉߩℂ↱ߪ࠺ࠖࡦࠣߩᬺߢ㖸⺒ߐߖࠆߣޔ/æ/, /ɑ/, /ʌ/ ࠍߔߴߡᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠕޠߢઍ↪ߔࠆቇ↢߇ᄙ߆ߞߚ߆ࠄߢࠆޕ⊒㖸⸥ภ
̆̆ ࠍ⏕ߔࠆ⠌ᘠࠍ߽ߟࠃ߁ଦߔߣߣ߽ߦޔᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸ߢઍ↪ߖߕᱜߒ⧷ ⺆ߩ⺞㖸ࠍりߦߟߌߐߖࠆߚߦޔ┻ᨋ㧔1991: 21㧕ߩᲣ㖸࿑㧔࿑ 1㧕ࠍ㈩ Ꮣߒ⺑ߒߚޕߎߩ࿑ߪ❑ゲ߇⥠ߩ⟎ߩ㜞ૐࠍߔޕᮮゲߪᏀ߶ߤ⥠߇ ೨ነࠅߦߥࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒޔฝ߳ߊ߶ߤᓟࠈነࠅߦߥࠆߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡࠆޕ ᬺߢߪᣣᧄ⺆ߣ⧷⺆ߩ⺞㖸⟎ߩ⋧ኻ⊛ߥ㑐ଥࠍࠄ߆ߦߔࠆ⋡⊛ߢᵴ ↪ߒߚޕ ࿑㧝 㧔┻ᨋ 㧕 ห᭽ߩ⋡⊛ߢޔᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠗޠߣ⧷⺆ߩ/ɪ/ޔޟ࠙ޠߣ/ʊ/ޔޟࠛޠߣ/e/߇߯ ߞߚࠅ㊀ߥࠄߥߎߣࠍ࿑ߢ⼂ߐߖߚޕߐࠄߦޔᒙᲣ㖸ߩ/ə/߽ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ ߆ߥࠆᲣ㖸ߣ߽㆑߁ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߚޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠗޠߩᲣ㖸/i/ࠃࠅ⧷⺆ߩ/ɪ/ߩᣇ߇⥠ߩ⟎߇ૐߊᓟࠈነࠅߢޔ ᱜ⏕ߦߪ=ë?ߢߔߴ߈߽ߩߢࠆ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 21㧕ޕ ޟ࠙ޠߣ/ʊ/ߪ⥠ߩ㜞ߐߩ㆑ߦട߃ޔᓟ⠪ߪ߿߿ໃߢࠆߩߦኻߒޔ ᣣᧄ⺆㧔․ߦ᧲੩ࠍਛᔃߣߒߚㅢ⺆㧕ߩޟ࠙ޠߪໃߩਣࠍࠊߕޔ ਅߩໃ߇ធㄭߔࠆ=ɯ?ߥߩߢޔਔ⠪ߩ㑆ߦߪ㖸⦡ߩᄙዋߩ㆑߇ࠆ㧔┻ ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 29㧕ޕ ⧷⺆ߩᲣ㖸ࠍᣣᧄ⺆ߩᲣ㖸ߢઍ↪ߔࠆߎߣߢᔅߕߒ߽Ꮕߒ㓚ࠅ߇ߡߊ ࠆߣߪ⸒߃ߥޕߚߣ߃߫ࠗࠡࠬ⊒㖸ߩ=e?ߪ=e~e?ߢᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠛޠߟ ח
̆̆ ߹ࠅ=e?ߦㄭ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 23㧕ޕߒ߆ߒޔቇ↢ߦߪࠃࠅ⧷⺆ࠄߒ ⊒㖸ࠍ⠌ᓧߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߚߦޔ⧷⺆ߣᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸ჿ⊛ߥ㆑ߪߢ߈ࠆߛߌ ⚦߆ࡌ࡞߽ᢎߔࠆߎߣߦߒߚޕ 㐳Უ㖸ߦߟߡ߽ᣣᧄ⺆ߩᲣ㖸ࠍߡߪޔߘࠇࠍિ߫ߒߡ⊒㖸ߔࠆߩ ߣߪ㆑߁ߎߣޔߟ߹ࠅᲣ㖸ߩ㖸⾰߇ᣣᧄ⺆ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆߎߣࠍታᗵߐߖߚޕ /iÆ/ߪᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠗޠߦㄭ߇ޔ․ߦ⺆ᧃߢᒝᒝࠍฃߌߚߣ߈= ?ߣ ੑ㊀Უ㖸ߩࠃ߁ߦߥࠆߎߣ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 30-31㧕ࠍ⺑ߒޔ‘see’, ‘agree’ ߥߤࠍ⊒㖸✵⠌ߐߖߚޕ ੑ㊀Უ㖸ߢߪ╙ੑⷐ⚛ޔߚߣ߃߫/aɪ/ߢࠇ߫=ɪ?ࠍߪߞ߈ࠅߣߒߚᣣᧄ ⺆ߩޟࠗޠߣߒߡ⊒㖸ߒߥࠃ߁㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 41㧕ޔޟᗲޠ1㧕ߣޔ‘eye’ ߩᲧセࠍߦߍߡ⺑ޔ✵⠌ߒߚޕ‘eye’ ߪ╙৻ⷐ⚛ߦᲧߴ╙ੑⷐ⚛ߩᣇ ߇⺞㖸ߦ߆ߌࠄࠇࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ߇ᒙޕ⸒឵߃ࠇ߫╙৻ⷐ⚛ߩᣇ߇ᒝߊ 㐳㖸ߦߥࠆޕߒߚ߇ߞߡޔਔᣇߩⷐ⚛ߦห⒟ᐲߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡࠍ߁ߣ⧷ ⺆ࠄߒߊ⡞ߎ߃ߥߊߥࠆޕ એޔᲣ㖸ߢߪ⧷⺆ߣᣣᧄ⺆ߩ㖸⾰⊛ߥ㆑ߦὶὐࠍ߅ߚޕ ሶ㖸 ߤߩ⸒⺆ߢ߽ሶ㖸ࠍ⊒㖸ߔࠆߣ߈ߪ⺞㖸ེቭࠍߞߡ᳇ߩឃࠍ㇎㝷 ߔࠆߩߢࠆ߇ޔߤߎߢ㇎㝷ࠍߔࠆ߆ߣ߁⺞㖸⟎ߦᵈᗧ߇ᔅⷐߢࠆޕ ࠆ⧷⺆ߩሶ㖸ߦߟߡᣣᧄੱߩ⡊ߢ⡬ߡૃߡ⡞ߎ߃ࠆ㖸߇ᣣᧄ⺆ߦ ࠆߣޔߘߩ⺞㖸⟎ߢ㐽㎮ߥࠅ⁜ࠍߟߊߞߡߒ߹߁ޕ
ߚߣ߃߫ቇ↢ߚߜߦ/f/ࠍන⺆ࠍ⊒㖸ߐߖࠆߣޔ‘food’, ‘fan’, ‘fitness’ ߥߤࠞ࠲ࠞ࠽ߩ⸶⺆߇ቯ⌕ߒߡࠆන⺆ߩ/f/ࠍᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࡈޠߩሶ㖸ߢઍ ↪ߒߡߒ߹߁ޕޟࡈޠߩሶ㖸=ɸ?ߪਅߩໃࠍߦㄭߠߌߡ⺞㖸ߔࠆޕߟ ߹ࠅ⺞㖸⟎ߪਔໃߢࠆޕ৻ᣇޔ/f/ߩ⺞㖸ߪޔߩ೨ᱤߦਅໃߩౝࠍ シߊߡޔਔ⠪ߩ㓗㑆߆ࠄ᳇ࠍߒߔߣ߁ㆇേߢࠅޔޟࡈޠߣߪ⇣ ߥࠆ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 93㧕ޕᣣᧄ⺆ࠍ⊒㖸ߔࠆᤨߦߪ߹ߞߚߊⴕࠊߥㆇ േߢࠆߚޔ➅ࠅߒ✵⠌ߒ⠌ᘠൻߔࠆߎߣࠍଦߒߚޕ
̆̆ /+/ߣ/ð/߽ᣣᧄ⺆ߢߪ߹ߞߚߊⴕࠊߥ⺞㖸ེቭߩㆇേࠍⷐߔࠆ߇ޔߎࠇ ࠄ th ߩ㖸ߪ㜞ᩞ߹ߢߩ⧷⺆ߩᬺߢޟਅߩᱤߢ⥠ࠍࠎߢ⊒㖸ߔࠆޠߣ ⠌ߞߚߚޔߘߩࠃ߁ߦ᳇ࠍઃߌߡࠆߣ߁ੱ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕߓߞߐߦ ߪ⧷⺆⠪ߪ⥠వࠍシߊߩ೨ᱤߩⵣߦߡߡࠆߩߛ߇㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 94㧕ޔシߊߢࠇ߫⥠వࠍߩ߽ೋᦼᲑ㓏ߣߒߡߪࠃߒߣߒߚޕߣ ߁ߩ߽ޔ/+/ࠍ/s/ߢઍ↪ߔࠆੱ߽ࠆߩߢޔ/s/ࠃࠅ߽⥠ࠍ೨߳ߖߣ߁ ᗧߢߪߘࠇߥࠅߩലᨐ߇ࠆ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 95㧕ޕ න⺆ࠍ߭ߣߟ߭ߣߟ⊒㖸ߔࠆᤨߪᱜߒߊ⺞㖸ߢ߈ߡ߽ޔᢥਛߦߡߊࠆ ߣ/ð/ࠍࠩⴕߩሶ㖸ߢઍ↪ߒߡࠆቇ↢߇ߚޕ⧷⺆ߩ/z/ߣ/ʒ/߽ࠩⴕሶ㖸ߢ ઍ↪ߒߥࠃ߁ᵈᗧߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕ೨⠪ࠍޟࠩޔ࠭ޔޔ࠱ޠߩሶ㖸=dz?ޔ ᓟ⠪ࠍޟࠫޠߩሶ㖸=ʑ?ߢઍ↪ߒߡߪߌߥޕ/z/ߪ/s/ߩޔ/ʒ/ߪ/ʃ/ߩჿ㖸 ߢࠆߣ߁⺑ߩᣇࠍߔࠆߣޔቇ↢ߚߜߪᚻߊ⺞㖸ߢ߈ߚޕ ⧷⺆ߩ/n/ߪ⥠వࠍᱤ⨍ߦߟߌߡ⺞㖸ߔࠆߎߣࠍ ‘nice’ ߿ ‘announce’ ߥߤ/n/߇⺆㗡߿⺆ਛߦߊࠆන⺆ߢ⏕ߒߚߣޔޟߢߪᣣᧄ⺆ߩਃ㧔ߐࠎ㧕 ߣ⧷⺆ߩ sun ߪߤ߁㆑߁߆㧫ޠߣቇ↢ߦ⡞ߊߣޔޟࠎޠߣ/n/ߩ⺞㖸ߩ㆑ ߦ᳇ߠߚੱߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ߆ߞߚޕ⧷⺆ߩ/n/ߪන⺆ߩߤߎߦ᧪ࠃ߁ߣ⺞ 㖸ߪᄌࠊࠄߥޕޟࠎޠߪ=N?ޔߟ߹ࠅญ⬄ု㖸ߢࠆޕ✭㐽㎮߇ᓟ⥠㕙 ᓟㇱߣญ⬄ုߩ㑆ߢߢ߈ࠆ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 109㧕ޕߎߩ⺞㖸ߩ㆑ࠍ ⼂ߐߖޔ⧷⺆ߩ⺆ᧃߩ/n/ࠍޟࠎޠߢઍ↪ߒߥࠃ߁ᵈᗧߒߚޕ એߪ㑆㆑߃ߡ߽ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡚ࠪࡦޔ⥌⊛ߥ㗴ߪ↢ߓߦߊ߇ޔ એਅߪ㑆㆑߃ࠆߣᗧߩવ㆐ޔᡰ㓚ࠍ߈ߚߒ߆ߨߥߩߢ․ߦᵈᗧ߇ᔅ ⷐߢࠆޕ ᓟࠈߦ/ɪ/߽ߒߊߪ/i/߇ߊࠆߣ/s/ߣ/ʃ/ࠍᷙหߒߡߒ߹߁ቇ↢߇ 3 ಽߩ 1 ㄭ ߊߚޕ‘sea’ ߣ ‘she’ ߇ߤߜࠄ߽=siÆ?ߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁߆ޔߤߜࠄ߽=ʃiÆ? ߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁ޕߐࠄߦߪ/ʃi/ߩሶ㖸ࠍᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠪޠߩሶ㖸=ɕ?ߢઍ↪ߒ ߡߒ߹߁ޕߎߩ㖸ߪ⧷⺆ߩ/ʃ/ߦ߈ࠊߡㄭ߇ޔ⺞㖸⟎߇߽ߞߣᅏߦߥ ࠅޔ⧷⺆ߩ/ʃ/ߣ㆑ߞߡໃߩ⓭ߒߪࠊߥ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 101㧕ޕቇ ↢ߪߎ߁ߒߚ⋧㆑ὐࠍ⍮ࠄߥߩߢޔ‘season’ ࠍ=ɕiÆzn?ޔ‘seat’ ࠍ=ɕiÆt?ߣ
̆̆ ⊒㖸ߒߡߒ߹߁ߩߢࠆޕࠞ࠲ࠞ࠽⧷⺆ߩᓇ㗀ߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆ߇ޔࠞ࠲ࠞ ࠽⧷⺆ߦߥߞߡߥ ‘sea’ ߽=ɕiÆ?ߣ⊒㖸ߒߡߒ߹߁ࠤࠬ߇ߺࠄࠇߚߩ ߢޔ৻ߦ⸒߃ߥޕ ᣣᧄੱߪ⧷⺆ߩ/l/߽/r/߽ⴕߩሶ㖸ߢઍ↪ߒߡߒ߹ࠍߒߥߣࠃ ߊᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆ߇ޔቇ↢ߦ⡞ߚߣߎࠈ/l/ߣⴕሶ㖸ߪหߓߛߣᕁߞߡࠆ ੱ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕ/r/ߪⴕሶ㖸ߢߥߎߣࠍቇ↢ߪߺࠎߥ⍮ߞߡߚ߇ޔߤ ߁߽⺞㖸ߩᣇ߇ࠊ߆ࠄߥߣ߁ੱ߇߶ߣࠎߤߢߞߚޕᣣᧄ⺆ߩⴕ ሶ㖸ߪ⺆㗡ߢߪჿߩߘࠅ⥠㐽㎮㖸=ɖ?ࠍ߁ੱ߇ᄙߊޔߎࠇߪ=d?ߦᲧߴ ߡ㐽㎮ߩធ⸅߇シߊޔ߹ߚ㐿߽ᒙޕߎߩઁߘࠅ⥠㕙㖸=ɭ?߿ޔߚߚ߈ 㖸=ɾ?ࠍ↪ࠆੱ߽ࠆޕ⺆ਛߢߪ=ɾ?߇߽ߞߣ߽᥉ㅢߢࠆ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 116-117㧕ޕߕࠇߦߖࠃ⧷⺆ߩ/l/ߣ߽/r/ߣ߽⇣ߥࠆޕߣߊߦⴕሶ㖸 ߢߪ⥠ው߇⎬ญ⬄೨ㇱߦ⸅ࠇࠆ߇ޔ⧷⺆ߩ/r/ߪߒߡ⸅ࠇߥߎߣࠍ⇐ᗧ ߐߖߡ✵⠌ߒߚޕ ಽ▵㖸 ̌ಽ▵̍ߦߪࠕࠢࡦ࠻ޔ࠭ࡓޔࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡚ࠪࡦޔࡐ࠭ߥߤޔ ࠈࠈߥⷐ⚛߇߹ࠇࠆ߇ޔߎߎߢߪ․ߦᣣᧄ⺆ߣᲧセߒߡᢎ߃ߚ߽ߩ ࠍขࠅߍࠆޕ ‘strike’ ߣ᧼ᦠߒߡ⊒㖸ߐߖࠆߣޔੱ߆ߩቇ↢߇ޟࠬ࠻ࠗࠢޠ =su/to/raɪ/kɯ?ߣ⊒㖸ߒߚޕᣣᧄ⺆ߢߪၮᧄ⊛ߦሶ㖸߇⛯ߊߎߣ߇ߥߩߢ ⧷⺆ߩሶ㖸⚿วߪ㔍ߒޕߤ߁ߒߡ߽㑆ߦᲣ㖸ࠍࠇߡߒ߹߁ޕ߹ߚޔᣣ ᧄ⺆ߢߪሶ㖸ߢ⚳ࠊࠆߎߣ߽᠘㖸ࠍ㒰ߡߪߥߩߢޔ⧷⺆ߩ⺆ᧃߦޟ࠙ޠ ߥߤᲣ㖸ࠍࠇߡߒ߹߁ޕ ߚߣ߃߫ ‘strike’ ߩ/st/ߢߪ/s/ߩߣ߈ߦਅߩᱤߩ㓗㑆ߪߏߊ⁜ߎߣࠍ ⏕ߐߖޔߘߎ߆ࠄᕷߩߺߒߚࠄߔ߫߿ߊ⥠వࠍ/t/ߩ⟎ޔߔߥࠊߜ ᱤ⨍ߦߟߌࠆߣࠃߩߛ߇ޔᰴߩ/r/ࠍ੍᷹ߒߡᱤ⨍ᓟㇱߩᣇߦߟߌࠆޕߎ ߩߣ߈⥠ߪ/r/ߩ߆߹߃ߩಳ⁁ߦߒߡ߅ߊ㧔┻ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 130-131㧕ޕޟᰴ ߩሶ㖸ࠍ੍᷹ߒߚ⺞㖸⟎ޠߣ߁ὐ߇㊀ⷐߢࠆޕߎ߁ߒߚ✵⠌ߪޔ߹
̆̆ ߕ⧷⺆ߩฦሶ㖸ߩ⺞㖸ߦᘠࠇߡߥߣޔߥ߆ߥ߆ᚻߊ߆ߥ߆ߞߚޕ ߣߊߦ/r/ࠍ/tr//dr//kr/ߥߤߩ⚿วߢߪޔ߹ߛ/r/⥄ߩ⺞㖸ߢ⧰ഭߒߡ ࠆቇ↢ߦߣߞߡߪ㔍ߒࠃ߁ߛߞߚޕ߹ߚޔሶ㖸ߢ⚳ࠊࠆ⺆ߩߣߦᲣ㖸 ߢᆎ߹ࠆ⺆߇⛯ߊߣ߈ߦߪߟߥߍߡ⊒㖸ߔࠆࠃ߁ᜰዉߔࠆߣޔߎࠇߪ㔍ߥ ߊታߢ߈ߡߚޕ ᣣᧄ⺆ߩ࠭ࡓߩၮᧄ߽㖸▵ߢࠅޔ1 㖸▵ߦኻߒ 2 㖸▵ߪੑߩ㐳ߐޔ 3㖸▵ߪਃߩ㐳ߐߦߥࠆޕߎࠇߦኻߒ⧷⺆ߢߪ ‘movement’ ߇ ‘move’ ߩ ੑߩ㐳ߐߦߪߥࠄߥޕ‘movement’ ߩ/uÆ/ߩᣇ߇ޔ‘move’ ߩ/uÆ/ࠃࠅ߆ߥ ࠅ⍴ߊޔ-ment ߪࠕࠢࡦ࠻ߩߥᒙ㖸▵ߣߒߡ❗ߒߡ⊒㖸ߐࠇࠆ㧔┻ ᨋᢪ⮮ 2008: 175㧕ޕቇ↢ߪߔߴߡߩ㖸▵ࠍหߓ㐳ߐߢ⊒㖸ߒߡߒ߹߁ ะ߇ߞߚޕߘߎߢᒝ㖸▵ߢᚻᜉሶࠍߣߞߡ⧷ᢥࠍ⺒߹ߖࠆߣޔᦨೋߪᚻ ᜉሶߦ⊒㖸߇ㅊઃ߆ߥ߆ߞߚ߇ޔᐲ߽✵⠌ߔࠆ߁ߜߦᓧߒߡߞߚޕ ⧷⺆ߩࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡚ࠪࡦߦߟߡ߆⍮ߞߡࠆ߆ቇ↢ߦߨࠆߣޔޟ⇼ ᢥߪᦨᓟ߇߇ߞߡޔ⢐ቯᢥߪਅ߇ࠆޠߣ߁╵߃ߒ߆ߞߡߎߥ߆ߞ ߚޕߘߎߢޔޟᦨᓟߢ߇ࠆޠߣߪ߽߁ዋߒౕ⊛ߦߤߎ߆ࠄޔߤ߁߇ࠆ ߩ߆ࠍ⺑ߔࠆߚߦߦߍߚߩ߇ޔޟࡇࠩ㧫ޠߣ⡞߈ߔ႐วߩࠗࡦ࠻ ࡀ࡚ࠪࡦߢࠆޕᣣᧄ⺆ߢߪߊ߹ߢޟࡇࠩޠߣ߁න⺆ߩࠕࠢࡦ࠻ ߪߚࠇߚ߹߹ޔᦨᓟߦዋߒ߇ࠆߛߌߢࠆ߇ޔ⧷⺆ߩ ‘Pizza?’ ߢߪࠕ ࠢࡦ࠻߇߅߆ࠇࠆ/piÆ/߇ߩᆎὐߢࠅૐߦ⊒㖸ߐࠇޔᱷࠅߩ㖸▵ /tsə/ࠍߞߡ߇ߞߡߊ㧔┄⭽ 1998, pp.146-147㧕ޕߎࠇࠍ⺑ߔࠆ೨ߦ ቇ↢ߦ ‘Pizza?’ ࠍ⊒㖸ߒߡ߽ࠄ߁ߣޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ╙ 1 㖸▵ߩᣇ߇ 㜞ߊޔ╙ 2 㖸▵ߢ৻࿁ਅ߇ߞߚߣᦨᓟߦዋߒ߇ࠆߣ߁㖸⺞ߢ⊒㖸ߒ ߚੱ߇ⶄᢙߚޕ 㧟 ߹ߣߣ⺖㗴 ೨ㅀߩߣ߅ࠅޔᲣ㖸ޔሶ㖸ޔಽ▵㖸ߩዊ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍ㓐ᤨ߅ߎߥߞߚ 㧔Appendix 2㨪7 ෳᾖ㧕ޕߘࠇߙࠇߦ߹ߕ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍ߅ߎߥߞߡ߆ࠄታᛛ ࠹ࠬ࠻ࠍ߅ߎߥߞߚ߇ޔ╩⸥ߩ⚿ᨐޔߟ߹ࠅ⍮⼂ߣޔታᛛߢߩታ߇ᔅߕ
̆̆ ߒ߽৻⥌ߒߥὐ߇⥝ᷓޕߚߣ߃߫╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߢޟਃ㧔ߐࠎ㧕ޠߩޟࠎޠ ߣ ‘sun’ ߩ/n/ߩ⺞㖸ߩ㆑ࠍ⸥ㅀߐߖߚ߇ޔᱜ⸃⠪ߪ 5 ฬߒ߆ߥ߆ߞ ߚޕߒ߆ߒታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߪ ‘Ken’ ‘son’ ߥߤ⺆ᧃߩ/n/ࠍޟࠎޠߢઍ↪ߔࠆ ⠪ߪ৻ੱ߽ߥ߆ߞߚޕ৻ᣇޔ⍮⼂ߪቯ⌕ߒߚߩߦታ߇᧪ߥࠤࠬ ߽ࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ޔන㖸ߩ/ʊ/, /æ/, /ɑ/, /ʌ/, /ə/ߦߟߡߪ╩⸥ߢᱜ⸃ߒߡߡ ߽ታߢ߈ߥቇ↢߇ߘࠇߙࠇ 2㨪3 ฬߕߟߚޕᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟࠕޠߩࠃ߁ߦ ⊒㖸ߒߡߒ߹߁ߩߢࠆޕ ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߪ᧪ߥߊߡ߽ታߪ᧪ࠆߣ߁႐วޔ╩⸥߇⸥ㅀᑼߢ ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ߆ߞߚޕ㖸ჿེቭฬࠍ߅߷߃ߡߥ߆ߞߚࠅ⥄ಽߩ⸒⪲ߢ⺑ ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚߩߢࠆޕㅒߦ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߩㆬᛯᑼߪ̌ߚ߹ߚ߹̍╵߃߇ᒰ ߚߞߚߛߌߢታߪචಽߦℂ⸃ߒߡߥߎߣ߽ࠆޕߘߩ⚿ᨐታߢ߈ߥ ߣ߁ߎߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆߒޔනߦ⊒㖸✵⠌߇⿷ࠅߥߚᚻߊ߆ߥ ߆ߞߚߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ એߪಽ▵㖸ߦߟߡߩะߢࠆ߇ޔಽ▵㖸ߢߪࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡚ࠪࡦ ᩭߩ㈩⟎ߦߟߡޔ⍮⼂ߪቯ⌕ߒߡߥߊߣ߽ޔታᛛߢታߪ᧪ߚቇ↢ ߩᣇ߇⋡┙ߞߚޕߎࠇߪ╩⸥࠹ࠬ࠻ߩߣߦ✵⠌ࠍ 1 ᤨ㑆ߺߞߜࠅ߅ߎߥ ߞߚലᨐ߆߽ߒࠇߥߒޔಽ▵㖸ߢ⥠ޔໃޔ㗶ߥߤߩེቭࠍേ߆ߔࠃࠅޔ ჿߩ㜞ߐࠍࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡞ߔࠆᣇ߇⍴ᦼߦᡷༀߒ߿ߔߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥޕ ᓟ⺞ᩏߒߡߺࠆߩ߽⥝ᷓޕ ᦼᧃ⹜㛎㧔Appendix 8 ෳᾖ㧕ߪߎࠇ߹ߢߩ╩⸥ዊ࠹ࠬ࠻ߣหߓ㗴ޔ߽ ߒߊߪߘߩᔕ↪㗴ࠍ㗴ߒߚޕ50 ὐḩὐߢᦨ㜞ὐߪ 50 ὐޔᦨૐὐߪ 31 ὐޔᐔဋὐߪ 44 ὐߢߞߚޕᦨ⚳⊛ߦߪᣣᧄ⺆ߣ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߩ㆑ࠍ⍮⼂ ߣߒߡ߅߅ߨቯ⌕ߐߖࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߣߺࠄࠇࠆޕ ᦨᓟߩᬺߢࠕࡦࠤ࠻ࠍߣߞߚ㧔Appendix 9 ෳᾖ㧕ޕ ޟߎߩᬺߢߪᣣᧄ⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߣᲧセߒߥ߇ࠄ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࠍ⺑ߒ߹ߒߚ ߇ޔߘ߁ߒߚᲧセߪℂ⸃ߩഥߌߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ߆㧫ޠߣ߁ߦኻߒޔޟഥ ߌߦߥߞߚޠߣ╵߃ߚੱ߇ 35 ฬޔޟ߆߃ߞߡᷙੂߒߚޠੱߪࡠޔޟߤߜࠄ ߢ߽ߥޠߣ╵߃ߚੱ߇ 3 ฬߚޕ
̆̆ ߐࠄߦޔޟᄖ࿖⺆ߩ⊒㖸ࠍりߦߟߌࠆ㓙ޔᲣ⺆ߩ⍮⼂߿⺞㖸ߩ⠌ᘠ߇ࡊ ࠬᵴ↪ߢ߈ࠆ႐วߣޔ㇎㝷ߔࠆ႐ว߇ࠅ߹ߔ߇ޔߤߜࠄߩ႐วߢ߽ࠃ ߩߢ⥄ಽ߇⍮ࠆౕ⊛ߥࠍߍߡߊߛߐޠߣ߁㗄⋡ࠍ⸳ߌߚޕήല ࿁╵ᢙ 6 ฬࠍߩߙߚోຬ߇ޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣ⧷⺆ߩ⊒㖸ߢߤࠎߥ㘃ૃὐޔ⋧㆑ ὐߦ᳇ࠍઃߌߥߌࠇ߫ߌߥߩ߆࿁╵ߢ߈ߡߚ㧔Appendix 10 ෳᾖ㧕ޕ ಽ▵㖸ࠃࠅಽ▵㖸ߦኻߒߡޔ᳇ࠍઃߌߥߌࠇ߫ߌߥߣ߁ᗧ⼂߇߁ ߆߇߃ࠆޕታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ߢߪಽ▵㖸ࠃࠅಽ▵㖸ߩᣇ߇⦟ߊߢ߈ߡߚޕ એߩߎߣ߆ࠄޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣᲧセߒߡ⧷⺆ࠍᢎߔࠆߎߣߢਔ⸒⺆ߩ㆑ ࠍ⼂ߐߖޔᗧ⼂ൻࠍଦߔߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚߣ⸒߃ࠆߢࠈ߁ޕߚߛޔߎߩࠃ ߁ߥᬺ߇ቇ↢ߩ⊒㖸⠌ᓧߦࠃࠅ⦟ᓇ㗀ࠍ߷ߔ߆ߤ߁߆ലᨐߩᬌ⸽ࠍ ߔࠆߦߪޔᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩ⋧㆑ὐ߿㘃ૃὐߩ⺑ࠍฃߌߥ߆ߞߚࠢࠬߩቇ ↢ߩ⊒㖸ߣᲧセߔࠆᔅⷐ߇ࠆޕߘࠇࠍᰴߩᲑ㓏ߣߒߡ⸘↹ߒߚޕ ߹ߚޔᱜߒޔࠆߪ⧷⺆ࠄߒ⊒㖸߇ߢ߈ߥℂ↱߇ᔅߕߒ߽Უ⺆ ߩߖߢߪߥ႐ว߽ࠆޕߚߣ߃߫ᣣᧄ⺆ߣ⧷⺆ߢߪ⛔⺆᭴ㅧ߇߹ߞߚ ߊ㆑߁߇ޔᣣᧄੱቇ⠌⠪ߦࠃࠆ⧷⺆ߩࠗࡦ࠻ࡀ࡚ࠪࡦߩ⺋ࠅߦߪᣣᧄ⺆ ߇ᓇ㗀ߒߡࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫ᣣᧄ⺆ߣߩᲧセ߇ᢎߔࠆ߁߃ߢᓎ┙ߟߩߪ ߤࠎߥᤨ߆ޔߐࠄߦ⠨ኤߒߡߊᔅⷐ߇ࠆߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ ߐࠄߦޔ࿁ߪᬺਛ߅ࠃ߮ታᛛ࠹ࠬ࠻ߢቇ↢ߩ⊒㖸ࠍ৻ੱߩᢎຬ߇ᱜ ߒߚࠅ⹏ଔߒߚࠅߒߚ߇ޔPraat ߥߤߩᯏ᪾ࠍߞߡࡈࠜ࡞ࡑࡦ࠻߿ᵄᒻࠍ ߺߖࠆߥߤቴⷰᕈࠍขࠅࠇࠆߎߣߩലᨐ߽ߺߚޕߘ߁ߒߚ⹜ߺߪߔߢ ߦ⮮㧔1999㧕ߥߤߢߥߐࠇߡࠆߩߢޔ߹ߕߪవⴕ⎇ⓥ߆ࠄߥࠄߚޕ 㧨ᵈ㧪 1㧕 ޟᣣᧄ⺆ߩޟᗲޠߪᕆߢᵹࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ⺞㖸ࠍߔࠆߣੑ㊀Უ㖸ߣߥࠅ߇ߜߛ߇ޔ ࠁߞߊࠅৼካߦ⺞㖸ߔࠆߣᲣ㖸㓞ធߦߥࠆޠ㧔ၔ↢㧔2008㧕㧕ޕ
̆̆ 㧨ෳ⠨ᢥ₂㧪 ┄⭽ ᥍ᄦ ޡ㖸ჿቇ㖸㖿⺰ޢ㧔1998㧕ߊࠈߒ߅ ⮮ ദ ޟᣣᧄ⺆⠪ߦࠃࠆ⧷⺆⊒㖸߆ࠄߺߚᣣᧄ⺆⧷⺆㖸ჿߩ⋧㆑ޠ㧔1999㧕 ޡ㖸ჿ⎇ⓥ ╙ 3 Ꮞ╙ 2 ภޢ40-50 ၔ↢ ૩ᄥ㇢ ޡ৻⥸㖸ჿቇ⻠⟵ޢ㧔2008㧕 ീ⺈ ┻ᨋ ṑޔᷰㆻ ᧃ⡍ሶޔᷡ᳓ ߟሶޔᢪ⮮ ᒄሶ ޡೋ⚖⧷⺆㖸ჿቇޢ㧔1991㧕 ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ ┻ᨋ ṑޔᢪ⮮ ᒄሶޡᣂⵝ ⧷⺆㖸ჿቇ㐷ޢ㧔2008㧕ᄢୃ㙚ᦠᐫ
Birdsong, D. (1999) Introduction: whys and why nots of the Critical Period Hypothesis for second language acquisition. In D. Birdsong (Ed.), Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis (pp. 1-22). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Flege, J.E. (1995) Second language speech learning: theory, findings, and problems. In W.
Strange (Ed.), Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Linguistic Research (pp. 233-277). Timonium, MD: York Press.
Gilbert, J. B. (2005) Clear Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lennenberg, E. (1967) Biological Foundations of Language. New York: John Wiley. Selinger, H. (1978) Implications of a multiple critical periods hypothesis for second
language learning. In W. Ritchie (Ed.), Second Language Acquisition research (pp. 11-19). New York: Academic Press.
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