අਬȆକ̥͙̹ͣͺΐͺȆͺές
̸̠͊ቆྴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɹᄩޅɭඨᅊ᧦ውඨ႒գᅎ
ອǵᩃǵΥǵಘ⏋
* ǵᑕǵᓚ߄ᨀ**
Vegetational Succession and Plant Utilization in Relation to
Environmental Change along the Kuiseb River
in the Namib Desert
MIZUNO Kazuharu* and YAMAGATA Kotaro**
The purpose of this research is to clarify the relationship between environmental change and vegetational succession along the Kuiseb River of the Namib Desert.
Sand dunes are thought to have encroached into the Kuiseb Valley several hundred years ago, because it is estimated that tall trees such as Acacia erioloba and Faidherbia (Acacia)
albida died 300-400 years ago. The sand dunes are now covered by bush of Salvadora persica.
Although nara (Acanthosicyos horridus) is an important plant in the Namib Desert, it has recently died out in the lower Kuiseb River due to environmental change. Such plants as
Acacia erioloba, Faidherbia albida, and Acanthosicyos horridus are very important for the local
people (Topnaar) as food and shade-trees for both humans and livestock. The succession of vegetation governed by the environmental change signifi cantly affects the life of people in the area along the Kuiseb River, because the environmental conditions are harsh and plants are poor there.
1ȅ͉ȁ̲ȁ͛ȁͅ
ǵᦏॷ⏋ˏ̶͠ˡɴȲȦɩቆྴȵکᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ቆྴɴɻ⏋ᕶးɭϺဤᇕឹ܍ɹ θᯆɹ৯ᯱȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ᕶးɭɌɩɻ⏋ɛɭȭɽၖय़ؚय़ɹΫ⏋ȡʳȦɻάȵᦽ ʚɲȦɄɭȵॵɽɦˁʢɛʰɌɛʱɐʳɄɭȵȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Ϻᇕ৯ᯱɭɌɩɻ⏋Ϻؤވ֓ɴʭ ʳඨᅊɹቑޙʦఔ႑ɲɰȵȡɁʰʶʳ⏏ ǵ̠̲͊ˏɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ᄩޅȵکᰍɴɲɤɩȦʳ⏏1950 ॷȴʰ 2000 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ˗ˑͲ* ϴᨊ߂߂ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድድዀ⏋Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድǵፀ 3 ش
36
̶̜̒˪ɫɹ៎ཀྵ̚ͻ̊ɴʭʶɽ⏋ॷॶܯ 0.023ŝɹւغɫຩཧΫɌɩȦʳɭȦȩMinistry of Environment and Tourism, Republic of Namibia 2002⏏1915 ॷȴʰ 1997 ॷɴȴȿɩɹ̠̲͊ˏ ԃܤɴʼɛʳ៎ཀྵဣɫɹॶܯᭇອᩄɻ 272 mm ɫȡʳȵ⏋1981 ॷȴʰ 1996 ॷɹ 16 ॷᬚɫɄɹ ॶܯғˁᣳȭɛɹɻʼɑȴ 2 ॷɹʛɫȡɤɛ⏏ຩཧΫɻᙜᇍᩄɹވ֓ˁʢɛʰɐɹɫ⏋ɛɭ ȭᭇອᩄȵؾɍɫȡɤɩʢ⏋ཧಣȵᐚȿɽϗၥȵʚɐʚɐᦽʞɄɭȵϜೝɇʶʳ⏏ ǵ̠̲͊ˏɴɻȦȼɦʢाȵ༑ʶɩȦʳȵ⏋ɗɹʓɭ˃ɰɻᮃμᇕɲᭇᮒɹɹʛ༑ອȵʛʰ ʶʳʢɹɫ⏋ຯᐚᇕɲ༑ອȵȡʳɹɻ⏋ᨆܕޅЊᦏˁ༑ʶʳˠͤͲ˻ाɭᨆܕޅЊᦏˁ༑ ʶʳ˪̦̦ा⏋ˡ̫Ͳ˳ा⏋˪˕ͩͲ̝—̢̘͑͠ˑ—͚̍̾ອᏙ⏋˸Ͳ̾˻ाɹʛɫȡʳ⏏ ኊቆྴɭቆεܩय़ɹޅᅠˁ༑ʶʳ˪˓̸́ाɫɻ⏋ɗɹᭇອᩄȵ⏋Ϋ༑ݖɹॷᭇອᩄ 200 mm ȴʰ༠ࣳᨆɹ 20 mm Гάɴʚɫʼɛʳȵ⏋ܩᝠ༑ɻʓɭ˃ɰ༠ࣳᨆʚɫզ᧒ɓɑ⏋μɫໜ আɹཉȦቆɴُؚɇʶʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋μά༑ᨆɴɻಔຍɻ༑ອȵɲȼ⏋ɛʚɹ༇ອಁɴɹ ʛ༑ອȵឿʰʶʳ⏏Ʉɹ˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɴɻ⏋ाȦɴՕ॒ɌɩȦʳปകɹ߂ᩄഞȵʛʰʶ ʳ⏏ปകɹഞɹЇɻ⏋ݭଘɴʭɤɩɇʚɊʚɫȡʳ⏏ೣᠶయɫɻ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɫቆε ɴݏʢʶʳปೠɴᇿɌɛ⏏ϗၥɭɭʢɴቆεɹୟ߂ȵᅊɍ⏋ȴɦɩปകܩय़ɫȡɤɛɭɄ ʸʢ⏋ቆεɴʱᦉʚʶɩȦȼ⏏ቆྴɭඨᅊɹ᧦ውɭȦȩ֪ˁ౩ʰȴɴɐʳɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗ ʶɹзɴࢪɐʳ৯ᯱˁද២ɐʳ⏏
2ȅऔ౷͈ٽ۷͂औ༹༷
2.1ȁऔ౷͈ٽ۷ ǵ̸̠͊ቆྴɻ⏋̠̲͊ˏɹីࣳɴঃȵʱ⏋߂ីɴᯆɌɩȦʳ⏏̸̠͊ቆྴȵ০ଁɇʶɛॷ БɻɻɤȷʱɌɲȦȵ⏋ࢹɲȼɭʢؑ 8000 ΨॷᬚɻϗၥȴʰץϗၥɹᬚˁɌɩȦɛɭ ᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳSeely 1992⏏̸̠͊ቆྴɻॷᭇອᩄȵ 50 mm ɴྃɛɑ⏋༠ࣳᨆʓɰᭇອᩄȵ ࢹɲȼ⏋Ԓ᭜ɴكȴɤɩᭇອᩄȵȼɲʳ⏏̠̲͊ˏɹࣳܩɴɻ⏋Ȧីᰟȵِȷ⏋ɗ ʶȵࣳˁ༑ʶʳ༑⏋̾Ͳ˰͞༠༑ɹԳຩˁԒ᭜ɴʃ⏋ಣຩࣝɹάɴԳຩࣝˁʢɛʰɌ ɩ⏋߂ຩɹᦥ᥊ࣝˁɦȼɤɩȦʳ⏏Ʉɹᦥ᥊ࣝȵ߂ຩɹఁϕˁཝࢹɇɓ⏋༠ࣳᨆɴቆྴˁ০ଁ ɇɓɩȦʳອᩃ 2002⏏ ǵᠭീɻ˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɴеᒞɐʳ˳̸̫̾̒ٞᦇɫʼʶɛ⏃ܒ 1⏋Ԡሎ 1⏆⏏˳̸̫̾̒ ɫɻ⏋ॷॶܯᭇᮒᩄɻʼɑȴ 27 mm ɫȡʳȵ⏃ܒ 2⏆⏋᮫ɴʭʳᭇອᩄɻ 31 mm ɴɹʖʳ⏃ܒ 3⏋Ԡሎ 2⏆Lancaster et al. 1984⏏ᇍᅊɐʳ᮫ɻ༠ࣳȴʰлמ km ʢԒ᭜ɴঃȵʳȵ⏋Პ 300-600 m ɫʢࢌᮃɐʳ⏏̸̠͊ቆྴɻ༠ࣳȴʰǾɴܩᝠᲞȵΫȵʳɹɫ⏋༠ࣳȴʰ 40 km ȼʰȦԒ᭜ɹݭଘȵʢ᮫ȵՀᮃɌɛᲞɴɲʳ⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋ɗɹȡɛʱɹ᮫ອᭇອᩄ ȵʢȦ⏏ʚɛ⏋̶˝ͻ˰̶͡˙ͻ̋ͻ⏃̾͡˫⏆ɹʭȩɴ࡛ጓεɻ᮫ອˁՀᮃɐʳ৲ ւˁഗɛɌ⏋᮫ອᭇອᩄȵȦɛʠ⏋ቆྴɹμɫඨ႒ȵᅊᔒɌɛ⏋ʚɇɴȋ࡛ጓεȍˁ০ଁɐ 1ȁऔ౷ ǵP1, P7⏧ܤޚుᯆ⏃ܒ 4, 5⏆
Fig. 1. Study area
P1, P7: Soil profi le (Fig. 4 and 5)
ৢ૯ 1ȁηήगนȄΌΨαΛήਔ༏͈गݚ͂·ͼΓή
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድǵፀ 3 ش 38 ʳ⏏˳̸̫̾̒ɴȲȦɩ⏋ᭇອˁʢɛʰɐ᮫ɹᇍᅊɻॷॶܯᏝ 37 ɫȡʱ⏃1976-81 ॷ⏆⏋Ʉ ɹ᮫ɹᇍᅊȵ̸̠͊ቆྴɹ֪ඨ႒ɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲອՕњᐌɭɲʳLancaster et al. 1984⏏ 2.2ȁऔ༹༷ ǵ˪˓̸́ाˁดుɌ⏋ᬏɇ 1,000 m ɴʼɛʳ̜͞Ͳ́˪̜ˁȿ⏋ɗɹ̜͞Ͳ́˪̜ɴɤ ɩཀྵᩄˁɤɩ⏋ܩ০ుᯆܒˁсଁɌɛ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ɗɹ̜͞Ͳ́˪̜ɴɤɩඨᅊȲʭʃܤޚ ᠭീˁɤɛ⏏ܤޚɴᬠɌɩɻ⏋ཉɇ 1-2 ɹ̴̜̒ˁсଁɌ⏋ܤޚుᯆˁ៨ᥔɌɛ⏏ܩάອ 2 ಎ໐ηΫͺ͈٬܅̥͈ͣݻၗͅచ̳ͥා ַࣛၾLancaster et al. 1984
Fig. 2. Mean annual rainfall in the central Namib plotted against distance from coast Lancaster et al. 1984
3 ಎ໐ηΫͺ͈٬܅̥͈ͣݻၗͅచ̳ͥා
ྮକࣛକၾLancaster et al. 1984
Fig. 3. Mean annual fog-water precipitation in the central Namib plotted against distance from coast Lancaster et al. 1984
ৢ૯ 2ȁΌΨαΛῄಱอ̳ͥྮ
еɹཉɇɻ⏋ϥକɹອеᒞȴʰິʠɛ⏏
ǵܤޚອՕɻ⏋Campbell Scientifi c នɹ̩˓̝ͦ́Ͳ˽ܤޚອՕɫкዩيອრˁཀྵࡴɌ ɛ⏏14⏹⏃ఔࢮਸသᏬ⏆ॷБཀྵࡴɻ⏋USA ̶ͦ̋͠ɹ̾ͻ̊ˏ̠̘͠ˑ˪ɴћᰉɌɛ⏏ࡴ᠅ షೠɹ˵Ͳ̺͡ 3 ɭ 4 ɻ⏋ഘɹ̜˰ɹЊȷȴʰ Acacia erioloba ȴ Faidherbia (Acacia) albida ɭ ᓒȭʰʶ⏋ปೠɹഞɌɛॷБˁሾʳɛʠɴഞೠɹഘɹӴጩ⏃ΥᅱɴଁᬏɌɛᨆՕ⏆ ˁॷБཀྵࡴᅎɴɌɛ⏏ɲȲ⏋14⏹ ɹॷБɻជ 14⏹ ॷБ (Conventional 14C age) ȵኍɌɩȡ ʳ⏏
3ȅऔࠫض͂ࣉख़
3.1ȁ۪ޏ་ا͂֊ ǵܒ 4 ɻ⏋̜͞Ͳ́˪̜Ȧɹܩ০ుᯆܒɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹܩ০ుᯆʭʱ⏋ܒɹᑖ᥍ɹᲞɫ⏋ 0 Њᦏɭ⏋Ꮭ 2 m Ȳʭʃ 10 m ГΫɴॶܹᯆȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳɄɭȵʼȴʳ⏏ɗʶəʶ⏋Პ 0 m ɹຍεᯆˁжеຍε⏋Პ 2 m ᯆˁμеຍε⏋Პ 10 m ГΫɹᯆˁᲞеຍεɭɌɛ⏏ ǵμеຍεɹݡዩ႒ᝠࣝɴɻˡ͡˪͠ͻ̜ȵ০ଁɇʶɩȦɛ⏃Ԡሎ 3⏆⏏ˡ͡˪͠ͻ̜ɻ⏋ܤ ޚμɹອՕɹᙜᇍɴʭʱသᨧˡ͡˹˗͌ CaCO3 ȵᮃዩɌɩ০ଁɇʶɛݾᰖᇤຐɫȡʳ⏏Ʉɹˡ ͡˪͠ͻ̜ɴɦȦɩɻ⏋14⏹ ɹॷБཀྵࡴɴʭʱ⏋5300Æ60 ॷ BP Ȳʭʃ 6740Æ50 ॷ BP ɭȦȩ ॷБғȵʰʶɛ⏃Sample number 1⏋2⏋ᝠ 1⏆⏏ɄɹɄɭȴʰ⏋5000-7000 ॷմɴɻμеຍεɻ ȴɦɩɹໜআɫȡɤɩ⏋ܩάອᯆȵ༓ȼ⏋ພ፬ჼᢒɴʭɤɩܩάອȵΫɌ⏋ܩᝠȴʰᙜᇍ ɐʳɄɭɴʭɤɩˡ͡˪͠ͻ̜ȵ০ଁɇʶɛɄɭȵϜɇʶʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ɄɄȵȴɦɩɹໜআ ɫȡɤɛ៷ɭɌɩ⏋Њᦏɹܩᝠɴధ mm ȴʰధ cm ɹԓኊȵʛʰʶʳ⏏ˏ̶͠ˡɫɻృᅊБ ৢ૯ 3ȁಎպݚષ͈σ·ςȜΠ (CaCO3)ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድ ǵፀ 3 ش 40 4ȁΠρϋΓ·ΠȪ 1ȫͅ״̹̽౷ࠁ౯࿂͂ ǵP1-P7⏧ܤޚుᯆ⏃ܒ 5⏆
Fig. 4. Topographic profi le and vegetation along transect (Fig. 1)
ፀ܋Ꮫృγɹ՟ೝɹཧಣೝ⏃9000-8000 ॷմ⏆ɭμೝɹᲞཧೝ⏃7000-5000 ॷմ⏆ɻ߂ྂ࿅ ೝɫ⏋˵̩͞ɹߡཉȼʚɫ߂ᩄɹᮒȵᭇʱ⏋ቆྴɻঃȼ˵̫Ͳ̠ʦ˽̘̺̒ɹᐶɫុʼʶ⏋Ё ɻॵΫȵɤɩȦʳ༲ʶाɴȦɦʢອȵ༑ʶ⏋ቆྴɹሎ˃μɴʢ̝̍͑ྲྀˁɻɍʠȼɹྲྀȵ ୟ߂ɌɛɭᓒȭʰʶɩȦʳᬐ 1992⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Ʉɹμеຍεɻృγμೝɹ߂ྂ࿅ೝ ⏃7000-5000 ॷմ⏆ɴɻܩάອᯆȵᲞȼ⏋Υಁໜाɫȡɤɛخᔨਸȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵჼໜআȦɹжеຍεᯆɹปകܩय़ɻ⏋ܩάອеȵཉɇᏝ 13 ɭ༓ȼ⏋Acacia erioloba ʦ
Faidherbia (Acacia) albida, Tamarix usneoide, Euclea pseudebenus ɲɰɹᲞೠȴʰɲɤɩȦʳ⏏
ǵໜআɹីүɹቆεɻ⏋жеຍεɭμеຍεɹޅᅠɴеᒞɐʳ⏏ाɹ༑ᤉɭܽሁɴِȼីᰟ ɴʭɤɩᰧ˃ɫȼʳቆȵ⏋ໜআɹីүɴՕ॒ɐʳปകܩय़ɴʭɤɩɭʠʰʶ⏋ቆɹݡዩɹୟ߂ ɴʭɤɩ⏋ჼܧᲞɇ 10 m ȼʰȦɹቆεȵɫȷɛɭਲ਼ʼʶʳ⏃Ԡሎ 4⏆⏏ɗɹɄɭɻ⏋ɗɄɴݏ ʚɤɩȦʳปೠɹܩᝠᯆάɹᨆՕȵ 10 m ᦏȼɴʢɹʖʳɄɭȴʰࡴɫȷʳ⏏˳̸̫̾̒ٞ ᦇɫɻ⏋ቆɹው֪ɻ—ആكɫ⏋ɗɹው֪ᦵɻ 30-180 cm⏒ॷɭ៨᪼ɇʶɩȦʳWard ນ 1ȁϋίσ͈ 14˟ ාయȪ༞ୃාయȫ
Table 1. 14C dates of samples (conventional 14C age)
Sample number Material 14C data (yr BP) δ 13C (permil) Laboratory code number (Beta-)
1 Carbonate 5300Æ60 ⏎6.2 164939
2 Carbonate 6740Æ50 ⏎7.2 176921
3 Wood 300Æ60 ⏎23.8 165889
4 Wood 550Æ50 ⏎23.9 165888
ৢ૯ 4ȁ·ͼΓή״̞͈ਏႅఝ̹́͂͛ͣͦग͂गོ̞̩ͦ̀͜ͅͺΏͺႅ
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድǵፀ 3 ش
42
and Brunn 1985⏏
ǵˏˡ˹ˏ (Acacia erioloba, Faidherbia (Acacia) albida) ɹᲞೠɻ⏋ݡዩɌɩȦȼቆɴݏʚɤɩഞ ɌɩȦɤɛ⏃Ԡሎ 5⏆⏏Ʉɹˏˡ˹ˏȵഞɌɛॷБɻ 14⏹ ɹॷБཀྵࡴʭʱ 300Æ60 ॷ BP ɹ ʢɹɭՠ౩Ɍɛ⏃Sample number 3, ᝠ 1⏆⏏400 ॷմɴቆεɹ০ଁȵࠃʚɤɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ቆɴݏʚʳɴɦʶปೠȵഞɌɩȦɤɛჿᅓɴɦȦɩɻՠ౩ɌɩȦɲȦȵ⏋ɛɭȭɽ⏋ዷμȴ ʰɹɴࢪɐʳᨧᏬњᐌȵཝࢹɌɩഞɌɛɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ȡʳȦɻ⏋ܩᝠЊᦏȴʰɹ ՕɹњᐌȵᏙɴ࣑ȴɲȼɲɤɛɹȴʢɌʶɲȦ⏏ɗɹဣɴɦȦɩɻЁɹᠩᰍɭɌɛȦ⏏ ǵჼܧቆεˁុȩ˵̫̝͡͞ (Salvadora persica) ɹᅊᔒɌɩȦʳݭଘˁɤɩʛʳɭ⏋ܩμɴ ȴɦɩɹॻȵཉȼʚɫɹʃɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 6, 7⏆⏏ɄɹɄɭȴʰ˵̫̝͡͞ɻቆɴݏʢʶɲȵʰ ʢ।ɴΫɴॻˁɹɽɌɩᅊᔒɌɩȦȼඨ႒ɫȡʳɄɭȵʼȴʱ⏋ɇʰɴܩᝠˁុȩ̸̒˹͖ ɫᰧ˃ɫȼʳቆˁ˥͑̒̍Ɍ⏋ቆεˁୟ߂ɇɓɩȦʳɄɭȵϜɇʶʳ⏏ ǵ˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɫϺǾɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲඨ႒ɴ̠͞ (Acanthosicyos horridus) ȵȡʳȵ⏋ᠭീ ܩݖɫɻжеȴʰμеɹຍεᯆΫɴ̠͞ɹ̸̒˹͖ȵុȩࢸɇɲ͇˗Ͳ̝⏃Პɇ 1-3 m⏋ሁ৹ 10 m ዐ⏆ȵဣܧɌɩȦʳ⏃Ԡሎ 8⏆⏏̠͞ɻཉɇ 15 ГΫɴʢˁɹɽɐɹȵخᔨɭȦʼʶ⏋ Ʉɹȡɛʱɹܩάອеȵཉɇ 15 ȼʰȦɲɹɫ⏋ɄɄɹ̠͞ɻܩάອȴʰອՕˁُؚɌɩȦ ʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ǵܤޚుᯆˁឿʳɭ⏋ܩμཉȼɴʚɫᗡȵݏʚɤɩȦɩ⏋̠͞ʢቆɴݏʚʱɲȵʰ⏋।ɴΫ ɴଁᬏɌɩȷɛɄɭˁȩȴȵʼɓʳ⏃Ԡሎ 9⏆⏏Ʉɹ̠͞ɻ⏋жеຍε—μеຍεΫɴɻՕ ॒ɐʳȵ⏋ᲞеຍεʦቆεΫɴɻՕ॒ɌɩȦɲȦ⏏Ʉʶɻ⏋ܩάອеɭɹᬠѥɫȡʸȩ⏏Ɍɛ ȵɤɩ⏋˵̫̝͡͞ȵុɤɩȦʳቆεɹݭଘɴʢȴɦɩɻ̠͞ȵՕ॒ɌɩȦɛɄɭȵᓒȭʰʶ ৢ૯ 5ȁगݚ͈ڐఱ̽̀͢ͅঘ̱̹ͺΏͺႅ
ʳȵ⏋ቆεɹୟ߂ɭɭʢɴܩάອȴʰɹອɹњᐌȵܐᮑɴɲʱ⏋̠͞ɻ༥ྙɌɩȦɤɛɄɭȵ Ϝɇʶʳ⏏ ǵʚɛ⏋μеຍεᯆɴɻ⏋ؾɍʭȩɲ͇˗Ͳ̝ȵ 2 ɦιʃ⏋1 ɦɻჼܧ̠͞ȵុɤɩȦʳȵ⏋ ʢȩ 1 ɦɴɻ⏋ԃɴഞɌɛˏˡ˹ˏȵသɌɛႥɫݏ໗Ɍ⏋ɗɹቑႅȵܑٞɴՕ॒Ɍɩ Ȧʳ⏏μеຍεᯆȵໜআɫȡɤɛಁБГᭇɹྂ࿅ೝɴ⏋ˏˡ˹ˏፈɹปകȵʭʱȼᅊᔒɌɩ Ȧɛɹȵ⏋ɗɹɹϗၥɴʭɤɩ⏋ഞɌɛɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ɄɹഞɌɛˏˡ˹ˏɻ 14⏹ ॷ Бཀྵࡴɴʭʱ 550Æ50 ॷ BP ɹʢɹɫȡɤɛ⏃Sample number 4, ᝠ 1⏆⏏600 ॷմɅʸʚɫɻˏˡ ৢ૯ 6ȁगݚͬໞ̠σΨΡρ͈ήΛΏν
Photo 6. Bush of Salvadora persica covering sand dune
ৢ૯ 7ȁσΨΡρ͈֗౷͈ാિ౯࿂
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድǵፀ 3 ش
44
˹ˏȵȼᅊᔒɌɩྂ࿅ɫȡɤɛخᔨਸȵȡʳ⏏
ǵɇʰɴໜআȴʰᮐʶɛжеຍεᯆɻ⏋ံඨᅊȴ⏋˓̦ዀɹ Stipagrostis sabulicola ʦᔀਸቂ жೠɹ Trianthema hereroensis ɲɰధዛȵঃȼဣܧɌ⏋Stipagrostis sabulicola ɻܩᝠά 1-10 cm
ৢ૯ 8ȁρ͈ήΛΏν
Photo 8. Bush of nara (Acanthosicyos horridus)
ৢ૯ 9ȁρ͈֗౷͈ാિ౯࿂
ɴອॶɴঃȼᇍ᧒Ɍɛ⏃ᤂᮐ 20 m ɴ᧒ɐʳ⏆Ꮩˁʢɠ⏋᮫ɹௌˁࢅ౫ɴɌ⏋Trianthema
hereroensis ɻᘽʦᗡɫሁஞ᮫ˁُؚɌɩȦʳSeely et al. 1998⏏
ǵܤޚɴɦȦɩʛɩʛʳɭ⏋̠͞ (P3) ʦ˵̫̝͡͞ (P4) ɹቆᣒɹܤޚɻ⏋ອՕრȵ 3-4⎾Ɍȴ ɲȦ⏃ܒ 5⏆⏏ɗɹɛʠ⏋̠͞ɻ⏋ཉɇ 15 m ГΫɴʢযʃʳˁܩάອʚɫզ᧒ɇɓɩȦʳ⏏ ǵ˵̫̝͡͞ɻ⏋ཉɇ 20 cm ȴʰ 1 m ГΫʚɫࢌᅊɐʳᏳȴȦȵອՕˁʞɞɲȼُؚɌɩȦ ʳ⏏ཉɇ 20-30 cm ɹɭɄʸɴɻ̊͠ͻȵ 10 cm ʓɰݡዩɌɩȦʳȵ⏋Ʉɹ̊͠ͻȵݡዩɌɛಁ Бɻ⏋ቆɹው֪ȵያʦȴɞɤɛɭȷɞɭϜɇʶʳ⏃Ԡሎ 7⏆⏏ɗɌɩ⏋ᦏॷ⏋ԗʃቆɹው֪ ȵ༎ᇍɴɲɤɛ⏏ ǵΥ⏋жеຍεɹˏˡ˹ˏɲɰɹปകܩय़ɫɻ (P5)⏋ཉɇ 100 cm ʚɫɻቆᣒܤޚɫອՕრ 4-10⎾ɫȡʳȵ⏋ཉɇ 100 cm ȴʰ 150 cm ɫɻᔼඨཌྷɍʱɹቆᣒܤޚɫອՕრ 12-35⎾ɴʢɲʱ⏋ ɄɹཉɇɴɻᏳȴȦȵȼ⏋ɄɄɫອՕُؚȵ༎ᇍɫȡʳɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ؾɹɄɭɻ⏋ P1 ɫʢȦȭ⏋ཉɇ 50-70 cm ɫᏳȵȼ⏋ܤޚອՕრȵ 10-13%ȡʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋Პೠɹཌྷܧɐʳ ݭଘ (P7) ɫʢཉȼʚɫȵឿʰʶ⏋Nicotiana ʦ Euclea ɹʭȩɲμжೠɹᅊᔒɐʳະ (P6) 5ȁڎऔ౷തȪ 4 ͅা̱̹ȫ̤̫ͥͅാિ౯࿂
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድǵፀ 3 ش 46 ɫʢܤޚɹཉȦɭɄʸɴᏳȵȦ⏏ ǵГΫˁʚɭʠʳɭ⏋ܒ 6 ɹʭȩɴɲʳ⏏ 1. 5000-7000 ॷմɴɻ⏋ჼܧʭʱྂ࿅ɫ⏋ঃȦໜআȵȡɤɛ⏏ܩάອᯆʢჼܧʭʱᲞȴɤɛ⏏ 2. 600 ॷմʚɫɴɻ⏋ჼܧɹжеຍεᯆȵɫȷ⏋ɗɄɴɻˏˡ˹ˏɲɰɹปകܩय़ȵȡɤɛ⏏ ɗɹปകܩय़ɫᰧ˃ɫȼʳቆȵɭʠʰʶʳʭȩɴɲɤɛ⏏ 3. 400 ॷմɴɻ⏋ปകܩय़ɫɭʠʰʶʳቆȵݡዩɌ⏋ቆεȵɫȷɻɍʠ⏋ปകȵഞʶɩȦɤ ɛ⏏ 4. ჼܧɻ⏋ቆεȵୟ߂Ɍ⏋ቆεɹˏˡ˹ˏɲɰɹปകɻഞʶ⏋жೠɹ˵̫̝͡͞ȵɗɹቆε ˁុɤɩ⏋ɇʰɴቆˁ˥͑̒̍Ɍɩቆεˁୟ߂ɇɓɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋ჼໜআᦏȼɹжеຍεᯆ 6ȁऔ౷͈۪ޏ་͈͂֊
ɴɻˏˡ˹ˏ (Acacia, Faidherbia) ʦ Tamarix ɲɰɹปകܩय़ȵ০ଁɇʶ⏋ჼໜআȦɹະ ྇ɫɻ⏋Euclea ʦ Nicotiana ɲɰȵՕ॒ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɇʰɴ⏋ໜআȴʰᮐʶɛжеຍεʦμе ຍεΫɴɻ⏋̠͞ȵ͇˗Ͳ̝ˁсʱ⏋жеຍεΫɻံඨᅊȴ˓̦ዀɲɰɹᗳೣȵ̮̒̍Ϋɴ ဣܧɌɩȦʳ⏏ 3.2ȁ·ͼΓήၠ֖ͅਯ͚૽ș͈͂ਹါ ǵ˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɴзʞɹɻ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ (Topnaar) ɭ٧ɽʶʳ႑ᅨɫ⏋˱˓˵Ͳɹȩɠ ɹ˱˓⏃˱˓˱˓⏆ɴيʚʶʳ̠͇ɹϺǾɹΥɫȡʳ⏏৳ʰɹᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩ⏋ʢɤɭʢᩂ ឹɲඨ႒ɴ⏋̠͞ (Acanthosicyos horridus) ȵȡʳ⏏̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹաዌɻ⏋̠͞ (!nara) ȴʰ༐ ᅊɌɛ̢̠͞Ͳ (!Naranin) ɫȡʱ⏋৳ʰɹయɴɭɤɩ̠͞ȵȦȴɴᩂឹɫȡʳȴˁኍɌɩȦ ʳ⏏
ǵ̠͞ɹഗࡸɻ⏋ഗᔀȵᢌɲອՕˁѳ୫ɌɩȦʳ࡚፲ɴɻ⏋ᅊɫᰩɇʶ⏋̠͞ȵᅊᅋɇʶʳ ಁೝɴɻ৳ʰɹʓɭ˃ɰڞΥɹᰩషɭɲʳРആ 2003⏏ʚɛ⏋ഗᔀᨆՕˁ၊ɩ⏋ᚚȦ˽ͻ̺ ɴȭ⏋ɗʶɴ̜˗͐ͦ˱˹ɹᎬˁཌྷɕɩᅆȦȴʪˁɦȼʳWyk and Gericke 2000⏏̠͞ɻ⏋ ˡ̩͞͠ቆྴȵᅋܩɭȦʼʶʳ˽˓ˡɭؾ⏋ᬏȼɹʃʳɴʭɤɩ⏋ཉȦܩάອȴʰອ ՕˁُؚɌ⏋ࡸɴອՕˁᢱᚁɇɓʳɭȦȩ⏋ϗၥܩ႕ɹ෯ᦶˁʢɤɩȦʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋̠ ͞ʢ˽˓ˡʢϗၥܩɴᅊȷʳϺǾɹᩂឹɲອՕ྇ɭɲɤɩȦʳ⏏ʚɛ⏋̠͞ɴيʚʶʳధɹ ̦̊ɻᰩᅎȡʳȦɻໞᅎɴᅘɫެʰʶ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɴɭɤɩ⏋ᩂឹɲჼᩆؚԂ྇ɴ ɲɤɩȦʳРആ 2003⏏ ǵ˪˓̸́ाά༑ݖɴȲȦɩɻ⏋̶̠͞ˑͻ̝͡ɭ٧ɽʶʳ⏋̠͞ȵঃȼᅊᔒɌɩȦʳܩݖȵ ȡʳ⏏̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɻ⏋ᕶးɴᅊᔒɐʳ̠͞ˁ 12-3 ɴؚዲɌ⏋ᰩషʦჼᩆؚԂ྇ɭ ɌɩȦʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋1961 ॷɹ̋͌লɴʭʱɗʶʭʱά༑ɹ̶̠͞ˑͻ̝͡ɫɻ⏋ा
Year Total number of days
1962/63 68 1963/64 No record 1964/65 26 1965/66 18 1966/67 22 1967/68 11 1968/69 18 1969/70 1 1970/71 34 1971/72 43 1972/73 15 ນ 2ȁ1962-84 ා͈ΌΨαΛῄ̤̫ͥ·ͼΓή͈ࢻକܱ
Table 2. Summary of Kuiseb River fl oods at Gobabeb, 1962-84
1973/74 102 1974/75 10 1975/76 61 1976/77 8 1977/78 7 1978/79 8 1979/80 No fl ow 1980/81 No fl ow 1981/82 No fl ow 1982/83 No fl ow 1983/84 4
Year Total number of days
ˏ˻ˏˏ̶͠ˡܩݖድǵፀ 3 ش 48 ɹະȵɲȼɲʱ⏋ᩄɹ̠͞ȵഞɌɛРആ 2003⏏ाɹະɻ̠͞ɹೃృɴɭɤɩ߂ȷ ɲ৲ւˁഗɛɌɩȦɛɄɭȵϜɇʶʳ⏏ ǵᲞೠɹ Acacia erioloba ɻ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɫɻ⏋ʢϗၥɌɛݭଘɴᅊᔒɐʳᲞೠɫȡʳ⏏ ᚩᣂ྇ɭɌɩᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋ปᔩˁှɍɛʢɹɻ⏋ٽ⏋ᰟ᧹⏋ᐄɹɭȷɴьʼʶ⏋ปᇤˁှɍ ɛʢɹɻάᆡɹಁɴգᅎɇʶʳ⏏ˁှɍɛʢɹɻٽɹɭȷɴᅎɇʶɛʱ⏋ᶧᝐɹɭȷɴь ᅎɇʶʳWyk and Gericke 2000⏏ᰪɹɭȷɴɻ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɻɇʦɹഗᔀˁᰩʏ ʳ⏏္Ȧɛዛɻ˱ͻ̯ͻɹБᅎڃɭɌɩьʼʶʳ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋Ʉɹೠɹʢᩂឹɲգᅎɻ⏋ቆྴ ɴȲȿʳϺᬚʦᩃᅊ֪႒ɴɭɤɩɹ᭖ʦ᧫ᮑଘˁரњɐʳɄɭɫȡʸȩCraven and Marais 1986⏏˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɹ̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɻ⏋͓˧ɴʭʳ႑ᅨˁɤɩȦʳȵ⏋͓˧ɻ
Acacia erioloba ɹɇʦʦᘽˁ߫˃ɫʭȼᰩʏɩȦɩ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹ႑ᅨɴɭɤɩᩂឹɲปೠ
ɫȡʳ⏏
ǵʢȩʁɭɦɹςឹɲᲞೠ⏋Faidherbia albida ɻ⏋Acacia erioloba ؾɴࢃᅨɹᰩషɭɌɩᩂឹ ɞȵ⏋Faidherbia albida ɹɭȼɴᩂឹɲဣɻ⏋ᦲ।ɹปೠɭɻؙࢪɴᮒ࡚ɴᘽˁᘺɭɌ⏋ϗ࡚ ɴᘽˁɦȿɩȦʳɄɭɫȡʳ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋͓˧ɴɭɤɩɹȭɇέɹϗ࡚ɴ⏋ɗɹᘽʦɇʦ ȵᩂឹɲᰩష྇ɭɲʳɹɫȡʳ⏏ ǵ˳̸̫̾̒ٞᦇɫɻ⏋˪˓̸́ाɻ 1963-79 ॷɴɻຘॷ༇ອȵ៨᪼ɇʶSeely et al. 1981⏋ ႕ɴ 1976 ॷɴɻປᥒᇕ߂ȷɲ༇ອɴʭɤɩृࣳɴɤɩቆεɹѢᰩȵ៎࢘ɇʶɛȵ⏋1980-82 ॷɴɻᦏॷɹϗၥɴʭʱɴȷʼʠɩᢩɲ༑ອȵᅊɍɛɹʛɫȡɤɛ⏃ᝠ 2⏆Ward and Brunn 1985⏏ɄɹʭȩɲϗၥȵЁᬏೝɐʶɽ⏋Ʉʶʚɫʛɩȷɛʭȩɲˏˡ˹ˏɹధ ᇑॷˠͻ̋ͻɫɹปೠഞȵᇍᅊɐʳɄɭʢᓒȭʰʶʳɫȡʸȩ⏏ˏˡ˹ˏɹᲞೠȵ̠͞ɹ ʭȩɴ߂ᩄɴഞɐʳɄɭȵᅊɍʶɽ⏋̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɹςឹɲᅊɫȡʳ႑ᅨɞȿɫɲ ȼ⏋зɗɹʢɹɴࢪɌɩʢ⏋Ȧʸ˃ɲ০ɫ৯ᯱˁؖʖɐɄɭȵϜɇʶʳ⏏
ːȅ͘ȁ͂ȁ͛
ǵГΫɹʭȩɴ⏋˪˓̸́ा༑ݖɹᕶးᄩޅɻɌɩȦʳ⏏ຩҌ֪ɴɭʢɲȦܩ০ʦඨ ᅊܤޚȵɌɩȦȼ⏏Ʉɹʭȩɲᕶးɹμɫᅊ༎ɐʳ̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɴɭɤɩ⏋ᕶး ɹɻᩂឹɫȡʱ⏋ᄩޅɭϺᬚ༎֪ɹᬠѥˁឿᐚȿʳɄɭɻ⏋߂ՖɲɄɭɞɭᓒȭʰʶ ʳ⏏ ǵᠭീܩݖɴᅊᔒɐʳςឹɲඨ႒ɹ̜̺̠̒ͻ͡ɹϺǾɴʭʳգᅎɻɇʚɊʚɫȡʳ⏏˪˓ ̸́ा༑ݖɫɻඨ႒ɹՕ॒ȵȷʼʠɩᢩɫȡʱ⏋ɗʶɞȴʰɄɗ⏋ɗʶʰɹඨ႒ɻ⏋̜̺̒ ̠ͻ͡ɹϺǾɹᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩ⏋ȷʼʠɩᩂឹɭɲʳ⏏ɌȴɌɲȵʰ⏋ೣድɫៗ౩ɇʶɛʭȩ ɴధᇑॷɹˠͻ̋ͻɫʢ⏋ቆεɹୟ߂ɭɭʢɴ⏋ɗʶɴݏʢʶʳˏˡ˹ˏȵഞɌɩȦȷ⏋ୟ ߂ɐʳቆεɴ᧟ਝɫȷʳжೠ˵̫̝͡͞ɴ᧦ውɌɩȦȼዐȵተ᠗ɇʶɛ⏏ʚɛ⏋ᄩޅɫ̠͞ඨᅊȵ༥ྙɌɩȦȼჼᢒʢʛʰʶɛ⏏য়း⏋ɗʶʰɹඨᅊ᧦ውɻ⏋ϺǾɹᅊ༎ɴʢ߂ȷɲ ৯ᯱˁؖʖɐɞʸȩ⏏ ǵˏ̶͠ˡɹᲞɫɻ⏋жཧɭȦȩ؏ɌȦᄩޅɹʢɭɫ⏋ɗɹʼɑȴɲຩཧȵඨᅊՕ॒ɴ ߂ȷɲ৯ᯱˁήȭɩȦɛອᩃ 1999; 2000; 2001; 2003; ອᩃμ 1999; Mizuno 1998⏏ؾɍʭȩ ɴϗၥɭȦȩ؏ɌȦᄩޅɹቆྴɴȲȦɩʢ⏋ᭇອᩄɹཝࢹፈɹࢸɇɲᄩޅȵ߂ȷɲඨᅊ ˁʢɛʰɐ⏏ɌȴɌ⏋ᄩޅɻᦹᇕɴсᅎɐʳȩȭ⏋ɗʶʰɹሂώ֟ഗɫʭʱୟ߂Ɍ⏋ ʚɛ߂ຩᄩፈɴʭʱঃ፴ܑɴ৯ᯱȵؖʉ⏏Ɍɛȵɤɩ⏋Ʉɹʭȩɲȋᄩޅ—ඨᅊȍɹ֪ ˁவɌ⏋ද២ɐʳɄɭɻ⏋ɗɄɴзʞϺǾɹᅊ༎ɴɭɤɩɞȿɫɲȼ⏋˫ͦͻ̫͡˽˭ͻ ͡⏋ɐɲʼɠଂǾɴɭɤɩʢઝᒶȵȡʳɄɭɞɭᓒȭʰʶʳ⏏ ৫ȁৃ ǵೣድɻ⏋యᨆዀህዀድᢹជ֖ᩆݜᇻድ A (1)⏃ድБᝠᓔ⏧ອᩃΥಘ⏆ȋˏ̶͠ˡɹץϗၥܩ ݖɴȲȿʳᄩޅ֪ɭϺᬚ༎֪ɴᬠɐʳድȍ⏃ᠩᰍᅱش⏧13371013⏆ɹΥᄩɭɌɩʼʶɛ⏏ჼܩᠭീɫ ɻ⏋̠̲͊ˏቆྴድଘɹ J. Henschel ລɹתˁɛ⏏ɄɄɴઢᡚȦɛɌʚɐ⏏ ֨ȁဥȁȁࡃ
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Рആᰒ⏏2003⏏ȋ̸̠͊ቆྴμ߈ᨆ˪˓̸́ाά༑ɴȲȿʳ̠͞ඨᅊɹɭɗʶɴʭʳϺǾɹᅊ༎ʍ ɹ৯ᯱɴɦȦɩȍȏೣˏ̶͠ˡЦፀ 40 ܌߂Цឹౚᮃȑ90⏏
ᬐǵ༚⏏1992⏏ȋ˵̼͡—֪ɐʳ˛˱̜ͻͲȍᬐǵ༚֯Ѷǵᑂȏ˵̩͞ɹʓɭʱȑTOTO Տႆ⏋ 46–78⏏
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ອᩃΥಘ⏏1999⏏ȏᲞඨ႒ɭȋȲᖽᅣȍɹዀȑإЁೆ⏏ ⏏2000⏏ȋၖय़ᲞɹඨᅊՕ॒ˁៀࡴɐʳᄩޅឹ܍ȍूᚹǵࣰᑂᘿȏᲞඨ႒ɹᕶးرȑ༠᧑ ߂ܒೆЦ⏋99-114. ⏏2001⏏ȋܩჽཧಣɫɰɹʭȩɴඨ႒ɻˁᇎʳȴȍອᩃΥಘᑂȏඨᅊᄩޅȑإЁೆ⏋ 58-70. ⏏2002⏏ȋ̸̠͊ቆྴɹᕶးȍȏܩჿݬȑ470: 4-5. ⏏2003⏏ȋ˭̢ˏɴȲȿʳຮໜɹᦡɭඨᅊɹ᧦ው—ɭȼɴ 1997 ॷȴʰ 2002 ॷɴȲȦɩ—」ȏܩ ᮊ᠖ȑ112: 608-619⏏ ອᩃΥಘμѩ߅⏏1999⏏ȋ˭̢ˏ⏋Tyndall ຮໜɴȲȿʳᄩޅ᧦ɭඨᅊɹ᧦ው—Tyndall ຮໜʭʱ 1997 ॷɴᇍឿɇʶɛ̯͚˗ɹ᧨кɹઝᒶ—ȍȏܩᮊ᠖ȑ 108: 18-30⏏
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