PERTURBATIONS OF CLOSED OPERATORS. PART I.
THE CASE OF INDEX THEORIES WITH DIMENSION PROPERTY
SERGEY A. ANTONYAN, ZALMAN I. BALANOV, AND BORIS D. GEL’MAN Received 26 June 2005; Accepted 1 July 2005
A variant of the Bourgin-Yang theorem fora-compact perturbations of a closed linear operator (in general, unbounded and having an infinite-dimensional kernel) is proved.
An application to integrodifferential equations is discussed.
Copyright © 2006 Sergey A. Antonyan et al. This is an open access article distributed un- der the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
1.1. Goal. Among several different, but equivalent, formulations of the famous Borsuk- Ulam theorem, the following one is of our interest: if f :Sn→Rn is a continuous odd map, then there exists anx∈Snsuch that f(x)=f(−x)=0 (see [17] for other formu- lations, generalizations, and applications, and [11,13] for a connection with the corre- sponding Brouwer degree results).
Under the “stronger” assumption that f :Sn→Rm, wherem < n, one can expect that there are bigger coincidence sets. The results which measure the size of the setA:= {x∈ Sn| f(−x)=f(x)}in topological terms, like dimension, (co)homology, genus (or other index theory), are usually called “Bourgin-Yang theorems.” The simplest result in this direction (cf. [5,19]) can be formulated as follows: (i) dimA(f)≥n−m(covering or cohomological dimension) and (ii)g(A(f))≥n−m+ 1, whereg(·) stands for the genus with respect to the antipodal action (seeExample 2.4). We refer to [17] for extensions of this result to more complicated (finite-dimensional)G-spaces, whereGis a compact Lie group, as well as to index theories different from genus.
Holm and Spanier were the first to extend the Bourgin-Yang theorem to infinite di- mensions (see [10], where the solution set to the equationa(x)=f(x) was studied in the caseais a properC∞-smooth Fredholm operator andf is a compact map; both equivariant with respect to a free involution). It should be pointed out that the assumptions onare- quired in [10] allow a clear finite-dimensional reduction (the kernels and images in ques- tion are complementable). At the same time, the methods developed in [10] cannot be
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Abstract and Applied Analysis
Volume 2006, Article ID 78928, Pages1–13 DOI10.1155/AAA/2006/78928
applied to treat the case whenFis not Fredholm. The first step in this direction was done in recent papers [8,9], where the author studied the situation whenais a continuous (resp., linear closed) linear operator without any restrictions with respect to dim ker(a) (in fact, in these papers only, the “dimension part” of the Bourgin-Yang theorem was proved in the presence of the antipodal symmetry). The main new ingredient in [8,9] al- lowing the author to go around the “complementability problem” is the application of the Michael selection theorem respecting the antipodal symmetry to the multivalued mapa−1. Observe, however, that the corresponding “equivariant selection theorem” was proved in [7] for free actions of a finite group—by no means to be extended to nonfree actions of compact Lie groups.
The main goal of our paper is to extend the results from [8–10] in several directions:
(i)ais an arbitrary closed linear map (in general, unbounded, and having an infi- nite-dimensional kernel) equivariant with respect to arbitrary compact Lie group representations;
(ii) f is a so-calleda-compactG-equivariant map (seeDefinition 4.1);
(iii) the coincidence set is estimated in terms of an arbitrary index theory with the so-called “dimension property” (cf. [4,17], [14, Chapter 5]).
To this end, based on the results from [1], we establish a general equivariant version of the Michael selection theorem (without any restrictions with respect to G-actions) which, in our opinion, is interesting in its own. This result allows us to construct fora an equivariant section taking bounded sets to the bounded ones (seeLemma 3.6). Using this lemma, we reduce the coincidence problem to the fixed point problem.
1.2. Overview. AfterSection 1, the paper is organized as follows. InSection 2, we briefly discuss “index theories.”Section 3 is devoted to the proof of the equivariant Michael selection theorem andLemma 3.6. After the reduction to the fixed point problem (see Section 4), we prove the main result (Theorem 4.3) inSection 5. In the last section, we give an application of the main result to integrodifferential equations. For the equivariant jargon, frequently used in this paper, we refer to [6].
2. Index theories
Convention and notations. Hereafter,Gstands for a compact Lie group.
Without loss of generality, we will assume all BanachG-representations to be isomet- ric.
Given a BanachG-representationE,
(i)SRstands for the sphere inEof radiusRcentered at the origin;
(ii)EG= {x∈E|gx=x, for allg∈G}—the fixed point set.
Let us recall the standard construction of the join.
Definition 2.1. LetX1,. . .,Xnbe topological spaces andΔn−1= {(t1,. . .,tn)∈Rn|0≤ti≤ 1, ni=1ti=1}—the (n−1)-dimensional standard simplex. The join X1∗ ··· ∗Xn is the quotient space of the productX1× ··· ×Xn×Δn−1under the following equivalence relation: (x1,. . .,xn,t1,. . .,tn)∼(x1,. . .,xn,t1,. . .,tn) if and only ifti=ti (i=1,. . .,n) and xi=xi wheneverti=ti>0.
It is convenient to denote a point of the joinX1∗ ··· ∗Xnin the form of a formal convex combination:ni=1tixi.
IfX1= ··· =Xn=X, then writeJnXforX1∗ ··· ∗Xn. IfX1,. . .,Xn areG-spaces, then so isX1∗ ··· ∗Xn viag·n
i=1tixi:=n
i=1tigxi, g∈G.
Example 2.2. Obviously,JnS0=Sn−1,JnS1=S2n−1, andJnS3=S4n−1. Also, if we consider S0(resp.,S1andS3) as freeZ2—(resp.,S1- andSU(2)-spaces), then the action ofZ2on JnS0 (resp.,S1 onJnS1 andSU(2) onJnS3) corresponds to the antipodal action (resp., scalar multiplication inS2n−1⊂Cn and scalar multiplication in S4n−1⊂Hn, where H stands for the quaternions).
Following [4], [14, Chapter 5], [17], we give the following definition.
Definition 2.3. A function “ind” that assigns to everyG-spaceAa number ind(A)∈N∪ {0}or{∞}is called an index theory if it satisfies the following properties.
(i) ind(A)=0 if and only ifA= ∅.
(ii) Subadditivity. If aG-spaceAis the union of two of its closed invariant subsetsA1
andA2, then ind(A)≤ind(A1) + ind(A2).
(iii) Continuity. IfA is a closed invariant subset of aG-space X, then there exists a closed invariant neighborhoodᐁofAinXsuch that ind(A)=ind(ᐁ).
(iv) Monotonicity. IfA1andA2are twoG-spaces and there exists an equivariant map ϕ:A1→A2, then ind(A1)≤ind(A2).
In particular, (a) ifA1⊂A2, then ind(A1)≤ind(A2), and (b) ifϕ:A1→A2is an equi- variant homeomorphism, then ind(A1)=ind(A2).
Example 2.4 (genus). For aG-spaceAsetg(A)=kif there exist closed subgroupsH1,. . ., Hk ofG,Hi=G,i=1,. . .,k, and aG-equivariant mapA→G/H1∗ ··· ∗G/Hk, where kis minimal with this property (Gacts onG/Hiby left translations). If suchkdoes not exist, putg(A) := ∞. Also,g(∅)=0.
It is easy to check (see [3]) that the functiong satisfies all the properties required for an index theory.
In fact, there is a “myriad” of nonequivalent index theories (mostly, cohomological (see [3] and references therein)).
In this paper, we are dealing with index theories satisfying an additional property (cf.
[4], [14, Chapter 5], [17]). Namely, we have the following definition.
Definition 2.5 (dimension property). An index theory ind is said to satisfy the dimen- sion property if there existsd∈Nsuch that for any BanachG-representationE, one has ind(Ekd∩S1)=k for all invariantkd-dimensional subspacesEkd of EsatisfyingEkd∩ EG= {0}.
As an immediate consequence of the dimension property, one has (cf. [4]) that ind(A)
<∞for any compact invariant subsetA⊂Eof a BanachG-representationEwithA∩ EG= ∅. Although, in general, the genus does not satisfy the dimension property, there are some important (from the application point of view) classes of groups for which it does (see the examples following below).
Example 2.6. (i) IfG=Zp× ··· ×Zp(pis prime), then the genus satisfies the dimension property withd=1 (cf. [3]).
(ii) IfG=S1× ··· ×S1, then the genus satisfies the dimension property withd=2 (cf. [3]).
Remark 2.7. Restricting the genus to free G-spaces, one can define a “restricted index theory” satisfying the dimension property withd=1 + dimG(cf. [3]). Recall that ifGacts freely on a finite-dimensional sphere, thenGis either finite, orS1, orS3, or the normalizer ofS1inS3(cf. [6, Chapter 4, Theorem 6.2]). All finite groups admitting a free action on a finite-dimensional sphere are described in [18].
3. Equivariant selection theorem
We begin this section with recalling the Michael selection theorem. To this end, we need several definitions.
Definition 3.1. (i) LetX and Y be topological spaces. It will be said that F is a mul- tivalued map fromX to Y if F associates with each point x∈X a nonempty subset F(x) of Y. If, in addition, X and Y areG-spaces, then F is called a multivalued G- map or a multivalued equivariant map, ifF(gx)=gF(x) for allg∈Gandx∈X, where gF(x)= {g y|y∈F(x)}.
(ii) A multivalued mapFfromXtoYis called lower semicontinuous (l.s.c.) if for any open subsetU⊂Y, the set
F−1(U)= {x∈X|F(x)∩U= ∅} (3.1) is open inX.
Definition 3.2. (i) A continuous (single-valued) map f :X→Y is called a selection for a multivalued mapFfromXtoY iff(x)∈F(x) for allx∈X.
(ii) AssumeXandYareG-spaces andFis a multivaluedG-map. A selection f ofFis called aG-selection if, in addition, f is aG-map.
The following fact is well known as the Michael selection theorem.
Theorem 3.3 (see [15]). LetXbe a paracompact space,Y a Banach space, andFan l.s.c.
multivalued map fromXtoY such thatF(x) is a nonempty, closed, convex set for allx∈X.
ThenFadmits a selection.
Below, we formulate and prove an equivariant version of the Michael selection theo- rem.
Theorem 3.4. LetX be a paracompactG-space,Y a Banach G-representation, andF a multivalued l.s.c.G-map fromX toY such that for allx∈X,F(x) is a closed, convex set.
ThenFadmits aG-selection.
Proof. According to the Michael selection theorem (Theorem 3.3), there exists a continu- ous selection f :X→YofF. Letdgbe the normalized Haar measure onG. Define a new
single-valued mapϕ:X→Y by ϕ(x)=
Gg−1f(gx)dg, x∈X, (3.2)
(the symbol on the right-hand side denotes the vector-valued integral with respect to the Haar measure).
We claim thatϕis the desiredG-selection ofF. Indeed, since f(gx)∈F(gx)=gF(x), we see thatg−1f(gx)∈g−1(gF(x))=F(x) for allg ∈G. SinceF(x) is a closed convex set, we infer that the closed convex hull conv(Af) of the setAf := {g−1f(gx)|g∈G}is contained inF(x). But the above integral belongs to conv(Af) (see [16, Part 1, Theorem 3.27]). This yields thatϕ(x)∈F(x).
Continuity and equivariance of the mapϕ:X→Y can be easily derived from the corresponding properties of the integral presented in the following lemma Lemma 3.5 (see [1]). Assume thatV is a complete (in the sense of the natural uniformity induced fromZ) convex invariant subset of a locally convex topological vector spaceZ on which a compact groupGacts linearly. LetC(G,V) denote the set of all continuous maps f :G→V endowed with the compact-open topology. Then the vector-valued Haar integral :C(G,V)→V is a well-defined continuous map satisfying the following properties:
(a)hf = f =
fh for any f ∈C(G,V) and any h∈G, where hf(g)= f(hg) and fh(g)=f(gh) for allg∈G;
(b)g∗f =g f for any f ∈C(G,V) and anyg∈G, where the actiong∗f ofGon C(G,V) is defined by (g∗f)(x)=g f(x),x∈G;
(c) f =v0, if f(G)= {v0}for a pointv0∈V.
Also, assuming in addition thatGis finite orZ is finite-dimensional, one can remove the completeness requirement onV.
Next, we will applyTheorem 3.4to prove the existence of a specialG-selection of a linearG-equivariant closed map of BanachG-representations.
Let E1 and E2 be Banach spaces,a:D(a)⊂E1→E2 a linear closed surjective map.
Take the natural projection p:E1→E1/Ker(a) :=E1 and consider the (invertible) map a1:D(a1)⊂E1→E2, whereD(a1) :=p(D(a)) anda1([x]) :=a(x). Put (see, e.g., [8,9])
β(a) := sup
y∈E2\{0}
a−11(y)
y = sup
y∈E2\{0}
infx |x∈E1,a(x)=y
y . (3.3)
Lemma 3.6. LetE1 andE2 be Banach isometricG-representations,a:D(a)⊂E1→E2 a G-equivariant linear closed surjective map, andk > β(a) (cf. (3.3)). Then there exists aG- equivariant continuous mapq:E2→E1satisfying the following conditions:
(i)a(q(y))=yfor ally∈E2; (ii)q(y)≤kyfor ally∈E2.
Proof. Denote bya−1a multivalued map fromE2toE1“inverse” toa, that is,a−1assigns to eachy∈E2its full inverse image undera. Obviously,a−1is a multivaluedG-map with nonempty closed convex values. Moreover (cf. [2, Chapter 3], [8,9]),a−1is l.s.c. (even Lipschitzian with the Lipschitz constantβ(a)).
Consider together witha−1 another multivalued map Φfrom E2 toE1 defined by Φ(y) :=Br(y)[0], whereBr(y)[0] is the closed ball of radiusr(y)=β(a)y+ 1 centered at the origin ofE1. Obviously,Φis alsoG-equivariant. PutF(y) :=a−1(y)∩Φ(y). StillF is aG-equivariant l.s.c map with nonempty closed convex values.
ByTheorem 3.4, there exists aG-equivariant selectionq:E2→E1 ofF. By construc-
tion,qis as required.
Remark 3.7. Lemma 3.6is quite obvious in the case dim ker(a)<∞. Indeed, one has a di- rect sum decompositionE1=V⊕ker(a) andVis isomorphic toE2as aG-representation.
However, in general, ker(a) is not complementable and, therefore, one can think ofqas a nonlinear equivariant replacement for the correspondingG-isomorphism (the use of G-selections in this case seems to be unavoidable).
4. Main result: formulation and reduction to a fixed point problem
To formulate the main result of this paper (seeTheorem 4.3), we need some preliminar- ies.
Definition 4.1. LetE1,E2be Banach spaces,a:D(a)⊂E1→E2a closed surjective linear map. A continuous mapg:X⊂E1→E2is said to bea-compact if the setg(B∩a−1(A)) is compact for any bounded setsA⊂E2andB⊂X(the empty set is compact by definition).
To give a simple criterion for thea-compactness ofg, recall that the graph norm makes D(a) a Banach space, denoted byE. Clearly, the embedding j:E→E1is continuous. Put X:=j−1(X) and consider the mapg:X→E2defined byg(x) =g(j(x)).
Proposition 4.2. Under the above notations,gisa-compact if and only ifgis compact.
As the proof of this proposition is straightforward, we omit it.
Here is our main result.
Theorem 4.3. Take an index theory ind satisfying the dimension property with some nat- ural numberd(cf. Definitions2.3and2.5). LetE1,E2 be BanachG-representations and EG2 = {0}. Let, further,a:D(a)⊂E1→E2be a closed surjectiveG-equivariant linear map such thatEG1 is a proper finite-dimensional subspace of ker(a), and denote byp the codi- mension ofEG1 in ker(a) (the casep= ∞is not excluded). Letf :D(f)⊂SR→E2satisfy the following conditions:
(i)D(f)=D(a)∩SR; (ii) f isG-equivariant;
(iii) f isa-compact.
Denote byN(a,f) the solution set to the equation
a(x)=f(x). (4.1)
Then,
ind N(a,f)≥ p
d. (4.2)
The proof ofTheorem 4.3will be given in the next section. Here, by means ofLemma 3.6, we will reduce the study of (4.1) to aG-equivariant fixed point problem with a com- pact operator.
By assumption,E1Gis finite-dimensional, hence we have a direct sumG-decomposition E1=EG1⊕E1. Puta:=a|E1∩D(a)—the restriction. Since, by assumption,E1G⊂ker(a), we still have thatais a closedG-equivariant surjective map. Letq:E2→E1be the map pro- vided byLemma 3.6(applied toa).
Next, define the mapg:D(a)∩E1→E2by g(x)=
⎧⎪
⎨
⎪⎩ x
R f Rx
x
, x=0,
0, x=0.
(4.3) Further, take a direct sumG-decomposition ker(a)=EG1 ⊕U (dimU=p), consider the BanachG-representationE:=E2⊕U equipped with diagonalG-action and the norm (y,u) = y+u, and define the mapα:E→E2 byα(y,u) :=g(q(y) +u). Sinceq andgare equivariant, so isα. Let us show thatαis a compact map.
Take a bounded setA⊂E. Without loss of generality, one can assume thatA=A1×U1
withA1⊂E2andU1⊂U. ByLemma 3.6(ii), the setA2:= {q(y) +u|(y,u)∈A}is also bounded. Obviously,A2⊂a−1(A1). By thea-compactness ofg, one concludes that the set g(A2)=α(A) is compact.
Finally, take the unit sphereS⊂Eand consider the equation
α(y,u)=y (y,u)∈S. (4.4)
Lemma 4.4. LetN(α) be the solution set to (4.4), and define the mapγ:N(α)⊂S⊂E→ SR⊂E1byγ(y,u) :=R((q(y) +u)/q(y) +u). Then
(i)γis an equivariant homeomorphism onto its image;
(ii)γ(N(α))⊂N(a,f).
Statement (i) follows immediately from Lemma 3.6(i). To show statement (ii), take (y0,u0)∈Sbeing a solution to (4.4). Obviously,z0:=q(y0) +u0=0. By direct computa- tion,
f Rz0
z0
= R
z0y0. (4.5)
On the other hand, using the linearity ofa, one obtains a z0
=y0. (4.6)
Combining (4.5) and (4.6) yieldsx0:=Rz0/z0 ∈N(a,f).
5. Proof of the main result (Theorem 4.3)
Throughout this section, we keep the same notations as in the previous section (in par- ticular, ker(a)=EG1 ⊕U and E:=E2⊕U). The proof ofTheorem 4.3 splits into three steps.
Step 1 (finite-dimensional case). Under the assumptions ofTheorem 4.3, suppose that dimE <∞and consider the equivariant mapΦ:S⊂E→E2⊂Edefined byΦ(y,u) := α(y,u)−y. ThenN(α)=Φ−1(0). By the continuity property of ind, there exists a closed neighborhoodᐁofN(α) such that
ind N(α)=ind(ᐁ). (5.1)
By the subadditivity property, one has
ind(S)≤ind(ᐁ) + ind(S\ᐁ). (5.2)
Combining (5.1) and (5.2) yields
ind N(α)≥ind(S)−ind(S\ᐁ). (5.3)
Observe that the equivariant mapΦtakesS\ᐁtoE2\ {0}. Therefore, by the monotonic- ity property,
ind(S\ᐁ)≤ind E2\ {0}
. (5.4)
Further,S∩E2is aG-retract ofE2\ {0}, therefore, it follows from (5.4) and monotonicity property that
ind(S\ᐁ)≤ind S∩E2
. (5.5)
Combining (5.3) and (5.5) yields
ind N(α)≥ind(S)−ind S∩E2
. (5.6)
Finally, using (5.6) and the dimension property of ind, one obtains
ind N(α)≥dimE d −
dimE2
d , (5.7)
and the result follows in the considered case.
Step 2 (finite-dimensional kernel). Under the assumptions ofTheorem 4.3, suppose that dimU <∞and reduce this situation to the previous step.
Put X:=conv(α(S))⊂E2. For any ε >0, take the finite-dimensionalG-equivariant Schauder projectionpε:X→X(see, e.g., [12, pages 69–70]) satisfying the property
y−pε(y)< ε (y∈X), (5.8)
and putαε:=pεα. Denote byN(αε) the solution set to the equationαε(y,u)=y, (y,u)∈S.
Lemma 5.1. Under the above notations, ind(N(αε))≤ind(N(α)) for allεsmall enough.
Proof. By continuity property of ind, there exists a closed invariant neighborhoodᐁ⊃ N(α) such that ind(ᐁ)=ind(N(α)). SinceN(α) is compact, without loss of generality, one can assume thatᐁis a uniformδ-neighborhood: ᐁ=ᐁδ(N(α)) := {z∈E| z− N(α)< δ}forδ >0 small enough.
Let us show, first, that there existsε0>0 such thatN(αε)⊂ᐁδ(N(α)) for all 0< ε < ε0. Arguing indirectly, assume that for anyn∈N, there exists (yn,un)∈N(α1/n) such that
yn,un
−N(α)≥δ. (5.9)
However, according to the definition ofXand inequality (5.8), one hasα(yn,un)∈Xand yn−α(yn,un)<1/n. SinceX and the unit sphere ofU are compact, without loss of generality, one can assume thatyn→y∗andun→u∗. Moreover, (y∗,u∗)∈S. By passing to the limit, one obtainsα(y∗,u∗)=y∗that contradicts (5.9).
Therefore, the statement ofLemma 5.1 follows from monotonicity property of ind.
Return to the proof ofTheorem 4.3in the considered case. Takeεsmall enough and the Schauder projection pεsatisfying (5.8). LetRk⊂E2be the invariant finite-dimensional subspace containingpε(X). Putαε:=αε|Rk⊕Uand letN(αε) stand for the solution set to the equationαε(y,u)=y. Combining the result obtained at the previous step with the monotonicity property of ind, one obtains
p
d ≤ind N αε≤ind N αε≤ind N(α). (5.10) Step 3 (infinite-dimensional kernel). Under the assumptions ofTheorem 4.3, suppose that p= ∞and take a finite-dimensional invariant subspaceV ⊂U (cf. [20, Section 4 and Appendix C] or [21, page 57]). PutE :=E2⊕V andαV:=α|E. Denote byN(αV) the solution set to the equation
αV(y,u)=y y∈E2,u∈V. (5.11)
By monotonicity property,N(αV)⊂N(α) implies that ind(N(α))≥ind(N(αV)). How- ever (seeStep 2), ind(αV)≥dimV/d. Bearing in mind that dimVcan be chosen arbitrar- ily large (see again [20, Section 4 and Appendix C]), one obtains ind(N(α))= ∞.
To complete the proof ofTheorem 4.3, it remains to combine Steps2 and 3 with Lemma 4.4and the monotonicity property of ind.
Corollary 5.2. Under the assumptions ofTheorem 4.3, suppose thatp=∞. Then dimN(a, f)= ∞.
Proof. Arguing indirectly, assume that dimN(a,f) is finite. ThenN(a,f) is compact and, therefore, ind(N(a,f)) is finite as well. The obtained contradiction completes the proof.
6. Application
Let Λ be a finite-dimensional linear space (thought of as a parameter space) and b: Rn×Λ→Rna continuous map. Let, further,C[0,2π]2π be the space of continuous func- tionsx: [0, 2π]→Rn withx(0)=x(2π) (equipped with the standard sup-norm). Put E1:=C2π[0,2π]⊕Λand(x,λ)E1:= x+λ.
Consider the following problem.
Problem 6.1. Given a real numberR >0, do there exist a differentiable 2π-periodic vector- functionx:R→Rnandλ∈Λsuch that
x(t)=b x(t),λ− 1 2π
2π
0 b x(s),λds ∀t∈R, (6.1) and(x,λ)E1=R? In addition, what can be said about the topological structure of the so- lution setN(b) to the above problem?
Assume, in addition,Λis an (isometric)S1-representation satisfying the condition (∗)ΛS1= {0}.
In particular, dimΛis even and we will assume that (∗∗) dimΛ >0.
IdentifyC2π[0,2π]with the space of continuous functionsx:S1→Rnand define on it the natural (isometric)S1-representation: (hx)(t)=x(t+ϕ), whereh=exp(iϕ)∈S1. Equip E1with the diagonalS1-action.
Assume, further, the mapbfromProblem 6.1to beS1-invariant in the second variable, that is,
(∗∗∗)b(x,hλ)=b(x,λ) for allx∈Rn,λ∈Λ,h∈S1.
Proposition 6.2. Under the assumptions (∗), (∗∗), and (∗∗∗), one has the following genus estimate forN(b):
g N(b)≥dimΛ
2 (6.2)
(in particular,N(b)= ∅).
Proof. Observe, first, that by condition (∗),
E1S1= x(·), 0|x(·) is a constant function. (6.3) Next, denote byC[0.2π] the space of continuous functions from [0, 2π] toRn with the standard sup-norm, and letd:D(d)⊂C2π[0,2π]→C[0,2π] be the differentiation operator, where
D(d)=
x(·)∈C[2π][0,2π]x(·) is smooth andx (0)=x (2π). (6.4) Obviously,dis closed and ker(d) coincides with the set of constant functions.
Consider now the operatora:D(a)⊂E1→C[0,2π]defined by
a x(·),λ:=x(·). (6.5)
Obviously,D(a)=D(d)⊕Λand ker(a)=ker(d)⊕Λ. Moreover,ais still a closed operator.
Put
E2:=Im(a)=
y(·)∈C[0,2π]
2π
0 y(s)ds=0, y(0)=y(2π)
. (6.6)
By direct computation,E2is a closedS1-invariant subset ofC[0,2π]2π , andais equivariant.
Also,E2S1= {0}.
Consider now a nonlinear continuous map f determined by the right-hand side of (6.1):
y(t) :=f(x,λ)(t)=b x(t),λ− 1 2π
2π
0 b x(s),λds. (6.7) Obviously, y(0)=y(2π) and 02πy(s)ds=0. Hence, f takesE1 toE2. Moreover, since Λis assumed to be finite-dimensional, the map f isa-compact. To check that f isS1- equivariant, takeh=exp(iϕ)∈S1. Using condition (∗ ∗ ∗), we have
f h x(t),λ=f h x(t),hλ= f h x(t),λ)− 1 2π
g h x(s),λds
=g x(t+ϕ),λ− 1 2π
2π
0 g x(s+ϕ),λds=h f x(t),λ.
(6.8)
To complete the proof ofProposition 6.2, take the sphereSR⊂E1and applyTheorem 4.3
(cf. condition (∗∗) andExample 2.6(ii)).
Remark 6.3. (i) InProposition 6.2, one can take any index theory (forS1) satisfying the dimension property. Also, the segment [0, 2π] is taken to simplify the presentation.
(ii) In this paper, we restrict ourselves with the simplest illustrative example. In forth- coming papers, more involved applications (in particular, admitting closed operators with infinite-dimensional kernels) will be considered.
Acknowledgments
We are thankful to A. Kushkuley and H. Steinlein for improving our understanding of the subject. The first author acknowledges support from Grants IN-105803 from PAPIIT, Universidad Nacional Aut ´onoma de M´exico (UNAM) and C02-42563 from CONACYT (M´exico). The second author acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The third author acknowledges support from the Grant 01-05-00100 from RFBR.
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Sergey A. Antonyan: Departamento de Matem´aticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut ´onoma de M´exico, 04510 M´exico DF, Mexico E-mail address:[email protected]
Zalman I. Balanov: Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Netanya Academic College, 42365 Netanya, Israel
E-mail address:[email protected]
Boris D. Gel’man: Faculty of Mathematics, Voronezh State University, 1 Universitetskaya Pl., 394006 Voronezh, Russia
E-mail address:gelman [email protected]
Mathematical Problems in Engineering
Special Issue on
Time-Dependent Billiards
Call for Papers
This subject has been extensively studied in the past years for one-, two-, and three-dimensional space. Additionally, such dynamical systems can exhibit a very important and still unexplained phenomenon, called as the Fermi acceleration phenomenon. Basically, the phenomenon of Fermi accelera- tion (FA) is a process in which a classical particle can acquire unbounded energy from collisions with a heavy moving wall.
This phenomenon was originally proposed by Enrico Fermi in 1949 as a possible explanation of the origin of the large energies of the cosmic particles. His original model was then modified and considered under different approaches and using many versions. Moreover, applications of FA have been of a large broad interest in many different fields of science including plasma physics, astrophysics, atomic physics, optics, and time-dependent billiard problems and they are useful for controlling chaos in Engineering and dynamical systems exhibiting chaos (both conservative and dissipative chaos).
We intend to publish in this special issue papers reporting research on time-dependent billiards. The topic includes both conservative and dissipative dynamics. Papers dis- cussing dynamical properties, statistical and mathematical results, stability investigation of the phase space structure, the phenomenon of Fermi acceleration, conditions for having suppression of Fermi acceleration, and computational and numerical methods for exploring these structures and applications are welcome.
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