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The birth of Antarctic Soil Microbiology in the Middle of the 19

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The birth of Antarctic Soil Microbiology in the Middle of the 19

th

century

Manfred Bölter

1

and Hans-Peter Blume

2

1

Institute for Ecosystem Research, University Kiel, Olshausenstr 75, 24148 Kiel, Germany

2

Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Schience, University Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany

The German doctor and natural scientist Christian G. Ehrenberg (1795-1878) started soil scientific investigations

by microcopic inspections of soils. He analysed and described different bacteria, algae, diatoms and protozoa

from various regions of the world. Among those samples, he properly was the first analysing samples from

Cockburn Island, Western Antarctic Peninsula (64.20° S, 56.85° W). From this palce he descibed mosses,

lichens and sea algae on a soil, strongly mixed with penguin excrements. His slides, prepared in Canada Balsam

are still located in the Museum of Nature Science at the Humbold University in Berlin. During the inspections he

identified beside organisms recognizable minerals, litter residues with tissue structures, amorphous-looking

humus, and clay particles and established theories on soil forming and weathering processes. Although this was

criticized during his time, it is still fully accepted today. Therefore, Ehrenberg can be regarded as the main

founder of soil microbiology and as pioneer in soil micro-morphology, even for Antarctica.

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