3R(リユース・リディース・リサイクル)技術開発に及ぼす環境規制のあり方

3R(リユース・リディース・リサイクル)技術開発に

及ぼす環境規制のあり方

著者

中村 崇

3R (リユース･リディース･リサイクル)

技術開発に及ぼす環境規制のあり方

(課題番号Ⅰ640402番)

平成16- 18年度科学研究費補助金武梁報告書(研究殊釆報告書)

基盤研究(B)

卑永摺卑瑚

Jl研究代表 中村 崇

東北大学 多元物質科学研究所

3R (リユース･リディース･リサイクル)

技術開発に及ぼす環境規制のあり方

(課題番号16404023)

平成16-18年度科学研究費補助金成果報告書(研究戴果報告書)

基盤研究(B)

年承ンヂ斗fR

研究代表 中村 崇

東北大学 多元物質科学研究所

内容

1.緒言

2. AHarmony in Natural and MAN-MADE Sulfur Cycles

3. Waste generation, Management and policy in Europe

Economic Area

4. Law on Solid Waste Management at European Union,

Eastern Europe, USA, Canada, China, Australia and New

Zealand

5. F｡rest resource utilization towards 3R(Reduce,Reuse,

Recycle) activities

6.我が国の資源循環に関する考察と提案

7. Appendix : Workshop on Influence of Environmental

Regulation on Industrial Development

交付決定額(配分額)      (金額単位:円) 直接経費 亊I ｨﾆ N 合計 平成16年度 迭ﾃ ﾃ 0 迭ﾃ ﾃ 平成17年度 ﾃC ﾃ 0 ﾃC ﾃ 平成18年度 釘ﾃ ﾃ 0 釘ﾃ ﾃ 総計 2ﾃ3 ﾃ 0 2ﾃ3 ﾃ

研究実施者

研究代表  東北大学 多元物質科学研究所

研究分担者 東北大学 多元物質科学研究所

東北大学 多元物質科学研究所

輝郎

崇栄悦

村西 田 中葛柴

東北大学 大学院環境科学研究科 吉本 敦

東北大学 多元物質科学研究所  Mariusz Grabda

1.はじめに 3R (リユース､リディ-ス､リサイクル)を中心とした環境技術のあり方はその国の経

済状況(国民総生産)や地理学的特長を踏まえた国のあり方(環境規制なども含まれる)

に大きく依存する｡循環型社会構築を基礎とし､地球環境の保全さらには積極的に優れた

環境の創生などを考えた場合､一国で対応できない部分が大きく国際的に協力して推し進

める必要がる｡そのためには世界各地域での現状を正確に把握し､それぞれの地域の特徴

を抽出したうえで強調を図る作業が必要である｡

これまで､リサイクル技術の調査は主に国内について行われており､かなりなデータが 蓄積されつつある｡例えば新エネルギー･産業総合技術開発機構(NEDO)では3R技術

のデータベースが2年前から公開されており､具体的な技術ならびに全体的な開発動向な

どがわかる｡しかしながらその範囲は一部外国のものも含まれるがデータは限られており､ 十分でない｡

本申請は､これまで各国で開発された3Rを中心とした環境技術の調査を行い､その技術

開発の動向がそれらの地域性･経済･具体的な環境規制とどのように関わっているかを日

本との比較において明らかにするものである｡

特に経済成長(たとえばGDP)と環境問題-の意識の変化ならびにどのような問題が顕

在化するのかとその問題-の具体的な対応を3R技術の開発動向を通して考察する｡その結

果は､すぐれた3R技術を保有する日本が世界に向かってそれらの技術をどのように移転す

ることが可能かを､地域別に､時間軸を考慮しながら検討するために大きな貢献をするも

のと思われる｡最終的には日本が世界において環境面からのリーダーシップをとることを

大きく支援するための具体的な指針を示すことが可能となる｡

ただ､この申請の期間(H16から18年)で世界中すべての地域について調査し､比較検 討を行うことは不可能であることから技術的に進んでいる地域として北米､ヨーロッパ､ これから進むであろうと予想さるオーストラリア､中国を選び､調査を行った｡また､現 状を理解する上で世界的な問題となっている硫黄についてその循環を調査した｡

従来の3R技術調査は､まず各国単独で行われており､各国間の差異が検討されることは

少なかった｡本申請のような海外調査を十分に行って､その地域の特性を日本との比較に

おいて行い､技術のあり方を空間と時間軸で整理を行い､経済ならびに社会科学的な検討

を行った研究はこれまで皆無である｡これまでも3R技術は経済や環境規制に依存すること

は指摘されてきたが､具体的な検討結果が提出されたことはない｡

本申請は､社会科学においては比較人類学があるが､本研究の思考はそれらの考えかた

を3R技術を通して､地球環境の改善に貢献しようというもので､きわめてチャレンジ的な

ものであったが､調査としては十分に行われたが､最終的には本質的な違いを文化論まで

おろして検討はできなかった｡反省すると共に､これからも引き続き検討していきたい｡ 1

-2. A HARMONY IN NATtJRAL AND MANIMADE SULFUR

CYCLES

′

Introduction

For the achievement of circulatory society considering the global environmental issues,

we have to investigate the circulation of objective elements in both of the natureand

human-activity. Comparing their circulations, we have to evaluate how to circulate (or

stock) these elements fわr lower environmental load. For example, Yanagase et al 1 )

have reported that the circulation of sulfur not only in the non-fTerrous industry but also

in the global viewlng.

Sul血r, which is a beneficial element in industries, has been over-supplied due to the

increase in the recovery of suifur fTrom oil refineryand sulfuric acid from the waste gas

treatment in the non-fTerrous industries. In the present short view, the demand

development of sulfurand sulfuric acid has been recognized asanimportant issue in the

energyand non-ferrous industries. The increase in the sulfTur demand leads the

increase in the man-made sulfur circulation. In that case, the comparison between the

naturaland man-made sulfur circulations is important fわr lower environmentalload.

In this paper, using the relative recent statistical reports on resources,the man-made

sulfTur circulation was investigated and harmonization between the naturaland

man-made sulfur circulation was discussed

Chemistry of Sulfur Circulation

Sulfur is VIB elementand has valences from -2 to +6. Sulfur widely exists as elemental sulfur, sulfidesand sulfates. This chemical structure variety has a deep relationship with its circulation; however most of themformto be sulfates on the

surface of the earth because SO4 (VI) is thermodynamically stable in the atmosphere. Here, we discuss types of sulfur chemical structures circulating on the earth; however the quantitative estimation is difficult. All valences of sulfur exist in so-called

hydrosphere and

- 2 -Atmo野here Hydro甲here L itho sphere Redox Reactions =====:コ

●-ヾ＼ /㍗

Fig･ 1 Valences of sulfur in the circulation on the earth･

lithosphere except for mantleand core･ Figure 1 shows the schematic diagramof

sulfur circulation on the earth. In this figure, though the sulfur was expressed as elemental sulfur, S (IV), S (VI), sulfldeand reduced sulfurs such as dimethyl sulfate (DMS), H2S, COSand CS2, the other valences of sulfur naturally exist･ Each chemical

stmcture keeps仙e balance among them changlng their stmctures by redox reactions･

Volcanoes spout sulfides fTrom the deep ground,and then they are oxidized to form

sulfur dioxide directly or thorough elemental sulfur･ Finally, theyare stabilized as

sulfates (VI). Bacteriawidely contribute to the redox reactions in the hydrosphereand

lithosphere. Ferric (III) formed by thiobacillus ferrooxidans promotes the oxidation of

sulfur, however some bacteria directly oxidized or reduce the sulfur compounds･ Sulfates inthe closed mine wastewater are mostly formed by the act of thiobacillus

fTerrooxidanS. Though, the sulfur (IV)and (VI) which have been once oxidizedare

thermodynamical1y difficult to be reduced, the sulfate reducing bacteria canreduce

them to sul丘des in an anaerobic condition.

On the other hand, sulfTur canbe stabilized as oxides (IV and VI) in the atmosphere due to plenty of oxygen. Reduced sulfur gases (from volcanoes) spouted intothe

atmosphereand then be oxidized to SO2 (IV)and/or SO3 (VI)･ The sulfuric acidand

sulfate (including sulfite) formed fTrom SO2 (IV) and/or SO3 (VI) with rain (acid rain)

finally fall on the ground.

- 3 -Except fわr the act of bacteria, the oxidation of sulfur is largely exothermicand the

reaction rate is very fast, but onthe contrary the reducing reaction is largely

endothermicand slow. We have to recognlZethat this chemical property greatly

contributes tothe utilization of sulfur in the industrial activities, however it is one of the

reasons causing the local environmental problems. Of course, this chemical property camot be changed according to仏e血emodynamic laws.

Sulfur Circulation on the Earth

It is very difBICult to estimate the amount of sulfTur circulatiod on the whole earth, so it

was rarely reportedand the data is insufficient. In this paper, we used the report of

Kimura 3)and several statistical data 4-7) which now we canrefTer. Figure 2 shows

the schematic diagramof the estimated amount of sulfur circulation on the earth. The hugeamoumt of sulfur exists in the earth's crust and ocean,and it is much larger thanthe

amount of circulation in the natureand humanactivities･ Ofcourse, this relationship is

true fわr all elements. Figure 2 shows that a largeamount of sulfur in the landarea

transfTers to the ocean･ This large transfTer leads the large adsorption of sulfur in the seawater by rainfall. Naturaland man-made sulfTur inthe landarea

Unit: 106 ton (Sulfur)

Fig.2 Schematic diagramof the estimatedamount of sulfur circulation onthe earth.

- 4 -moves to theriver,andthen it finally flows out to the ocean. Sulfur in the ocean

increased also by bacteria activities･ However, these effects cannot be observed

exactly in the oceanbecause these increaslng by the innowand bacteria activities are

too small comparlng Withthe total sulfur,amount in the ocean･ Actually, it has not

been reported the evidence of the increase in sulfTur content in the seawater･

It is very difficult to estimate theamount of sulfur spouting fTrom volcanoes to the land

area･ In Fig･ 2, We used the statistical data in which no large eruption is included･ For examples, in the Pinatubo volcano emptlOn, Which is one of the recent largest

eruptions, about 6 million tons of sulfur spouted out,and thisamount achieves 10 percent of the total sulfuramount fTrom the incinerationand smelting in the human activities. Miyake island volcano in Japanspouted about 20 million tons of sulfur aRer its eruption in 2000･ Thisamount is one order larger thanthe total other release of

sulfur in Japan.

As shownin Fig.3, inthe atmosphere of land area, the sulfur circulation from the human

activities is almost comparable to those of atmospheric circulation and natural

phenomenon (except for large volcano eruptions)･ This high ratio of man-made sulfur in

the landarea is one of the important reasons causlng environmental problems･ In the

circulations in the ocean-atmosphereand oceanitself, the ratio of man-made sulfur is

lower comparlngwith the natural circulations･ Theamount of man-made sulfur

circulation is about 25 % of total sulfur circulation in the oceanarea. In the circulations

of other elements, the man一made circulations may be relatively higher than血e natural

circulations, however there is no evidences due to the lack of the detailed reports.

Conclusions

The sulfur circulations in the natureand humanactivities on the earthwere summarized in this paper･ We could survey the outline of sulfur circulations on the earth, however

the more detailed investigationswill be necessary infuture･ The release of sulfur from

industries is o山y about 7 % of the total su瓜r circulations, however the amount or

man-made circulations of sulfur may be

- 5 -Land-atmosphere (九cun-atTllOSPhere

2.6x lO8tons

Fig.3 Amounts of sulfur circulations on the earth.

larger也an those of o仏er elements. But, We have to take care that the localized release

of sulfurfrom industries causes the serious envirormental problems.

We could not investigate how sulfur compounds carry on the natural circulations. The

continuous investigation in this field should be conducted in future.

References

l･ T. Yanagase, New fixation method of sulfur fTrom smelter, MMIJ, Tokyo, 1981

(Japanese).

2･ T. Chida, Microbiology and its applications to resources englneerlng, Corona

Publishing, Tokyo, p.55, 1996 (Japanese).

3･ M･ Kimura, Kikan kagaku sosetsu, No.4, Ed. The Chemical Society orJapan, p.136,

1 989 (Japanese).

4. World resources, ed. World Resources lnstitute, p. 1 82-1 83, 1998-99 (Jap弧eSe). 5. OECD Environme山al Data Compendium, p. 16-26, 1999.

6･ T･ Kojima, Enviror-ental issues in Chine, Library of Keio University Sangyo Kenkyttjo, Tokyo, 0.20, 2000 (Japanese).

7. Teclmology Note, No. 33, Tokyo Geotechnical Consultant Association, p.24-25,

2001 (Japanese).

6 -8･ SO2 gas emission rates of Mount St･ Helens, 1980-1988

http ://volcanoes･us♀S･ gov/About/What/Monitor/Gas/MSH 1 9 8018 8 ･htm1

9. D. Shimozum, Volcanoes, University of Tokyo Press, p.9, 1985 (Japanese)

10. S. Aramaki etal., Volcanoes, MaMen, Tokyo, 1995 (J叩aneSe)･

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