ジョージ・オーウェル『動物農場』の使用言語

(1)

言語文化研究徳島大学総合科学部 ISSN 1340−5632

第23 巻別刷 2015 年 12 月

Offprinted from Journal of Language and Literature The Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences

Tokushima University Volume _{ⅩⅩⅢ, December 2015}

山内暁彦

Language in Animal Farm by George Orwell

(2)

r§r¦d§`aĕʧΎŢ>Ôʴ͙ͬ

ƚõȸǄ

Language in Animal Farm by George Orwell

Y

AMAUCHI

Akihiko

Abstract

This essay examines the role of the raven Moses and the solicitor Mr Whymper in George Orwell’s Animal Farm, focusing particularly on the change of animal language from mere bleating or grunting to the human language English. Moses is seen as representing the religious situation on the farm, with attention paid to the historical and mythological background of crows, rooks and ravens, birds that have been considered to be gloomy and sinister since Aesop. There is mention of ravens’ remarkable ability to mimic human voice and how Poe’s “The Raven” and Grip in Dickens’ Barnaby Rudge influence Orwell’s characterization of Moses, who supposedly speaks English after coming back to the farm. Mr Whymper is viewed as an intermediary between the farm and the outside world, showing how Orwell avoided spoken language in order to suggest that human beings cannot possibly speak to animals. The impact of the description that some pigs, including the leader Napoleon, speak English, wear clothes and stand upright while holding a whip in their trotters is seen as the result that Whymper’s role is not merely in trading but also in concealing the pigs’ gradual transformation from beasts to humans.

(3)

Ƶ Ƶ

Ɉʹ7?r§r¦d§`a϶George Orwell 1903-1950Ϸ>ĕʧƍͨ; RU͵ćƒͭĕʧΎŢ Animal Farm϶1945Ϸ;ȏV0ΎŢõ7ʴSV U͙ͬ;46̡Ǝ*U ĕʧΎŢ?.>ċϞA Fairy Story϶ 8 ͨϷ˛*R;ƍͨ7U .(6.>͙ͬ?̽ͬ736ĕʧ>ͨ *͙̿M*E6̽ͬ7͊͝'V6U ǎ36ĕʧ02?0M½μ8 ĸɢ;̽ͬYʴ6ʳʈ(6U>R;͑U ((Ɔφ;?ĕʧ? ŸLS̽ͬYÔʴ(60>7?:!ͻY§y§;(6Ɓ̞(0̌ɔ ̽ͬ>ͮJȾY̞Ǐ(0%8;M:36U 4ITΎŢ>ĕʧ02>Ô ʴ͙ͬ?Ǎ;ŧę(6͆308̡SVU>7U 7?ǈS?¨Ð9 >R;(6ĕʧ>͙̿8½μ>͙̿7U̽ͬ8Yñ;ÔUR ;:30>7W Ɉʹ7?͙ͬ>ϔ7?ʰƆˇ:ƒͭ8ɷE6̱ʶƷ >Ϫƍͨ7U8ĊȐY¨ȬόV6ʰƆˇ:͗βYƑî*U%8; RTĕʧΎŢ>Ȧ0:ͮJ>ı̬ǚYȐ΅(0 ̡Ǝ>ɍȤ8(6?ÓŅYΗ)601¹Ʒ(˅Ţ(:M>>ǁʚ: ĠͼY̢ͮ;®Uūfs>§vs϶Moses the ravenϷ8ĕʧΎŢ8ũ Ϋ>½μ˝È8>ŊĬƽ>Æ¿Ǉ7U`]£§ɸ϶Mr WhymperϷ8;ːˌ (ɞ͛*U §vs;ν(6?ǎɐ>͗β7?ÓŅ;ΐLSV0ƍǣ >²7ȞÈOƃȞY͊X*ſř7U8ǇČYɔ0(6U1#>̭Ǉ 8Í̙5#7UɈʹ7?Ğ;.V1#7:!ΎŢ>²7>͙ͬ >ǴXVȧ;6MˎǗ>ǇČYɔ0(6U%8;ːˌ(6ʹ)6J0 I0`]£§ɸ;46?ǈ?½μ7U;MXS+ĕʧ>Ύ Ţ8ũΫ>˝È8>μ7ŊĬƽ«>Æ¿Y(ÓŅ>s§§Ƙλ;¨Ƅ> ǇČYɔ0*M>>ǎɐ>͗β7?ƍǣ>ϔ7¡q\ϕł>õƆ;ɹ5 <͏á>˔ͷ½>Õ8(6͗β*U˴>Á?ǈ>ʨ΃;46?ITʹ) SV6?ɐ:30 Ɉʹ7?ǈYΎŢ>õũ>Æ¿Ǉ8(61#7?: !͙ͬ> 7Mĕʧ8½μYÆ¿*U½ʧ7U8ȆÓ²7>ǈ> ǇČ;46Ȧ0:Í̙5#YͦJ0

(4)

I+?ūfs>§vs;46˚ͫ(6% 1_ǈ?ǂĂΎŢ ³>r§£t϶JonesϷ>ɹ;îT8(6ϥXV60 ȭ̤́Ⱦ>ϝ̢͙ 8ĸ)§vs϶§uϷ8ĹSMƋȰ;ȎƎ7UR;ƍǣˇ; ?¡q\ɭȞÈ:(¡§e{iȞÈY͊(6TwΙ>˝È³̜ϕ ł8.>ǌ>sx§£ÐĆƍǣˇ;ȏVUΎŢ>˝È>²7>¨˧> ʽĀż8:36U ǈ?˝È³̜8Ȫſ>ƃȞ8>ǐŶ:νÚYÐʰ*U̢ :>7U ΎŢõ7§vs?ɻ˗˾ƚ>Ȟ̜YͭϕłĊSĕʧ 02YǠX(60 ĕʧ?ˈɰ(6ǌ?Φ:Ʊ,>ŖD͆#U8͙36 ʰƆ>ē̼SǈS>ˌYΜS*>7U

It was situated somewhere up in the sky, a little distance beyond the clouds, Moses said. In Sugarcandy Mountain it was Sunday seven days a week, clover was in season all the year round, and lump sugar and linseed cake grew on the hedges. .V?˪>«>9%ώ>Ɠ(«;U8§vs?͙I(0 ɻ˗˾ƚ7?¨Κμ;©ȫȫȼȫ7¨ư²i¡§§ń ʳ#ŝ;?͖˗˾8\˻ʳ6U8͙>7(0 2 ϕłǩ30ǌǈ?r§£tO.>Ů½88M;¨Ȭ?ΎŢYĦTÓŅ SŹYʌ(6(I §vs?ɬITɅSϢAˬ2e§e§8ūŦ 7Ō:Sű'Z>ǌYΔ36xx8ϢZ7͆I(0 “Moses 1_{ūfs?ĄĹ¢xfs϶ʑʛ¦ʑϯϷ8͙XVUūŜ>es7} TȫɈ;?Ěʊ΢;ʑ36ɐUʑTϭ7U ̽Ĺ?m£¦ ^¤£ ϶common ravenϷU?Ğ; ^¤£϶ravenϷ8:U Ɓ˘>ŕι ϭ123 ϙ;RV@e£e£8Ϯ!.7U

2_{George Orwell, Animal Farm: A Fairy Story (London: Penguin Books, 2000), p. 12.}

ÓŅS>ƽʴ?%>ʥ;RTɈȢ²>Ǿƿõ;ϙȠY˛* ǻ͡?Ϫʻ ȢŮ ͡ĕʧΎŢ϶ɑ¼Ђ͖ƟȾƶ1972 ưϷƟ˯ƹω ͡ĕʧΎŢ ϶ɑ¼ЂƛʃȾƶ2009 ưϷλϪà͡ĕʧΎŢ϶ɑ¼Ђ˵ȕȾǱ2013 ưϷÏƚəŭΪ͡ĕʧΎŢ϶ɑ¼Ђj§}£i 212003 ưϐżȾ˹Ϸ Yħ̡;(0

(5)

sprang off his perch and flapped after her, croaking loudly.” (13-14) 1§vs ?ǌ;:36ȢžΗT̴ǰ36ɐ6S? d£϶NapoleonϷY ŸL8*Ușίυ̅>ͻ028δĶ(6ϕłĊRTMȽ;Ǟǡ'>ƷYţ( 0ʰƆS¨̶>ĕʧ02>ˌYΜS,UE!÷Aé>R;ǈS;ƲǢY ȄTI!>1 §vsΎŢ;̴ǰ30%8>͝Γ?˲Ё˭;U

In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm, after an absence of several years. He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain. (84)

Ũ>²Ϛūfs>§vs˫ʞΎŢ;ŹY͑,I(0 Ċ8I30 !ŧX36S+ˎŧXS+ÑMÀ¸Y,+I0ĸ)ͱż7ɻ˗˾ ƚ;46ͬTI(0 ͻΣ?ǈ>Ȟ̜Y͊ĺ;?¨˰;Â*>1'T86ǈYΔț*U%8? ,+ΎŢõ;ʺIU%8Y͠Ƌ*U@T7:!:T̷ǊΞY®U %87șί>΢ò;(6͆!>7U §vs;Ə*UǊΞ>̷'?§vs;ș̎'VU§>ε;˯ˇ; ͊XV6U ©ǫ϶The Seven CommandmentsϷ>˲Ͻʼˌ7ĕʧ?ΰ YϤKES+“No animal shall drink alcohol.” (17) 8ϤΰǫLSV6 0;MǺXS+UȴͻΣ?αέ(6(I.>ϩĕ>ˍǌ;ɏȢ; ?ΡƷ;?8>Ȣ͙Â#·'VϤΰ̱Ð?Χʂ;'V6(I %V ?©ǫ:(ƞ(;Țŧ'V6͆!¨Õ7U §vs÷AΎŢ;ʰ V6ǌǈ;?§ș̎'VU Á>ĕʧ02;Ə(6?ΡƷ;? 8Ȣ͙>Âđ30ǌM.VI78ĸɢϤΰ͠'V0R;?͑ :%8SM§vs1#?ͻ8ĸ˴>ǴYĭ#6U%8;:U .V/V>ͻ?Ϲȫ§Ϲ^£>ί̎Yĭ#U%8;:T d £̱Ή?ĝf¡£ϼ^£.Vƪ;i`£y§§>ʍˉ7ǈ; Ö'VU8%8;:30 “[E]very pig was now receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself, which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen.” (83) %V;Ə(6§vs;46?ǈ S϶ͻΣϷ?ǈ;ΎŢ;ʺIU%8Y͠(I(0ǈ?åM,+Ϲȫ; ϹrϼĀ>Ϲ^£>§>ί̎ČTǂ6SV6I(0“[Y]et they [the pigs] allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a

(6)

gill of beer a day.” (85) 8U %(0͝ΓS*U8§vs;Ə*Uί ̎>Āε?¨̶>ͻ>ϼĀ>Ϲ d£>ЀĀ>Ϲ;Ρ :>7 :TȍL:Āε;͑U 1%%7ͻ8es>ÐγƥY̡6JU8§vs>ǊΞ>ʨĄ' ĀU I+ d£;ν(6?ÓŅ²;.>Ðγȯ͝'V66 d£?¾OÐγ 24 s§£́ 150 g¡MUǩκ(30ω x8:36I(0 “Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone.” (92) 8U ¨ȧ§vs;?%>R;?3T(0͝Ό?:>7ʰƆ> ¢xfs>~§xSȎʒ*UÁ: ¢xfs˘˩>ɣź§£ ¦^£{z϶Bernd HeinrichϷ;RU8“In one sample of fifty-six ravens from western Maine that I studied in January-February 1986, body mass ranged from 1. 05 to 1. 53 kilograms, averaging 1. 22 kilograms.” 8>%87U ǈͱE0§ £Ơ͏Ϋ> 56 ÞÐ>¢xfs>Ðγ>Ưś? 1. 22 g¡j73 0 3_{I0Ɍʵȳə;RU8¢xfs?ȫɈ>qfsRT} 'S;ū!Ðγ? 1200 jÄ«MT϶qfs?ūM>7 MÐγ?́ 800 jϷqfs>́ 1. 5 ßΑ!Uʶ7U 4_Ä «>Ϻ4>Ȣʭ?.V/VĚ˺8ȫɈ>es;46>~§x7T̽ Ŗ>ūfs;46>ǟš7?:M>>§vs>ÐγM 1. 2 g¡õũ 8(6̷'.7U *U8 d£8§vs>Ðγɷ?FG 125 ƏϹ8:U ǎ36ǔ͐:§>εM%V8ĸ)! 125 ƏϹ7̷?+1 8%Wì;˚ͫ(0§>ε? d£ϼ^£;Ə(§v s?ϹrϼĀ>Ϲ^£7T.>ɷ? 16 ƏϹ϶Ģ2 125 Ə 7. 8125Ϸ 8:U 4IT§vs? d£>ЀßΑ!;ˎǂ*UĀε>§Y ș̎'V60%8;:U 46§vsr§£t;ϥXV60φ; ?§;ʋ(0£Ɨ “crusts of bread soaked in beer” (12) YMS˦ Ʒ130>7%V8ɷE6Mǈ>ǊΞ?ɛɴ;ĺ«(08͙U͚˷ «SM˙ɛ>ǊΞ730%8͌5#SV0%8;:U %>R;'T $:!ȏV0§>ε>¨¸1#7MƓ(̈!ɞ͛(6JU8?3 T*UR;§vs?ΎŢõ;6ʨĄ;èΞ'V0ˬŢ;U>1 ϕłĊ?r§£t>á;30§vsϕłǌ?ͻΣ>á;T¨̶

3_{Bernd Heinrich, Ravens in Winter (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1989),}

p. 20. ̟͡?ʑΏȜτ ͡¢xfs>Ͷ϶ɑ¼Ђ9C4˝1995 ưϷ23 ϙ

(7)

>ĕʧ028?¨̓Yʸ*UνÚYÛ36U8ŕƼ?ɠL6Ğ̃7? UÓŅïÐ>͵ć>ɡǩ>²7?ϧƔ¨Ϳ(6U8͙U1W 7?%%7ūfs9>R:ϭ7Uɞ͛*U0L;esˣ> ϭ02>Ȁ4ɢ:ʨ΃Y˚ͫ(6͆% ¨̶ˇ;es?ϭϠ>²7M ʨ;΂8'V66ɢ:˘˩:'V6U ϭϠ>ĀϠ7ĤŸˇ: M>SΛę(0M>D8Ϝ;±E6͆!8esˣ?ɀMΛę(0:I 8(6ɀǌ>j§;VI*8͝ΓƁˮĺ#>ŕι;MU es;΂8%8;ν(6?Ǫ>Ū!żÖ>Ϛ S¨̶Ηǘ8(6Ȁ36U8͙U1W 5_{Ȣ̹>¯ʹ7Mes?} .>ʬ˔>ʙ7ĕʧ7?g|˴;ˎǂ*UÍ̙YğL6UR7U I0ʰƆ;?.>ˏâ?Ƅ7?:%8:>1es?^w{ Äɐ·˔̬ďYȀ48'V6U ɻ˗˾ƚ;46>§vs>·͙ ?ʰ¯>Ɇɐ;46>M>7?:!ɐ¯;νXUM>7U>1% >É̏;ĉ36U8͙%87U ^w{>ƍͨ;ɨ>R:M> U ƒʛ?ūʛĊë;R36½μ02;ķþY˛(ɆɐY·͙(.>0 L;½μ02;R36͢½8,SVU>YŻI(!Ǚ36ĸ)R;: W8ǙI(0 .%7ǬUȩ½02Η36U>Y͑U8ǬUɅ >«;O366.V;8I36ū:Ŧ7ŌI(0 6 %>͡Ȣ7?ƒʛūʛ8͊͝'V66%VS?Ǫ;?:)J ̓>1ħ̡>0L;%>ͨ>̽͡Y͑6JU8.V/V‘Crow’ 8 ‘Raven’ >%87U>ĀU

A Crow became very jealous of a Raven, because the latter was regarded by men as a bird of omen which foretold the future, and was accordingly held in great respect by them. She was very anxious to get the same sort of reputation herself; and, one day, seeing some travellers approaching, she flew on to a branch of a

5_{ƒƁϦ>ŕιЋІЌ Ͻ ϭ϶ɑ¼ЂƒƁϦ2002 ưϷ106 ϙ}

(8)

tree at the roadside and cawed as loud as she could.7 %%7ʄǣY͐*U>?ƒʛ϶CrowϷ8ūʛ϶RavenϷ?ĸ)e s7Mʽ:Uϭ7U8%87U Ǫ?ȵΗ°̢YěĄ*U% 8?:ϭϠƁ̢:9>es>ʳǦ;ͩ(̢7V@°̢>Τ? ɯʞ8(6U8͙7W ^w{>ƍͨ7?%>°̢ěĄ'V6 U1#7:!ūfs϶RavenϷ>ȧRTϪ̅:ϭϠ8(6ǴXV6 U %>ƍͨ7?ƒfs϶CrowϷ?̌ƕȩ½02;?ˎǳ;'V: .(6˰'΀M>7*only make themselves ridiculous.” 8>Ȟ͜ ɀǌ;ΓESVU%8;:U 4ITūfs>ȧRTèV0½ʧ;:/ SSV6U8%8:>1 %(0ÕYĖɜ(6JU8§vsM I0±>esRT?Ę36U8%8;:T.7U I0¨̶ˇ;es;?.>ϲ̸Sɰ8́˜830ķ7ςɹ :^§rÂ®'V6U es?XPU̕΅>ǝϭ:>7U .(6%V?ƃȞˇ:^§r;M˸Ğ;̌A4Ȱʙ7U ̽˺>§ s§^϶p§j§sϷ;Mes?(@(@˅Ţ*U ɂĹ:m {i¦¡£>ɰ8Ş́‘Who Killed Cock Robin?’ M.>¨41 %>Ň>² 7>es>ǇČ?́çYĴUĴˠ7U

ͯ Ĵˠ>ǇY48LU>1Ѓ ˢ7* 8fs30 ˢ> ƒ':̤ȾYM36 Ĵˠ>ǇY48LI(Q Who’ll be the parson? I, said the Rook, With my little book, I’ll be the parson.8

%%7>es?ūfs7Mƒfs7M:!%VS8?I0Ą˧>

7_{Aesop.Aesop’s Fables; a new translationiBooks. <https://itun.es/jp/Zr8CE.l>} 8_{ŕͭ p§j§s}_{϶ɑ¼ЂɿÿȾǱȦ˝2007 ưϷ17 ϙĨA iv (123) ϙ}

(9)

fs϶ʍƚʛϷ7U 9_{ʽ:U˧Ϡ7?UM>>ϲ̸ɰYǙ} X,U%8SĴˠ>Ǉ;ˎǗ(^§rYã6U8ʙ7%> esMI0§vs8ĸɢ;ƃȞYÐʰ*Uſř7U8͙36R 10 ^¤£϶ravenϷ8i¡`϶crowϷ8{i϶rookϷ8 +VMes7U%8;ŧXT?:!ŪƓ>Τ?36M.V/ Vςɹ7ȹ^§rYñΗ(6Ȁ36U8%87U r£¦ s8r^¦z§϶John Halas & Joy BatchelorϷˋˑ;RU\§q £ʥ>ĕʧΎŢ϶1954Ϸ7? d£>żϥ>ʩ02;R36s §§Δț'VUq§£7ĤÓ8?Τǈ>ɵǮF>L'VU >7U.>Ţϔ7§vsŹY͑,¨˓ˌY.K#UÀ˧Y*U% 87s§§ɵ'V0%8͊ʰ'V6U 11_I0ϰO̚>˼ɭ >Ţϔ7M§vs?.>ŹY͑,Ȳæ8(6?Ȳ(ÿ'V:ǈS>ɵǮ YˌȖ(6U8ʕÿ'V6U °Ţϔ8M;es8ɰ>Ϡ̕ǚ Yąʴ(0ūŧĀTȰʕÿ7U8͙U1W %>\§q£ 7>§vs?ƐSɰ>ˬÈ½8(6ȏV6TǈɈɐ>·͙ʈĕ?͆ :36?: \:S7?>Țŧ͆:XV6U>7U ¨ȧǌ ư>Ɔøʥ Animal Farm϶1999Ϸ7?§vsĕʧ02;ɐ¯>*@S( 'YǏ8ͬUŢϔ?ɲ'V6U 01(.V?Ϩ>io§϶BoxerϷ ;ä(0ˍǌ;̙ȑSV66O?TĤÓΗT7?: 12 I0es>Ȁ4ʨǚ>¨48(6.>ŌȧĞ:UŒT7?:! ½ͬ8Ë0ŌŦYȀ48ʙȃ$SVU %>ʙ;ν(6?bf§¦ \£¦§϶Edgar Allan PoeϷ>ʧͬͧūϯ“The Raven”϶1845Ϸ;˅Ţ *UūfsI+Ǣ΅'VU §>ūfs?ͧ>²7 ‘Nevermore’ 8 ͙̿Y̘TΒ*¨Ðes?%>R:˄ϗY*U%87U>7 W e§e§8f§f§8(Ō:>7?:8 9_{fs϶ʍƚʛϷ?Ðκ 50cm ˦>ƒŜ>es7T̽Ĺ?} {i϶rookϷ7U ee8Ō! Ɓ˘>ŕι ϭ123 ϙ

10_{‘Who Killed Cock Robin?’ ;?ɢ:^s §q£Ȩ'V6ɐ0}

²;?ϲƫżYCTˆe§Yː#Ϫ!ƥ(«$0ʤ·7˞ˡȾ Yȇ$Ȁ36Ues>ŹȏV0M>MU Ũˌƹż̈́δ̀ʷ ̔̀ p§j§s ^s §q£¸ó϶ɘϡ˝2008 ưϷ114 ϙħʟ

11_{r£¦sϵr^¦z§ˋˑĕʧΎŢЅАЅ}

12_{Animal Farm, dir. by John Stevenson (Hallmark Films, 1999) %>ÓŅMļKd}

§`a;νΙ*Uĵ˧>ȲæęÓŅ;46?{i {Films Based

(10)

̇Ɋ:ʿŋYŪ!>½?Ȁ47W 8%WƆφ;?ūfs? 2Q9^£m˴>R;½ͬYI=U%87U>7U “Like other corvids, ravens can mimic sounds from their environment, including human speech.” %V? ‘Common raven’ ;ν*U Wikipedia >͝Γ7UǛS! ‘Raven’ ¨̶;46Mĸɢ>ʨǚUM>8ǙXVU z§t¦~]k£t ϶Charles DickensϷ>§§¦{rBarnaby Rudge϶1841Ϸ;˅Ţ* UḼ́Ǉ>ūfs>j{϶GripϷ?I';%>x^7U § >ͧ>˄Ǣ>é8M:30%>ūfs?Ğ;͙̿Y˄*U81#7: !0M½μ7U>R:˔ďOʲ͗ďYã6UR;MȏV 6TʰƆˇ:es>ɖ;?̂IS:ɗ˪>ſř;ΑM>7U8 M͙U ǈ>Į˃d ɢ?ǝϫ1϶I’m a devil!Ϸ?ūŧʓ˨7U8 8M;n§£Ȼĕ϶Gordon RiotsϷYǴ30%>ÓŅïÐ;ſ*UĪe {iΠĕ;ͼǒ'VUȻďˇ:§£YMÃƻ(66̳ŀʍ §8~ ]k£t>ūfs?ˎº;νΙ*U>J:S+ϭ>͊ͼ;ν(6̽ȢƁ >É̏>²;¨4>˿͸YǃÓ36UR7U ra§¦^§t ϶Jeffrey MeyersϷ?Ä¬>R;ȁȔ(6U

Poe’s symbolic raven—which follows the Romantic tradition of Coleridge’s albatross, Shelley’s skylark and Keats’ nightingale—was influenced not only by Barrett’s “Lady Geraldine’s Courtship” but also by Grip, the raven, “the embodied spirit of evil,” in Dickens’ Barnaby Rudge (1841).13

m§{r>̠ɺŮ͆;ŸIU̽˺ȢƁĳ«>ϭ>É̏Y09U%8? ̳ŀʍ͕ʙ7U.V?¾ǌ>ͰϞ8(Ɉʹ7?§8~]k£t> ūfs;ʝʙY̍T0 «͝>^§t>̡7?°̢8M;ͼǒˇ :ſř8Ȇ6UR7U%V;?ʿŋ>ÒŚɲU 8>? ~]k£ṯSϥ360ūfs;46͝(0§§¦{r ƵȢ>͝ΓSMȯS:R;ʰƆ>ūfs½ͬYI=U%8?ï! ʯŰ:%87?:S7U 7?̢ͮ7UǪ>Ή>ŔT>es?91W ǪŖ7¨̶ˇ ;͑SVUes?qfs϶ŐŭʛϷqwfs϶Ő̈ʛϷ

13_{Jeffrey Meyers, Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy (New York: Charles}

(11)

fs϶ʍƚʛʍƚϯϷ>ϻ˧7U.VS?e§e§8Ō !1#7½ͬYI=U%8?:R7U 14_{'S;ȫƪˇ;Ǫ?} 22es>˧ϠYěĄ*U%8?:!̒ˤˇ;es8ŁZ7U 1#7U8ǙXVU ǎ36Ǫ>ΉΑ:es>^§r?Ğ̃ 7ʸ¨ˇ:M>;ʺI36U%8;:U .(6.>²;?ūfs϶¢ xfsϸʑϯϷ?ļIV6: ȫɈ7?͙̿Y˄*Uūfs?̗ɳ (6S+úƀ;Ěʊ΢;ƓȠϢɐ*U>J7U>7.>Śȧ;̕> :̢;836?ï!ΉΑ:ϭ7?:>1 ϶˳̢?ʰřǑƜƦõ;ř Î(6UΡĦȠ¥Ɂμ;X036ĿΏY͕Ǝ(0πT͑#Ues 8@qwfs@T730 Ϸȝ;ūfs?Ǫ>Ȁ4e s>^§r8?ˎǂ#όV0M>7U8ı̬ǚYĻƄ7: ūfs>§vsOj{Y̡Ǝ>Əͼ;*Uφ;ŪƓģ¿:ʙ?% >%87U ì> Wikipedia >͝Γ;(6M˸Ğ;ƆŚ;˚LU>?Ƌ Ȱ:%87?: Ή>ŔT>ŠɈˇ:˔ͷOǟš̢ͮ;ɧ#6U%8 ʊũ>Ȣ̹Yɭ(!ʲ͗*Uφ>ŷ$8:U%8ǉ;(6U%V? .>¨Õ7W 1ǪǟšYǏUǳɴ:͡7?: ŪƓκ! :U%%7̳ŀʍšľYƽʴ(6J0 ūfs϶¢xfsϷ> ŌȧYȊϊ(6Ȣž;΅%(0M>7U ¢xfs>ϗŦ>²7MɀMʨǒˇ:>?A9WYϮS*R: e{£e{£8Ŧ1R.es8?Ǚ:Ϫ!ζ ƙˇ;Ϙ!Ŧ7U >ƤÐS˄,SVU8?Ü)0 ĂL6͑ 0ȴ?e>R;h\h\8Ϯ6Tɨ;͑0ȴ?g 8˰R:Ŧ130 .VSSSS8f s>R:Ŧn\{8϶O38Ϸes3HŦ¢£¢ £8M\d\d8M̥%Uʩ>R:d{u^>R:Ŧ c£ϴ8£{>R:Ŧ϶iz`>Ŧ;Ë6UϷ

14_{qfs϶̽Ĺ? Jungle CrowϷqwfs϶̽Ĺ? Carrion CrowϷ}

?ȫɈ7?8M;ʺϭ7U Ɓ˘>ŕι ϭ϶124 ϙϷ;RV@Ċ̢ ?e\§e\8ǌ̢?f\§f\§8Ō! es>ʖž͊͝ ?ʛ8ϯU %%;ȃ$0ϻ˧>es.V/V>ʖž͊͝?̏ ¨Yɧ6U.>ʲʶ?Å; Wikipedia >͊͝;ǎ300L7U :ʛ?ϭ;žÐË66̆SX(>7Ɉʹ7?ʛ8͊ ͝*U%8?ı̬:πTΩ#6͝Γ(6U

(12)

eeee£8ζƙYİ!R:Ŧ'S;ǃƋ(0d¢{ 8ɠL6R!Ϙ!Ŧ:9̥!0A;ʽ:U(Mï!es3H !:Ŧ7Ϯ!>7U 15 %>šľS?¢xfs϶ūfsϷ¨̶>es8?I30!ʽ :30ŌȧY(6U%8R!ĀU ūfs?Ǫ>·ǢYΆU Ūǅ:ŦYȀ2ŢĶ;R36?½ͬ;ΑŌŦMÿ(ǏUʯ(ϭ8Ȇ U>Χǂ18%8;:U 16_{I0ɀΑ7?{«>ĕʸ7es} ɢ:͙̿Y˄(6UɢżY͑U%87~]k£tO§>͙̿Y ˄*Uūfs>ȏø:2ͪǀ7?:%8¶͗7U 17_d§à ?~]k£tO§YǤų(608'VUSĕʧΎŢ;ūf s>§vsYί(0%8̱Ð;ȢƁĳˇ:ǆϘνÚ͑6ĬVU ~]k£ t;ν(6?d§à̱Ή~]k£tʹYȾ6U%8MTΘͥ >ʍ'?ȯS1 18_{I0ǈk£>o`;îρ(60 1938} ưǂȴˀƈ;~]k£tÓŅϊYϹöȀ2ΐZ708>ΜͨMU 19 §;ν(6?i{id§à>ųZ1˕̔8(6Ȯ* 0Ş́ ‘Premature Burial’ Yȃ$6U>1Á>ÓŅMǛS!ĸɢ;͔(Z17

W%8?Ǣæ;ύ!: 20_{Ƚ;?es>͙̬ͬď>ŴÑ8ŋϞʙ} ;ν(6Mǣŀ>UŌŦY˄*U~]k£tO§>ūfs?ˍȌ ˇ;§vs>Θǃ;ū:ǆϘY®08͙36R1W Ƚ;?ȯ˛ ˇ;?Ó²;ȾV6?:>7U§vsMI0r§£t>Ċ7 15_{ɒĤ Ÿes>ȞˣȾ϶ɑ¼ЂϏϭ˝2013 ưϷ29 ϙ} 16_{es>ŌŦ>͝η;ȂZ1Õ8(6q§£϶SetonϷ>ϗ˱;RU͊} ͝ɂĹ7U 01(ǈ>ŢĶ?ƐSe§e§8Ō!Ōȧ>b§ q£Yϗ˱;˥(0;Ρ : ĤȾ?Ernest T. Seton, Wild Animals I Have

Known (New York: Scribner, 1898) 7U ̟͡?¾ʁķȷ ͡¦͗ͭes

>q§s{϶ɑ¼ЂˮǓ˝2010 ưϷ

17_{Õ@ ‘Nevermore’ 8͙̿Yes;ÀΐZ7U϶8Ǚ(ϷM>}

϶“Ravenmania-Nevermore!” by inxcapable <https://youtu.be/rIX_6TBeph0>Ϸ:9M 36̳ŀʍ

18_{ɤƚͽż ͡z§t¦~]k£t?Ɵ˯ƹω ̔Ϭ>̰>:7}

϶ɑ¼ЂƯü˝1995 ưϷǲī d§`a?~]k£tY:Tǵăˇ;Ȇ 6U

19_{Bernard Crick, George Orwell: A Life (London: Secker & Warburg, 1980), p. 248.} 20_{Crick, p. 42.}

(13)

?ÑS>½ͬYȗ360>7?:8%8ƋȰ;Ǣæ'VU . V?§>ūfs>R;01Ğ;KΒ(;ÑY͙360;Ρ :M˔V:(j{>R;½μ;Αǥ͓7ȆSVUR :ǣŀ>U͙̿Y˄(60M˔V: +V;,RĕʧΎŢ8 ÓŅ>²7§vs?Á>ĕʧ028ʽ:TǂĂSÑS>͙̿ Ģ2̽ͬYȗ360>7?:8%8ƋȰ;ǢƄ'VǏU>7U ˟ͨOÉͭ;Υ36J6MūfséɐÑS>͙̬ͬď:(ǟš ÉΣ̬ďYã6U%8;:36U>ĀU 8TX#γ͐:>?Ě ɩ˟ͨ>³˟d§~]£>°̩;ɬI36UϺ̝>es7U ǈS?¯ ʹ>ʪʀYd§~]£;šľ*UǇČYǹ36US1 ˟>ʢd§r£?§h£§£8Ϻ̝>ūfsYϥ36 I(0 %>ūfs?ɶȫ¯ʹ²YϢAIX36?\§sf DM936!U8d§r£>̩>«;8I36͑0T̥0T(0% 8Y*3Td§r£;šľ*U>7(0 21 %>ŢĶ>ūfs?Ğ:U˟>{>ϭ7?:!ÑS>{u§r YȒ6!U%8ɄǊ'V6U>7U I0ȭ̤́Ⱦ>č¯͝7 \>ȧ̵Sʇɺ>φ;ț0V0esMI0ʇɺ>ɺƽ6ŘŚ͊ XV09Y\;šľ*U%8ɼLSV60?+7U Ä«YI8LV@ĕʧΎŢ;˅Ţ*Uūfs>§vs?es ¨̶>Ȁ4ȢƁˇ:É̏8ūfs>Ȁ4ʳʧƁˇ:ʨǒY«ǳ!đŀ(6 ÓTÿ'V0M>7U8͙%87U ūfs?esǎɐS Ȁ36Uɢ:^§rYã6U%8đ6ǪȫɈ½;?:)J? ̓%81½ͬYMˏËU%8ÿɐU0L0MǣǕYȀ36ͨ( 6U>R;͑UM>7U%8 .(6ɢ:{u§rYÉΣ* U̬ďYʗřˇ;Ȁ36U>R;͑:,U8ʨ΃U%8;: U .(6Ǫɞ͛(6Uūfs>§vs;46%>%8YĜ Āǂ6?L6̡ǏU8%8˚ͫ70>7U 21_{Ѝ. mƔƝ ̜ ͡Ěɩ˟ͨ϶ɑ¼ЂƛʃȾƶ2001 ưϷ107 ϙ} Ɉ͡Ⱦ>ȭȾĹ?d§r£>żS϶1955 ưϷ7TȚϞ:'V0>? 1996 ư7U

(14)

ūfs>§vs;ν(6d§`a;ì͆*U̽ȢƁ>ÓŅYǙÿ (6JU8§vs?^s¦g¡϶Lewis CarrollϷ>Ǚ͹>Ŗ >\sAlice’s Adventure in Wonderland϶1865Ϸ;ÿ6!UƫżƖ϶Mad HatterϷ >ɂĹ::/:/:-es?Ⱦʧɋ;Ë6U “Why is a raven like a writing-desk?” Y M Ǣ ΅ ' , U 22_{I 0 θ > Ŗ > \ s Through the}

Looking-Glass϶1871Ϸ7?_^§_y8_^§_~]§>Ţ

ϔ7Mes?ÿʰ(êƾ>ͳỶXS,U Ì(%>ŢĶ>es? crow 8͊͝'V6U “I wish the monstrous crow would come!” thought Alice . . . “It’s the crow!” Tweedle-dum cried out in a shrill voice of alarm; and the two brothers took to their heels and were out of sight in a moment.23_%>esMéYɭ,@

§s§^;ΥUM>7U Tweedledum and Tweedledee Agreed to have a battle

For Tweedledum said Tweedledee Had spoiled his nice new rattle. Just then flew by a monstrous crow, As big as a tar-barrel,

Which frightened both the heroes so, They quite forget their quarrel. _^§_y8 _^§_~]§? ¨ǭ»U%8;ĸǣ(0 _^§_~]§; ȦŅ>ffY1L;'V08 _^§_y30S 2Q9.>8;x§ɥF9MU Ƥū:es.@Y

22_{The Annotated Alice, ed. Martin Gardner (Penguin Books, 1965), p. 95.} 23_{The Annotated Alice, p. 244.}

(15)

ϢA* 630>7 B0T>̽ω?ϑ«36(I ōŏ>%8:9I30!ǖV6(I30 24 %>ƽʴ7ϔˆ>?Ƅùͤ ‘the’ >ʴʂ7U %>Ţϔ;?Õ> >esϢZ7!U?+18%8\s>J:S+_^§ _yO_^§_~]§MìĈǶ˔(6U͡7U \s;ν(6͙@esƷ͙Ĩ'V6U8%8RTMȽ ;γ͐:ʙY%%7ȁȔ(0 ÓŅ7?§§϶DodoϷOˆ`oh϶White RabbitϷYŸL8(6:UϭOĕʧMȘ½ę'V66\s8̽ͬ 7ͬTĶ%87U¯ʹȏV6U.>²;ň¨̽ͬYͨ': Ɉɐ>ĕʧ.>M>7UR:ĕʧ˅Ţ*U .V?˲ϼ˭>ǌĝ 7˫Ŵ\s>Ċ;ʰVUƒʩ7U ƒʩ8͙36MΉÐ>o^t̖ƒ (6UʪǦ7\s?%>ƒʩ;ÿÈ>7ǈŲ;836?Ƥū:ƒʩ϶an enormous puppyϷ:>7U 25_{\s?ǳΑ:ƒɕYǿ36%>ƒʩ8}

)NVĶ30T*U%>ƒʩ?.>ū'%.ϨΊϨ>&8!7?U M>>.>À˧Oǚ΃\s8>Ȍ(ȧ?Ɔφ>ƒʩ8ŧXUǲ?: ǎ36Á>Ș½ę'V0ϭOĕʧ8?ʽ:T%>ƒʩ?½ͬYͬU%8 :>7U Ǚ͹>Ŗ>\s>ƒʩ?%>ÓŅ²>I';ʽĀż 7U>1 2Q9%>ƒʩ8ĸɢ;d§`a>§vs?ÓŅ² >ʽĀż;:36U8͙U .(6ϕłĊ>ĕʧΎŢõ7Á>ϭOĕ ʧ02½ͬYͬS+;U²7ǈ1#M(Å;½ͬYͨ*%870 8*V@9%8;:U7W ǈ>Îý%.Á>ĕʧ028?ʽ :V9M§vs?ǂʞĕʧΎŢõ>ϭ8(6ĕʧ>͙̿϶Ä¬Ù ƅˇ;ĕʧͬ8͝*ϷYͨ*7W .(6ĸȴ;̽ͬM͗*U8 :V@ǈň¨ĕʧ028r§£tS½μ028Y͙ͬ>«74:"Ǉ Ģ2¨˧>Æ¿ǇYǹ360%8;:U>7?:1W %>R;̡U8*U8ĕʧΎŢMļKĕʧƍͨ;6ĕʧ9 (ͨY(0TU?ĕʧ8½μ8ͨY(0T*UŢϔ7?¨Ð :U͙ͬͬSV6UȚL6ŋϞ;:36ɐU M2WZĕʧΎ Ţ?ƍͨ7USƆφ;½μÔR:͙̿?»X'V+ͻ? 24_{ŕͭ p§j§s48 ϙĨA (114) xiii ϙ} 25_{The Annotated Alice, p. 64.}

(16)

§§̚?§§Ϯ6U>J7U;MǺXS+ǣǙʾΗ7 6U8͟Ƅ;:36U8̡U%8?7U ĕʧ02>ϊÈ>Ţϔ 7?^r§ʣ'Z϶Old MajorϷ>͙̿YÁ>ĕʧ02?¨Ǘ2Z8ʲ ͗*U%8760 ƍͨ>ɖ̊J>²7?ĕʧ02?08˧Ϡ ʽ:36R8Mº>͙̿Yʲ͗7U>7U U?[£xr§>ÓŅ7M½μ8ϭOĕʧͬTĶ30T7U( I0?ŵ˽:9830Ą˧>ʳʧ87*Sˈĸ)͙̿Yʴ6º ;ʲ͗(Ķ%87U%8;:36U Õ@Љ. Њ. §϶James M. BarrieϷ>k£r££ðŗ>§x§¦£Peter Pan in Kensington

Gardens϶1906Ϸ;˅Ţ*Uw¡£¦m§϶Solomon CawϷ8es? §x§¦£϶Peter PanϷ>̷ͨ(ˎǳ;:360T*U>7U 26 %>R:ƍͨO[£xr§8?Əɠˇ;ЎЇ>ÓŅY̡6JU8 ½Ϡ8ʽȱ½ͬTĶφ;Ó̢?ÑS>ơŮY(6Ɔφ;ǣǙʾΗ 'VUɢżYĶʲˇ;̢ͮ̂Ǐ7UR;͟Ƅ(6UŢĶMU Õ @} q§;RUǣǙ>ʾΗ7U8ʽȱ½>Ȁ4̱ĕ̟̙͋͡>R :ɦő>Ôʴ;R367U Ì(ʰƆ;?ЎЇ>ÓŅ89M% >ʙ7>ĥƌ'?ǹÛ'V6:ŢĶŪ 9͡½ϠMʽȱ½ MŸLSÑ>ͭȯM:!ˈ̽ͬOȫɈͬY(NE360T*U>1 M2WZ.V?͟Ƅ«>ͭȯY*Uʠϋ'YΩ#s§§YƘλ(Ȱ !*U0L>Ùƅ8(68SU%8Mı̬7U U?̢ͮM%>ʙ ;46?ȹϳ>¶͗¸ϛ8(6͗β(͘V+;ʏI*%8ΗÕ;:36 U8%81 ((:S¨Ȭˬ2ɬI36̡6JV@Ñ>ͭȯ M:!ʽ˧>ʳʧ9(7Èͨǩˬ(6UR:ʪʀ?ʰƆˇ;?ūŧ ̱ʞ:M>7U8͗*EM>1 ȝ;ˏϔˌ:ЎЇÓƊ02?̼ē( 6͙ͬ>ŋϞ;ĬT̊K%8;:U Õ@e§¦¤cf{?s ¡§x§`sϽ>²7?Ä¬>R:ơŮY(6͙ͬ>ŋϞY͗ɾ(6 U

26_{J. M. Barrie, Peter Pan: Peter and Wendy and Pan in Kensington Gardens (New}

York: Penguin Books, 2004). w¡£¦m§?.>ĹYȭ́>΂̢;;36 Uʙ7MɈʹ>§vs8ɷ̩(Uʨʽ:es7U 01(Ó²; es7U%8?ȯ͝'V6S+Caw϶m§U?e§Ϸ8 ĹĊ7w¡£es18ĀUÀȉ#;:36U \§o§¦{ e϶Arthur RackhamϷ;RUȅʸMȯS;es7U ((:S ɈȢSMȅ̐SMes>˧ϠI7?Āȯ7U

(17)

The Tralfamadorians had no voice boxes. They communicated telepathically. They were able to talk to Billy by means of a computer and a sort of electric organ which made very Earthling speech sound.

‘Welcome aboard, Mr. Pilgrim,’ said the loudspeaker. ‘Any questions?’27

[§ȱ½;?ŦƩ?: ǈS?} q§;R36ǣǙ ʾΗY*U>7U ((ǈS?m£§x§8Śʱ½>Ŧ.3 !T>ϗ̸YȀ4¨˧>ϐɹdf£Yąʴ(6§;ͨ(#U% 870 R%.j!Z8`s§e§30 Ñ΃ŋ ?Ѓ28 %%;?[§ȱ½;(6̽ͬYÔ%87UR; :30>ͩ(ͭȯ?:M>>ʽȱ½8Śʱ½8>μ7mk§q £YĬUφ;ǔ͐8:T.:ǳ̑2Z8ΓESV6U>7U ĕʧΎŢ>²7?ĕʧ9(7MI0ĕʧ8½μ8>μ7Mˈ Ñ>˂ˁM:!º;ǣǙʾΗ(6UR;͑ĭ#SVU .>ɢǦƍ ͨˇ:M>7U*:X2ȹϳ>ĊȐ8(6ĩȧ;ñΗ*U͙ͬʴS V6U8͗β*U%8?7U Ģ2%>ÓŅYƐSƍͨ8(6J0ŢĶ ?ĕʧ9(Oĕʧ8½μ8>μ>Èͨ̽ͬ7ǩTˬ36U%8;? Ñ>ŋϞM:8͗,U>1 1¨ȧ7%>ÓŅ;ν(6?U˧ ʰƆˇ:͗βMı̬7UR;ǙXVU>1 *:X2ĕʧ8½μ8>μ 7ÑS>ǳɴY¿(6͙ͬYñɂ*UÀ̊JǩTˬ36͆308R :͗βY*UÒŚU8%87U .V?¨Ȭ%>ÓŅYƍͨ> Sƽό(6\:ʧͬ8(6͗β(ˍ(6JR8*Uφ;? ͙̿>ŋϞ;ν(6ÑS>Ķʲˇ:ͭȯǔ͐;:U1#7:!U˦Ʒ ?ʲ;:30ͭȯYÂ#U%8ı̬:>7?:8%87U ΎŢõ7.V/V>ĕʧ?ĕʧͬ7ʳʈY(66ĕʧ>μ7?˧ Ϡ>ŤYΆ6º;Η)Ķ36U%801(½μ;?.VĞ;ĕ ʧ>ϮŦ;(̥%6:%8R!ĀUŢϔU ^r§ʣ

27_{Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse 5 (London: Triad Grafton, 1979), p. 55.}

28_{e§¦¤cf{¦r\Ç̈́óŮ ͡s¡§x§`sϽ϶ɑ}

(18)

'Z>ʕͭYĭ#6>^£j£>ʮ02>ȣŉ.1 .>φ;? ʦ?§§ʩ?¢£¢£̚?§§Ϩ?££\?f§ f§ “The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it.” (9) 8.V/V>ĕʧʨɂ>ϮŦY«$ U>7U.Vr§£t;?Øî(0ʫ>,7΅%30ϩ ;̥ %01#7Tɫͤ>²ΉI7?ÉX36:30 %>ÕSĀU R;Ɠ:!8MϕłÄĊ?ĕʧ8½μ8>μ;͙ͬ>ñɂ?͑SV: 1ÓŅ>̌ɇΫĀ7? d£ũΫ>½μ02YΎŢ;ǼǈS >Ċ7¨ƨʕͭY*U%8;:U ǎ36ÓŅ>ŸL8̉XT87͙ͬ> ʪʀ?ū!ŧę(6U>7U 7?%%7ĕʧΎŢ>²7?½μ8ĕʧ029>R;(6Èͨ Y(6UYͩ(!ͱE6JR .%7γ͐:ǇČYɔ0(6U>` ]£§ɸ8½ʧ:>7U ǈ?½μ8ĕʧ>Æ¿Ǉ8(6ÓŅ> ĝ@Äο;˅Ţ(ɢ:OTĬTYĕʧΎŢõ>ĕʧ02϶³;ͻ02Ϸ8 ũΫ>½μ˝È;UΎŢ³OŊ½028>μ7͆:36͆! `]£§ɸ ?ĕʧΎŢũΫ8>νXTYȀ36̋ʏʈĕYƘλ(6͆!«7ū:Ǉ ČYɔ0*>7U șίυ̅>ͻΣ?I*I*ʘ.V;Ī(6ΎŢõ >¨̶>ĕʧ02;Ə*UȓĬ?̺ʚ'Yţ*8ŕƼ7U `]£§ɸ?%>ÓŅ>ĝ@ÄοƄɄˇ;άĶϼŔ͙Ĩ'V6 U ǈ>Ă˅Ţ?˲Ͼ˭>%87U `]££;ÎZ7U¸ėƻͺ ť>`]£§ɸ8½ĕʧΎŢ8ũ>¯ʹ8>Æ¿½;:U%8;ĸ ǣ(ȁŕYĭ#U0L;ɶΚɁȼȫ;ΎŢY͞VU “A Mr Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary between Animal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farm every Monday morning to receive his instructions.” (47) 8%8 d£Sĕʧ02;ĺ#6¨ȧˇ;Η ľ'VU ΎŢ;O36ɐU`]£§ɸ;Ə*Uĕʧ02>ǦƷ?Ä¬> R730 œ4·> d£¹Ɉ·7ˬ36U`]£§;ȁ ŕY(6UɢżY͑U8ĕʧ02?ͪS(ɹȀ2;:TI(0“[T]he sight of Napoleon, on all fours, delivering orders to Whymper, who stood on two legs, roused their pride . . .” (48)

(19)

Ȥ¸ǟYψ͂*UơÓǈ;Àȉ#SVUŢϔ7U #V9M¾7?Ϻ ϻ>Ψ@V0ĕʧ02ūǸ?̚ǈ>̣;îUŢǲ7ϣȤί̎ţ0% 8YÑɹ:!͙R;ȞΐIVI(0 “[A] few selected animals, mostly sheep, were instructed to remark casually in his hearing that rations had been increased.” (55) ƍǣ>ϔ7%>Ţϔ?¡q\ϕł>õƆ;ɹ5<͏á> ˔ͷ½>Õ8(6͗β'VU8%W7U ɨ?˲Ѐ˭7ɍɅ>Ĭƽ;ǎ¸ (6Uɢż̢ͮ;˔S'VU .%;?`]£§ɸYÆˬ2;(6 d£? ~{iĨAg££8ΐJî30ŊͲ;νX36 I(08>ͭȯU “Meanwhile, through the agency of Whymper, Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington.” (69) ɀǌ; `]£§ɸ͙Ĩ'VU>Mĸ)˲Ѐ˭7U ɍɅ>ĬƽǩĐ(0 ;͑0ˍǌâɉY4I'V0%8˄͓*UŢϔ7U ϻȫǌ;8 Z7M:ūϩ 8:TI(0 `]£§ˏ3ϒ;:36̱΋ΊY΄S ,6ɐ6²Ƹ;µTȈ6U8Ɩȡ;I3("S;ϢAΐZ7͆I(0 “Three days later there was a terrible hullabaloo. Whymper, his face deadly pale, came racing up the path on his bicycle, flung it down in the yard and rushed straight into the farmhouse.” (73) %>R;͑6ɐU8`]£§ɸ?ĕʧΎŢ>²;: Tʍ!νX36U8ĠͼYĭ#U7W 29_8%Wǈ>˅Ţ˶ ǲYƓ(ͩ(!ͮL@ɹ5!%87U`]£§ɸ>˅Ţ*U9>Ţϔ 7MΎŢõ>ÈͨM'U%8:SǈΝ͆(0»ʐ>φ>OTĬT;4 6Mǈ>˄(0͙̱̿Ð?Ó²;?¨͆MȾV6?:>7U %V?¨ÐÑYǣŀ(6U>7W ĕʧ?ĕʧ8ͨ*φ?ĕʧͬ7ͨY(6U ǂʞ½μ?½μ8ͨ *φ?½μ>͙̿7ͨ(6U?+1 %%7?ǂʞ:S̽ͬ7U I0ĕʧΎŢ8ÓŅ̱Ð?½μ>͙̿7U̽ͬ7ȾV6 U .%7ĕʧĕʧ8ͨ*φ>͙̿?Ɉɐ?ĕʧͬ7U?+7 UM>Yĕʧƍͨ>́Ɏ;ĉ36Ùƅˇ;̽ͬ;̙ȑ6͊˛( 6U8̡SVU .%7ŋϞ8:U>`]£§ɸ˅Ţ*UŢϔ8 :U `]£§ɸ̱Ή?½μ϶̽Ŗ½Ϸ7US½μ8ͨ*φ?½μ> ͙̿϶̽ͬϷY(NE366Ñ>ŋϞM: .V;?ŊĬƽ>ˎǳ> 29_{ȴ8ŢĶ;R36Ó̢?`]£§ɸ϶Mr WhymperϷ8ŁZ1T`} ]£§϶WhymperϷ8ŁȈ6;(60T*U Ċǌ>Ȣ̮;RUŧę7 W.>ÔĀ#ȧ?ǐŶ7U

(20)

~{i϶FrederickϷOg££϶PilkingtonϷ˴8>OTĬTMļIVU ((:Sǈĕʧ028(NEUφ;?ū:άĶʳ)U?+7 U `]£§ɸ?Ɉɐ?ĕʧͬYͨ,U?+?:S1 Ɠ:!8 MάĶʳ)U?+18ǥǢY¨˓7?UM˔V<̢ͮ; Ȁ0,6(IǛVU>1 %>ÓŅ̱Ð?ƍͨ7U8ĸȴ;¨ϔ 7?\:ȏø;MŠ566.>ǣŀ7?°̢>ǐŶ:£s>« ;ǩTˬ36U>7U`]£§ɸ8ĕʧ8ˍȌÈͨY*UŢϔY S'I;ȏ!%8?.>ǐŶ:£sYƞ(=:ġσǚYŽZ7 U8͙U Ó̢?.>%8YĜĀǣͷ(0«7`]£§ɸ8ĕʧ8> ÈͨYˍȌͨʂ7͝*%8YΩ#:SÓŅYȾ6UR;ǙXVU %%7ħ̡>0L÷A1999 ư>~dÓŅ> Animal Farm Y͑6JU 8.>²;?ΎŢũ>½μ02ϕłˍǌ>ΎŢ>ɢżYȋU0Lƺ ʧ>²;ˊ̦őYÀȉ#UŢϔU ˊ̦ő8͙36MįL(ū: ^i¡c£7U ϶ĤÓ;?:%>bw§YÂ#đ0%8̱Ð ?ǟšʔʆOˊ̦;νXUʰÃˇ¾ȫˇ:ŋϞǣͷYĬTîV6U8͗ β7U>7.V:T;ͣ×*U%87UM>1 ϷŸL>2?s §e§SʔV̥%6ɐUĕʧ>Ŧ?I';ĕʧ>ϮŦ.>M>7 T½μ;836ï!ǣŀȯ730 1(@S!*U8ĕʧ02? ̽ͬYͨ(ŸL.>Èͨ>õƋ*E6½μ02;836ȯS:M>8: U .VÄǌ½μ02? d£YŸL8*UͻΣ8Ñ>˂ˁM:!̽ ͬ7ͨ(Ķ%87U>1 %>ÓŅ7?`]£§?˅Ţ,+ g££ɸr§£tO`]£§>ǇYMô=Uǃ;:36U ǈ? XPU³:˅Ţ½ʧ8(6ΎŢ>õũ7̉Ÿʈĕ*U>7Uǈ8 d£ΎŢ>ƒɽΫƖ7ΰYήJ»X*Ţϔ:97?°̢>̽ͬ; RUÈͨ;?Ñ>șχM:%8͑6ĬVU %>ȲæÓŅ7?Ɉʹ7ɞ ͛(6UŋϞ*:X2ΎŢõ7ʴSV6U͙ͬ:UM>73 08ʙ;ν(6?*E6̽ͬ;:36U8ɀ̉ˇ:ʪʀ ϓƪ;ĀTȰǃ7͊ʰ'V6U>7U Ɔφ%>Ȳʸ7?ĕʧ02?ŸLSʉȺ:̽ͬYÔ36U>7U .V?XPUĕʧͬS̽ͬD>Ľȿ;:36U͡7 ͕Ƈ?ǂĂ?ǛS!ˎǂǯǠ>7?:8ǙXVU ̽ͬ;RU §q £?Ñ8ʩ>raq§϶JessieϷ͆:36U>1 §x§¦sz ϶Peter UstinovϷO^\£¦϶Ian HolmϷYŸL8*UĹè02Ľȿ Yǹǂ(6U1954 ư>\§q£ʥ8?ʽ:T;M½μ>

(21)

Ŧ7U%8ɯʞ8(6U Ƚ;ɈÓ?Ɔø7ȏV6U%> ʙMΤŃǥ;4:36U ĕʧ02̽ͬYͨ*φ>Įé>ĕȧ: 9ЄЈ>ýʲ;MŪƓ>̱ʞ'U>MĻL: 30_01(ĕʧƆ φ;Ôʴ(6U͙ͬĕʧͬS̽ͬDŧę(08%8?R! ĀUÀȉ#;:36T%>ʙ?͕Ƈ;836͔ā7U(Uǣŀ 7?ĤÓYΆ6U8ͣ×Y*U%8M7R Neil Sinyard ?Ȳʸ ęÓŅ>ǣ̜;46Ä¬>R;ΓE6U

It does seem to me that the great screen adaptations are the ones that go for the spirit rather than the letter of the text; or exploit a unique affinity between the personalities of the original writer and the present film-maker; or use the camera to interpret and not simply illustrate the tale.31

1999 ư> Animal Farm ;46ųǣˇ;͑V@ĕʧ>Ŧ>Ǵ;ν(6%> ÓŅ?ĤÓY:/U1#;ʺI36:͡7TĤÓ>ǣŕYΆ0͗ βYȐ˛(Ǐ6U8͙%87U7W ¨ȧ1954 ư>\§q£ʥ7?ĕʧ>Ŧ>ǹǂ?§s¦~ ϶Maurice DenhamϷ¨½ĕʧS(Ŧ̸YÔĀ#44MĜḀ̄ĬT Ȱ̽ͬ7^r§ʣ'Z>ŸL>ʕͭS d£>ɀǌ>ʕͭ;̲ UI7Yʕ)36U %>\>ЅАЅ;ʨóȲæ8(6īLSV 6U~Ɉ½D>^£x§;RV@\ĆÓ>ǂĂ>ɜ7? ũŖ7>«ȲY̡ǧ(6Ĳͤ?¨ā:!(ÃXT;žƭYʴU8ɜ 730.7U ˲Ϻɜ8(6?F8Z9ĕʧ>ϮŦYÿ*²;̥ ĬVUĲͤYʎ-Uɜ30ʶ ̌ɔˇ;?%VS>ɜ?Ȉ6SVʰ ř͑SVUR:ǃ;̾2ː08%8>R7U ~>͙;RV @īη²?gix§;ǥǟ˥î(Ρ 6ϟI7ͻ;Ë6ɐ0.7 U 32_{%>ÓŅ7?ĕʧ?Ɉɐ>ĕʧͬYͨ*>8ĸȴ;̽ͬ7} Ǫ͕Ƈ;ͬT#U%8M76U .>ǣŀ7ĕʧƍͨ>́Ɏ;2Z 8ǎ36U8̡U%87U>7U %>R;+V>ȲæęÓ 30_{%>ʙ;ν(6?1999 ư8ĆÓưÃ>į'Mȥή,=@:S:}

31_{Neil Sinyard, Filming Literature: The Art of Screen Adaptation (London: Routledge,}

2013), p. x.

32_{ĕʧΎŢЅАЅϗŦ͗ͭ^\£¦q§϶\§q£˘}

(22)

ŅMΎŢõ>ϭOĕʧ>ʴU͙ͬY9ýʲ*U;46:T̼ǧ( 6U%8ĀT̳ŀʍ ĤÓ>ĕʧΎŢ;ǰ36JU8ÓŅ>ɀǌ7? d£?g ££˴>ũΫ>½μ02YΎŢ;Ǽ0«7ǈS>ϔĊ7ʕͭY*U % >ʕͭ>͙ͬ?Ȫ;ĕʧͬ7?:7W ʜʹ.V?̽ͬ7:# V@:S: d£?½μ8ĸ)͙ͬYʴ6ĕʧΎŢ϶Animal FarmϷ Yé>§¦[§϶Manor FarmϷ;ǰ(.V8ĸȴ;ͻΣ?46 >½μ8ĸɢ>ˬŢ7¨̶>ĕʧ02YȓĬ(̑#R8*UǦƷY͊ȯ* U͡7U ̽ͬY̱ʶ;ȗUͻ?.>ˍĊ>Ţϔ7?Ȫ;¹·ɮ͆Y (͉ɃYΉ;I8ǳ;?ϖYȀ2FGƂï;½μę(6U %>R ;½μę(0ͻ7V@Å;½μ±J;̽ͬYͨ(6MÑ>ΤŃǥ M:8%8:>7U

It did not seem strange to learn that the pigs had bought themselves a wireless set, were arranging to install a telephone, and had taken out subscriptions to John

Bull, Tit-Bits and the Daily Mirror. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was

seen strolling in the farmhouse garden . . . Napoleon himself appearing in a black coat, ratcatcher breeches and leather leggings . . . (98)

ͻΣ?rdY΀ɼLϐͨYĬTÂ#UǳίY(r£¦ O}]{¦{|~^§¦§YĬUR;:308̥ 6MǙ͹;ǙI,Z7(0 ¦¦¦ d£̱Sϲrk{ µϨt£ϕ>l§830ÿ7ˬ27Ɩȡ>ƸYξɮ*U >Y͑6MǙ͹;?ǙI,Z7(0

«͝>ƽʴ>²;ȃ$SV6UϐͨYĬTÂ#U“to install a telephone” 8 Ȣ͙7ȯS;'V6U>?ͻΣ̽ͬ>ͮJȾ7U1#7: !̽ÈͨMŋϞ:!7UR;:308%87U .(6.>È ͨ>ˎǳ?ǂʞ:SĕʧΎŢ>ũΫ>½μ027U>1 %>F8 Z9½μ8ę(0ͻ;R36͊X'V6Uʪʀ?8͙@%>ƽʴ>ˍĊ ;V6UÓŅïÐ>̒Ǿ8M͙EȢ͙*E6>ĕʧ?Ư˴7

(23)

U ((Uĕʧ?Á>ĕʧRTM38Ư˴7U “ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORRE EQUAL THAN OTHERS.” (97) 8Ğ¨ę'V0ǫǋ;˯ˇ;͊X'V6UɠL6ɪ˒ˇ:ʪʀ: >7U Ư˴Yˌȁ(0ĕʧ02>ϕł>Ĺ>¬;½μ;RUșί SΕVUȧĺ7ŧϕ'V0̌ɔǏSV0?+>ĕʧ;836>ʲǢ˝È ̌ƕ?½μ;836άĶ>̷˝È;ΖǰT(6(I30%8;Á: S: ƍǣˇ;?Ģ2wΙ>˝È³̜ϕł;R36M0S'V0˝È ȭƧȜ¡q\8Ɉ΃?ŧXS:M>;Ρ :308%8Y͊ʰ(6 U>1 ǎ36%>ÓŅ7`]£§ɸ>͙ͬ;46͆:30Ó̢>ί ǧ4ITǈ8ĕʧ8>Èͨ>q§£YˍȌˇ;͝Γ*U%8Yʄǣʍ!Ω# 08%8MÓŅ>ɀǌ>Ţϔ;̲36?M?O.>ǣŀYů30%8 ;:U ĻK(W.VI7;ίǧYƳγ;Mγ=60̌ɔ½μę( 0 d£>ɀǌ>ʕͭ>q§£>M0S*͈Ȗ>ƷĶǁI308͙ %87U ʰƆˇ:͗β7?`]£§ɸ8OTĬTY*Uμ;ĕʧ 02?Ǎ͎ϋ:͙Ŕ(Y͓6͆308M̡SVU.(0¸ǟY ȟ6͊ϔ;ÿ':%8;R36ͻΣ?˫Ŵ̽ͬYʴU%8ı̬;: 30>R;͑U8Ĕɔʳ)6U8M͙U %>ÓŅ?Ɔ;ɢ:ͮJȧ7UM>7U8̡SVU%( 0ʙMÓ̢d§`a;R36ūŧR!ʡǧ'V0«7ȾV6U8͙ U1W ì>ƽʴ˶ǲ;(6M d£?6UµϨt£? Ĥͬ7? ‘ratcatcher breeches’ Ģ2tĬTēå̢ʴt£8%81 I0ǈ?.V%.Ñ>ΤŃǥM:!ϕ>l§:UM>MΉ;4 #6U %>ŢĶ>ϕ?ĕʧ>ϕ;Τ: e¢ɟ̢;R36ɵýĀ 'V0io§>ϕ7Uı̬ǚ'U>1 %>R;ĸ)ĕʧ7T :S d£?ĕʧYșί*U̢;ŧ)6(I308%8%> R:̈Ϋ;6MƣJ;͊ʰ'V6U>7U %%7÷Aūfs>§vs;ˬ2Β36JU8ǈéΎŢ³>r §£t>ɹ;îT1308%8ǣŀYȀ36ɐU ǈ?ǂĂSĕ ʧ>¨ņ8RT?K(W½μ;ΑˬŢ;30%8;:US1 ʧ ͬ>ŸL>2ĕʧ02;ĺ36ɻ˗˾ƚ>Ȟ̜Yͭ6Uμ? §vs?ĕʧ02>͙̿Ģ2ĕʧͬYͨ(607W 8%W ʧͬ>ǌĝ7ΎŢ;ǰ36ɐ0ǌ7?̻Ʈ¸ǟʽ:36ɐU §v sǰ30%8>͝Γ?˲Ё˭;Uĸ)˭>ǌĝ7?io§>;ä 8.V;̑!ɵýĀ8%>ÓŅ²7ɀMûǡ:bw§>¨4ͬS

(24)

VU ɨ>ɀ̉˲ 10 ˭7? d£YŸL8*UͻΣˍˬ¹·ɮ͆Y( ŸLU%>R:Ďˇ:ƘλY%>ÓŅ>̌ɇ?ã6U>1 ¹·ɮ ͆Y(ŸLU>8ĸȴ;ͻΣ?I';̽ͬYM˄*U8%8Ǣ Ƅ'VU8*V@2Q9%>R:ͻ>½μęYìĬT*Uǃ7§v s>͙̿Mĸɢ;ĕʧͬS̽ͬ;:360>7?:1W M2WZ%>%8?ÓŅ²;ȯ˚;ΓESV6U͡7: ((½μ 8ĕʧ8>²μ;ˬ4ʨɱ:ſř8(6§vsYȆ0ŢĶ;?%V?ǔ +(MˇũV:ȁȔ7?:8̡SVU>7U ĕʧΎŢ>ʥɈ?Ñ ˧ϠMU.>²>^sîT>M>Y͑U8ΎŢ;ǰ30ǌ>§ vsĕʧ02YĊ;(6ˎŧXS+Ǐǣ$;̱S>ɻ˗˾ƚ>Ȟ̜Y ͭ6UŢϔYȏ0M>¨ɓU 33_{§vs?Ƣá>̝ɚYŬ;Ϫ} !ƥ(ĺ#0M½μ>̧̢̤7U>R;ȄU̴36U%> ȅʸS?.>̨ŦI7M̥%6.7U Ƚ;%%S?˳̢>Ęǳ:Ǣæ;:U>1ΎŢSŹYʌ(60μ §vs?¨Ð9%7ÑY(60>1W8%8Y̡6JU>M¨ ̳7U ì;§vs?j{>R;½ͬYI=UU? ½ͬY͗*UR:ūfs730ı̬ǚYȁȔ(0%>ř>μ;ǈ ?Ƚ;̱Ā>̽ͬďYĺ«',608%8?:1W M(.7 V@ǈ?ϭ7U>7M>YȾ!%81#?ʜʲ7U;,RÁ>̽ ͬ>ϻǷ̬?ǔ+OͻΣ>ΎŢ̋Ŏ8¨̶>ĕʧ;Ə*UȓĬ>Ē#;: 30;ˎΤ: 34_{I0ÓŅ>ɡǩ«§vsΎŢSĦ30ǌ7`]} £§ɸ˅Ţ(`]£§ɸÓ²7͙Ĩ'V:!:36S§vs ̴ǰ36ɐU8ʉV;:36U%8Y̡6JV@%>°̢? ĕʧΎŢõ>͙ͬ>ŧę;6?Ɔ?ĸ)ǇČYñɂ(608M͗β7 U8%8MÂ#đ60 ʉ˖;§vsŧΉ(6`]£ §ɸ;:30:98?͙:I7M°̢8M;ċɨˇ:½ʧ7U> R;͑6.>ƆĕʧΎŢ>²;6:Tū:ǇČYǹ36 08%8?˚:R;ǙXVU

33_{George Orwell, Animal Farm (London: Secker & Warburg, 1954), p. 92. %>ȅ}

ʸ;ν(6Ƚ;Â#đV@Ƣ>̝ɚ?sinister϶ķ:Ϸá7U .> %8Y˔36˔S+ͨY̥6Uĕʧ02>ˌ?ͅW7U

(25)

̌ ̌ A Ä«ĕʧΎŢ>²7ÔXV6U͙ͬ;46ūfs>§vs >Ȁ4ʨɱǚY²Ǔ;ʹ)44 d£02ͻ>½μęYφˬ0,U8 `]£§ɸ>ψ'V0ǇČYȁȔ(0 .M.Mƍͨ?͙ͬˇ;ūŧ ̱ʶƷϪ!ʰƆˇ:͗β;?."X:áϔYȀ4Ɉʹ7?ȟ6 ƍͨ>́Ɏ¸YόVʰƆ³̜ˇ:ͮJYƑî*U%8YΗ)6ĕʧΎŢõ >͙ͬĕʧͬS̽ͬ;Ĭ36ÃX30'4Yɞ͢(0 .> φ;γ͐:ǇČYɔ0(0>`]£§ɸ730͡7U ʧͬ>²7ĕ ʧͬ̽ͬ;ŧę(630%8?ƋȰ;ǢƄ7U%87Uǈ ?.>%8Y̢ͮ;ɹ5V:R;ψ͂*UǇČYɔ0(08͗β7 U>7U %V?ǈ>ǇČYŊĬƽ>Ğ:UÆ¿Ǉ1#;πUR:ǎɐ >ͮJSΈJÿ(6Ɠ(͒δYƴ$6J0̌ɔ>͹ʹ730 I0ūfs>§vs;ν(6?ūfsMļL0es8 ϭ>Ȁ4ĵ˧>^§r;ν*UȢƁˇ:É̏8ūfs>Ȁ40M ͙̿Y(NEU;͑U8ʳʧƁˇ:ʨ΃8YÓ̢d§`aĜĀ ;ʳ(6čΘ(0%8ȯS8:30 %>ΫĀ;΁O(0̄ƬŪ!: 30.V?es8ϭ>Ȁ4ɯĳˇȢęˇ̫ȶ>ƴT8ʍ 'SɐU͗β>Ƭ>ƴ';ɷÕ(6US7308͙R ʨ;e s>²7Mūfs>Ȁ4ʨɱǚ;RU8͙36MR1W ΎŢõ>͙ͬ>ŋϞ;46?§vs8`]£§ɸˎº͍Ƃˇ:ˬ Ţ;ˬ4%8Yʹǽ8(6ĕʧͬS̽ͬD8͙ͬ>ŧę;ν (6ĸɢ>ǇČYɔ0(0>7?:8ȎʒYΓE0 %>%8?Ó ²;?ȯ˛ˇ;ȾV6?:>7ʰȴʙ7?Ǩʒ>şYÿ:8M͙ U>7UɈʹ7ͦJ0R;ʰƆˇ:͗βY%>ƍͨ;Ə(6ǂ6?L 6̡UπT;6?.>ı̬ǚYĻƄ*U%8M7:1W Ä« >R;ƍͨ>͗β;?ƪ;U˧>ύ('Ê>7UĕʧΎŢ 8ÓŅ;ν*UπT%VỶŸƍͨ8J:*%8:!ʰƆˇ:͗βY Η)6ͮK%8M͠Ƌ*UϔU%81#?˚:R;ǙXVU

(26)

ħ ħ ̡ Ȣ ʭ

Aesop. Aesop’s Fables; A New Translation. iBooks. 12 October 2015 <https://itun.es/ jp/Zr8CE.l>.

Barrie, J. M. Peter Pan: Peter and Wendy and Pan in Kensington Gardens. New York: Penguin Books, 2004.

Carroll, Lewis. The Annotated Alice. Ed. Martin Gardner. London: Penguin Books, 1965.

Crick, Bernard. George Orwell: A Life. London: Secker & Warburg, 1980. Dickens, Charles. Barnaby Rudge. iBooks. 12 October 2015 <https://itun.es/jp/

0vHUD.l>.

Heinrich, Bernd. Ravens in Winter. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1989. inxcapable. “Ravenmania-Nevermore!” 12 October 2015 <https://youtu.be/rIX_

6TBeph0>.

Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992.

Orwell, George. Animal Farm: A Fairy Story. 1945. London: Penguin Books, 2000.

. Animal Farm: A Fairy Story. Illus. Joy Batchelor and John Halas. London: Secker & Warburg, 1954.

Seton, Ernest T. Wild Animals I Have Known. New York: Scribner, 1898.

Sinyard, Neil Filming Literature: The Art of Screen Adaptation. London: Croom Helm, 1986. London: Routledge, 2013.

Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse 5. London: Triad Grafton, 1979.

Films Based on George Orwell Books, Including: Animal Farm (1954 Film), Animal Farm (1999 Film), 1984 (Advertisement), Equilibrium (Film), Nineteen Eighty- Four (TV Programme), 1984 (1956 Film), Me and the Big Guy, Nineteen Eighty- Four (1953 TV Program). N.p. : Hephaestus Books, [2011].

Animal Farm. Dir. John Stephenson, Screenplay by Alan Janes and Martyn Burke.

Hallmark Films, 1999. DVD.

«ʵǜ¿ ˋÝƒƁϦ>ŕιЋІЌ Ͻ ϭɑ¼ЂƒƁϦ2002 ư

e§¦¤cf{¦r\Ç̈́óŮ ͡s¡§x§`sϽɑ¼ЂȮƟȾǱ 1978 ư

(27)

̰>:7 d§`aͣʹϊ ϻɑ¼ЂƯü˝88-193 ϙ1995 ư λϪ à ͡ĕʧΎŢɑ¼Ђ˵ȕȾǱ2013 ư Ɵ˯ƹω ͡ĕʧΎŢɑ¼ЂƛʃȾƶ2009 ư ÏƚəŭΪ ͡ĕʧΎŢɑ¼Ђj§}£i 212003 ưϐżȾ˹ ϪʻȢŮ ͡ĕʧΎŢɑ¼Ђ͖ƟȾƶ1972 ư ƒƉ΍´ ˋÝ¦ȁƑȦk{ʥ Ɓ˘>ŕι Ͻ ϭɑ¼ЂƁ˘Ȟ̪ÿʥ2002 ư Ѝ. mƔƝ ̜ ͡Ěɩ˟ͨɑ¼ЂƛʃȾƶ2001 ư \§s¦Џ¦q§£ Ȣ¦̐¾ʁķȷ ͡¦͗ͭes>q§s{ ɑ¼ЂˮǓ˝2010 ư Ɍʵȳəes :-ΟCɑ¼Ђϊ̽˝2004 ư z§t¦~]k£tʵΏʅż ͡§¦{r¼άЂHWZ˝ 2003 ư Ũˌƹż̈́δ̀ʷ ̔̀p§j§s ^s §q£¸óɑ¼Ђɘϡ˝ 2008 ư §£¦^£{zʑΏȜτ ͡¢xfs>Ͷɑ¼Ђ9C4˝ 1995 ư ̈́δ̀ʷŕͭ p§j§sɑ¼ЂɿÿȾǱȦ˝2007 ư ɒĤ Ÿes>ȞˣȾɑ¼ЂϏϭ˝2013 ư ƚɈíω ͡^w{ƍͨϊɑ¼ЂƛʃȾƶ1942 ư ĕʧΎŢr£¦sϵr^¦z§ˋˑr£¦sϸr^¦ z§ϸ]{¦sx{ϸ¡o§¦`c̯Ɉ1954 ư ªϱ>ɝr ̛͇Ϧ Á ȐÖЅАЅ

(28)

2015年12月27日印刷 2015年12月27日発行徳島市南常三島町1 − 1 編集兼徳島大学総合科学部発行者徳島市問屋町165 印刷者多田哲也印刷所㈿徳島印刷センター電話（088）625 − 0135