九州大学学術情報リポジトリ
Kyushu University Institutional Repository
フレデリック・ソディの経済学研究と物理学：核エ ネルギー開放をどう危惧したか
Katsuragi, Kenji Kumagai, Hiroo
http://hdl.handle.net/2324/17948
出版情報：2005-10. エントロピー学会 バージョン：
権利関係：
࠘➠ ᅂࢨࣤ࣎ࢩ࣑ୌ⯙ㅦⁿ࠙
ࣆࣝࢺࣛࢴࢠ࣬ࢮࢸࡡ⤊ῥᏕ◂✪࡛∸⌦Ꮥ 㸯ᰶ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟㛜ᨲࢅ࠹༱ࡊࡒ࠾
᰿ᮄḗ࣬↻ㆺ༡ኰ
㸦 ࡢࡋࡴ࡞
1984 ᖳࡡ࢙ࣤࢹࣞࣅ࣭Ꮥఌᐣᒜ᠋リఌ࡚᰿
ᮄࡢࠉ1920㹳30ᖳࡡ F. Soddyࡡᘿ࡞⎌ሾ
⤊ ῥ Ꮥ ࡡ 㥉 ࢅぜࡾ ࡆ ࡛ ฝ ᮮ ࡾ ࡛ ᣞ ᦤ ࡊ ࡒ
H.E. Dalyࡡㄵᩝࢅࠉさ᪠௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹⣺ࡊࡒࠊ
㔘⼝ㄵⓏぜᆀ࠾ࡼࡢࠉ⌟⟮⌦㏳㈄โࡡୖ࡚
ࡡᥦ㖗⾔ไࡷ㡰㔘㏳㈄࡛࠷࠹㈄ᖨὮ㏳࡚ࡢࠉ
㏳㈄ቌⓆ⤊ῥࡡᐁᅹᛮ࠾ࡼࡡㅎࠍࡡぞโࢅ㞫
ࡿ࡙ࠉ⣊ࡡวࡿࡒญࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㈠ᮇ㈒ࡄ࡛ࡊ
࡙⏍⏐㈠ᮇ࡞⼝㈠ࡈࡿఴ㉆㈑ງࡢ࠽ࢀ࠾ᡋண
ࡷපභᴏࡡⓆࢅᣅࡀࠉ⎌ሾࢅ◒ቪࡌࡾࡓࡄ
࡚ࡂḗୠ࠾ࡼࡡ㛜Ⓠ࢞ࣔࣂࢨࢷࢅࡵዞ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ[1] ࡱࡒࠉSoddy ࡡ࢙
ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟⤊ῥ⌦ㄵࡡ්フ౮ࡢᐄ⏛㸝1979㸞
࡞ࡻࡽレࡊࡂ⣺࣬よ᪺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ[2]
୯ᒜࡢࠉᨲᑏᏕࡡኬᐓ࡚ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᏕ㈳ࢅ
ུ㈳ࡊࡒSoddyࠉ⤊ῥᏕࡡ◂✪࡞⛛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡖ
ࡒ㐛⛤࡞㛭ᚨࢅࡵࡖࡒࠊ[3] Soddyࡢ➠ୌḗୠ
⏲ኬᡋࡱ࡚ࡡⴥష࡚ࠉ⛁Ꮥࡡ㐅Ṅ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
ၡ㢗ࢅよỬࡊ㈃ᅏࢅࡂࡌࡓࢀ࠹࡛ᴞふⓏ
⛁Ꮥ⩇ࢅ၌࠻ࡾୌ᪁ࠉ♣ఌࡢ⛁Ꮥ࡞Ⓠᒈࢅ
㐲ว࡞࠻ࡾ࡞ࡢᠺ⇅ࡊ࡙࠷࠷࡛⩻࠻ࡢ ࡋࡴࠉᡋணᚃ࡞ࠔࡏࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚⛁Ꮥࡡ㐅Ṅ
ெ 㢦 ࡞ ࡛ ࡖ ࡙ ᜠ ࡲ ࡚ ࠵ ࡾ ࡛ ࡛ ࡵ ࡞ ⚕ ࡚ ࠵ ࡖ ࡒ
࠾ࠕࢅ✲ࡀḾࡴࡾࡒࡴ࡞⤊ῥᏕࢅ◂✪ࡊࠉࡐࡡ ཋᅄࡢ⌟Ꮛࡡሃⴘࡊࡒ㔘⼝⤊ῥโᗐ࡞࠵ࡾ࡛
ᘿࡊࠉ⛁Ꮥ⩽࡞ࡢ◂✪ࡡ♣ఌⓏណ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⮤
てࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅソ࠻ࡾࣚࢩ࢜ࣜ❟ሔ
࡞⛛⾔ࡊࡒ࡛ࠉ⣺ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࠔ➠ୌḗኬᡋ ࡢᙴ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙రࡓࡖࡒࡡ࠾㸴ᰶ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟࡞ࡗ
࠷࡙ᙴࡢరࢅ⩻࠻ࡒࡡ࠾㸴ᙴࡢࠉ༖ୠ⣎๑ࡡ
ᠻࠍࡡ㐡ࡡ࠾㸴ࠕ ࡛ၡ࠹࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
Soddy ࡡさⴥషࡷఎオࢅㄢ࡙ࡲࡾ࡛㸡
ᙴࡢࡐࡡࡡ♣ఌⓏၡ㢗ࢅよỬࡊࡻ࠹࡛✒ᴗ
Ⓩ࡞ཱིࡽ⤄ࡲ㸡ㅦⁿࡷࣂࣤࣆࣝࢴࢹ㸡ⴥ᭡
ࢅ㏳ࡊ࡙࠷ࢀ࠷ࢀᥞゕࢅ⾔ࡖࡒ⾔ິⓏ⛁Ꮥ
⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ᛦࢂࡿࡾࠊ
ᮇ✇࡚ࡢ㸡ᙴࡡ⤊ῥ⌦ㄵ1920-30ᖳᙔࡡ 㔘⼝ᨳ➿ࢅᢀึⓏ࡞᳠ゞࡌࡾ୯࠾ࡼ⏍ࡱࡿࡒࡆ
࡛㸡ࡐࡿ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᥞ᱄ࡈࡿࡒ㔘⼝ᨭ㠁᱄࡛㸡
ᰶ࢙ࢾ࣭࡛ࣜ࢟⛁Ꮥࡡᙲ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ⩻࠻ࡷ⾔
ິࡡን㐼㐛⛤࡛ཋ⇷ᢖୖࡡᑊᚺ࡛࡞ࡗ࠷ཱི࡙
ࡽ୕ࡅ࡙ㄵࡋࡾ㸣
㸧 ࠔㇿബ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᐣࠕᴣᛍ࡛㔘⼝ᨳ➿
࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥞゕ
ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉKeynes ࡡᩐຝᯕ࡞࠾࠾ࢂࡾ᭯
ຝ㞺さฝㄵ࡛⟮⌦㏳㈄โࡡ✒ᴗⓏᑙථࢅ࣭ࣛ
ࢺࡊࡒິྡྷ࡛ࡡᑊẒ࡚ࠉSoddyࡡࠔㇿബࠕ࡛ࡊ
࡙ࡡ♣ఌⓏᐣࡡࠔᵋโࠕࡡ㆑࿈ࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ
ㄵ᪠࡞Ἰ┘ࡊ࡙⩻ᐳࡌࡾࠊᙴࡢࠉᙔࡡ⛁Ꮥ࡛
ᶭࡡ࡞ࠉᖲ࡛⤊ῥⓏ⮤⏜ࢅୠ⏲࡞ࡵ
ࡒࡼࡌࡀᨭ㠁ࡡ㐠➵ࢅᥞゕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡐࡡᇱᮇⓏっみࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡡࠉୖᅒ࡞ࡲࡾࠔ⌟
Ⓩ⤊ῥ♣ఌࡡᐣ࡛ࠉᐁᅹⓏᐣ࡛ᵋⓏಘ⏕
⤊ῥ⏐ࡲⴘ࡛ࡊࡒᐣࡡ㔔ᒒⓏᵋᠺࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ
㈻㔖ಕᏋࡡἪ์࠾ࡼᤂ࠻㏁ࡊࠉᵋಘ⏕⤊ῥ
Ⓩ㒂ฦࡐࡡโ⣑ࢅ㞫ࡿ࡙ᶭ⬗ࡊ࡙⾔ࡂ㝀ࡽࠉ ᐁᅹⓏᐣ㒂ฦぜ࠻ࡂࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ࡛࠷࠹
㆑㚕ࢅᡬࡔ㫾ࡼࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ[4]
ᆀᇡ㏳㈄ࡡᥞ၌⩽ B.A. Rieter ᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷
ࡾࡆ࡛ࡓࠉᣚ⤾ྊ⬗ᛮ㸝⎌ሾၡ㢗㸞ࡡよỬ࡞
㈄ᖨโᗐࡡᨭ㠁ࡡၡ㢗㛭ࢂࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ཤ
⩻࡞ࡾࡡࠉ1920㹳30 ᖳ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㔘ᮇన โࡡᗣḾ࡛⟮⌦㏳㈄โ࡞ࡻࡾ⤊ῥࡡࢤࣤࢹ࣭ࣞ
ࣜ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ㍂㏳㈄ࡡ࠵ࡽ᪁ࢅࡴࡃࡾKeynesࠉ Soddyࠉࡐࡊ࡙㏳㈄ᨭ㠁㐘ິࡡ᪕ᡥ S. Gesell ࡡన┞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᙔࡡᙴࡼࡡ㛣࡞භ㏳ࡊ࡙ゕ࠻
ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ㔘ᮇనโࡡᗣḾ࡞ࡻࡾ᩺ࡊ࠷ᇱ㍂㏳
㈄ࡡスᏽ࡛㈄ᖨὮ㏳ࡡಕッ࡞ࡻࡾᅗẰࡡ㉆㈑ງ ࡡ㊂ࢅ࠷ࠉ⏍⏐ࡡ⦨ᑚ࡛㣏ᩩࡡ◒⁓㸝㈃ᅏ㸞
࠾ࡼ⤊ῥࢅᣚ⤾ྊ⬗㌮㐠࡞ࡎࡾᥞゕ࡚࠵ࡖ ࡒࠊ
ᙔࡡ⫴ᬊࡢࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞ࣆࣚ
ࣤࢪ࣬࢟ࣛࢪ➴ࡡ࣒ࣛ࢜࠾ࡼࡡᡋബㇿബ࡛
ᘚࡊࡒࢺࢵࡡ㈴ർᨥᡮ࠷ࡡ㍇΅ࢅࡴࡃࡾ
࠷࠵ࡽࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜࠾ࡼࡡẰ㛣㈠ᮇࡡὮථ㸝ࠔࢺ
࣭ࢫපബࠕ㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ୌⓏ࡞ୠ⏲⤊ῥᚗ⮾ࠉ ࢺࢵ 24 ᖳ࡞᩺ᖲ౮࡞ࡻࡾ㔘ᮇనโᚗᖉࠉ 25ᖳ࢟ࣛࢪࡵ㔘ᮇనโ࡞ᚗᖉ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊ࠽ࠉ
➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡ㝷࡞ࡢࠉLloyd-Georgeࡡᣪᅗ
ୌ⮬හ㛮࡞ຘ഼ඨ࠾ࡼ㏞ࡽࡆࡱࡿ㸡ᡋணᨳ➿࡞
ධ㟻Ⓩ࡞༝ງࡊࡒ T. Johnson㸝ຘ഼ඨ㆗ဤ㸞
ᥞ ၌ ࡊ ࡒ ࠔ ᡋ ബ ࠕ Ⓠ ⾔ ࡢ ࠉSoddy ࡡ Virtual
Wealth࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠹ࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ㸝Ћ㔘⼝⤊ῥ࡞࠽
ࡄࡾᅗബࡡណ⩇㸞
ࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ1929 ᖳ MacDonald➠2ḗຘ഼ඨහ 㛮⤄⧂㸝⮤⏜ඨࡡ༝ງ㸞ࡈࡿࡒࠉୠ⏲ᜅុ
࡞ࡻࡾᴏ⩽ࡡⴥࡊ࠷ቌኬࡡࡵ࡛࡚㸡ᴏ⤝
ࡡ๎΅ࡡ㟸࡛⦨ᑚࡌࡾᕰሔ⤊ῥࡡᑊฌࢅࡴ
ࡃࡾ♣ఌⓏ⣦⣍⏍ࡋࠉࡐࡡᡬ㛜ࢅࡴࡃࡖ࡙୯ ኳ㖗⾔ࡡᅗ࡛᭯㔘⼝ᨭ㠁ኬࡀࢷ࣭࣏࡛
ࡖࡒࠊSoddyࡢࠉ㈄ᖨ౮ೋࡡᑵᗐ࡚࠵ࡾ㔘ᮇన
ࢅᗣḾࡊࠉ⏍Ὡᚪ㞺ࡡඖ㊂࡛ຘ഼⩽ᐓゝࡡ⏍Ὡ
㈕ࢅᣞᵾ࡞ࡊࡒࠔᣞᩐ(index number)ࠕࡡᇱ㍂
㏳㈄࡛⨠ᥦࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᘿࡊࠉ㏳㈄ᨭ㠁ᥞ၌ࡡ
Gesell ࡢࡐࡡᇱ㍂㏳㈄࡞ࠔᣚࡔ㉲ࡊᩩ㔘ࠕ㸝ୌ
ḗ⏐ဗ➴࡞ࡻࡾᇱ‵ࣁࢪࢢࢴࢹ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ౮ೋን
࡞┞ᚺ ࡈ ࡎ ࡾ ㏳ ㈄ 㸞 ࢅ ᘿ ࡊ ࡒ ࠊ ࡐ ࡊ ࡙
Keynes ࡢࠔࣁࣤࢤ࣭ࣜⅥ᭨ືᏽࠕࢅ୯ኳ㖗⾔
ࡡセ࡞㛜スࡊ㔘ࡡ㍲ථ࡛ྜྷࡋຝᯕ࡚㉆㈑ງࢅὮ
㏳ᕰሔ࠾ࡼᘤࡀᥥࡅࡈࡎ࠷᥈⨠ࢅᥞ၌ࡊࡒ
࠾ࠉᅗബⓆ⾔࡞ࡻࡾࠔᨳᗋ㈠ᮇᢖ㈠ࠕ㸝පභᴏ㸞
࡞ࡻࡾᴏࡡよỬࢅịࡴࡒࠊKeynes Soddy
ࢅ▩ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ࠾࠹࠾ࡢᏽ࠾࡚࠷ࠉGesell
࡛ Soddy ࡢ 1924㹳1938 ᖳ࡞ ⤾࠷ ࡒ Social Credit Movement ࡞ 㛭 ࢂ ࡖ ࡙ ࠷ ࡾ ࠊ ࡐ ࡊ ࡙ KeynesࡢGesellࡡᥞ㆗ࡡណ⩇ࢅ㧏ࡂフ౮ࡊ࡙
࠷ࡾ㸝ࡐࡡᘇ㛏࡞ࠉ1931ᖳ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㔘ᮇనโࡡ ᏰධᗣḾ࡛୯ኳ㖗⾔࡞ࡻࡾᅗᐓಘ⏕㈄ᖨ࡚࠵
ࡾ⟮⌦㏳㈄โࢅ 1941 ᖳࣤࢡࣚࣤࢺ㖗⾔⌦
ᑯ௴࡛ࡊ࡙โᗐࡊ࡙࠷ࡂ㸞[5]
Soddyࡡ㔘⼝㸝㈄ᖨ㸞ᨭ㠁ㄵࡢࠉᩝ⊡[6]࡚ࡱ
࡛ࡴࡼࡿࡒࠔ㔘⼝ᨭ㠁22ࡡ⤎ㄵ㸝ᥞゕ㸞ࠕ࡞ぜ
ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡐࡡࡓࡖࡒㄵ᪠ࢅ⣺ࡊ࡙
࠽ࡂࠊ
࣬ࣆ࣭࡛ࣞࡊ࡙ࡡᐣࡡ⏍⏐ࡢ㈻㔖ಕᏋࡡἪ์㸝∸
⌦Ꮥ㸞࡞ᚉ࠹ࡡ࡚ࠉࡐࡡ⏍⏐࡞ࡢࠉ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟
ࡡ᩺ࡒ⤽⤾Ⓩ౩⤝࡛Ễ⤾ࡌࡾெ㛣࡞ࡻࡾ⏐ᴏ
ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾࠊࡐࡡ⏍⏐ᐖ㔖ࡢࠉࡐࡡࡡᢇ
⾙▩ㆉ࡞โ⣑ࡈࡿࡾ
࣬ࢪࢹࢴࢠ࡚࠵ࡾ㈠ᮇ࡛ࡢࠉࠔ⏍⏐࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㛣
㛣ࡡᨥฝ࡚ࡆࡿ௧୕഼࠾࠷࡚ᚋࡼࡿࡾỄ⤾
Ⓩථࠕࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ⏍⏐ࡈࡿ
ࡒࣆ࣭ࣞࡡᐣࡡ㉫″ࡢࠔெ㛣࡞ࡻࡾ㈠ᮇࡡ⤽⤾
Ⓩฺ⏕ࠕ࡞࠵ࡾࠊ㸝ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࠔ㈠ᮇࠕࡢࠔ㈠⏐ࠕ ࡡណ㸞
࣬㈄ᖨ࡞ᑵᗐࡈࡿࡾࠔ㉆㈑ງࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡢࠉࣆ
࣭࡚ࣞ࠵ࡾᐣࡡ࣎ࢩࢷࣇ(⌟Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ)㔖
࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࡚ࡢࡂࠉࠔḖ㸝ࢾ࢝ࢷࣇᐁᏋࡊ
࠷ࣆ࣭࡚ࣞ࠵ࡾ㸞ᐣࡡ㔖㸞ࠕ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙โ⣑ࡈࡿ
࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ぜࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡḖࡡ㞗ྙࠔ♣
ఌࡡVirtual Wealthࠕࢅᵋᠺࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡢ
㈻㔖ಕᏋࡡἪ์࡞ࡢᚉࢂ࠷㸝psychological㸞ࠊ ࡓ࠾ࡼࠉ㉆㈑ງ࡛࠷࠹ࡢ㈄ᖨࡡࡆࡡὮ㏳㏳㈄㔖
࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡛࠷࠹ࡡ⌟≟࡚ࠉࡗࡱࡾ࡛
ࡆࢀࠉ㈄ᖨ࡛ࡢࠔᅗẰⓏㇿബࡡୌᙟᘟࠕࡡ࡚
࠵ࡾࠊ
࣬㈄ᖨ౮ೋࡢࠔ㔘ࠕࡡࡻ࠹༟ୌၛဗࡡᩐ㔖࡞
౪ᣈࡈࡎࡾࡀ࡚࠷ࠊὮ㏳㏳㈄ࡡ⥪㔖ࢅぞโ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ∸౮Ề‵㸝㏳㈄ࡡ㉆㈑ງ㸞 ࡢᜇᖏⓏ࡞⥌ᣚࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
࣬ࡱࡒ㏳㈄Ⓠ⾔ࡢࠉᅗẰࡡ㉆㈑ງࢅᜇᖏⓏ࡞⥌
ᣚࡈࡎࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㉆㈑ງ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ぞโࡈࡎࡾ㸝Ⓠ
⾔ࠉ 㑇Ὦ㸞ࡀ࡚ࠉࡊࡒࡖ࡙㏳㈄ࡡ㑇Ὦ࡛◒
ቪࡢࠉㄚ⛧࡞ࡻࡾ࠾ᅗബ࡚⾔࠹ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
࣬ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㸝ᙔࡡ㸞࢟ࣛࢪᨳᗋฺᏄㇿᢰࡌ
ࡾ 20 ൦࣎ࣤࢺࡡᅗബࡢ࢞ࣔࣤࢬࣜࡈࡿࡾࡀ
࡚ࠉྜྷ㢘㟻ࡡᅗᐓ⣤ᖨ㏳㈄㸝ฺᏄㇿᢰࡡ࠷ᅗ ബ㸞ࢅ㖗⾔ฝࡡಘ⏕ཱི࡛ࡖ࡙࠻ࡾࡒࡴ࡞Ⓠ
⾔ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࠊࡐࡡࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ⣙⛧⩽ࡢࠉᵋࡡ ᅗബࡡᖳᙔࡒࡽ㸦൦࣎ࣤࢺࡡฺᏄᨥᡮ࠷࠾ࡼ
よᨲࡈࡿࡾࠊ
࣬ᚉᮮࡡ⛧โࡢࠉᖳࠍࡡᨳᗋṋฝࢅࡱ࠾࠹ࡒ
ࡴ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ⪇Ⓩ♣ఌ ᨭⰃ㸝පභᴏ㸞ࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂᙲ❟
ࡒ࠷ࠊ⏍⏐ࡡኬ㒂ฦࢅⓆᒈࡈࡎࠉ㎨ᴏࢅ්⮾
ࡈࡎࠉᾐ㈕㈀ࡡ⏍⏐࡛᩺ࡒ㈠ᮇࡡ㐲ḿ㛜Ⓠ
࡞ࡻࡽ✒ᴗⓏ࡞ష⏕ࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗബࢅⓆ⾔
ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹᭨㐽ᢝࡈࡿࡂ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷ࠊ
࣬ᅗᐓࡡ㔘‵ങࡢࠉ㍲ฝ࡞ᑊẒࡌࡾ㍲ථࡡྙ
ࢅᣞ♟ࡌࡾࣂ࣒࣭ࣚࢰ࣭ࡡᶭ⬗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࠉୌᏽ 㝀ᗐࡡንິࡡ㛣࡞㐲ྙࡌࡾ㐠ර࡛ࡊ࡙⥌ᣚࡈࡿ
ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊྊ⬗㐠ර࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗᐓ⤣ゝ ᙔᑻ࡞ࡻࡾሒ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉ㍲ථࢅ㛭⛧࡞ࡻࡖ
࡙ࢲ࢘ࢴࢠࡊࠉ㍲ฝࢅࣂ࣒࣭ࣚࢰ࣭୕ୖࡌࡾ
ሔྙࡡຐ㔘࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ಀ㐅ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᥞ᱄ࡌ
ࡾࠊ
࣬ࡆ࠹ࡊࡒᨭ㠁ࡡᥞ᱄ࡢࠉெ⩇Ⓩ♣ఌᏋ
⤾ࡊࠉᑑᮮࡡᅗẰୌᒒெ㛣ࢅᶭ࡞ࡻࡽ⨠ࡀ
ᥦ࠻ࡼࡿࠉኬ㔖⏍⏐ࡡ᪁Ἢ☔❟ࡌࡾࡱ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ⏍⏐࡞㞘⏕ࡈࡿࡒຘ഼⩽ᩐࠕ࡞ࡻࡾࡡ࡚ࡂࠉ ࠔ⏍⏐ࡈࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡡ࠵ࡾᐣࡡ㔖ࠕ࡞㔦ࡽྙࡖ
࡙ᾐ㈕ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠔ㈄ᖨโࠕ(monetary titles)
ࢅᙲ❟ࡒࡎࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさࢪࢷࢴࣈ
࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
௧୕ࠉSoddyࡢຘ഼ඨࡷ♣ఌࢦ࣭ࢠࣜࡡࡈࡱ
ࡉࡱ㍧࡞ࡂ࠾࠾ࢂࡽࡼࠉ㔘⼝ᨭ㠁ࢅ㏳
ࡊ࡙⛁Ꮥࡡᠺᯕࢅ㐚ࡂୠ⏲ུ࡚ࡀࡾࡻ
࠹࡞ịࡴࡒᨭ㠁Ⓩ࢙ࢤࢿ࣐ࢪࢹ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊ
㸨 ࠔ ⛁ Ꮥ ࡡ ♣ ఌ Ⓩ ㈈ ௴ ࠕ ࡛ ᰶ ࢙ ࢾ ࣜ ࢟
࣭
ఎオ[7]࡞ࡻࡽࠉSoddyࡡ⏍ᾥࢅኬࡱ࠾࡞
༇ฦࡊ࡙ࡲࡾࠊ
(1)1877 ࣞࣤࢺࣤ࡞⏍ࡱࡿࠉ1896 ࡞ Oxfordኬ Ꮥ࡞ථᏕࠊ
(2)1901-1903 ࢜ ࢻ ࢱ ࡡ McGill ኬ Ꮥ 㸯
Rutherford࡛ඔ⣪ࡡᨲᑏᛮᓻቪࡡ◂✪ࠊ
(3)1903-1904 London ኬᏕ㸯Ramsay ࡛ࣚࢩ
࣑ࡡࣜࣆ⥲ࡡ◂✪ࠊ
(4)1904-1919 GlasgowኬᏕ㸯ࢮࢹ࣭ࣈࡡ
Ⓠぜࠊ⤎፡(1908)ࠊ
(5)1914-1919 Aberdeen ኬᏕㅦᖅ㸯◂✪㒂㛓 ス⨠㸡ᡋ◂✪࡞ᚉࠊ
(6)1919-1936 OxfordኬᏕᩅ㸯Ꮥ⛁㎾㸡
⤊ῥᏕ◂✪ࠊጏṒࡌ(1936)ࠊ㏝⫃㸝59ᡧ㸞ࠊ (7)1936-1945 ណࡡࠊ
(8)1945-1956 ཋ ⇷ ࡷ ᰶ ࢙ ࢾ ࣜ ࢟ ࣭ ࡞ 㛭 ࡌ ࡾ
ၤⵒὩິࡷㄢᰕ᪉⾔ὩິࠊṒࡌ(80ᡧ)ࠊ
Soddy᭩ࡵὩິࡊࡒࡢࠉᏕၡⓏ࡞ࡢཋ
Ꮔࡡୠ⏲ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ⛁Ꮥጙࡱࡽࡗࡗ࠵ࡾ
࡚࠵ࡽࠉ♣ఌⓏ࡞ࡢ➠ୌḗኬᡋࢅࡢࡈࢆࡓ30 ᖳఴࡡ⃥ິࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ
27 ᡧ࡚᭩ิ࡞㉩௴ࡊࡒGlasgow ࡢᙔ♣ఌ
⩇ࡷຘ഼ඨࡡᒈ㛜ࡡ୯ᚨᆀ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ㞲ᅑ
Ẵࡡ୯࡚Soddyࡢ㈃ᅏࡷᖲ➴࠾ࡼࡡよᨲࠉ፦
ெཤᨳᶊ㐘ິᨳ࡞㛭ᚨࢅᣚࡗࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ ࡒࠊᨲᑏᛮ∸㈻ࡡᣚࡗⳐኬᰶ࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟᩺
࢙ࢾ࣭ࣜ࢟″࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡྊ⬗ᛮࢅᣚࡗࡆ࡛ࢅヾㆉ
ࡊࠉ᭯㝀㈠″࡚࠵ࡾ▴⅛࡞ࢂࡽ࠹ࡾࡆ
࡛ࠉ⛁Ꮥࡡງ࡞ࡻࡾ♣ఌⓏᨳⓏၡ㢗ࡡ よỬ࡞ᕵ᭻ࢅᣚࡔࠉ㞗ఌ࡚ㅦⁿࡊࡒࡽࣂࣤ
ࣆࣝࢴࢹࢅⓆ⾔ࡊࡒࠊ
ୌ᪁㸡ᡋணࡡ༱ᶭ㎾ࡘࡂ࡞ࡗࡿࠉᰶ࢙ࢾࣜ
࣭࢟◒⁓Ⓩ⇷ᙆ࡞ࢂࡿ࠹ࡾ࡛࠷࠹₧ᅹⓏ
༱㝜ᛮࢅᣞᦤࡊࠉ1914ᖳࡡAberdeenኬᏕ࡚ࡡ ᑯ௴ㅦⁿ࡚ࡵ⾪᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡᡋண ࡢᅗᐓ㛣ࡡභᏋ࡛࠷࠹ᇱᮇཋ์ࢅᏬࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪ さࡓ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋண୯ࡢᡋ⩇ຸ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ◂✪࡞
ࡢ༝ງࡊࡒࠉ⌟ᐁࡡ⛁Ꮥሃⴘࡊࡗࡗ࠵ࡾࡆ
࡛࡞ᑊࡊࠉ⛁Ꮥࡡ♣ఌⓏ㈈௴࡛࠷࠹⩻࠻ࢅᘿ ࡊࡒࠊ
ᡋᚃ1919ᖳ࡞OxfordኬᏕ࡞ᣅ⪰ࡈࡿࡒ├ᚃ ࡡ 1920-1921 ᖳ ࡡ 㛣 ࡞ ࡢ ࠉ 1917 ᖳ ࡞
Cambridge ኬᏕࡡ⛁Ꮥ⩽୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙ス❟
ࡈࡿࡒࠔ⛁Ꮥຘ഼⩽ᅗᐓ㏻ྙࠕ㸝National Union of Scientific Workers㸞ࡡ⾪࡞ࡖࡒࠊࣤ
ࢰࣄ࣭ࣖオ㸯ࠔᚉᮮࡡ⛁Ꮥࡡฺ⏕♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ
ࡡࡢ㸡రⓊಶࡵᜅࢀࡊ࠷ງよࡀᨲࡒࡿࡾ๑
࡞ࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷♣ఌ⛓ᗆ࠷࠾࡞ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾࡛࠷
࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊຘ഼㐘ິ㈰ᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⌦ࡆ ࡐࠉࡐࡡୖ࡚⛁Ꮥࡡࡻࡽࡌࡣࡼࡊ࠷㉏ࡽ∸ୠ
⏲࡞ጟォࡈࡿ࠹ࡾ။ୌࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ⩇
♣ఌ⩇ࡷ༝ྜྷ⩇࡞㆙Ṅࡎࡠࡣࡼ࠾㸡
⛁ᏕೳḾࡎࡠࡣࡼ࠷࠾ࠊ⛁Ꮥࡢ⌟ᐁ࡞ᶭ
⬗ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ♣ఌ⩇࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ⤽ᢆ࡞࠽࠷࡙
භ⏐⩇Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡱࡒࡐࡡᚺ⏕ࡡ⢥♼࡞࠽࠷
࡙ࡵභ⏐⩇Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⛁Ꮥࡡ⋋ᚋ∸ࡡභྜྷⓏ
ᡜ᭯ࡢⓆᒈࡡ။ୌࡡ㐠࡚࠵ࡽ㸡ெ㢦ࡡᖶ⚗ࡡ⥪
ࢅቌຊࡈࡎࡾ။ୌࡡ㊪࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࠉ
⚶ୌெࡡ⛁Ꮥ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡຘ഼㐘ິࡡኬᚷ
ࢅᨥᣚࡌࡾ⌦⏜࡚࠵ࡾ㸯ࡐࡿࡢᏭࡖࡰࡈࢅ㉰࠻
ࡒ࠷ࢀ࠷ࢀ⌦ࢅᨥᣚࡊࠉᖶࡡ㑟ᝇ
㐿⏐࠾ࡼࡡ⬲ࡄࡓࡌࡆ࡛ࢅᥞ᱄ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠕ [7]
Aberdeen ኬᏕࡡࢮࢹ࣭ࣈࡡⓆぜ࡞
ᑊࡌࡾࢿ࣭࣊ࣜ㈳ࢅ 1921 ᖳ࡞ུ㈳ࡊࡒࠉᨳ
Ⓩ࡞ࡢࡻࡽᙁᅖᕞ⩴࡞ࡖ࡙࠷ࡂ࡞ࡗࡿࠉ
OxfordኬᏕᙔᑻ࡛࡞ࡽࠉࡱࡒ⏐Ꮥ༝ྜྷᨳ
➿࡞ཬᑊࡌࡾ࣭ࣛࢱ࣭ࡓࡖࡒࡡ࡚ᨳᗋ࠾ࡼࡵࠉ
⛁Ꮥ⤄⧂ࡡᑕᩏࡈࡿࡾ࣒ࣤࣁ࣭࠾ࡼ♣ఌᢀึ⩽
࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢹࢦࢱ࣭࡛ࡲࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞
ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡᏓ❟ࡊࡒ≟Ἓࡡ୯࡚ࠉ1921ᖳ㡥࠾
ࡼ♣ఌࡡ⌦ࢅㄕ᪺ࡌࡾ◂✪ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ⤊ῥᏕ ࡡຫᙁࢅጙࡴ࡙࠷ࡀࠉḗࠍ࡛㔘⼝⌦ㄵࡡⴥషࢅ
ฝ∟ࡌࡾࠉ⤊ῥᏕ⏲࠾ࡼࡢ࣏ࢲ࡛ࣖࡲ
ࡈࡿ↋っࡈࡿࡒࠊ1928ᖳ㡥࠾ࡼ⛁Ꮥ⩽⤄⧂ࡡ㟸 ᨳ࡞ࡱࡒຘ഼ඨࡡ⌟≟⥌ᣚᨳ➿࡞ࡵ᭻ࡊࠉ 㔘⼝ᨭ㠁࡛࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ㏻ྙࡡ⤄ࡲྙࢂࡎ࡞ࡻࡾ
᩺ࡊ࠷ᖲ♣ఌࢅషࡾ࡛࠷࠹┘ᵾࢅᣚࡗࢡࣜ
࣭ࣈ㸝New Europe Group㸞࡛ࠉ1950ᖳࡱ࡚
㏻ᦘࡊ࡙࠷ࡂࠊጏṒࢆࡓ 1936 ᖳ࡞ 59 ᡧ࡚
Oxford ኬ Ꮥ ࢅ ㏝ ⫃ ࡊ ࠉ 㔘 ⼝ ᨭ 㠁 ࢠ ࣚ ࣇ (Monetary Reform Club)ࡡ⾪࡛ࡾࠊ
➠ḗኬᡋລⓆࡊࡒ࡛ࡀࠉཋᏄ⇷ᙆ◂✪ࡡ ᡬチࢅུࡄࡾࠉ⛆ᐠಕ㆜ୖ࡚ࡡ◂✪ࢅᢼྫྷࡊ ࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࠊSoddy࡞៷ࡿ࡙࠷ࡒⱕ࠷ୠࡡ⛁Ꮥ
⩽ࡒࡔࡢᡋணิ࠾ࡼධ㟻Ⓩᡋண༝ງࢅ࠽ࡆ
࠹ࠊཋ⇷ᢖୖ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ1945ᖳ8᭮18࡞ࠉ ࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᙁງ⛁ᏕẴᴞ࡚↋㈈௴ᡋண࡚㓁 ࡖᡮࡖࡒ㏻୯ࡡᡥ࡞ථࡖ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒ…ࣇ࣭࣒ࣚ
ࣤ࡞ࡖ࡙㊮ࡠ㏁ࡖ࡙ࡂࡾࡡࡢ㛣㐢࠷࠷ࡓࢀ
࠹ࠕ[7]࡛ᐞ✇ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱ࡚ࡡ⤣⩽ࡢ⛁Ꮥ ࡡᠺᯕࢅฺ⏕ฝᮮ࡙࠷࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉ⛁Ꮥ⩽࡞ࡻࡾ
⛁Ꮥࡡ⟮⌦ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࠊ9 ᭮࡞ࡢࠉୠ
⏲ࡢධ㟻Ⓩ⇷Ⓠࢅඞࡿࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᨲᑏ⥲
ࡡெమࡡᙫ㡢ࢅ↋っࡈ࠻ࡌࡿࡣࠉᮅᮮࡡཋᏄ ງࡡᖲฺ⏕ᙽ࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠉᨲᑏ
⥲ࡡ༱㝜ᛮኬࡀࡌࡁࡾࡡ࡚ࠉཋᏄງࡢᨲᑏ⥲
࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㜭➿ྊ⬗࡛ࡆࢀ࡚ࡊ࠾ࢂࡿ
࠷ࡓࢀ࠹ࠕ[7]࡛ᴞふⓏ࡞ゕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ෫ᡋ็࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ 1947 ᖳ࡞ࡢࠉ⡷ᅗ
࡛භ⏐⩇⩽࡞ࡻࡾḗࡡᡋண᪡ࡂ㉫ࡆࡖ࡙ࠉ
⡷ᅗ࡞ࡻࡾୠ⏲ᨥ㒼࡞ࡖࡒ࠹ࡱࡊ࠾ࡵࡊ
ࡿ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࠉRussell ࡼࡡぜ᪁࡞ྜྷㄢࡊ࡙࠷
ࡾࠊ1948 ᖳࡡᗀᓞオᛍ㞗ఌ࡚ࡢࠉ71ᡧࡡSoddy ࡢ⩹࠷࡙ࡿᯕ࡙ࠉ⛁Ꮥ⩽ࢅ᧞㆜ࡊ࡙ࠉࠔཋ⇷ࡡ ᢖୖࡡỬᏽ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ㸡ຐゕࢅịࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ
࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡ⛁Ꮥ⩽ࡒࡔࡡណぜ࡞ཬࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ…⛁
Ꮥ⩽ࡢ༟ࡾ◂✪⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⛁ᏕⓏⓆぜ࠾ࡼࡢ ၻࡵᝇࡵ⏍ࡋࠉࡆࡿࡢ♣ఌࡡ㈈௴࡚࠵ࡾࠊᗀᓞ
ࢅオᛍࡌࡾࢂࡽ࡞ࠉၡ㢗ࢅග᭱ࡊࡒெ㢦ࡡົ
ฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡡᐁ㥺᭩ิ࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࢅ♻࠽
࠹ࠊࠕ[7]࡛ゕࡖ࡙ࠉⱕࡀࡡࠔ⛁Ꮥࡡ♣ఌⓏ㈈
௴ㄵࠕࢅᤖ࡙ࡒࡻ࠹࡚࠵ࡾࠊ
1952ᖳ࡞ࡢࠉᨳເࡢᕵ᭻ࢅᣚ࡙࠷࡛ࡊ
࡙ࠉ᭩ᚃࡱ࡚㛭ࢂࡖ࡙࠷ࡒᨭ㠁㐘ິࢡ࣭ࣜࣈࡡ
⾪ࢅ㎙ࡴࡾࠉⱕ⩽ࡒࡔୠ⏲ࢅ▩ࡾࡒ
ࡴ࡞⾔࠹᪉⾔࡛ࣆ࣭ࣜࢺㄢᰕࡡ㐘ິࢅフ౮ࡊ
࡙ࠉᇱ㔘ࢅషࡾ༝ງࢅịࡴࡾࠊSoddy ࡢ 1956 ᖳ࡞ἈࡌࡾࠉThe Frederick Soddy Trustࠉ ᙴࡡណᛦ࡞༳ࡊ࡙⤎ᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ(1957)ࠊྜྷࢹ
ࣚࢪࢹࡢࠉெ㛣♣ఌࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾฦ㔕࡞ࡱࡒࡾ
᥀ịࡡࡒࡴࡡࢵ࣭࡛㔕አὩິࢅࢦ࣭࣎ࢹࡌࡾ
Ὡິࢅᨥᥴࡊࠉࡱࡒࡥࢀࡂᾇአ࠾ࡼࡡ⏻Ꮥࢅᕵ
᭻ࡌࡾⱕ⩽ࡒࡔࡡຐᠺὩິ࡞ࡈࡈࡅࡒ࠷࡛࠷
࠹㉻᪠ࡡࡵ࡛࡞⌟ᅹࡵࡱࡓ㐘ႜࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
࠽ࠉ㎾ᖳࠉSoddy ࢅഀࢆࡓതࡊࡷฝ∟ࠉ
୕㏑ࡡ Dalyࡷ Linda࡞ࡻࡾ࠾࡞㸡௧ୖࡡࡻ
࠹࡞⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ
1)ࠔ➠ 15 ᅂᅗ㝷⛁Ꮥྍఌ㆗ Soddy ฦ⛁ఌࠕ (1977,Edinburgh)
2) Anna Bramwell, Ecology in the 20th Century :A History㸝1989㸞
ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡
[1]᰿ᮄḗࠔࣀ࣭࣏ࣤ࣬E࣬ࢸ࣭ࣛࡡࢮࢸ
フ౮࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠕ㸝ᐣᒜ᠋リఌࠔ⎌ሾ࡛࢙ࣤࢹࣞࣅ
㆗㘋ࠉ1985㸞
[2]ᐄ⏛ Ṃࠔ࢙ ࢾࣜ ࣭࢟ ࡛࢙ ࣤࢹ ࣞࣅ ࣭ࡡ ⤊ῥ Ꮥࠕ㸝᮶Ὂ⤊ῥ ࠉ1979㸞ࠉ࣌࣠ࣤ㹺 ࣏ࣜࢲࢾࢪ=
࢙ࣛࠔ࢙ࢤࣞࢩ࣭⤊ῥᏕࠕ㸝ᕝ⸠ゼ㸡HBJ ฝ
∟ᑻ1991㸞
[3] ୯ᒜḿᨼࠔF.Soddyࡡࡆ࡛ࠕ(ࠔ⛁Ꮥ࣬♣ఌ࣬
ெ㛣ࠕNo.11ࠉ 1985㸞
[4]F. Soddy ”Cartesian Economics : The Bearing of Physical Science upon State Stewardship ” (London, 1922)ࠉ᰿ᮄḗࠔㇿ ബ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㈠ᮇㄵࠕ㸝ᐣᒜኬᩅ㣬㒂⣎さ 19-1ࠉ 1986㸞
[5]J.M. Keynes “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and money”, ( 1936) [6]F. Soddy “Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt: The Solution of The Economic Paradox”
(London,1926)ࠉ
[7]Linda Merricks “The World Made New : Frederick Soddy, Science, Politics, and Environment” (Oxfordࠉ1996)
