博士学位論文（東京外国語大学）

博士学位論文（東京外国語大学）

Doctoral Thesis (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies)

氏 名 ヴァフロメーエフ・アナトリー 学位の種類 博士（学術）

学位記番号 博甲第259号 学位授与の日付 2018年9月5日 学位授与大学 東京外国語大学

博士学位論文題目 日本語母語話者によるL2ロシア語の無声舌頂阻害音の産出と知覚

Name Vakhromeev Anatolii

Name of Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Humanities) Degree Number Ko-no. 259

Date September 5, 2018

Grantor Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, JAPAN Title of Doctoral

Thesis

Production and Perception of L2 Russian Voiceless Coronal Obstruents in Japanese Native Speakers

‘–Ñ¡ÑÐÃ8<> ZG@Ñ9¨xÅéä}æ9¯h7´Ê

֏½ÓÉٕ½Ø´²ÐÙ Vakhromeev Anatolii

2018ƴ ńŽ̝ȁ

³

³ž

ŮɫÚ̄ ... 5

˸Ú̄ ... 9

ʯʭ Ʒ̝ ... 11

L2Ó¤̖ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵q͞`‰̖̉ȵ̀ʋ˞ȓ ... 11

ȵǚ ... 13

Ǖ˖ ... 13

ʯʭ L1Ó¤̖nL1ȊȠ̖s͵Ͷȵ̀nL2qRX‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵səŘsèɜ .... 14

Ó¤̖s͵Ͷȵ̀ ... 15

Ó¤̖sƋ͵͵ʾĀʹ ... 15

Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʾǓʋ̇͒ ... 20

Ó¤̖sɆ͵͵ʾĀʹ ... 24

ȊȠ̖s͵Ͷȵ̀ ... 25

ȊȠ̖sɆ͵͵ʾĀʹ ... 26

ȊȠ̖sƋ͵͵ʾĀʹ ... 26

ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʾǓʋ̇͒ ... 29

L1Ó¤̖nL1ȊȠ̖sƚɩR†wL2q͞`‰èɜ ... 30

ʯʭ Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s͵ͷɬǓ ... 36

ȇɏ ... 37

̛ȪqłIJ^f̒˙ ... 37

͗͵qɹOfȻȡ ... 38

̛Ȫ̖ǃ ... 38

͵ͷģȦ ... 40

L1Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s͵ͷɬǓ ... 42

L1Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sŧ͵͏ģsǧˆȑ͝ ... 45

L1Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sljˆɆ͵sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜Ɖɦ ... 46

L1Ó¤̖s¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ ... 49

L1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s͵ͷɬǓ ... 58

L1ȊȠ̖s͠Ɩ͵͵ʾsŧ͵͏ģsǧˆȑ͝ ... 58

L1ȊȠ̖sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜Ɖɦ ... 59

L1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ ... 62

L2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s͵ͷɬǓ ... 68

L2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sŧ͵͏ģsǧˆȑ͝ ... 68

L2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sljˆɆ͵sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜Ɖɦ ... 70

L2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ ... 74

ʯʭs˃̝ ... 82

ʯ ʯʭ Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʙ̃: Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙nȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙séą ... 85

ȇɏ ... 86

̛ȪqłIJ^f̒˙ ... 87

Ɣ΄ʋ̛ȪqɹOfīɤ͵ ... 87

Ɣ΄s̍̊͏͚ƒǝͺ ... 90

Ɣ΄ʋ̛ȪqɹOfȻȡƒª½²“” ... 93

ʙ̃ʋ±Ù«ģȦȇɏR†ẇ͒ȇɏ ... 94

Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʙ̃ʋ̬ͮ ... 95

ʯʭs˃̝ ... 120

ʯʭ ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ɸĢnʙ̃q̀‡Š‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵səŘsɘµ§È ... 122

ɸĢnʙ̃q͞`‰ʙ̀ṡ͒ ... 123

ɸĢq͞`‰ʙ̀ ... 123

ʙ̃q͞`‰ʙ̀ ... 130

Ó¤̖sɸĢnʙ̃q͞`‰ʙ̀s˄ŗR†w˘ƙ ... 131

ʯʭs˃̝ ... 134

ʯʭ ɵ̝ʋŜǕNJȤs̖̉sʙ̃ʋŘĻʱÑR†wʈ͵˗NjʱÑnȠʛʨsʙ̀ 136 ... 138

s˿ɦ ... 138

nȠʛʨsʙ̀ ... 142

... 145

nȠʛʨsʙ̀ ... 146

ʯʭs˃̝ ... 148

ʯ

ʯ ʭ ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵qRX‰əŘsɘµ§Èṡȍs˃̝ ... 149

ȠʛʨsǕ˖nɬ˪ ... 150

Ʉ\Šf̚Ϳ ... 151

A ò͗ ... 153

Ó¤̖sɆ͵q͞`‰̇͒ ... 153

Ó¤̖s͵ʾʋųýq̡̝sĂųsN‰͵ʾ ... 153

ʯΑ½–ÑÆÕ²sɜƒȇɏ ... 154

Ó¤̖nȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ ... 154

ʙ̃ʋ̛ȪmɹOf’Õ¦²Ïœ¤ÎÕ ... 166

̖ͽn̖ȟs͏͚qRX‰ȿʲɲsĔŚ ... 169

dsñsƋ͵sȿʲɲR†wŌǏȑ͝ ... 179

ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sƚq͞`‰ħȅsȿʲɲsģǾģȦ˃ȧ ... 181

Ŋ˘ȁɱ ... 186

̵̟ ... 190

vª]Ë

Ů 2-1 Ó¤̖s̛͵ý˓nʝ͵΍CΎØ̯͵΍CʲΎsƚʬ ... 19

Ů 2-2 Ó¤̖R†wL1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͛͘͵͵ʾn͵žʋƔɴs3jṡ͒ ... 32

Ů 2-3 L1Ó¤̖R†wL1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸ǵǷ͵͵ʾn͵žʋƔɴ ... 33

Ů 3-1 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sȑ͝ʋȵ̀ ... 45

Ů 3-2 ɨž˦͸ǵǷ͵qljˆ`‰Ɇ͵ /o/ sƆǓÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦsĐ΍ƫΎ R†wʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦnƳŴĐ΍ŔΎ ... 47

Ů 3-3 ɨž˦͸ǵǷ͵qljˆ`‰Ɇ͵ /o/ sɽǓÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦsĐ΍ƫΎ R†wʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦnƳŴĐ΍ŔΎ ... 47

Ů 3-4 ɨž˦͸͛͘͵qljˆ`‰Ɇ͵ /o/ sƆǓÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦsĐ΍ƫΎ R†wʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦnƳŴĐ΍ŔΎ ... 48

Ů 3-5 ɨž˦͸͛͘͵qljˆ`‰Ɇ͵ /o/ sɽǓÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦsĐ΍ƫΎ R†wʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦnƳŴĐ΍ŔΎ ... 48

Ů 3-6 Ó¤̖s͛͘͵͵ʾsŧ͵͏ģs¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 50

Ů 3-7 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙ (9ř)q†‰ /tɕ/ (ɥ˪)D/tʲ/ (Ή˪)D/ts/ (ʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 51

Ů 3-8 Ó¤̖sǵǷ͵͵ʾsŧ͵͏ģs¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 53

Ů 3-9 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ /s/ (Ɣˌ) n /sʲ/ (ʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 55

Ů 3-10 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ /ʂ/ (Ή) n /ɕ/ (ɥ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 57

Ů 3-11 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sȑ͝ʋȵ̀΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/ n /u/Ύ ... 59

Ů 3-12 ƆǓ΍ƫΎnɽǓ΍ŔΎȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sljˆɆ͵ /o/ sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ ²s͜ƉɦsƳŴĐ΍HzΎ ... 60

Ů 3-13 ƆǓȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰͠Ɩ͵sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜Ɖɦ΍HzΎ ... 61

Ů 3-14 ɽǓȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰͠Ɩ͵sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜Ɖɦ΍HzΎ ... 61

Ů 3-15ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͛͘͵sŧ͵͏ģs¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ ... 63

Ů 3-16 ƆǓȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ [tɕ] (ƔˌD/o/ sĭ) n [ts] (ʜˌD/u/ sĭ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ .. 64

Ů 3-17 ɽǓȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ [tɕ] (ƔˌD/o/ sĭ) n [ts] (ʜˌD/u/ sĭ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ .. 65

Ů 3-18ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸ǵǷ͵sŧ͵͏ģs¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 66

Ů 3-19 ƆǓȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ [s] n [ɕ] sºÔ٦œ²Ñ΍̒˙[nΎ ... 67

Ů 3-20 ɽǓȊȠ̖̖̒˙q†‰ [s] n [ɕ] sºÔ٦œ²Ñ΍̒˙[nΎ ... 68

Ů 3-21 Ó¤̖Ǝ˗˙q†‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sȑ͝ʋȵ̀ ... 69

Ů 3-22 ͛͘͵sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦsĐ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 72

Ů 3-23 ǵǷ͵sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦsĐ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 73

Ů 3-24 «’¿A: Ǝ˗˙J-F20q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔÙ¦

œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 77

Ů 3-25 «’¿A: Ǝ˗˙J-F20q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦ œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 77

Ů 3-26 «’¿B: Ǝ˗˙J-F17q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦ œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 78

Ů 3-27 «’¿C: Ǝ˗˙J-F18q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦ œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 79

Ů 3-28 «’¿D: Ǝ˗˙J-F19q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔÙ¦ œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 79

Ů 3-29 «’¿D: Ǝ˗˙J-F19q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦ œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 80

Ů 3-30 «’¿E: Ǝ˗˙J-F23q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦ œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 81

Ů 3-31 «’¿F: Ǝ˗˙J-F22q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦ œ²Ñ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 81

Ů 4-1 īɤ͵: Ń̖ƚsȵ̀ ... 90

Ů 4-2 Ɣ΄ʋ̛Ȫs͏͚ ... 91

Ů 4-3 Ń̖ƚq͞`‰˹΄˙sħȅsɕŠ ... 92

Ů 4-4 ͛͘͵ƚsľĨsȿʲɲ: ̖ͽ΍ÜΎR†w̖ȟ΍ÝΎDR: Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙ ... 97

Ů 4-5 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙D̖ͽ΍ƫΎn̖ȟ΍ŔΎs͏͚qRX‰͛͘͵͝sʙ̃ʋ̬ͮ ... 98

Ů 4-6 ͛͘͵ƚsľĨsȿʲɲ ̖ͽ΍ÜΎR†w̖ȟ΍ÝΎDJ: ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙ ... 100

Ů 4-7 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙D̖ͽ΍ƫΎn̖ȟ΍ŔΎs͏͚qRX‰͛͘͵͝sʙ̃ʋ̬ͮ ... 101

Ů 4-8 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰̖ͽ΍ÜΎn̖ȟ΍ÝΎs͏͚s͛͘͵ƚsȿʲɲ ... 102

Ů 4-9 ǵǷ͵ƚsľĨsȿʲɲ: ̖ͽ΍ÜΎR†w̖ȟ΍ÝΎDR: Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙ ... 105

Ů 4-10 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙D̖ͽs͏͚DǵǷ͵: ƁȽĖƢƹȵǚɏsģȦ˃ȧ ... 106

Ů 4-11 ǵǷ͵ƚsľĨsȿʲɲ: ̖ͽ΍ÜΎR†w̖ȟ΍ÝΎDJ: ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙ ... 108

Ů 4-12 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙D̖ͽs͏͚DǵǷ͵: ƁȽĖƢƹȵǚɏsģȦ˃ȧ ... 110

Ů 4-13ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰̖ͽ΍ÜΎn̖ȟ΍ÝΎs͏͚sǵǷ͵ƚsȿʲɲ .... 111

Ů 4-14 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙: ͛͘͵ƚsŌǏȑ͝ ... 114

Ů 4-15 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙: ͛͘͵ƚ[nsŌǏȑ͝ ... 115

Ů 4-16 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙: ǵǷ͵ƚsŌǏȑ͝ ... 116

Ů 4-17 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙: ǵǷ͵ƚsŌǏȑ͝ ... 117

Ů 4-18 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙: ͛͘͵ƚsŌǏȑ͝ ... 118

Ů 4-19 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙: ǵǷ͵ƚsŌǏȑ͝ ... 119

Ů 5-1 ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵qəŘTɷ_pOº«ÙÕ΍¦Âœ²ÑɬǓTʐȷ̖̉q̸OΎ ... 128

Ů 5-2 ǵǷ͵sɸĢqRX‰əŘsº«ÙÕ΍¦Âœ²ÑɬǓTʐȷ̖̉S‡̓ˢ`‰º«ÙÕΎ ... 129

Ů 5-3 ͛͘͵səŘsº«ÙÕ΍¦Âœ²ÑɬǓTʐȷ̖̉S‡̓ˢ`‰º«ÙÕΎ ... 130

Ů 6-1 Best et al. (2015) q†‰PAMs6jsŘĻ«’¿ ... 140

Ů 6-2 Ƞʛʨń͞`‰PAMs4«’¿sŘĻ΍ȸƼĻΎ ... 141

Ů 6-3 Ó¤̖s [tɕ] n [tʲ] nPAMsƒ˖q†‰2Ń͵sŘĻ«’¿ ... 143

Ů 6-4 Ó¤̖s [s] n [sʲ] sƚʬnPAMqRX‰2jsŘĻṡ͒ső˟Ǔ ... 144

Ů 6-5 /ɕ/ n /sʲ/ sƚʬnPAMqRX‰ŘĻs«’¿ ... 145

Ů A-1 ½–ÑÆÕ²sɜƒȇɏsĜĀą: ƆǓÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙ ... 154

Ů A-2 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ljˆɆ͵T /a/ mN‰ /tɕ/ (ɥ˪)D/tʲ/ (Ή˪) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 155

Ů A-3 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ljˆɆ͵T /i/ mN‰ /tɕ/ (ɥ˪)D/tʲ/ (Ή˪) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 155

Ů A-4 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ljˆɆ͵T /a/ mN‰ /s/ (Ɣˌ)D/sʲ/ (ʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 156

Ů A-5 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ljˆɆ͵T /i/ mN‰ /s/ (Ɣˌ)D/sʲ/ (ʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 156

Ů A-6 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ljˆɆ͵T /i/ mN‰ /ʂ/ (Ή˪)D/ɕ/ (ɥ˪) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 157

Ů A-7 ƆǓ΍Üs3º¶ÑΎnɽǓ΍Ýs2º¶ÑΎsȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ [tɕ] sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 158

Ů A-8 ƆǓ΍Üs3º¶ÑΎnɽǓ΍Ýs2º¶ÑΎsȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ [tɕ] sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 158

Ů A-9 ƆǓ΍Üs3º¶ÑΎnɽǓ΍Ýs2º¶ÑΎsȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ [s] sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 159

Ů A-10ƆǓ΍Üs3º¶ÑΎnɽǓ΍Ýs2º¶ÑΎsȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ [ɕ] sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 159

Ů A-11 Ǝ˗˙J-M4q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 160

Ů A-12 Ǝ˗˙J-M4q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 160

Ů A-13 Ǝ˗˙J-F17q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 161

Ů A-14 Ǝ˗˙J-F18q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 161

Ů A-15 Ǝ˗˙J-M2q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ .... 162

Ů A-16 Ǝ˗˙J-M2q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ .... 162

Ů A-17 Ǝ˗˙J-M3q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ .... 163

Ů A-18 Ǝ˗˙J-M3q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ .... 163

Ů A-19 Ǝ˗˙J-F21q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 164

Ů A-20 Ǝ˗˙J-F21q†‰Ó¤̖s /ʂ/ (ƃƔˌ), /ɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /sʲ/ (ʿƔˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 164

Ů A-21 Ǝ˗˙J-F23q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 165

Ů A-22 Ǝ˗˙J-F22q†‰Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ (ƃƔˌ), /tɕ/ (ɥ˪ƃƔˌ), /ts/ (ʿʜˌ) sºÔ٦œ²Ñ ... 165

Ů A-23 Ò¦ÅզĮœ¦RB-730 ... 166

Ů A-24 ǝͺs̘ȍDds1 ... 167

Ů A-25 ǝͺs̘ȍDds2 ... 167

Ů A-26 ˎ˗qRX‰Ǩʠȁ ... 168

Ů A-27 ̖ͽs͏͚sǨʠȁ ... 168

Ů A-28 ̖ȟs͏͚sǨʠȁ ... 169

Ů A-29 Ó¤̖R†wȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰̖ͽn̖ȟs͏͚qRX‰ʃ̖ƚnŘ̖ƚsȿʲɲ ... 170

Ů A-30 Ó¤̖R†wȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰̖ͽn̖ȟs͏͚qRX‰ʃ̖ƚnŘ̖ƚsȿʲsȷɞđƬ ... 171

Ů A-31 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ͽs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: ʃ̖ƚ ... 171

Ů A-32 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ͽs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: Ř̖ƚ ... 172

Ů A-33 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ȟs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: ʃ̖ƚ ... 173

Ů A-34 Ó¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ȟs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: Ř̖ƚ ... 174

Ů A-35 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ͽs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: ʃ̖ƚ ... 175

Ů A-36 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ͽs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: Ř̖ƚ ... 176

Ů A-37 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ȟs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: ʃ̖ƚ ... 177

Ů A-38 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙s̖ȟs͏͚sƳŴʋpȿʲɲ: Ř̖ƚ ... 178

Ů A-39 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ /m/-/n/, /l/-/r/, /b/-/v/ sȿʲɲ ... 179

Ů A-40 ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ /m/-/n/, /b/-/v/, /l/-/r/ sƚsŌǏȑ͝ ... 180

Ç]Ë

˸ 2-1 Ó¤̖sƋ͵Āʹ ... 16

˸ 2-2 Ó¤̖s3js̛͵ý˓nʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚʬp`ƚ ... 19

˸ 2-3 Ó¤̖sʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚʬp\pOƋ͵ ... 20

˸ 2-4 Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s̛͵ʋʾǓq†‰̇͒ ... 22

˸ 2-5 ͵ͷʾǓq†‰Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ṡ͒ ... 23

˸ 2-6 Ó¤̖sɆ͵Āʹ ... 24

˸ 2-7 Ó¤̖sɆ͵͵ʾn̛͵ʋʾǓ˸ʠ ... 24

˸ 2-8 Ó¤̖Ɇ͵͵ʾnʃ͵ ... 25

˸ 2-9 ȊȠ̖sɆ͵͵ʾn̛͵ʋʾǓ˸ʠ ... 26

˸ 2-10 ȊȠ̖sƋ͵͵ʾĀʹ ... 27

˸ 2-11 ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s̛͵ʋʾǓq†‰̇͒ ... 29

˸ 2-12 ͵ͷʾǓq†‰ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ṡ͒ ... 30

˸ 3-1 L1R†wL2Ó¤̖sljˆɆ͵ /o/ s̛Ȫ̖ǃ ... 39

˸ 3-2 L1ȊȠ̖sljˆɆ͵ /o/ s̛Ȫ̖ǃ ... 39

˸ 3-3 L1Ó¤̖R†wL2Ó¤̖s̛Ȫ̖ǃ: ljˆɆ͵T /a/ n /i/ ... 40

˸ 3-4 L1ȊȠ̖s̛Ȫ̖ǃ: ljˆɆ͵T /a/ n /i/ ... 40

˸ 3-5 Ƞ̝ȁmŎˆǞP͵ͷɬǓn͵ͷʋǨȷ ... 41

˸ 3-6 L1Ó¤̖s͛͘͵͵ʾ /t, tɕ, tʲ, ts/ s͵ͷɬǓ ... 42

˸ 3-7 L1Ó¤̖s͛͘͵͵ʾ /s, sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ sŧ͵͏ģs¦Âœ²ÑɬǓs˿ʺ ... 44

˸ 3-8 L1Ó¤̖s͛͘͵͵ʾ /tɕ, tʲ, ts/ s͵ͷɬǓ ... 49

˸ 3-9 L1Ó¤̖ɨž˦͸ǵǷ͵s¦Âœ²ÑɬǓ ... 52

˸ 3-10 L1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͛͘͵s͵ͷɬǓ ... 62

˸ 3-11 L1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸ǵǷ͵s͵ͷɬǓ ... 66

˸ 3-12 L2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sljˆɆ͵sʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²s͜Ɖɦ ... 71

˸ 3-13 Ó¤̖Ǝ˗˙sʈ͵q†‰¦Âœ²ÑɬǓs˿ʺ ... 75

˸ 4-1 ̛ȪqɹOfɨǕş̖sЦ² ... 89

˸ 4-2 ͏͚ĨqDZʠ^fɨǕş̖sƚsǿ ... 92

˸ 5-1 L1Ó¤̖s͛͘͵͵ʾs͵ͷɬǓ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/Ύ ... 125

˸ 5-2 L1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͛͘͵s͵ͷɬǓ΍ljˆɆ͵ /o/ Ύ ... 126

˸ 6-1 PAMmDZȭ\ŠlO‰ŘĻ«’¿n2Ń͵sʶʄĻ ... 139

˸ 6-2 PAMq†‰ŘĻ«’¿n2͵sľĨƹsèɜ ... 142

˸ A-1 ̖ͽs͛͘͵sģǾģȦ˃ȧ˸΍Ī͢òU2åšΎ ... 181

˸ A-2 ̖ȟs͛͘͵sģǾģȦ˃ȧ˸΍Ī͢òU2åšΎ ... 181

˸ A-3͛͘͵ƚsȚǕƬ΍ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙Ύ ... 182

˸ A-4 ̖ȟs͛͘͵ƚsȚǕƬ΍ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙Ύ ... 183

˸ A-5 ̖ͽsǵǷ͵sģǾģȦ˃ȧ˸΍Ī͢òU2åšΎ ... 183

˸ A-6 ̖ȟsǵǷ͵sģǾģȦ˃ȧ˸΍Ī͢òU2åšΎ ... 183

˸ A-7 ǵǷ͵ƚsȚǕƬ΍ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙Ύ ... 184

˸ A-8 ̖ȟsǵǷ͵ƚsȚǕƬ΍ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙nÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙Ύ ... 185

¸· €Ô

Ƞ̝ȁsʐʋtDʯÚqDɆ̖n^lsÓ¤̖΍L1Ó¤̖ΎnɆ̖n^lsȊȠ

̖΍L1ȊȠ̖ΎnsȹȅʋɈ̳̾_lDȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sɸĢR

†wʙ̃qRX‰͓˿pɬnjǫQ‰ZnmN‰EʯêqDȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰ʯ2

̖̉n^lsÓ¤̖΍L2Ó¤̖ΎsɸĢR†wʙ̃qRX‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sə Řsɘµ§Èȍ‡Sq`‰ZnmN‰EȠ̝ȁmOPəŘtL2sɸĢƒʙ̃qR OlDN‰͵ʾnN‰͵ʾTƻĨ\ŠpOɴ̢Ǩ`EL2Ó¤̖sʛʨmtDɨž

˦͸͠Ɩ͵səŘtȅɪʋq̈Š‡ŠltOf΍ąQuDŸɺ1979: 38DVakhromeev 2015Ύ TDĀʹʋp̛Ȫʛʨtp\ŠlOpOEȠʛʨtZsʙ̠sʩʉŷD̖̉ȵ̀ʋ pĒͳn͵ͷ͵žƎR†w˛̃͵žƎsĒͳS‡DL2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ̅ƙ

^D˘ƙ`‰Eʛʨƚ̢n^lL2Ó¤̖s˦͸͠Ɩ͵͌ŽgɵɻtDʯ2ʭm̺

{‰†PqDL2Ó¤̖sŻŗDL1ȊȠ̖qpO͵ʾT͵΁ĝq˾ǿƍŲ`‰͵΁m NˆD˾ͭp˗Nj̚ͿTƘͬ`‰͵΁mN‰q‚SSŒ‡aDĀʹʋpʛʨT˷ŒŠl OpOfmN‰EpRDʛʨƚ̢s͵Ͷ͵΁ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵q͢ƒ^fɵɻtDL2 Ó¤̖s˦͸͠Ɩ͵ʛʨ`‰qNfˆD̊ɾÜsƔɴő˟Ǔ˘QD~aD̖̾̉

ʋ;ƹTȚž͵†ˆ΅Oɨž͵q͢ƒ`‰͌Ǡ˜^fE\‡qDÜm̈Šf†PqD ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sȇTȚž˦͸͠Ɩ͵†ˆ͵ʾsǿTƁWD˾ͭp˗Nj̚ͿTN‰f

qDʯ2̖̉˗Njs͵Ͷ̝s̅ɦS‡˥şɘO‚smN‰nOPɦ˘ǘ^fE ȽʵmtDȠʛʨs̖̉ȵ̀ʋp˞ȓqjOl̘ȍ`‰EȽqDȠ̝ȁsȵǚqj Ol̺{‰EȘljqDȠ̝ȁsǕ˖qjOl̺{‰E

L2ZG@ѨxÅéä}æ8ã3>ÍќڲĔ

ZsʵmtDʯ2ʭmǞPɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ L1 Ó¤̖nL1 ȊȠ̖sȵ̀ʋě̾ɦ R†wʒ͈ɦ˿ʺ`‰EL1Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵ʾ<sup>1</sup>t /t, tʲ, ts, tɕ, s, sʲ, ɕ, ʂ/ m NˆDdŠeŠ [t, tʲ, ts, tɕ, s, sʲ, ɕ, ʂ] n^lƔɴ`‰EL1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵qt 3jṡ͒TN‰EȺȠ (1977: 20-21, 1977: 18)R†wLabrune (2012: 62, 2012: 64)Ǯɹ

`ŠuDL1ȊȠ̖q΁üs͵ʾTƍŲ`‰st /t/ [t, ts, tɕ] n /s/ [s, ɕ] smN‰Zn qp‰Eț͏ (1960: 287-288)t /t/ [t] n /s/ [s, ɕ] qĴQlD\‡qD[ts, tɕ] nƔɴ`

‰ /c/ ΍ůͨ͵ž̌ŕmt /ts/Ύn˸̌`‰ʜǷ͵ʾʬl‰E‚P1jṡ͒tVance

(2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒mN‰EZṡ͒mt /t, c, č, s, š/ n˸̌\Š‰ /t, ts, tɕ, s, ɕ/

1 ȠʛʨmtDƋ͵śˆǞŒpOfqDʜǷ͵˸̌`‰ͨqDƋ͵«’m˃upOE

tdŠeŠ [t, ts, tɕ, s, ɕ] nƔɴ^DdŠeŠ͵ʾʋųýǧj΍Üqʠ^ḟ͒m͵

ʾʋųýǧfpOƋ͵t Vance (2008) ṡ͒m›Ë®¿sƁODÞƐĚpģƯ

΍defective distributionΎǧilO‰͵ʾmN‰ΎEL1ȊȠ̖qDL1Ó¤̖n΁ü

s͵žʋƔɴTƍŲ^pOst͛͘͵͵ʾ /tʲ/² nǵǷ͵͵ʾ /ʂ, sʲ/ mN‰EZŠ‡sD ȊȠ̖qpO͵ʾsŻŗDLado (1957) TDZȭ^fNJȤsƚɩʋģȦɹO‰nDL2s

˗NjsͨqťͿTɷ_‰΍/tʲ, ʂ, sʲ/ TG˗Nj^qWOHΎZnTèɜ\Š‰Efg^D ƚɩģȦõ̘qźkOfģȦ˃ȧtZsèɜqʀ~‰EȠʛʨmtDZsèɜqʀ~‡

aqD˗Njs^ƒ`\s˞ljqN‰L2͵ʾs΁üǓqjOlǯɋ`‰E

~aD͛͘͵qɑʐ`‰EVakhromeev (2015) t /tʲ/ n /tɕ/ TL2sɸĢqROlə Ř`‰Znȍ‡Sq^DL1ȊȠ̖s [tɕ] n΁üs͵ͷɬǓǧif͵móɹ\Š‰

Znʠ^fEL2sʙ̃qROl‚D/tʲ/ n /tɕ/ səŘTɷ_‰ZnTèɜ\Š‰EZ s2͵ʾsʙ̃qRX‰əŘtʯ4ʭmȰ̏`‰EȽqǵǷ͵qɑʐ`‰EǵǷ͵͵ʾ

mt /sʲ/D/ʂ/D/ɕ/ səŘTɸĢR†wʙ̃qROlèɜ\Š‰EɸĢqROlÓ¤̖

s /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ tL1ȊȠ̖s [ɕ] n΁üs͵ͷɬǓsƋ͵msóɹTèɜ\Š‰Eʙ̃q

ROlL1ȊȠ̖s [s] R†w [ɕ] sdŠeŠn΁ü^fÓ¤̖s /s/ R†w /ɕ/ t

ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†ilėģqƻĨ\Š‰ZnTèɜ\Š‰EÚȇD/sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ s3͵ʾ s͝s̬ͮtZŠ‡nDL1 ȊȠ̖s [ɕ] nsʙ̃ʋ̬ͮ΍΁üǓsʦƹΎq†ilʃ p‰ZnTèɜ\Š‰EZs̬ͮq͞^lt2jső˟ǓT˘Q‡Š‰E1jt /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/

s 3 ͵ʾn L1 ȊȠ̖s [ɕ] ns̬ͮTŴÚmN‰DnOP‚smN‰EdPpŠuD

ʙ̃qROl /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ tëOqþOľĨƹʠ^DL2sʙ̃mt /s/ t /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ nƻ Ĩ\Š‰TD/sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ s3͵ʾtľĨ\ŠpOnOPº«ÙÕqp‰E‚P1jső˟

Ǔt /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ s͝sʙ̃ʋp̬ͮtŴÚmpODnOP‚smN‰EZsŻŗqD/sʲ, ʂ,

ɕ/ sëOsľĨƹqƬT̀‡ŠDZs 3 ͵ʾsĝsoŠST|S†ˆ̸Oʙ̃ʋp̬

ͮʠ`EǵǷ͵sɸĢqRX‰əŘq͞`‰èɜtʯ3ʭmDʙ̃qRX‰əŘtʯ 4ʭmȰ̏`‰E

2 ȊȠ̖qROlŐ˰Ļ͵ʾ Cʲ ʬl‰ƇǂǓ΍Vance & Matsugu 2008DNogita 2016DHirayama & Vance 2018ΎqjOl̺{‰ʛʨéąTN‰EŐ˰Ļ͵ʾʬlfŻŗDȊȠ̖s˦͸͠Ɩ͵q /tʲ, sʲ/ sƍŲ

̕‰Znqp‰EZsŻŗDL2qROlDąQuD/tɕ/ n /tʲ/ tƻĨ\Š‰ZnTèɜ\Š‰E^S^D Ƞʛʨsʯ3ʭmʠ`ɸĢqRX‰əŘR†wʯ4ʭmʠ`ʙ̃qRX‰əŘsº«ÙÕTDZs†Pp

̇͒tȠʛʨsʙ̀ɵ̇`‰fqȚķmpOZnʠţ`‰E

œˆ

Zs̝ȁtĚ6ʭsˍǚmN‰EȠ̝ȁsʯ2ʭS‡sȵǚtȽs̾ˆmN‰Eʯ2 ʭmtDĘ˷ʛʨmDZȭ\ŠlO‰̇͒q̉ŋ^pT‡DȠʛʨsL1Ó¤̖R†w L1ȊȠ̖ṡ͒̺{‰Ed^lDZs2̖̉ṡ͒ŰŒq^lL2Ó¤̖qRX

‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵səŘqjOlèɜ`‰E

ʯ3ʭmtDL1Ó¤̖DL1ȊȠ̖DL2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵ʾs͵žʋƔ ɴs͵ͷɬǓ̅ƙ`‰EpRD͵ͷģȦqɹO‰Ǩȷt: ŧ͵͏ģsǧˆȑ͝R†

wƋ͵sě·ɬǓn͞Œ‰; ljˆɆ͵sʯ 2 ½–ÑÆÕ²s͜ƉɦR†w< ŧ͵͏

ģs¦Âœ²ÑɬǓmN‰E

ʯ4ʭmtDÓ¤̖Ɇ̖̒˙R†wȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʙ̃qjO lǵǷ͵͵΁n͛͘͵͵΁sdŠeŠs͵΁sĝ͏mƋ͵͵ʾ͝s̬ͮ̅ƙ^Dʙ̃

qRX‰əŘqjOl˘ƙ`‰E

ʯ5ʭmtDʯ3ʭmǞifɸĢsʙ̀R†wʯ4ʭmǞifʙ̃sʙ̀ˊŗ^D L2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵DŽă‰ɬnjqjOl˘ƙ`‰E

ʯ6ʭmtDĘ˷ʛʨmDZȭ\ŠlO‰2js̖̉˗NjsʱэǞPE1jsÊ

±ÑtPerceptual Assimilation ModelmN‰EZsʱÑmDZȭ\Šfʙ̃ʋŘĻs«’

¿soŠTDȠʛʨq̀‡Š‰ĔŚƇǂqǫQ‰ZnTĢȤ‰S˘ƙ^DZs汄 sȚķǓqjOl˘ƙ`‰E‚P1jsʱÑtSpeech Learning ModelmN‰EZsÊ

±Ñsä˿põ̘Tʛʨ˃ȧm̘ȍmU‰SoPSD̡̝`‰E

‡À

ȘljqDȠ̝ȁsǕ˖qjOl̺{‰EȠ̝ȁt: ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰L2Ó¤

̖sʛʨD; ʯ2̖̉˗NjsÚ˨ɵ̝sʛʨDR†w< ʯ2̖̉˗Njsȇɏ̝q̤ɱ

`‰n˘Q‡Š‰E

ʯÚqDL2Ó¤̖sʛʨqROlï~mĀʹʋpʛʨTp\ŠlOpOL2Ó¤

̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sɸĢR†wʙ̃sĀʹʋpģȦR†w̺̌TƔ̏ʋpǕ˖ǧ jE

ʯêqDL2Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sžÙ¦tDL2qROl˾ǿsƚʬ`‰͵ʾ TL1s͵ʾn΁ü^lO‰nOP͵ʾĀʹs˗NjžÙ¦n^lʯ2 E

ʯÛqDL2 ɸĢnʙ̃s 2js̅

ɦS‡ǰ̸^Ḋȍ`‰Znq†ˆDʯ2̖̉˗Njzsȇɏ̝ʋp̤ɱ`‰E

¸· L1 ZG@Ñ7 L1 ‘–Ñ9æçœÚ7 L2 8/0>¨xÅé ä}æ9¤r9^¥

Zsʭsʐʋt2jN‰E1jsʐʋtĘ˷ʛʨm̺{‡ŠlO‰L1Ó¤̖n L1ȊȠ̖q͞`‰͵ͶĀʹṡ͒˄ŗ^D2jʐsʐʋő˟q`‰fqDȠʛʨ s̖̉ȵ̀sźʏnp‰͵Ͷ̇͒̺{‰E2jsʐʋtDZs͵Ͷʋ̇͒qźkO l͵ʾĀʹsƚɩR†wʃ͵sƚɩ`‰ZnmN‰EZsƚɩʋģȦ˃ȧqźkOl L2Ó¤̖s̖̉ȵ̀ʋťͿq͞`‰èɜ`‰EȕqƚɩʋģȦqźkWèɜs͢

ɿqjOl̝_‰EȠʛʨsƚɩʋģȦmtDL1Ó¤̖nL1ȊȠ̖s͵ʾØŃ͵Ø ʾǓsÒÁÑm̖̉ȵ̀Üsě̾ʋR†wƬʃǨǴ^DL2Ó¤̖sosͻŹqť ͿTɷ_P‰S̝_‰E^S^pT‡DN‰͵ʾTL1qN‰S‡L2s΁üs͵ʾT

˗Nj^ƒ`ODN‰OtL1q΁üs͵ʾTpOS‡DZs͵ʾT˗Nj^qWOnOP NJȤsƚɩģȦõ̘΍Lado (1957)Ύs¿ÓÙ­Ǯɹ^pOEpRDʯ6ʭmǞPD Ɉ̳ʋȘ̸sSpeech Learning ModelsʛʨmtDNJȤsƚɩģȦõ̘qŌ̝`‰†Pp

̀ȇ^lRˆDȠʛʨsɸĢR†wʙ̃sʙ̀TSpeech Learning Modelsõ̘˻ò XlO‰E

Zsʭt3jsʵS‡p‰EĘ˷ʛʨṡ͒sÞÚˤƒȚķǓʞSfÜmD2.1 ʵmÓ¤̖sD2.2ʵmȊȠ̖sģʵ͵s͵Ͷȵ̀sȠʛʨṡ͒DZʠ^DȠʛʨ s̅ɦS‡Țķṗ͒Ǯɹ`‰Edṡ͒qźkOl2.3ʵmtDL1Ó¤̖R†w L1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵΁D͵ʾDŃ͵DʾǓsÒÁÑqROlƚɩ^DL2Ó

¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵səŘq͞`‰èɜ`‰EȠʛʨs͓˿p̒Ϳs1jmN‰

GəŘHtȠʛʨmDL2sɸĢƒʙ̃qROlN‰͵ʾnN‰͵ʾTƻĨ\ŠpOn OPɴ̢Ǖş`‰E

L1Ó¤̖R†wL1ȊȠ̖s͵Ͷ̇͒s̔ʿ̺{‰ĭqD~at_qL1Ó¤

̖nL1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s͵ʾĀʹnʃ͵ṡ͒˿ʺ`‰Eɨž˦͸͠Ɩ

͵͵ʾqtDL1Ó¤̖sŻŗD/t, tʲ, ts, tɕ, s, sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ TN‰EL1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠

Ɩ͵q͞^lt3jṡ͒TN‰EL1ȊȠ̖sŻŗD‚in‚͵ʾsǿTƠpȮ͒

tȺȠ (1977: 20-21, 1977: 18)R†wLabrune (2012: 62, 2012: 64)s /t, s/ sʬl‰̇

͒mN‰Eț͏ (1960: 287-288) t /t, s/ qĴQlD\‡qtD[ts, tɕ] ʃ͵n^lǧ

j /c/ n˸̌`‰ʜǷ͵ʾ΍ůͨ͵ž̌ŕmt /ts/Ύʬl‰̇͒`‰EVance (2008:

83, 2008: 81) ṡ͒mtD[t, ts, tɕ, s, ɕ] sq͵ʾʋųýT̕‡ŠlO‰EZsVance

(2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒tDȠʛʨqRX‰Ó¤̖nȊȠ̖s͵žʋƔɴsɬǓn

͵ͷʾǓq†‰̇͒sƚɩs̅ɦS‡D‚in‚ȚķmN‰n˃̝òXfE/tʲ, sʲ, ʂ/ [tʲ, sʲ,

ʂ] tȊȠ̖qt͵ʾn^l‚DŃ͵n^l‚ƍŲ^pOEdŠeŠs̖̉ṡ͒qɹ O‡Š‰ʾǓsǿ‚ʃpˆDÓ¤̖sȵ̀Üq͓˿pʾǓTȊȠ̖ṡ͒qɹO‡Š

pOEĜĀʋqtDL1Ó¤̖sŻŗDdŠeŠʯ3ʭm̺{‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵ʾ s͵ͷɬǓR†wʯ4ʭm̺{‰ʙ̃ʋɬnjǫQ‰fqD2.1.2ʵmǞP͵ͷʾǓ [/compact]D[/sharp]D[/strident] R†w̛͵ʾǓs [/distributed, /anterior] T͓˿

mN‰n̺{‰EL1ȊȠ̖mt [/sharp] R†w [/distributed, /anterior] q†‰ƚʬ tpOEȠʛʨsƚ̢mN‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʾǓʋ˸ʠt2.1.2ʵmʠ`E

\‡qDÜq̺{f2jsʐʋT́͞`‰D2.3ʵm̺{‰L2qRX‰ɨž˦͸͠

Ɩ͵səŘq͞`‰ȠʛʨsèɜZZm̺{‰EȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙q†‰L2Ó¤̖

sŻŗD͛͘͵͵ʾmtDɸĢqROl /tʲ/ n /tɕ/ səŘTɷ_DL1ȊȠ̖s [tɕ] n

΁üs͵ͷɬǓǧif͵msóɹTɷ_‰ZnVakhromeev (2015)Tʠ^lO‰E ȠʛʨsƚɩʋģȦ˃ȧqźkOlZs2͵ʾsəŘtʙ̃qROl‚ɷ_‰ZnT èɜ\Š‰E\‡qDǵǷ͵͵ʾmt3͵ʾ /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ səŘTɸĢR†wʙ̃qROl èɜ\Š‰EɸĢqROltDÓ¤̖s /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ tL1ȊȠ̖s [ɕ] n΁üs͵ͷɬ ǓsƋ͵msóɹTèɜ\Š‰Eʙ̃qROlL1ȊȠ̖s [s] R†w [ɕ] sdŠeŠ

n΁üsÓ¤̖s /s/ ƒ /ɕ/ t΅OƻĨƹTèɜ\Š‰EÚȇDÓ¤̖s /sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/

s3͵ʾs͝s̬ͮtDZŠ‡nL1ȊȠ̖s [ɕ] nsʙ̃ʋ̬ͮq†ilʃp‰Zn Tèɜ\Š‰EǵǷ͵sɸĢqjOlsèɜtʯ3ʭmD͛͘͵R†wǵǷ͵səŘq

͞`‰èɜʯ4ʭmȰ̏`‰E

ZG@Ñ9æçœÚ

ZsʵmtDÓ¤̖sƋ͵nɆ͵qjOlĘ˷ʛʨṡ͒sȚķǓqjOl˘ƙ^D Ƞʛʨsȍ‡Sq^†Pn`‰əŘsɴ̢ǫQ‰fqȚķṗ͒Ǯɹ`‰EÓ¤

̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵qͬɦǂl‰E2.1.1ʵmtƋ͵͵ʾĀʹn2.1.2ʵmt̛͵ʋ ʾǓR†w͵ͷʋʾǓq†‰ʾǓʋ̇͒̺{lDoṡ͒TȠʛʨsģȦÜDȚķm N‰S˘ƙ`‰E2.1.3ʵmtɆ͵͵ʾĀʹqjOl̇͒̺{‰E

ZG@Ñ9zææ¼dº

ȠʛʨTâǍʋqǞPÓ¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵΁t /t, tʲ, ts, tɕ, s, sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ mN‰E ZZmt~aDÓ¤̖Ƌ͵ĀʹĚĀʠ^Dɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵΁sý˓kXʞ̕`

‰EÓ¤̖Ƌ͵͵ʾĀʹtD˸ 2-1qʠ`̾ˆmN‰E˸ 2-1s˷t̛͵ȇɏR†

wʈžˁŗŒbfʹĥ˸^Dĥt̛͵ý˓˸^lO‰Eʜ˺ØʜǷØǵǷ͵s

˷sPhsGɨžHtɨž͵ʠ^DGȚžHtȚž͵ʠ^lO‰Eʝ͵΁Ø̯͵΁

tGʝHØG̯Hq†il˸^lRˆDGʝHsĥsƋ͵tʝ͵mDG̯HsĥsƋ͵

t̯͵mN‰EZZmɑǕ^lRUfOstDȠʛʨmOP̯͵nʝ͵sGʝ͵Ht

GTenseHqƚ^lG̯͵HtLaxsƋ͵mN‰smtpWDʝ͵n̯͵tÓ¤̖Ǝ

sú˄ʋpɹ̖mNˆDGтвердый звукH΍GʝO͵HΎqƚ^lGмягкий звукH΍G̯

O͵HΎ˸^lO‰Elj̺`‰†Pq̯͵sŻŗtDʝ͵qɈ{l̛͵ý˓msɰ

nŘȑqDĭ˦ͳTʝŐ˰qŚSil̸òW†Pq̛͵`‰͵DR†wÚȽʋpɰT ʝŐ˰ò̸m㇊‰͵mN‰EZs†PpDÚȽʋpɰTʝŐ˰ò̸m㇊‰͵

t /j, tɕ, ɕ/ mN‰EpRDŀɆ͵qģ΁\Š‰ /j/ t˸qʠ^lOpOEʩȼtds˷

nĥsɬnjsˁŗŒbs͵ʾTƍŲ^pOZnǕş`‰E

˸ 2-1 Ó¤̖sƋ͵Āʹ

Ƞʛʨsƚ̢mN‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ɥ˪mʠ`E

,

Ť͵ ˦͸͵

[+anterior] [−anterior] ˦˞͵

ʝ ̯ ʝ ̯ ʝ ̯ ʝ ̯ ʜ˺ ɨž p pʲ t tʲ k kʲ

Țž b bʲ d dʲ ɡ ɡʲ

ʜǷ ɨž ts tɕ

Țž

ǵǷ ɨž f fʲ s sʲ ʂ ɕ x xʲ Țž v vʲ z zʲ ʐ

Ί m mʲ n nʲ

ɕ r rʲ

l lʲ

˸ 2-1S‡̙Ŏ‰ZnTmU‰DÓ¤̖s͵ʾĀʹDŽǚ`‰͵΁tȽs̾ˆm N‰E

: ̛͵ȇɏq†ilDŽǚ\Š‰͵΁mN‰E

; ̛͵ý˓q†ilDŽǚ\Š‰͵΁mN‰E

< ȚžǓsȚɨq†ilDŽǚ\Š‰͵΁mN‰E

= ʝØ̯sƚʬq†ilDŽǚ\Š‰͵΁mN‰E

ZZmȠ̝ȁń͞`‰͵΁΍̛͵ȇɏD̛͵ý˓DʝØ̯͵΁ΎqjOlDds͵

΁s͵žʋɬnjR†ẃ͞`‰͵ͶʾǓqjOl̺{‰EpRD͵ʾʋųýq̡̝sĂ ųsN‰͵ʾq͞`‰̇͒ò͗A.2qʠ`EȠ̝ȁmtDɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ǞPf

qȚžǓq†‰͵΁t͞Œ‡pOEÓ¤̖s̛͵ȇɏq†‰͵΁qtDʜ˺͵͵΁D ʜǷ͵͵΁DǵǷ͵͵΁DΊ͵͵΁Dɕ͵͵΁TN‰EȠʛʨsâǍʋqǞPɨž˦͸

͠Ɩ͵͵΁qtDÝq̺{‰ʜ˺͵͵ʾDʜǷ͵͵ʾDǵǷ͵͵ʾTŜ~ŠD\‡qD

̯͵‚ʝ͵‚Ŝ~Š‰EȘ‚ɉɕsƈƖsʦƹTǁOstʜ˺͵͵΁R†wʜǷ͵͵΁

mN‰Eʜ˺͵͵΁qƥ`‰͵ʾt /p, pʲ, b, bʲ, t, tʲ, d, dʲ, k, kʲ, ɡ, ɡʲ/ mN‰EʜǷ͵͵΁

t /ts, tɕ/ mN‰Eʜ˺͵͵΁R†wʜǷ͵͵΁sƋ͵t [5continuant] mN‰Eʜ˺͵

͵΁R†wʜǷ͵͵΁t [±continuant, ±strident] sʾǓsˁŗŒbq†ilƻĨmU

‰Eʜ˺͵͵΁t [5continuant, 5strident] mNˆDʜǷ͵͵΁t [5continuant, +strident]

sЍǧjECubberley (2002)DJakobson and Halle (1956)q†il͵Ͷ˸ʠn^lt [5continuant, 5strident] mN‰ṅ͒\Š‰ /tʲ/ tDБогданова (2001: 78)q†‰n͵žʋ qtDGʜǷʋ͜ǻûPHn̺{‡ŠlO‰EZs͜ǻsɬnjqŸɺ (1979: 38)‚̈

ŠlO‰EȠ̝ȁsʯ3ʭm̺{‰̾ˆDL2Ó¤̖s /tʲ/ tD[+strident] ṅ͒mU

‰DL1Ó¤̖†ˆǁOʜǷǓûPZnTģSifEZs [+strident] ʋɬnjtD¦

œ²ÑɬǓsñqDL2Ó¤̖qRX‰ /tʲ/ sDʜǷ͵ [tɕ] n΁üsɬǓǧj͵

msóɹʠţ`‰ȫǥs1jmN‰EȽqDǧˆő˟pǵǷʋŧ͵ûPʦƹs͛͘

ûPǵǷʋ͵΁q̈Š‰EǵǷ͵͵΁qƥ`‰͵ʾt /f, fʲ, v, vʲ, s, sʲ, z, zʲ, ɕ, ʂ, ʐ, x, xʲ/

mN‰É͞`‰͵ͶʾǓt [+continuant] mN‰EȠʛʨmǞPǵǷ͵͵ʾt /s, sʲ, ɕ,

ʂ/ mN‰E

̛͵ý˓q†‰ģ΁tž͆ĝqROlosŻǜqROlɉɕsƈƖT㇊‰S q†ilģ΁\Š‰E̛͵ý˓q†‰͵΁qtŤ͵͵΁ ΍LabialΎD˦͸͵͵΁

΍CoronalΎD˦˞͵͵΁ ΍DorsalΎTN‰E˦͸͵͵΁t [+anterior] n [5anterior] q ģ΁\Š‰EŤ͵sŻŗtŤqROlƈƖT㇊‰EŤ͵͵΁t /p, pʲ, b, bʲ, f, fʲ, v, vʲ,

m, mʲ/ mN‰E˦͸͵t˦ĘS‡˦ʮqɛ‰͏ģm̛͵\Š‰͵Ŝ€E˦͸͵͵΁

t /t, tʲ, d, dʲ, ts, tɕ, s, sʲ, z, zʲ, ɕ, ʂ, ʐ, n, nʲ, l, lʲ, r, rʲ/ mN‰EƈƖTɁˬR†wɁˬ†ˆĭ sý˓m̩U‰Ƌ͵t [+anterior] mNˆD[5anterior] sƋ͵tZs†PpƈƖûŒ

pƠ͵p\Š‰΍Chomsky & Halle 1968: 304DHall 2007: 324ΎEpRDFeature

GeometrysȨˁmtD[anterior] t˦͸͵q͢ƒ\ŠlO‰΍Hall 2007: 324ΎEȠʛ

ʨs̛͵ʾǓ˸ʠt (Hall 2007)qNJPE/t, tʲ, d, dʲ, ts, s, sʲ, z, zʲ, n, nʲ, l, lʲ, r, rʲ/ t

[+anterior] mD/tɕ, ɕ, ʂ, ʐ/ t [5anterior] mN‰EȠʛʨsǞPɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵΁ /t, tʲ, ts, s, sʲ, tɕ, ɕ, ʂ/ sPhD/t, tʲ, ts, s, sʲ/ t [+anterior] mD/tɕ, ɕ, ʂ/ t [5anterior] mN‰E ȠʛʨsâǍʋqǞPɨž˦͸͛͘͵sPhD[+anterior] s͵΁q‚D[5anterior] s

͵΁q‚Dʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚTDŽǚ\ŠpOƋ͵TN‰EpRD˦˞͵t˦slj͏m̛

͵\Š‰͵mN‰E˦˞͵͵΁t /k, kʲ, ɡ, ɡʲ, x, xʲ/ mN‰E

̯͵tDʝ͵qƚ^lƋ͵T̛͵ý˓m̛͵\Š‰nŘȑqDĭ˦ͳTʝŐ˰qŚ SilʎˆÜTil̸òW†Pq̛͵\Š‰Ƌ͵ /pʲ, bʲ, tʲ, dʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, tɕ, fʲ, vʲ, sʲ, zʲ, xʲ, mʲ,

nʲ, lʲ, rʲ/ N‰OtÚȽʋpɰTʝŐ˰ò̸m㇊‰Ƌ͵ /tɕ, ɕ/ mN‰Eʝ͵tÜ

q̺{f†PpįȽ̛͵TpOƋ͵R†wÚȽʋpɰTʝŐ˰ôƀsƋ͵mN‰E Üq̺{f†PqDG̯͵HR†wGʝ͵HtÓ¤̖ƎqROlĄŒŠ‰ú˄ʋɹ

̖mN‰EÜq̺{fįȽ̛͵ûŒpOƋ͵ʹĥt͵žƎsģ͔mtDGͲŐ˰Ļ

͵H΍plainDnon-palatalizedΎn‚ŠuŠDįȽ̛͵ûPƋ͵ʹĥtGŐ˰Ļ͵H

΍palatalizedΎn‚ŠuŠ‰ (Ladefoged 2001: 234) EŐ˰Ļ͵t [5back] n^l̇͒

\Š‰(Kenstowicz 1994)EȠʛʨmtDÓ¤̖sŐ˰Ļ͵qtDįȽ̛͵q†‰ɰ

s͵ʾgXmpWDÚȽʋpɰTɁˬS‡ʝŐ˰qɛ‰ý˓m㇊‰ /tɕ, ɕ/ ‚ N‰nOPɦ͓̂^DÚ̥^lZŠ‡s͵΁dŠeŠGʝ͵HnG̯͵HnŠy Znq`‰EÓ¤̖s̯͵͵΁qƥ`‰st /pʲ, bʲ, tʲ, dʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, tɕ, fʲ, vʲ, sʲ, zʲ, ɕ, xʲ, mʲ, nʲ,

lʲ, rʲ/ mN‰EДмитренко (1970: 13, 1980: 74)t̯͵͵΁Øʝ͵͵΁ǫQ‰fq

[±hard/soft] ʬllD̯͵͵΁ [+soft] ṅ͒^Dʝ͵͵΁ [+hard] nǫQlO

‰Eʝ͵Ø̯͵͵΁sƚʬtÌ ¾ªÕɕs͵ͷʾǓ [±sharp] ɹOlǫQ‰Zn‚

mU‰EpRDʝ͵͵΁T [5sharp] mD̯͵͵΁t [+sharp] mN‰EȠʛʨmtD

̛͵ʋʾǓq†‰̇͒mtD͵žƎsģ͔mOPįȽ̛͵ûPŐ˰Ļ͵ /pʲ, bʲ, tʲ, dʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ, fʲ, vʲ, sʲ, zʲ, ɕ, xʲ, mʲ, nʲ, lʲ, rʲ/ gXmpWDÚȽʋpɰTʝŐ˰ò̸m㇊‰ /tɕ,

ɕ/ ‚ [5back] ṅ͒`‰E\‡qD͵ͷʾǓɹOlʯ3ʭm̺{‰͵ͷʋɬǓn

ś͞†ˆģSˆƒ`W`‰fqD2.1.2ʵmƒ˖̺{‰͵ͷʾǓ [±sharp] ɹ Ol̯͵Øʝ͵sƚʬǫQ‰E

ȽqD̛͵ý˓q†‰͵΁n̯͵Øʝ͵sƚʬqjOl̺{‰E˃̝n^ltDÜ m̈Šf̾ˆDŤ͵͵΁R†w˦˞͵͵΁³nʃpˆDʝ͵Ø̯͵ssDŽǚqRO l˦͸͵͵΁qtͲƚʤǓT̕‡Š‰E˸ 2-2 qʠ`Ƌ͵͵ʾtˏsĥS‡̙Ŏ

‰ZnTmU‰†Pqʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚp^lO‰E

˸ 2-2 Ó¤̖s3js̛͵ý˓nʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚʬp`ƚ

΍Ƌ͵sƚtˏsȼmN‰Ύ

Ť͵ ˦͸͵ ˦˞͵

ʝ͵ p b f v m n t d l r s z x k ɡ

̯͵ pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ nʲ tʲ dʲ lʲ rʲ sʲ zʲ xʲ kʲ ɡʲ

˸ 2-2sĥS‡̙Ŏ‰ZnTĢȤ‰†PqD/p, pʲ/D/b, bʲ/D/f, fʲ/D/v, vʲ/D/m, mʲ/D/n, nʲ/D/t, tʲ/D/d, dʲ/D/s, sʲ/D/l, lʲ/D/r, rʲ/D/z, zʲ/DR†wƚǏ`‰̯͵s͵ʾʋųýq̡̝

sĂųTN‰ /x, xʲ/D/k, kʲ/D/ɡ, ɡʲ/ tʝØ̯q†‰ƚʬsƚmN‰EZZS‡ģS‰

̾ˆDʝ͵Ø̯͵tÓ¤̖s3js̛͵ý˓ȹȅ^l̅ƙ\Š‰EŮ 2-1qÓ¤

̖s̛͵ý˓nʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚʬs͞Ĉʠ^fEZsŮS‡̙ŎŠ‰̾ˆDʝ͵

΍CΎn̯͵΍CʲΎtŤ͵͵΁D˦͸͵͵΁DR†w˦˞͵͵΁΍/xʲ, kʲ, ɡʲ/ q͵ʾʋ ųý̕fŻŗΎs`{lqROlĀʹʋqƚʬ^lO‰E

Ů 2-1 Ó¤̖s̛͵ý˓nʝ͵΍CΎØ̯͵΍CʲΎsƚʬ

ÚȇD˸ 2-3sˏsĥsʩȼS‡̙Ŏ‰ZnTmU‰†PqD [+anterior] mN‰ /ts/

n [5anterior] mN‰ [ʂ, ʐ, tɕ, ɕ] tƚǧfpOE

3 /kʲ, ɡʲ, xʲ/ q͵ʾʋųý̕pȮ͒ŎifŻŗqD˦˞͵q‚ͲƚʤǓ̕]‰NjpOE

˸ 2-3 Ó¤̖sʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚʬp\pOƋ͵

˦͸͵

[+anterior] [−anterior]

ʝ͵ ts ʂ ʐ

̯͵ tɕ ɕ

ĜĀʋqt [5anterior] s /ɕ/ R†w /ʂ/ t [+anterior] s /s/ R†w /sʲ/ Tp^lO

‰†Ppʝ͵Ø̯͵sƚp\pOE͵žƎʋqtDÜq̺{f̾ˆD/sʲ/ t /s/ q įȽ̛͵TĴŒifǹp`ZnTmU‰TD/ɕ/ t /ʂ/ qįȽ̛͵TĴŒifǹ‰

‰ZnTmUpOE\‡qD͵Ͷ̝sĒͳS‡̀‰nD/s/ n /sʲ/ qN‰†PpD ý˓ʋìȗ s // sʲ΍s n sʲ sìȗΎT /ɕ/ n /ʂ/ qt̕‡ŠpOEÜq̺{fZn

̭~QlD[5anterior] s˦͸͵qROl˦ʮ͵΍LaminalΎ /ɕ/ t˦ơ͵ /ʂ/ ΍ApicalΎD

̛͵ʾǓmOP [5distributed]Ύnʝ͵n̯͵sƚp\pOṅ͒`‰E˦ʮ͵t̛

͵ʾǓmOP [+distributed] mNˆD˦ơ͵t̛͵ʾǓmOP [5distributed] mN‰E

~fDŘȶqDȚž͵sŻŗD̡̝sĂųspO͵ʾʋųýǧj /ʐ/ nDÝ̌q̺

{‰̾ˆDɴóÓ¤̖mtɗQjjN‰ṅ͒\Š‰ /ʑ/ t /z/ n /zʲ/ Tp^lO

‰†Ppƚp\pOE\‡qD/ts/ n /tɕ/ ‚D/ɕ/ n /ʂ/ nŘ_ɵɻmDʝ͵Ø̯͵

sƚp\pOEj~ˆD͵žʋqtD/tɕ/ t /ts/ qįȽ̛͵TĴŒifǹp`Z nTmUaD͵Ͷ̝ʋq‚DɃœʋìȗT̕‡Š‰‚ssDý˓ʋìȗT̕‡Š

pOEÜm̺{f̾ˆD/ts, ʂ, ʐ/ t̯͵sƚǧfpOʝ͵mNˆD/ɕ, tɕ/ tʝ͵sƚ

ǧfpO̯͵mN‰EÜq̺{fZn̭~Ql˘Q‰nDȠʛʨsǞPɨž˦͸

͠Ɩ͵t̯͵Øʝ͵s›Ë®¿ǧhD˾ͭpȵ̀s͵΁mN‰ZnTʞ̕mUfE

ZG@Ñ9¨xÅéä}æ9¼†²ÌÜ

Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʾǓʋ̇͒̺{‰ĭqDɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s̛͵͵žƎ ʋpɬǓqjOlNJȤsʛʨs̀̇q̈Š‰E

ʜ˺͵ /t/ [t] R†wʜǷ͵ /ts/ [ts] sŻŗD˦ơR†w˦ʮTÜɁsý˓mƈƖă

‰΍Timberlake 2004: 53ΎE/tʲ/ [tʲ] t͵Ͷʋqʜ˺͵qģ΁\Š‰TDÚ͏s̒˙qɁ

Ƿʋp͜ǻT̕‡Š‰΍Timberlake 2004: 54ΎEZsƋ͵sŻŗD˦ʮsĭ͏TɁn ɁˬsżʐmƈƖă‰΍Bolla 1981: 120ΎEʜǷ͵ /tɕ/ [tɕ] sŻŗDƈƖtɁˬnʝ Ő˰sĭ͏m㇊‰΍Bolla 1981: 143ΎE\‡qDŧ͵TÚ×ǜmɷĢ\Š‰ [ts] q

ƚ^lD[tɕ] sŻŗDŧ͵T :˦ơnʝŐ˰sĭ͏R†w ;˦˞nʝŐ˰s2×ǜs

sɰʫqROl㇊‰΍Дмитренко 1980: 21ΎE

ȽqDǵǷ͵s̛͵ý˓qjOl̺{‰E/s/ [s] sŻŗD˦ơTÜɁsȇzŚX‡ŠD ɰʫT㇊‰΍Timberlake 2004: 54ΎE/sʲ/ [sʲ] sŻŗD̛͵ý˓t /tʲ/ [tʲ] n΁ümN

‰E /ʂ/ [ʂ] sŻŗD˦ơTɁˬqŚSil [s] †ˆ΅WÜY‡Š‰E\‡qD[ʂ] sŻ

ŗD˦sʕŽâs͏ģTÝY‡ŠD˦sˠTǧhÜY‡Š‰Znq†ˆɟs†PpDŽɮ np‰E~fD[ʂ] tǁW̯Ő˰͵Ļ\ŠlO‰EņhD˦sâƄTÝY‡ŠD˦slj

͏TÜqÜY‡ŠlO‰΍Timberlake 2004: 54ΎEÚȇDBolla (1981)š̺mtDʝŐ

˰sĭ͏m̛͵\Š‰n̺{‡ŠlO‰E˯˙sͱʋºÏ²Ï½‘q†‰ˣģsʈ͵

s̅ƙS‡D[ʂ] q͞^ltTimberlake (2004)†ˆBolla (1981)sȇTƇǂmN‰nǒŒ

Š‰E/ɕ/ [ɕ] sŻŗD˦ơtɁzŚX‡ŠD˦ʮtʝŐ˰qɎilȔY‡ŠlO‰

΍Timberlake 2004: 55ΎEBolla (1981)t˟ĹʋŦƑn^l˦ʮR†w˦˞sĭ͏ǩY

lO‰E\‡qD/ɕ/ [ɕ] tɃœʋqƋ͵́ˆS‡ɷĢ\ŠffqD[ɕ] tG͙OH

(Cubberley 2002: 65)ň̺\ŠlO‰EpRD[ʂ] R†w [ɕ] sŻŗq‚D[tɕ] nŘ_

†Pqŧ͵T2×ǜsɰʫqROl㇊‰΍Дмитренко 1980: 21ΎEBolla (1981)q†

‰n̯͵qƚ^lʝ͵s͵tǁW̯Ő˰Ļ\ŠlO‰E

ZsʵmtDÓ¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵̛͵ʋʾǓR†w͵ͷʋʾǓɹOlǫQ

‰EɹOf̛͵ʋʾǓtMajor Class Featuress [/consonantal]D[/sonorant]DManner Features s [/continuant]D[/strident]DLaryngeal Features s [/voice]DPlace Features s [CORONAL] ΍Ýýģ΁n^l [/anterior]D[/distributed]ΎR†w [DORSAL]΍[/ high]D[/low]D[/back]ΎmN‰E

˸ 2-4 Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s̛͵ʋʾǓq†‰̇͒

Ú͹ʾǓsŻŗGBHtGȚH˸^D›Ë®¿tGɨ^HǕş`‰EG+HnG5Htê͹ʾǓsЍ˸`E

Features t tʲ ts tɕ s sʲ ɕ ʂ

Major Class

[consonantal] + + + + + + + + [sonorant] − − − − − − − −

Manner

[continuant] − − − − + + + + [strident] − − + + + + + +

Laryngeal

[voice] − − − − − − − −

Place

CORONAL

[anterior] + + + + + + − − [distributed] − − − − − − + −

DORSAL

[high] + + + +

[low] − − − −

[back] − − − −

̯͵t [DORSAL] s̛͵ý˓qROlɰǧhD[+high, 5back] mN‰Eʝ͵t

[DORSAL] qRX‰ɰǧfpOṅ͒`‰E

ĭʵm̺{f̾ˆD˦͸͵qt [+anterior] n [5anterior] sÝýģ΁TNˆDɨž˦

͸͠Ɩ͵ /t, tʲ, ts, tɕ, s, sʲ, ɕ, ʂ/ sPhs /t, tʲ, ts, s, sʲ/ t [+anterior] mNˆD/tɕ, ɕ, ʂ/ t [5 anterior] mN‰E~fD/ʂ, ʐ/ t [5anterior, 5distributed] mNˆD/ɕ/ t [5anterior, +distributed] mN‰E

ZZmDɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s̛͵ʋʾǓmṡ͒sñqDÌ ¾ªÕɕs͵ͷʾǓɹ Oḟ͒‚̺{‰EZṡ͒tʯ3ʭq̺{‰Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s͵ͷʋpĒ ͳǫQ‰ZnqȚķmN‰EĜĀʋqtDʯ3ʭsģȦ˃ȧ̇͒`‰ͨqD[/ compact]D[/sharp]D[/strident] ɹO‰E[+compact] t [5compact] qƚ^lɈ̳ʋ ɰODâǍʋpŞɐǿưqRX‰•¶Ñ›Ùsͬânƒ˖\Š‰ (Jacobson and Halle,

1956: 29)E[+sharp] tƚǏ`‰ [5sharp] s͵ʾqƚ^l΅ŹǚģTǁ~‰nƒ˖\Š‰

(Jacobson and Halle, 1956: 31)E\‡qD[+sharp] s͵ʾsŻŗDʯ2½–ÑÆÕ²sÜ

ȌT̀‡Š‰΍Jakobson, Fant, and Halle 1963: 31ΎE[+strident] pƋ͵tǁOŧ͵ûP

΍Jakobson & Halle, 1956: 31DKirchner, 2004: 326ΎE

˸ 2-5 ͵ͷʾǓq†‰Ó¤̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ṡ͒

΍˸ʠtCubberley 2002: 65qNJPE

pRD[diffuse] n [compact]  [/compact] n^lȢrfΎ

͵ʾ [compact] [strident] [continuant] [sharp]

t ^{− − − −}

tʲ ^{− − − +}

ts ^{− + − −}

tɕ ^{+ + − +}

s ^{− + + −}

sʲ ^{− + + +}

ʂ ^{+ + + −}

ɕ ^{+ + + +}

ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sPhs͛͘͵͵΁ /t, tʲ, ts, tɕ/ t [5continuant] mDǵǷ͵͵΁ /s, sʲ, ʂ, ɕ/ t [+continuant] mN‰E̯͵mN‰ /sʲ, tʲ, ɕ, tɕ/ t [+sharp] mDʝ͵mN‰ /s, t, ʂ, ɕ/

t [5sharp] mN‰E/ɕ, tɕ, ʂ/ t [+compact] ṅ͒\ŠD/s, sʲ, t, tʲ, ts/ t [5compact]΍Γ

[+diffuse]Ύṅ͒\Š‰E\‡qDɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵΁sPhD/t, tʲ/ t [5strident] mD

/s, sʲ, ʂ, ɕ, ts, tɕ/ t [+strident] mN‰Efg^DÜq̺{f̾ˆD/tʲ/ t͵žʋqtʜǷ ʋp͜ǻûPZnTʙ‡ŠlO‰E

ZG@Ñ9¡ææ¼dº

ɴóȷɞÓ¤̖sɆ͵͵ʾqt /i, e, a, o, u/⁴ T̕‡Š‰E˸ 2-6qÓ¤̖s Ɇ͵Āʹʠ`E

˸ 2-6 Ó¤̖sɆ͵Āʹ

, ,

', ,

, ,

+, i u , e o , a

Ó¤̖sĀʹÜD͓˿pƻĨʋɬnjt3jN‰E˦s΅\΍HeightΎD˦sĭlj

΍BacknessΎDĞŤǓ΍RoundnessΎmN‰E΅\qt3Ʌͦs΅ØâØþTN‰E˦

sĭljqt2Ʌͦsĭ˦Øƅ˦TN‰E\‡q3jtĞŤǓsȚɨmN‰E/i/ tͲĞ Ťĭ˦ɰɆ͵mNˆD/e/ tͲĞŤĭ˦ŀɰɆ͵mNˆD/a/ tͲĞŤƅ˦ƶɆ͵mN

ˆD/o/ tĞŤƅ˦ŀɰɆ͵mNˆD/u/ tĞŤƅ˦ɰɆ͵mN‰EƻĨʋ͵ͶʾǓm

˓UDzQlOPn [/high]D[/back]D[/round] mÓ¤̖sɆ͵ĀʹǫQ‰Zn TmU‰EƻĨʋ͵ͶʾǓsЍ˸ 2-7qʠ^lN‰E

˸ 2-7 Ó¤̖sɆ͵͵ʾn̛͵ʋʾǓ˸ʠ

, i e a o u

[±high] + − − − +

[±back] − − + + +

[±round] − − − + +

ȠʛʨsâǍʋqǞPɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵t5sɆ͵ /i, e, a, o, u/ sos͵ʾq‚Ę˷`‰

ZnR†wljˆ`‰ZnTő˟mN‰EȠʛʨsʯ3ʭm˷P͵ͷģȦqtDɨž˦͸

͠Ɩ͵sljˆɆ͵T /o/ mN‰‚sâǍʋqɹO‰EȕqD˽ĵʋq͵ͷģȦqljˆ

Ɇ͵ /a, i/ ɹO‰E~fDȠʛʨsʯ4ʭsģȦqtDʛʨƚ̢sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s

ljˆɆ͵R†wĘ˷Ɇ͵n^l /a/ n /o/ ɹOfE

Ó¤̖sɆ͵tœ¨Õ²sȚɨq†ˆ͵žʋƔɴT͕ʋq‚̧ʋq‚ſĻ`‰E

4 Ƞʛʨnsʑǰś͞TpOÓ¤̖sɆ͵͵ʾs2j̇͒tò͗sA.1qʠ`E

œ¨Õ²s˓SŠfɆ͵t†ˆ͙WSjȍʗqʈ͵\Š‰sqƚ^Dœ¨Õ²sp OɆ͵tǀĻ`‰E˸ 2-8qÓ¤̖sɆ͵͵ʾnʃ͵sœ¨Õ²sȚɨq†‰ƚǏ

ʠ^fEpRDý˓s˷sCtƋ͵nOPǕşmDVtɆ͵nOPǕşmN‰ECt ʝ͵sƋ͵˸^DCʲ̯͵sƋ͵˸`EɆ͵ /i/ tʝ͵͵ʾqljˆ`‰ŻŗDq [ɨ]

n^lʈ͵\Š‰E̯͵͵ʾqljˆ`‰Ɇ͵tĭ†ˆqp‰E

˸ 2-8 Ó¤̖Ɇ͵͵ʾnʃ͵

GVHtɆ͵˸`EGCHtʝƋ͵˸^DGCʲHt̯Ƌ͵˸`EǦƿtDǦƿĝs˿ʾT÷ǕmN‰Zn˸`E

͵ʾ ý˓ œ¨Õ²Nˆ œ¨Õ²p^

/i/ (C)V [ɨ]

[ɨ̞]

[ɪ]

(Cʲ)V [i]

/e/ (C)V [ɛ]

CʲV [e]

/a/ (C)V [ä], [ɑ]

[ə], [ɐ]

[ɪ]

CʲV [ä], [æ]

/o/ (C)V [o̞]

CʲV [ɵ̞]

/u/ (C)V [u] [ʊ]

CʲV [ʉ] [ʊ̈]

˸ 2-8S‡Ó¤̖sɆ͵tĘ˷`‰˿ʾR†wœ¨Õ²sȚɨq†ˆƁȶp͵ž

ʋƔɴǧjZnT̙ŎŠ‰E͓˿pĔŚn^ltÜqȉq̺{f̾ˆD̯Ƌ͵͵ʾ qljˆ`‰Ɇ͵tĭ†ˆqp‰E~fœ¨Õ²p^sý˓qROl /i/ n /e/ R†w

/a/ n /o/ t΁üs͵žʋƔɴqp‰E

‘–Ñ9æçœÚ

ZsʵmtL1ȊȠ̖sƋ͵nɆ͵qjOlȠʛʨṡ͒̺{‰EȠʛʨsǞPɨ ž˦͸͠Ɩ͵q͞Œ‰͓˿p͵Ͷ́Ĭ̺{‰fqDĘqɆ͵s͵ʾĀʹqjOls {DȽqDƋ͵s͵ʾĀʹqjOl̺{‰E2.2.1ʵmtȊȠ̖sɆ͵͵ʾĀʹqjO l̇͒̺{‰E2.2.2ʵmtȊȠ̖sƋ͵͵ʾĀʹR†wä˿pʃ͵s͞ĈqjOl

̺{‰E

‘–Ñ9¡ææ¼dº

ȊȠ̖qt5ČsɆ͵͵ʾ /a, i, u, e, o/ TN‰EȠ̝ȁqROl͵žƔɴsÒÁÑs Ɇ͵dŠeŠʷʁ˸̌^l [a, i, u, e, o] n˸̌`‰EȊȠ̖sɆ͵͵ʾĀʹtƻĨʋ

͵ͶʾǓ [/high]D[/low] D[/back] ɹOlD˸ 2-9s†Pp˸ʠɹOlǫQ‰

ZnTmU‰E

˸ 2-9 ȊȠ̖sɆ͵͵ʾn̛͵ʋʾǓ˸ʠ

, a i u e o -/high., + + -/low., + -/back., + + +

˦s΅\΍HeightΎn˦sĭlj΍BacknessΎs2js͵ͶʋɬnjɹOlDȊȠ̖sɆ

͵ĀʹǫQ‰ZnTmU‰Eɰ\qt3Ʌͦ΍΅: /i, u/Dŀɰ: /e, o/Dƶ: /a/ΎTNˆD

˦sĭljq2ɅͦTN‰΍ĭΒ/i, e/DljΒ/u, o, a/ΎE

ʯ3ʭm˷P͵ͷģȦmtDȊȠ̖s̛Ȫ̖ǃsljˆɆ͵T /o/ mN‰‚säqǞ OD˽ĵʋq /u/ R†w /a, i/ s̛Ȫ̖ǃ‚ɹO‰E

‘–Ñ9zææ¼dº

ȊȠ̖qt14ČsƋ͵͵ʾ /p, b, m, n, t, d, k, ɡ, s, z, h, r, w, j/ TN‰EȠʛʨsƚ̢

mN‰ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵q͞^ltDÝm̔^W̺{‰̾ˆD3jṡ͒TNˆD‚in

‚͵ʾǿTƠpȮ͒mt /t, s/ gXTʬl‡Š‰E\‡qD/t, ts, s/ ͵ʾn^lʬl

‰̇͒nD/t, ts, tɕ, s, ɕ/ ͵ʾn^lʬl‰̇͒TN‰E˸ 2-10qȊȠ̖sƋ͵Āʹ

ʠ`E̛͵ý˓q†‰͵΁qtDʜ˺͵DǵǷ͵DΊ͵Dɕ͵Dǰ̸͵TN‰E̛͵

ý˓q†‰͵΁qtDŤ͵D˦͸͵D˦˞͵Dž͚͵TN‰EpRD˸ 2-10qʠ`

ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ṡ͒tÜq̺{f‚in‚͵ʾǿTƠpȮ͒mN‰E

˸ 2-10 ȊȠ̖sƋ͵͵ʾĀʹ

ɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵tȺȠ (1977)R†wLabrune (2012Ύṡ͒ʠ`E

͵΁ Ť ˦͸ ˦˞ ž͚

ʜ˺͵ p t k

b d ɡ

ǵǷ͵ s h

z Ί͵ m n

ɕ͵ r

ǰ̸͵ w j

Üm̈Šf̾ˆDȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵͵΁qt3jṡ͒TN‰E1jṡ͒

tȺȠ (1977: 20-21, 1977: 18)R†wLabrune (2012: 62, 2012: 64)s /t, s/ sʬl‰n OṖ͒mN‰E2jṡ͒tț͏ (1960: 287-288)mN‰Eț͏ (1960: 287-288)ṡ

͒mt /t/ [t] n /c/ nˉ‡Š‰T͵ʾ΍ůͨ͵ž̌ŕmt /ts/ nˉ‡Š‰Ύn^lʬ

l‡ŠDʃ͵n^l [ts, tɕ] ǧjEț͏ (1960: 287-288)sɨžǵǷ͵ṡ͒mtD[ɕ]

t /s/ q̓ǂ`‰E3jṡ͒tVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81) ṡ͒mN‰EVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒mt /t, c, č, s, š/ n˸̌\Š‰ /t, ts, tɕ, s, ɕ/΍ůͨ͵ž̌ŕq

†‰˸̌Ύ[t, ts, tɕ, s, ɕ] sdŠeŠq͵ʾʋųýT̕‡ŠlO‰E

ôÝDZŠ‡sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ṡ͒ń͞`‰͓˿pʃ͵́Ĭʠ`EZs3js

̇͒sPhDȠʛʨsʯ3ʭR†wʯ4ʭqROl̺{‰ȊȠ̖Ɇ̖̒˙sɸĢR†w ʙ̃q̀‡Š‰ɴ̢ǫQ‰ZnqD~fʯ5ʭR†wʯ6ʭqROldŠ‡sɴ̢

̇͒`‰̡̝q͓˿mN‰stDȺȠ (1977: 20-21, 1977: 18)R†wLabrune (2012: 62, 2012: 64)ṡ͒nVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81) ṡ͒mN‰EVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81) s

̇͒T‚in‚͓˿qp‰stʯ6ʭsPerceptual Assimilation Models̡̝mN‰Ep RDȠ̝ȁmVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒ǞPͨqůͨ͵ž̌ŕq†‰˸̌ɹ O‰E

~aD͛͘͵͵ʾń͞`‰ʃ͵́ĬqjOl̺{‰EÜm̺{fȺȠ (1977: 20-21, 1977: 18)R†wLabrune (2012: 62, 2012: 64)ṡ͒mtD/i/ R†w /j/ sĭs /t/ t [tɕ]

n^lĢɴ^D/u/ sĭs /t/ t [ts] n^DdŠôƀsý˓mt [t] n^lƔɴ`‰E /t/ 4 [tɕ] / {_i, _j}D/t/ 4 [ts] / _uDdŠôƀD/t/ 4 [t]

ą: ˶ /ti/ [tɕi]DʖW /tuku/ [tsu̥ku]Dǝ /te/ [te]

Üm̺{fț͏ (1960: 287-288)ṡ͒sŻŗ [tɕ] t /c/ nˉ‰ʜǷ͵ʾsʃ͵mNˆD /i/ R†w /j/ sĭqɴŠ‰ŻŗqƔɴ`‰EVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒mtD/tɕ/

t /i/ R†w /j/ sĭq [tɕ] n^lƔɴ^D/ts/ t /u/ sĭqƔɴ^D/t/ tdŠôƀ sɶżmƔɴ`‰EȽqDǵǷ͵͵ʾń͞`‰ʃ͵́ĬqjOl̺{‰EȺȠ (1977:

20-21, 1977: 18)DLabrune (2012: 62, 2012: 64)Dț͏ (1960: 287-288)ṡ͒mtD/i/ R†

w /j/ sĭs /s/ t [ɕ] n^lĢɴ^D/i/ ôƀsɆ͵sĭmt [s] n^lƔɴ`‰E

/s/ 4 [ɕ] / {_i, _j}DdŠôƀD/s/ 4 [s]

ą: Έ /sika/ [ɕi̥ka]DƢ /sjaku/ [ɕaku]Dȩ /saku/ [saku]

Vance (2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒sŻŗD/ɕ/ t /i/ R†w /j/ sĭq [ɕ] n^lƔɴ^D /s/ tdŠôƀsɶżm [s] n^lƔɴ`‰E

‘–Ñ9¨xÅéä}æ9¼†²ÌÜ

ZsʵmtDȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sʾǓʋ̇͒̺{‰EÜsʵm̺{f3js

̇͒sD̛͵ʋʾǓR†w͵ͷʾǓq†‰̇͒s͈Oʠ`E˸ 2-11qȊȠ̖sƋ͵

͵ʾs̛͵ʋʾǓq†‰̇͒ʠ^fE

˸ 2-11 ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵s̛͵ʋʾǓq†‰̇͒

Ú͹ʾǓsŻŗGBHtGȚH˸^D›Ë®¿tGɨ^HǕş`‰EG+HnG5Htê͹ʾǓsЍ˸`E

ȺȠ

(+% ț͏ %

t s t c s t ts tɕ s ɕ

Features Major Class [consonantal] + + + + + + + + + +

[sonorant] − − − − − − − − − −

[approximant] − − − − − − − − − −

Manner

[continuant] − + − − + − − − + +

[strident] − + − + + − + + + +

[nasal] − − − − − − − − − −

[lateral] − − − − − − − − − −

Laryngeal

[voice] − − − − − − − − − −

Place

CORONAL

[anterior] + + + + + + + − + −

[distributed] − − − − − − − + − +

˸ 2-12qÌ ¾ªÕɕs͵ͷʾǓɹOfȊȠ̖sƋ͵͵ʾĀʹṡ͒ʠ`Ep

RDZs˸t͵ͷʋ̛ȪqźkOf‚smtpWDÌ ¾ªÕsƒ˖qźkOḟ͒m N‰E

˸ 2-12 ͵ͷʾǓq†‰ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵ṡ͒

Ƞ̝ȁs̡̝ÜD͓˿pʾǓɥ˪mʠ`E

G5Htǂ̓`‰͵ʾsŃ͵qDɬƒsʾǓsƒ˖Üs js«’¿T̕‡Š‰Zn˸`E

̇͒ ͵ʾ [compact] [strident] [continuant]

ȺȠ D(+%

t − / + − / + −

s − / + + +

ț͏

t − − −

c − / + + −

s − / + + +

%

t − − −

ts − + −

tɕ + + −

s − + +

ɕ + + +

˸ 2-11R†w˸ 2-12q͵ͷʾǓq†‰̇͒tȠʛʨsʯ3ʭs3.3ʵm˷if͵ͷ

ģȦ̭~Qf‚smN‰E

ȺȠ (1977: 20-21, 1977: 18)R†wLabrune (2012: 62, 2012: 64)ṡ͒sŻŗD/t/ t [t,

ts, tɕ] nOPŃ͵n^lƔɴ^D/s/ t [s, ɕ] n^lƔɴ`‰Eà͵ʾsŻŗqDƔɴ

`‰͵žqDʯ3ʭmʠ`nRˆD[/compact] n [/diffuse] s2js«’¿sɬnj

ǧif͵žTȢr‡Š‰Znqp‰EŘȶsZntDț͏ (1960: 287-288) s /c/ R†

w /s/ qjOl‚OQ‰E~fDȺȠ (1977: 20-21, 1977: 18)R†wLabrune (2012: 62,

2012: 64)s /t/ sŻŗDƔɴ`‰͵žTǁO·’§ûŒpOD[5strident] pŃ͵nD

[+strident] pŃ͵TȢr‡Š‰EZs†PqD͵žʋɬnjTƂUWʃp‰͵žT1js

͵ʾqȢr‡ŠlO‰̇͒TDʯ3ʭm˷P̖̉͝s͵ͷʋɬnjn͵ͷʾǓɹOfì ƬʋpɈ̳Þȍʗq`‰EÚȇDVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒sŻŗDZsťͿT

̇ɗ\Š‰fqD͵ͷʋpɬnjsɈ̳Tȍʗqp‰EZsfqD̖̉͝s͵ͷʋʾ ǓɹOfɈ̳˷PͨqDVance (2008: 83, 2008: 81)ṡ͒T‚in‚ȚķmN‰E

L1ZG@Ñ7L1‘–Ñ9©/<:L28ã3>^¥

ZsʵmtDL1Ó¤̖nL1ȊȠ̖sɨž˦͸͠Ɩ͵sƚɩʋpɈ̳͵ʾDŃ͵D ʾǓqROl˷ODȘljqL2Ó¤̖qROlťͿqp‰Ēͳq͞^lèɜ̺{‰E