ConferenceRePort
TheNinthJlnternationa1LotusSutraConference:
BuddhistandChristianPI・adice
ChristopherRupP
Opportunitiesformeaning17uHnterdk;ciplinafyacademicdialogueheldinanatmos phereconduciveto弛tellectualgrowtharequiterare.TheNinthlntemationalLotus SutraConference,heldthisJuneinShigaKogeninthequietmountainsofNagano P17ci17ecture,wasoneoftheseopportunities.Theoutstandingfa(;ilities,beautifulscen eryandcaringattentionoftheRisshoKoseikaista汀enabledastimulatingweekof bothintenseacademjcdiscussionandrewardingtimeawayfromtheconference rOOn!. Twelvepaperpresentations,eachfollowedbyasubstantivePeriodofdiscussion, tookplaceoverthecourseofthreedays.Thegeneralthemeoftheconferencewas BuddhistandChristianplactice, asweepingcategorythatbothinvitedandre ceivedabroadspectrumofindividua1Papertopics.0nthennalday,conferenceor ganizerDr.GeneReevesconfessedthatinitiallyhehadbeenconcemedthatthe topicmightbeProblematic,duetobothitssubstantialbreadthandthefactthatthe LotusSutraitselfdidnotappearinthetitle.However,astheconferencelesultsde scribedbelowclearlydemonstrate,theeventremainedtruetoitsnamesake,andthe freedomofsuchabroadtopic17acilitatedsometrulyinsightfuldialogue. Dr.TomK21sulis(TheohioStateun沁er吋ty)beganthecon15(・renceonthec・ve・ning ofJune28thwithapaPerentitled TheComparativeStudyofReligiousP17actices: Mantra,Nembutsu,Litanies,theKyrie,andtheJesusPrayer. Usinganewmethodo logicalapproachdesignedtoleinterprettheproblematicdualityofpracticevs.belief inthestudyofreligionasasinglecontinuuminsteadofapairofopposites,Pro秘s sorKasulisusedtheexamplesmentionedinthepaper stitletodemom;tratenve stepsuponthisspectrum.Thefirststep, practice, includesalltheindividual, physicalactionsinvolvedinaParticu回垂三ligiousactivity.Thesecond,1)raxis,de notesadis;crete昭stemofsuchpl^actices;intum,orthopraxisreferstothedeうtermi nationofthecorrectmannerinwhichthep17acticesthatmakeupthepraxisareexe 204cuted. M(うtapraxis, then,(1esじribestherationaleforaparticularorthopractic scheme.1ニフinally・undergirdingtheorthoplacticalandme5tapra(;ticalconcernsisa metaphysicalsystem,whichhedescribesas arationallybased,systematiccharac terizationofthefundamentalnatureofleality. WiththismethodologyandsomeconcreteexamplesinPlace,hel:)l()ceededto connecthisworktotheLotusSutrabylookingattheparableofthebuminghouse foundinchapterthree.Whenthef7atheruseswhatmightappearassimpledeiception todeliverhissonstol;afetyjtisreally叩砂a,or expc5dientmeans, one()fthema jorthemesoftheLotusSutra.Asthesonsarenotcapableofhearingthetruerea sonswhytheyshouldleavethebuminghouse,thefatheruseslanguagecreativelyto achievehisgoa1.Thus,Dr.Kasulisargues,theLotusSutrascharacterizationof expedientmeans isreallyonlyancりc(5ssarya(bustment,notasubstantivemeta physicalshift;inthelanguageofhismodel,then,itisonlyametapracticaldigres sion.Thispaperwasanoutstandingchoicetobegintheconference,asitnotonly irlspiredalivelyd珀cussionbutalsoprovidedanexPerimentalmethodologythatre curredthroughouttheweek. Pr()17essorKan11namoh(UniversityofRegina)beganthenextmomingwithhis paper, JesusPrayerandθj❹謂θだμ. Hispresentationandtheensuingdiscussion servedtwomajorPurposes:First,astheparticipantscamefromsuchdiverseback grounds,manyleamedofatraditionofrePetitiveprayerwithwhichtheyhadbeen previouslyunfamiliar・Second,Dr.0h sprimarythesis ̄thatthepaperisnota compafativestudybutratherademonstrationthatsignincantdepthofunderstanding ofonePracticeisessentialtoasubstantivegraspoftheother,1edtoaninteresting convel4sationabouttheverynatureofinterreligiousunderstanding.Forexample, bothofDr.0hsritualartifactsinvolvethepracticeofconstantlyrepeatinga弛w simplesyllables,butgrowoutofcompletelydi汀erents;ystemsofachievingreligious tln(1erstanding.How,then,Dr.ElizabethGalbraith(St.01afCollege)asked,do scholarsusesuchsimilarplacticestogainunderstandinginthel)17eうsenceofsucw/wpg:htw.entbeliefsystems7WhilethisisnotaquestiontobeanswereddefinitivelyD.r. 0hspaperl)rovidesasul;1;estion.First,her)()5;itsthatthe17(4)etitionofafewsimPle syllables,theoneundeniablecommonalitybetweenthesetwoPractices,dearly he址htensthereligiousl;einsibilitiesofthosewhodoit.Second,hearguesthatthis commonalityitselfisenoughtoprovideapointofincreasedunderstandingbetween widelydisParatetladitions.Forexample,aLotusdevoteewholc5citestheθj❹z?7θ andbeう1ievesshehasl:)cirlefitedfromitwouldbehard?ressedtodenyasimilardaim fromapractitioneroftheJesusl)Iayer.Thiscommonality,heargues,takesplace 205
中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 3 号 beforeandindependentofanyexplicitcomparativeenterprise. Dr.AliceKeefe(UniversityofxvisconsilトStevensPoint)wasnextwithherpaper, lconsandtheLotusSutraグveryconcemedwiththesexistfanoutofsubjectobject dualisminbothwestemreligionandtheinterpretationofnonwestelnreligionsby w(ls;temscholars,sheusedherpapertolookdeeplyintothemechanicsofvision, intothespacebetweentheonewhoseesandtheobjectseen.lnconcertwiththe themeoftheconference,sheusesTibetanBuddhismandorthodoxChristianity,two traditionswithiconophilictendencies,tomustrateherargument.lnherpresentation, shebroughtupanissuethatwouldrecurlaterintheweek:Subjectobjectdualism, bomoftheGreekconceptofaPeirfect,unchangingdivinitythatisabsolutelysepa ratefiomthedynamicworldofman,findspurchasefirstinthedivisionbetween bodyandmindandthenintheissueofgender.ltisalsotruethatweうstemculture tlistoricallylooksforspiritualinsightfirstintherealmofthemind;withthefemale labeledasthemorecamalgender,sheargues,itisnothardtoseehowinequalities arise.lnhisresponse,Dr.DedongぺVeinotedthat,inthecaseofweぅ1;temscholars treatmentofAsianreligion,thisfalloutisnotlimitedtogenderissues;indeed,hear gued,thisbuiltindualismistherootcauseofanynumberofsuchinterpretivemis steps.Thediscussionthentumedtotheconceptofseeingasembodiment,whichled toaquestionfromDr.Galbraith: lfseeingtheBuddhaisbecomingtheBuddha, thenisseeingJesusbecomingJcisus?Naturally,Christiantheologianswillanswer witharesounding no ;Dr.Kc5efementionedthatevenEas;temOrthodoxtheology, whichislessdependentonthediscourseoforiginalsinforitsmetaphysicsthanthat ofw6temEuropeantraditions,stillpleservesafundamentalgapbetweenthecreator andthecreated.Seeinginthewestemreligioussenseisalwaysatransitiveverb withanexteriorobject,whileinBuddhistthoughtseeingcanbeper(;eivedasbecom ingonewiththepel^ceived.Similarly,westemthoughttendstolendprimacytothe writtenwordovertheimage,anotherProblematicareaintheinterpretationofnon westcimreligioustraditions. ThefinalpaperofthesessioncamefromProf.DennisHirota(Ryukokuuniver sity).Asthetitle RevelationasSacrament indicates,heexaminedtheroleofreve 1ationintheLotusSutra,utilizingcommentaryfrombothShinranandthe20thcen turyprotestanttheologianKar1Barth.GiventhecontentofthePreviousdiscussion, hewasquicktopointoutthatthetranscendenceimpliedbyhisuseof revelation is notthatwhichisinformedbysulニ!jectobjectdualism;rather,itisanexPressionof thetranscendenceofthelimitednatureofhumanpercePtion.BothShinranand Barth,Dr.Hirotaargues,seeanunbridgeablegapbetweencommonhumanlanguage 206
andthecommunicationofthatwhichisreal;however,henotesthatbothalsoseem tosu回温stthatthereareinstancesoftherealreachingintoordinarytimeandspace. TheparablescontainedintheLotusSutra,hecontinu6, suggestadialecticalproc essofellg21gementwiththePath. Dr.MichioShinozaki侭isshoKosikaiSemi nary)agreedthat叩砂a・;ul)I)ortstheideathatlanguageisinsul`1icientinthetう)cPres sionofthedivine,butwiththecaveatthatfaithcomesw❹zunderstanding,notin thellbsence()fitばurthermore,headded,intheLotustlradition戸可凹(wisdom)is moreimPortantthanfaith.Howeveうr,laterinthediscussionhealsorecognizedthat /7r可召と7ultimatelymeansfindingwaystoPutwisdomintodailylife,whichisnot (lissimilartoa(lialecticalpl^ocessoferlS;agementwiththePath.Similafly,Dr. ReevespointedoutthatMpayaintheLotusSutraisnoten!phasizingtheinadequacy oflanguage,butisinsteadanexl)ressionoftheusefulnessoflanguage,emPloyed creatively,tocommunicateunderstanding・ Dr.JosephBracken(xavieruniversity)begantheaftemoonwithhispaper, lgna tianlndifferenceandBuddhistDetachment. lnthisstudyDr.Brackenappliesa comparativemethodologytothed柚ciplineputforthbySt.lgnatiusandtheBud dhistconceptofdetachment,Hearguesthatbothhavethesamegoa1,namely spiri tualfreedomthroughad柚ciplinedlife. Asanexamplehecomparestheparableof theProdigalson丘omtheGospelofSt.Luketothetaleoftheimpoverishedsonin chaPterfouroftheLotusSutra.Henotesthatjnthebiblicalstory,nothingisre quiredofthesoninordertoretumhome,whilethesonintheLotusSutramust workthroughmanytryingsituationsbeforeacquiringtherequisitewisdomofone occupyinghisrightfulplaceinthefamily・lnhisresponse,Pro17essorDalTo1Bryant (UniversityofW21terloo)agreedthatthiswasfertilegr()undforcomParison,pointing outtheextenttowhichmeditationdiscoursehasworkeditswayintoChristiantheol ogy.However,hequestionedthepresenceoftheessentia1Buddhistconceptofthe suppressionofdesireinlgnatianl:)I^adice.Perhaps,hesuggestedjtratherinvolveda reorderingoftheGodgivenself. Dr.Brackenconcurredthat suppression isa problematicterminthisusage,butpointedoutthesimilaritybetweenlgnatian thoughtandthefirstthreeNobleTruths. Thed徊cussionforthispapertumedprimarilyontwopoints.First,Dr.Reeves pointedoutthatthereisaninherentdifficultyincomparingthemindoftheBuddha・ wheredetachmentiscompleteandnosingledescriptionispos;sible,withthespecific teachingsofasingleman;Dr.Keefethoughtthatinsteaditm電htbemoreeffective toapplythismethodologytoa叩ecificasl)ectofBuddhistpl・actice.Second,the comParisonofthetwoParablesledtoalivelydiscussionregardingtheroleofthe 207
中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 3 号 willinspiritualgrowth;perhaps,Dr.Keefesu肩 装孚d,thew6temtendencytolo catethewinwithintheindividualisasourceofdifncultyforwcう1;temscholars. Thenextpaper,titled BuddhistEcologicalldeasandPIa(2tices, byDedongxVei (Renminun沁e・rsity),e・)cl)1orestheroleofBuddhisminanageofec()1()gicalchaos, Hebeganhispresentationwiththeideathatanecologicalcrisisisreallyacrisisof themind;thusitisinthemindthatecologicalworkmustbedone.lnhisPaperhe explainsthatthetheoryofdependentorigination,whichholdsthatallconstituent elementsoftheworldareconditionallydependentonothersuchelements,isthe philosophicalbasisforBuddhistecologicalideas.Thus,theactionsofoneelement (i.e.humanbeings)thatharmanotherelement(i.e.theearthsnaturalenvironment) willeventuallyberevisitedupontheagentofharm.Dr.べveisthesisholdsthat withintheverynatureoftheBuddhistconceptionofhumankindsinthecosmoslies a介ameworkfordivertingusfromourcurrentpathofecologicaldestruction.Rec ognizingthealienationfromournaturalenvironmentasancrucialobstacleinthis quest,hearguesthattheBuddhistconceptofhumanitybeingnomoreandnoless importantthananyotherelementoftheuniversecouldbeakeyfactorinawakening humanconsciousnesstotheconsequencesofourecologicallydeleteriousbehavior. ThediscussionquicklyflushedouttwofacetsofChristianitythatrequiredevelop mentinthisarea;first,itdoesnotrecognizetheintrinsicvalueofnonhumanlife, andsecond,theconceptofthestewardshipof(;reationisnotsu仔1ciently5;tressed incontemporaryChristiantheology.However,asaninte5restingcounterpointProfes sorJohnYokota(KyotoWomen sun沁ersity)notedthat,irollically,itcouldbe westemBuddhistswhowillsaveBuddhismintheenvironmentalsense,astheEast AsianBuddhistestablishmenthasnotbeensu汀icientlyactiveinpmtectingtheenvi ronment. Dr.LiSilong(Pekingun沁elsity)capPedo汀thee・veningwithhispaper, Onthe TheoryoflnheritedEvilinTiantai. Thisstudy,partially弛spiredbytheeventsof Septmeber11,2001,whenthe17hetoricofgoodandevilassunledsuchaProminent roleonthestageofintemationalpolitics,givesanaccountoftheconceptionofevil inTiantaiBuddhism.PresentintheBuddhamindistheunityofallpairsofopPo snes;thedichotomyofgoodandevilisnoexception.0fcourse,Prof;essorLi pointsout・theBuddhaisbeyondcorruptionordistinctionofanykind,andthepres enceofevilwithintheBuddhaminddoesnotinanywayindicatethemanifestation ofevil.lnthecomParativespiritoftheconference,Dr.Lipointsoutthat,unlikethe ChristianGod,Buddhaisnotthejudgeofevil;rather,thewisdomofBuddhaleads his(1柚ciplesawayfromevi1.Thediscussiondwelledforsometimeontheontology 208
ofevi1,afterwhichDr.Galbraithonceagainbroughtusbacktotheideaofr)17actice withaquestionregardingtheexistenceofinnocenthafdshipinaworldwherekarma isthesourceofallsuffering.Dr.Reevesansweredthatkarmaleavesroomfor ac cidentalsunbring, andDr.0hmadetheinterestingobservationthatwithoutunde servedpainthereisnoevilatal1. PI4017essorBryantbeganthesecondfulldayofpaPerswith TheLotusSutraand RisshoKoseikai・ aselfdescribed attemptofanon buddhologisttoprocessand comprehendtheLotusSutraandRisshoKoseikai. Aconvelsationabouttherespec tivenatureofsininBuddhismandChristianity ̄includingthereluctanceonthePart ofsonlescholarsofJaPaneseBuddhismtousetheword sin ata11 ̄tookplace.Dr. Shinozakinotedthatsinisconceivedas dewandfrost inRisshoKoseikai thought,asephemeralastherestofthesenseworld;assuch,itisnottheover archingconcemthatitisinChristiantheology.Furthcうrmore,hecontinued,theself interestthatisthesourceofsinisrevealedthroughourdaily弛telactionswithour surroundings・Thebuddhologistsattheconferencewere㎞terestedtoleamhow doselythisresonateswiththeAulgustinianconceptionofsinasthetendencyofthe selftocurveinwarduponitself. Thediscussionthentumedtotheroleofan(;estorworshiPinRisshoKoseikai l)ractice.XvhileDr.ShinozakipointedoutthatintheLotustraditionan(;estorven erationisanexampleofMフフαyαandthusissubordinatetoLotusdevotion,Dr. Reevesaddedthat,asthecentralreligiousactivityinJapan,ancestorworshipissti11 crucial.Also,headded,workingforworldpeaceisanessentialfeatureofthevision ofRisshoKoseikaifounderReverendNikkyoNiwano;thus,thereisastrongsense ofjescendantwol5;hipinRisshoKoseうikaiP17acticeaswell. Dr.Yokotafollowedthiswithhispaper, PracticeintheBuddhistTradition, whichgivesabriefhistoryoftheconceptofpracticeinBuddhism,thenarguesthat JapaneseBuddhismhaswitnessedadeclineinpracticethroughthecenturies,tothe Pointthattruereligiouspracticeis5;(;arcelyavailabletomodemJapanese.lnhis presentationhemadetwoadditionalpoints.First,Japanesereligiousorganizations havegrowntoexhibitsomecharacteristicsofmonotheistictraditions.Second,Japa nesereligioustraditionshaveneveroPeratedinisolation;theyhavealwaysbeenin somesortofdialoguewithotherbeliefsystems.lnherresponse,Dr.Galbraith wishedtodistinguishtwoformsofreligiousplヽactice:1)Γε1ctica1,ethicallymotivated behavioranddevotionalexercise.Regardingthepresenceofmonotheistictraitsin JaPaneseBuddhism,theconvel7sationtumedtothehistoricalexclusivityofLotus centeredtraditions.Dr.ShinozakiclearlyexpressedthatRisshoKoseikaimembers 209
中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 3 号 are intentionallyaware thatthegroupisnotexclusivist,afactthattendstomiti gate11汝oricala5;1;ociationsoftheLotustraditionwithclaimstoprimacy.Dr. Brackenaddedthat,whileonecannotcomPletelysecularizeareligioustextwithout destroyingitsmeaning ̄atraditionmusthaveatleasta I)referredR)rmofrevela tion whatneedstobeavoidedisthepointwherepractitionersofonef()rTnfeel thatitneedstobeeverybodyelsesaswe11.Dr.Bryantagreed,butcommentedthat westemscholafsmaybeusingthetc5rms exdusive and inclusive intheChfistian theologicalsense;ifso,theymaynotbeespeciallyusefulinfacilitatinginterfaith dialogue. Dr.Shinozakithenpresentedhispaper, Kannon sCompassioninNiwano, whichexPlainstheroleofKannon,asde5;cribedinchapter25oftheLotusSutrajn ReverendNiwanosexPlicationofcompassion.Brieny,hemakestwomajorpoints. First,Kannoncanbothdeliverbelieversfromsun5eringthroughunconditionallove andprovidethosebelieverswithamodelthroughwhichtheythemselvescanamelio ratethesu汀eringofothers.Second,Kannon s compassion isdi汀erentthanthe wGtemideaofcomPassion,asitinvolvesnosenseofsympathyorpathosthis bringwithithumanattachmentsandcravingsbutratherliesinperfectbalancebe tweenwisdomandcompassion.TheJapanscholarsagreedthatforthisreasonthe translationofノ (慈悲)ascompassionisp140blematicforwc・st(・I゛ners;whileit dearlycarriessomeofthesameideasinvokedbytheEnglishterm,inbothgeneral moodandspecincmeaningtheoverlapisinsljlfficient・Thelackofamoreaccurate £11telnEltive,however,1eftthescholarswiththedimculttaskofusinganuancedver sionofafamiliarEnglishword,alwaysanimpedimenttomeaningfulintercultural understanding. Theensuingdiscussionretumedtotwofamiliarandrelatedthemes:theconcept ofembodimentandthepitfallsofcomparativemethodology.Regardingtheformer, Dr.KasulismadethepointthatKannonscompassionisalreadythere,anditisupto thehumanbeingtorecognizeandembodyit;inBuddhism,actionisnottheproduct ofanoutsideagentbutrathera productofoverlappingsetsofproce5sses;. Retum ingtothesecondthemementionedabove,Dr.Brackencommentedthat,asagents arenc5cessaryinChristian{ごthics,thisisanotherstickingpointforwcうstemscholars. Thepenultimatepresentation,Dr.GEllbraiths AgapeandBodhisattvainShusaku Endo sSj/どハcら seekstopeerintoJapaneseChristianitythroughthewritingof ShusakuEndo,afamous20thcenturyJapaneseauthorwhowasalsoraisedasa practicingRomanCatholic.Sheoutlines山reem4joraspectsofJapaneseChristo1 ogythatshed1址htonmuchofthecomParativediscussiondescribedabove:First. 210
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中 央 学 術 研 究 所 紀 要 第 3 3 号 1;elvationthat,whenwelookatreligiousl)Iacticethfoughthelensofactivityasop posedtothatofnomeうnclature,barriersofanllgtlisticordoctrinalnaturegrowcon s旧erablyweaker。 Withthepl・esentationscornpleted,Thursdaybroughtustheopportunitytopartici pateinaRisshoKoseikaiserviceinNagano,afterwhichcongregationmembers hostedad{うhciouslunch.Fromthemomentwearriveduntilourbuspulledoutof theParkinglot,thehospitalityofthechurchmemberswasbeyondcompare.After lunchwel eceivedaguidedtourofZenkoji,thenretumedtoShigaKogenwherewe spenttheeveningkamingaboutthreeseparateaspectsoftheRisshoKoseikaior ganizationinp17actice.First,YukimasaHagiwaragaveabrieftalkaboutlntema゛ tiona1FaithDissemination,thebranchofRisshoKoseikaidevotedtointroducingits teachingstopeopleoutsideofJapan.Second,MasakazuGotooftheExtema1Af fairsDepartmentgaveadescriptionofthegroupsconcretegoalsascontextualized inRisshoKoseikaisphilosophyandultimatelyintheLotusSutraitself.Finally ShinichiNoguchi,ExecutiveDirectoroftheNiwanoPeaceFoundation,outlinedthe purposeandactivitiesofthisimportantbranchofRisshoKoseikai.Therehadbeen severalallusionstothisaspectoftheorganizationthfoughouttheconference,andit wasveryencouragingtoseeReverendNiwanosvisionaliveinconcretea(;tivities; indeedjtlentasenseofrealismtosomeoftheweeksdiscussionsofthenatureof religiousl)1actice.0nFridaywel・etumedtoTokyo,wheretheconferencepartici pantstookpartinaforuminwhichordinarymembersofRisshoKoseikaiwereable toaskquestionsregardingthevisitingls(:holarsthoughtandresearch.Finally,Ris shoKosei kaivolunteersandstaffheldaclosingreceptionthatevening,onceagain demonsu4atingincomparablehospitalitytoconferenceparticipantsandguestsalike. Here,manyconvelsationsbegunintheconferenceroomatShigaKogencontinued, newfriendsweremade,andanothersuccessfu1柘temationalLotusSutraConference cametoaclose. 212