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Susumu NONAKA ࿤!ಎ!!!ૺ  Was Mikhail Bakhtin an Enigmatic Thinker? ΨέΙϋ͉ඨ̞̹͛এேز̺̹̥̽ȉ

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(1)

ၯ₹ᄢቇ♿ⷐ㧔ᢎ㙃ቇㇱ㧕╙Ꮞ╙㧝ภ ᐕ

ΨέΙϋ͉ඨ̞̹͛এேز̺̹̥̽ȉ

Was Mikhail Bakhtin an Enigmatic Thinker?

࿤! ಎ! ! ! ૺɖ

Susumu NONAKA

ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇߚᕁᗐኅ

੹ᣣ㧘ࡒࡂࠗ࡞࡮ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ㧔1895́1975㧕ߪ ᄢߥࠅዊߥࠅࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇߚᕁᗐኅߢ޽ࠆޕ ᓐߩᕁᗐߩ㎛᭎ᔨߣߐࠇࠆኻ⹤ේℂ߿ࡐ࡝ࡈࠜ

࠾࡯㧘ࠞ࡯࠾ࡧࠔ࡞㧘ࠢࡠࡁ࠻ࡐࠬ㧔ᤨⓨ㑆㧕㧘 ᄙ⸒⺆ᷙ੤ߥߤߪᧄ᧪ߩᢥ⣂ࠍ㔌ࠇ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ߇ᗧ࿑ߒߥ߆ߞߚߢ޽ࠈ߁໧㗴㗔㊁ߦ߽ᔕ↪ߐ ࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߎࠇࠄߩ᭎ᔨߪ㧘੹ᣣߩ␠ળߩߐ߹

ߑ߹ߥ໧㗴ࠍ⺰ߓࠆߚ߼ߦ᦭ലߥࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߥ

޿ߒ࠷࡯࡞ߣߒߡ㜞޿᳢↪ᕈࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ᕁᗐߩࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߪ᦭ฬߥᕁᗐ ኅߦߪ߼ߕࠄߒߊߥ޿⃻⽎ߢ޽ࠆޕࡋ࡯ࠥ࡞ࠍ

⺒ࠎߛߎߣ߇ߥߊߡ߽ޟᑯ⸽ᴺޠߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍ

⍮ࠆቇ↢ߪᄙ޿ޕ࠺࡝࠳ࠍ⺒߹ߕߣ߽ޟ⣕᭴▽ޠ ߪੱ᳇ߩ㜞޿ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒߡᐢ߹ߞߚޕ࠾࡯

࠴ࠚߩޟ⿥ੱޠ߿ࡈࡠࠗ࠻ߩޟࠛ࠺ࠖࡊࠬ࡮ࠦ

ࡦࡊ࡟࠶ࠢࠬޠߥߤ߽ᕁᗐߩࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߩઍ

⴫଀ߛࠈ߁ޕࠃ߁ߔࠆߦ㧘৻ኅࠍߥߒߚ߶ߤߩ ᕁᗐኅߢ޽ࠇ߫㧘ߘߩฬߣߣ߽ߦੑߟ߿ਃߟߩ

ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼߇⸥ᙘߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩߛޕ

ߘࠇߢ߽㧘޽߃ߡ⸒߁ߣ㧘ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇ

߿ߔ޿ᕁᗐኅߣߘ߁ߢߥ޿ᕁᗐኅ߇޿ࠆߩߢߪ ߥ޿ߛࠈ߁߆ޕߚߣ߃߫㧘ࡋ࡯ࠥ࡞߿ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬ

߇ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇ߿ߔ޿ᕁᗐኅߛߞߚߩߦߊ ࠄߴࠆߣ㧘ࡅࡘ࡯ࡓ߿ࠞࡦ࠻ߪߘࠇ߶ߤߢ߽ߥ

޿ࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆޕߎࠇߦߪᕁᗐߩౝኈ߽ߐࠆ ߎߣߥ߇ࠄ㧘ߘߩᕁᗐ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߦฃኈߐࠇߚ ߆㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ␠ળ⊛ᓇ㗀ജࠍ߽ߞߚ߆ߥߤ߽

ᄢ߈޿ߛࠈ߁ޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߦߟ޿ߡ⸒߃߫㧘޽߈ ࠄ߆ߦࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇ߿ߔ޿ᕁᗐኅߢ޽ߞߚޕ

߹ߚ㧘ߘ߁ߥࠆߛߌߩฃኈߩᢥ⣂߽޽ߞߚޕ

ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߩޟ⾨๧ᦼ㒢ޠߣ޿߁໧㗴߽޽ࠆޕ ߟ߹ࠅ㧘ᵹⴕࠅߔߚࠅߛޕߚߣ߃߫㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ߩหᤨઍੱߢห࿖ੱߢ߽޽ࠆࡠࡑࡦ࡮ࡗࠦࡉ࠰

ࡦ㧔1896́1982㧕ߪ᭴ㅧਥ⟵ࡉ࡯ࡓߩߒ߆ߌੱ

ߣߒߡᗧ⼂⊛ߦࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ࠍᛂߜ಴ߒߚⷰ߇޽

ࠆޕ ޟࡔ࠲ࡈࠔ࡯ߣࡔ࠻࠾ࡒ࡯ޠ㧘 ޟࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯

࡚ࠪࡦ౐ᯏ⢻ࡕ࠺࡞ޠ㧘 ޟ⹞⊛⸒⺆ߩ⥄Ꮖ⸒෸ᕈޠ ߥߤߪ㧘᳢↪ᕈߩ㜞޿ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߒߡ

1980

ᐕઍ߹ߢߪᐢߊᵹᏓߒߡ޿ߚޕߛ߇

1990

ᐕઍ એ㒠੹ᣣߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߪᢥ ቇㄉౖ࡮↪⺆㓸㘃ߦ⸥タߪ޽ߞߡ߽㧘એ೨ߩࠃ ߁ߦߪ↪޿ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ৻⸒ߢ⸒ߞߡ㧘ࡗࠦ

ࡉ࠰ࡦߩᕁᗐߩࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߪ৻ࠨࠗࠢ࡞ࠍ⚳

߃ߚᲑ㓏ߦ޽ࠆޕߘࠇߪ㧘⸒⺆߿⹞ߦߟ޿ߡߩ ᓐߩᕁᗐ߇ଔ୯ࠍᄬߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪߥߊ㧘 ᣂߒ޿⸃㉼ࠍᓙߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߘࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߪ

੹ᣣ߽ߥ߅㜞޿ੱ᳇ࠍ⹶ߞߡ޿ࠆޕߥࠆ߶ߤ㧘

1970́80

ᐕઍߩࠞ࡯࠾ࡧࠔ࡞⺰ࠍ߼ߋࠆᾲ⁅

⊛ࡉ࡯ࡓߪ⚳ࠊߞߡਭߒ޿ޕߘࠇߢ߽㧘ኻ⹤߿

ࡐ࡝ࡈࠜ࠾࡯ߪ੹ߢ߽ᐢߊ૶ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ᢥቇ

ߩߥ߆࡮ߔߔ߻

ၯ₹ᄢቇᢎ㙃ቇㇱಎᢎ᝼㧘ࡠࠪࠕᢥቇ

(2)

㧙㧙

⎇ⓥ߿␠ળ⸒⺆ቇએᄖߩ㗔ၞߢߩᔕ↪߽⋡┙ߞ ߡ޿ࠆ

1

ޕᢥቇ⎇ⓥౝߢ߽㧘ࡐࠬ࠻ࠦࡠ࠾ࠕ࡞

ᢥቇ߿⒖᳃ᢥቇߥߤᣂߒ޿⎇ⓥ࠹࡯ࡑߦߟ޿ߡ㧘 ኻ⹤߿ᄙ⸒⺆ᷙ੤ߩ᭎ᔨ߇ౣ⸃㉼ߐࠇ㧘ઁߩᕁ ᗐኅߣߩኻᲧࠍㅢߓߡࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߩౣቯ⌕߇ㅴ ࠎߢ߈ߚ

2

ޕ੹ᣣ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ⾰㊂ߣ߽ߦࠠ࡯

ࡢ࡯࠼ൻ߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆᕁᗐኅߩ৻ੱߣ⸒߃ࠆߛ ࠈ߁ޕ

ᢿߞߡ߅ߊߣ㧘ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߪᕁᗐߩฃኈߩ

৻Ბ㓏ࠍ␜ߔ߽ߩߢ㧘ߘࠇ⥄૕ߪᛕ್ߔߴ߈ߎ ߣߢߪߥ޿ޕࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߥߒߦߪᐢ޿ጀߦᓇ 㗀ജࠍ߽ߟߎߣ㧘ઁಽ㊁߳ߩᔕ↪ജ߇㜞߹ࠆߎ ߣߪ㔍ߒ޿ߛࠈ߁ޕࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߣߘߩᗧ๧ౝኈ ߇ቯᑼൻߐࠇࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘⸃㉼ߩὶὐ߇␜

ߐࠇ㧘ᕁᗐኅ߳ߩ㑐ᔃ߇߹ߣ߹ߞߚ߆ߚߜࠍข ࠆߎߣߦ߽ߥࠆޕߚߣ߃߫㧘ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬߩޟ਄ㇱ

᭴ㅧ㧛ਅㇱ᭴ㅧޠ߿ޟࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯ޠߥߤߩࠠ

࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߪ㧘ᓐߩᐢᄢߥᕁᗐ࿾࿑ߦೋᔃ⠪߇౉

ߞߡ޿ߊߚ߼ߩᚻ߇߆ࠅߦߥࠆޕ

ߛ߇ߘߩ৻ᣇߢ㧘ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߩ࠺ࡔ࡝࠶࠻

߽⠨߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ޕࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߦၮߠߊ ฃኈ߇ߒ߫ߒ߫ᐔḰൻߐࠇߚ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪߚࠎߦ

߹ߜ߇ߞߚℂ⸃ߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪ⃟ߒߊߥ޿ޕߎߩ

ὐߢ߽20 ਎♿ߩࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ฃኈ̆ߣࠅࠊߌ

࠰ㅪߦ߅ߌࠆᢎ᧦ൻߩࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ̆ߪౖဳ⊛ߥ଀

ߢ޽ࠆޕ౏⹺ߐࠇߚࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߢᕁᗐࠍ⺒ߺ⸃

ߊߎߣߩኂߪ㧘ᣂߒ޿⸃㉼ߩ⹜ߺ߇ߣߤߎ߅ࠆ ߎߣߛߌߢߪߥ޿ޕ⸃㉼ߩᱧผ߇⷗⪭ߣߐࠇ㧘

ᔓࠇࠄࠇࠆߣ޿߁ὐ߽ᄢ߈޿ޕࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߪ⸃

㉼ߩᱧผࠍߣߤ߼ߥ޿ޕ޽ࠆᕁᗐኅ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ ߦ⷗޿ߛߐࠇ㧘૗߇໧㗴ߣߐࠇ㧘⸃㉼ߩᣇะ߇

ᒻ૞ࠄࠇߡ߈ߚ߆ߩ〔߇ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼߆ࠄߪ᜞޿

෰ࠄࠇߡߒ߹߁ޕ

ޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣߪ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅߛߞߚ߆ޠߣ

޽߃ߡㆊ෰ᒻߢ໧޿ࠍ┙ߡࠆߩߪ㧘߹ߐߦࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦ⸃㉼ߩᱧผࠍ⺒ߺ⋥ߒߚ޿ߣ޿߁⠨߃߆ࠄ ߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩඨ਎♿ߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⸃㉼ࠍ߰ࠅ㄰ࠆ

ߣ߈㧘 ޟ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅޠߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇⁛․ߥᓎ

ഀࠍᨐߚߒߡ߈ߚߎߣߦ᳇߇ߟߊޕߘߩࠗࡔ࡯

ࠫߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦ૞ࠄࠇ㧘ߤ߁ᯏ⢻ߒߚߩ߆ޕ੹

ᣣ㧘 ޟ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅࡃࡈ࠴ࡦޠߪߔߢߦᄬലߒ ߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߢ޽ࠆ߆ޕߘ߁ߛߣߒߚࠄ㧘ࠊࠇࠊ ࠇߪ޿ߟ㧘ߤ߁߿ߞߡߘߎ߆ࠄᛮߌ಴ߒߡ޿ߚ ߩ߆ޕߎ߁ߒߚὐࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯

࠼⊛ߥℂ⸃ߣߪ⇣ߥࠆ㧘޿ࠊ߫ᱧผൻߐࠇߚࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦ⸃㉼ࠍ␜ߖࠆߩߢߥ޿߆ߣᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ⸃

㉼ࠍᱧผൻߔࠆߎߣߢ㧘੹޽ࠆࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ߩ↱

᧪߿໧㗴ὐࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁

3

ޕ

ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦฃኈߩ޽ࠄ߹ߒ㧔1960ᐕઍ߆ࠄ80 ઍ߹ߢ㧕

ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߐࠇߚᕁᗐኅߣߥࠆ

߹ߢߩฃኈผࠍ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣ߅ࠃߘએਅߩࠃ߁ߦ ߥࠆߛࠈ߁

㧔1㧕

1960

ᐕઍߩౣ⊒⷗ߣᓳᮭ㧘 㧔2㧕

1980

ᐕઍࠍ㗂ὐߣߔࠆ਎⇇⊛ࡉ࡯ࡓ㧘 㧔3㧕

1990

ᐕઍએ㒠ߩࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠭ࡓൻߣࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߢ޽

ࠆޕ㗅ࠍㅊߞߡ⺑᣿ߒࠃ߁ޕ

߹ߕ㧘㧔1㧕1960 ᐕઍߩౣ⊒⷗ߣᓳᮭߦߟ޿

ߡߛ߇㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪߘࠇ߹ߢߤߎߦ޿

ߚߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕࡕࠬࠢࡢߩ᧲ධ⚂

500

ࠠࡠߦ૏

⟎ߔࠆ࿾ᣇㇺᏒࠨ࡜ࡦࠬࠢߩࡕ࡞࠼ࡧࠔᄢቇߢ ᢎ߃ࠆㅌቭ㑆ㄭߩᢥቇᢎ᝼ߛߞߚޕ1929

ᐕ㧔ᒰ

34ᱦ㧕㧘࠼ࠬ࠻ࠛࡈࠬࠠ࡯ߦ㑐ߔࠆዊߐߥᧄ

ࠍ಴ߒ৻ቯߩᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸߼ߚ߽ߩߩ㧘෻࠰ㅪ⊛ᵴ

േߦ㑐ࠊߞߚߣ޿߁⟋⁁ߢㅱ᝝㧘ᵹೃߩᘷ߈⋡

ࠍ⷗ߚ޽ߣ㧘1930 ᐕઍߩᄢ☽ᷡ㧘40 ᐕઍߩ⁛

࠰ᚢࠍ↢߈ߩ߮㧘࿾ᣇᄢቇߢࡐࠬ࠻ࠍᓧ㧘߽߁ ߔߋᐕ㊄↢ᵴߦ౉ࠈ߁ߣߒߡ޿ߚࡒࡂࠗ࡞࡮ࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦߪᲧセ⊛ᐘㆇߣ๭ࠎߢ޿޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿㧘

Ⓩ߿߆ߥ↢ᵴࠍㅍࠆήฬߩ࠰ㅪ⍮⼂ੱߛߞߚޕ

ߘߩ⁁ᴫ߇഍⊛ߦᄌࠊߞߚߩ߇

1960

ᐕ೨ᓟ ߢ޽ࠆޕ

1956

ᐕߩࠬ࠲࡯࡝ࡦᛕ್એᓟ㧘

᡽ᴦ߿

ᢥൻ㕙ߢㅴࠎߛ⥄↱ൻߩᯏㆇ㧔ޟ㔐ߤߌޠ㧕ߩߥ

߆㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ࠼ࠬ࠻ࠛࡈࠬࠠ࡯⺰ߪ߰ߚߚ߮

(3)

ࡕࠬࠢࡢߩᢥቇ⇇ߢ⺆ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ߚޕ

ᒰᤨ㧘ᄢቇ㒮↢ߛߞߚࡧࠔࠫࡓ࡮ࠦ࡯ࠫࡁࡈ㧘

࠮࡞ࠥࠗ࡮ࡏ࠴ࡖࡠࡈ㧘ࠥࠝ࡞ࠡ࡯࡮ࠟ࡯࠴ࠚ

ࡈ㧔ᓐࠄߪߺߥ㧘ߘߩᓟ㜞ฬߥ⎇ⓥ⠪㧘ᕁᗐኅ ߦߥߞߚ㧕߇㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ߹ߛ↢߈ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ ࠍ⍮ࠅ㧘

1961

ᐕߦࠨ࡜ࡦࠬࠢ߹ߢળ޿ߦⴕߞߚ ߣ޿߁ࠛࡇ࠰࡯࠼ߪ⺆ࠅ⛮߇ࠇࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕ

ࠦ࡯ࠫࡁࡈࠄߩᒰዪߣߩ☼ࠅᒝ޿㧘ᄢ⢙ߥ੤ᷤ

ߦࠃߞߡ

1963

ᐕߦޡ࠼ࠬ࠻ࠛࡈࠬࠠ࡯ߩ⹞ቇ ߩ⻉໧㗴ޢ 㧔1929 ᐕߩೋ ߦᄢ᏷Ⴧ⵬ߒߚ߽ߩ ߢ㧘߰ߟ߁ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ࠼ࠬ࠻ࠛࡈࠬࠠ࡯⺰ߣߒ ߡ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ ߪߎߜࠄߢ޽ࠆ㧕㧘1965 ᐕߦ ߪޡࡈ࡜ࡦ࠰ࡢ࡮࡜ࡉ࡟࡯ߩ૞ຠߣਛ਎࡮࡞ࡀ ࠨࡦࠬߩ᳃ⴐᢥൻޢ 㧔1941 ᐕߦឭ಴ߐࠇߚࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦߩቇ૏⺧᳞⺰ᢥߦട╩ߒߚ߽ߩ㧕߇಴ ߐ ࠇ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ਎⇇⊛ߥᵈ⋡ࠍᶎ߮ࠆሽ࿷ߣߥ ߞߚޕߜߥߺߦ㧘ᣣᧄߢߪ࠼ࠬ࠻ࠛࡈࠬࠠ࡯⺰

߇

1968ᐕߦ㧘࡜ࡉ࡟࡯⺰߇1974ᐕߦ⸶ߐࠇߚޕ

߹ߚ㧘

1976

ᐕߦߪࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ

ੑੱߩฬ೨ࠍ౰ߒߡ

ޡࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ߣ⸒⺆ືቇޢ

߽⸶ߐࠇߚ

4

ޕߎࠇߪ਎⇇⊛ߦ⷗ߡ߽ᣧ޿෻ᔕ ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩᓟߩᣣᧄߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦฃኈߩ㛽⚵ߺ ࠍ૞ߞߚ⸶ᬺߢ߽޽ߞߚ

5

ޕ

ᰴߦ㧘㧔2㧕1980

ᐕઍࠍ㗂ὐߣߔࠆ਎⇇⊛ࡉ

࡯ࡓߛ߇㧘ߎࠇߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦੱ᳇߇ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩᄢ ቇ⇇ߢ㜞߹ߞߚߎߣ߆ࠄ⿠߈ߚޕᒰೋ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦߪ࠰ㅪ߆ࠄ⋥ャ౉ߐࠇߚߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ㧘ࠢ࡝ࠬ

࠹ࡧࠔ߿࠻࠼ࡠࡈߥߤࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߩᕁᗐ⇇ࠍ⚻↱

ߒߡࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߦ౉ߞߡ޿ߚޕߛ߇㧘

1984

ᐕߦࠞ

࠹࡝࡯࠽࡮ࠢ࡜࡯ࠢߣࡑࠗࠤ࡞࡮ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻

ߦࠃࠆ਎⇇ೋߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ⹏વ߇಴ߚߎߣߪ㧘 ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⎇ⓥߩਥዉᮭࠍីߞߚߎߣ ࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ߚ

6

ޕ1980 ᐕઍߪޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ↥ᬺޠ ߣ޿߁⸒⪲߇ߪ߿ࠆߊࠄ޿㧘ᄙߊߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⺰

߇ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩቇⴚ㔀⹹ࠍ㘼ߞߚޕ

਎⇇⊛ࡉ࡯ࡓߩᆎ߹ࠅߦਈߞߚ߽߁৻ߟߩⷐ

⚛ߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇෹ੱߚߜߩ⪺૞ࠍઍ૞ߒߡ޿

ߚߣߔࠆ⺑ߩ⊓႐ߛࠈ߁ޕߎߩ⺑ࠍೋ߼ߡ౏ߦ ߒߚߩߪ࠰ㅪ⸥ภ⺰ߩᵏ᢯ࡧࡖ࠴ࠚࠬ࡜ࡈ࡮ࠗ

ࡢࡁࡈߢ޽ࠆޕᓐߪ

1973

ᐕߩ⺰ᢥޟ⸥ภ㧘⊒

⹤㧘ኻ⹤ߦߟ޿ߡߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᕁᗐ߇⃻ઍ⸥ภ

⺰ߦߣߞߡ߽ߟᗧ⟵ޠ㧔ၮߦߥߞߚႎ๔ߪ

1970

ᐕߦⴕࠊࠇߚ㧕ߢ㧘ࡧࠔ࡟ࡦ࠴ࡦ࡮ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪ

ࡁࡈߩਃᧄߩ⺰ᢥߣੑౠߩනⴕᧄ㧔

ޡࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ

⟵ߣ⸒⺆ືቇޢ

ޡࡈࡠࠗ࠻ਥ⟵ޢ

㧕ߣࡄ࡯ࡧࠚ࡞࡮

ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈߩනⴕᧄޡᢥ⧓ቇߩᒻᑼ⊛ᣇ ᴺޢߩਥⷐㇱಽߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ᦠ޿ߚߣᢿߓߚޕ ߘߩ㗃㧘ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߣࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈߩ

⪺૞ߪߔߢߦ࠰ㅪ߿᰷☨㧘ᣣᧄߩ৻ㇱߩ⎇ⓥ⠪

ߚߜ߆ࠄᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߚ߼㧘ߘߩ⌀ߩ╩⠪ߪ ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ࠗࡢࡁࡈߩ⸽⸒ߪ㧘ࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩో⽩ߦߟ޿ߡ߶ߣࠎߤ␹⒁⊛ߥࠗࡔ

࡯ࠫࠍ૞ࠅ಴ߒߚޕ

ࠗࡢࡁࡈߩ⸽⸒ߪᓐߛߌߩ߽ߩߢߥߊ㧘↢೨ ߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⍮ࠆ࠰ㅪߩቇ⠪ߚߜ߇߶߷౒ㅢߒ ߡ⺆ࠆߣߎࠈߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߟ߹ࠅ⺑ߩ಴ᚲߪࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦᧄੱߢ޽ߞߚޕߘࠇ߽޽ߞߡ㧘ߎߩ⺑ߪࠢ࡜

࡯ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻ߩ⹏વߢ߽〯ⷅߐࠇ㧘਎⇇

⊛ߦ༗વߐࠇࠆߎߣߣߥߞߚޕ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘 ᣣᧄߢߪ

1976

ᐕߦ

ޡࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ߣ⸒⺆ືቇޢ

߇⸶ߐࠇߚ߇㧘ߎߩߣ߈╩⠪ߪޟV.N.ࡧࠜࡠࠪ

ࡁࡈ㧘M.M.ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦޠߣ⸥ߐࠇߡ޿ߚޕߛ߇

1989

ᐕߩᡷ⸶ߢߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩฬ೨ߛߌ߇᜼ߍ ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ⸶⠪ߩ᪀㊁㓉ߪ⸃⺑ߢ㧘ᓐߦߣߞ ߡޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦޠߣޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣߘߩખ㑆ߚߜޠ ߪ⟎߈឵߃น⢻ߛߣ⺑᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ޿ߕࠇߦߒ ߡ߽㧘ߎ߁ߒߚ੐ᖱߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ߼ߋࠆ⻘߼޿

ߚ㔓࿐᳇ࠍჇߔߩߦᓎ┙ߞߚޕ

ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦฃኈߩ޽ࠄ߹ߒ㧔1990ᐕઍ߆ࠄ੹ᣣ߹

ߢ㧕

1980

ᐕઍ߇⚳ࠊࠆߩߣหᤨߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߳ߩ ᾲ⁅⊛㑐ᔃ߽⪭ߜ⌕޿ߚࠃ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆޕߘߎߢ

৻ቯߩᓎഀࠍᨐߚߒߚߩߪ

1990

ᐕߦ಴ߚࠥࠗ

(4)

㧙㧙

࡝࡯࡮ࡕ࡯࠰ࡦߣࠠࡖ࡝࡞࡮ࠛࡑ࡯࠰ࡦߦࠃࠆ

ޡࡒࡂࠗ࡞࡮ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ̆ᢔᢥቇߩഃㅧޢߛߞߚ

ࠈ߁

7

ޕ೨ㅀߩࠢ࡜࡯ࠢߣࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻ߩ⹏વ ߪવ⸥⊛ߥ┨ߣ⸃㉼⊛ߥ┨߆ࠄᚑߞߡ޿ߚ߇㧘 ߎߜࠄߪ⚐ὼߦ⸃㉼⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ᕁᗐߩో૕ࠍ⷗ขࠆߚ߼ߩਥⷐ᭎ᔨߣߒߡᢔᢥ ቇ㧔⹞ቇߦኻ⟎ߐࠇࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ㧕㧘ᧂቢ⚿ᕈ㧘 ኻ⹤ߩਃߟࠍ┙ߡ㧘ߘࠇࠍᚻ߇߆ࠅߦࡔ࠲⸒⺆

ቇ㧘ᔃℂቇ㧘ࡐ࡝ࡈࠜ࠾࡯⺰㧘ࠫࡖࡦ࡞⺰㧘㐳

✬ዊ⺑⺰㧘ᤨⓨ㑆⺰㧘ࠞ࡯࠾ࡧࠔ࡞⺰ߥߤߩ⻉

࠹࡯ࡑࠍᚻ㓙ࠃߊ߹ߣ߼ߡ޿ࠆޕߎߩᧄ߇಴ߚ ߎߣߦࠃߞߡ㧘ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߢߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߦ㑐ߔࠆ ቇⴚ⺰ᢥߩ࡜࠶ࠪࡘߪ෼߹ߞߚⷰߐ߃޽ߞߚޕ ᓐߩᕁᗐࠍ૕♽ൻߒࠃ߁ߣߔࠆേ߈ߩ৻ߟߩ೔

㆐ὐߢ޽ߞߚޕ

ߎߩᧄߢ߽߁৻ߟᵈ⋡ߐࠇߚߩߪ㧘ࠗࡢࡁࡈ ߦࠃߞߡ␜ߐࠇࠢ࡜࡯ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻ߩ⹏વ ߢ਎⇇⊛ߦ⍮ࠄࠇࠆߣߎࠈߣߥߞߚޟࡧࠜࡠ࡯

ࠪࡁࡈ߿ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈߚߜߩਥⷐ⪺૞ߩ⌀

ߩ╩⠪ߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߢ޽ࠆޠߣ޿߁⺑߇෩ߒߊ⺰

㚛ߐࠇߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߚߒ߆ߦ㧘ߘࠇ߹ߢ߽ᙬ

⇼⊛ߥᗧ⷗ߪ಴ߐࠇߡ޿ߚޕߛ߇㧘ࡕ࡯࠰ࡦߣ

ࠛࡑ࡯࠰ࡦߪߘߩ⇼޿ࠍ᛼ߒㅴ߼㧘⁛․ߥ߿ࠅ

ᣇߢࠗࡢࡁࡈ⺑ࠍಾࠅ፣ߒߚޕ߹ߕ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ

ߪ㕖ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⠪ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠁ߃ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ

⟵⊛ߥᦠ‛ࠍᦠߊߣ޿߁ߩߪℂߦวࠊߥ޿̆ߎ ࠇߪࠗࡢࡁࡈ߽ࠞ࠹࡝࡯࠽㧛ࠢ࡜࡯߽ࠢ᳇ߠ޿

ߡ޿ߚὐߢ޽ࠆޕᓐࠄߪ㧘໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߦ⋡┙ߟ ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߥ⸒ㄉߪ಴ ߒ߿ߔߊߔࠆߚ߼

ߩࠞࡕࡈ࡜࡯ࠫࡘߛߞߚ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪ

ࡁࡈ߿ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ߇ᦠ߈ട߃ߚㇱಽߛߣ

⺑᣿ߒߚޕ⸒޿߆߃ࠇ߫㧘໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߪᧄ⾰⊛

ߦߪࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߢߪߥ޿㧘ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥ ࠆޕࡕ࡯࠰ࡦߣࠛࡑ࡯࠰ࡦߪ߹ߕߎߩὐࠍ⓭߈㧘

໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߪߘߩ⷗߆ߌߤ߅ࠅ㧘ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵

⊛ߥᦠ‛ߢ޽ࠆߣਥᒛߒߚޕᰴߦ㧘ᬌ⸽น⢻ᕈ ߩ໧㗴߇޽ࠆޕࠗࡢࡁࡈ߿ࠞ࠹࡝࡯࠽㧛ࠢ࡜࡯

ࠢ㧘ߐࠄߦߘߩઁߩᒉሶߚߜߩ⺑ߪၮᧄ⊛ߦߔ ߴߡޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇⑳ߦߘ߁ㅀߴߚޠߣ޿߁࿁ᗐ ߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿ࠆޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ߎߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡ ᢥᦠߢ⸥ߒߚ߽ߩߪߥ޿ޕ߹ߚ㧘߽߁৻ᣇߩᒰ

੐⠪ߚࠆࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߣࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈߩ

ߎߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⸽⸒߽ᱷߞߡ޿ߥ޿㧔೨⠪

ߪ

1936ᐕߦ⚿ᩭߢ∛ᴚ㧘ᓟ⠪ߪ1938ᐕߦㅱ᝝㧘

㌂Ვ㧕ޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ⸽⸒ߩ࿁ᗐߣߪ㧘ߘࠇࠍ⡞޿

ߚᧄੱએᄖߩ╙ਃ⠪ߦࠃࠆᬌ⸽߇ਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠅ㧘 ߒߚ߇ߞߡࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠶ࠢߥ⺰⸽ߣߪ⹺߼ࠄࠇߥ

޿ߣࡕ࡯࠰ࡦ㧛ࠛࡑ࡯࠰ࡦߪᢿߓߚޕᓐࠄߪޟᴺ ቇ⊛ޠߥ⼏⺰ߐ߃ᜬߜ಴ߔ̆ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈ߿

ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈߩฬ೨ߢ಴ߡ޿ࠆ⪺૞ߩ⌀ߩ

╩⠪߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⺑ࠍឭ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆ

ߩߪࠗࡢࡁࡈߚߜ஥ߢ޽ࠅ㧘⸽᣿⽿છߪߘߜࠄ

஥ߦ޽ࠆޕߒ߆ࠆߦ㧘ᓐࠄߪᬌ⸽ਇน⢻ߥ⾗ᢱ ߦၮߠ޿ߚਇචಽߥ⺰⸽ߒ߆ߢ߈ߡ޿ߥ޿ޕߘ ߁ߢ޽ࠆએ਄㧘ߎߩ઒⺑ߪළਅߐࠇࠆߴ߈ߛߣޕ ߎ߁ߥࠆߣ໧㗴ߩᧄ⾰ߣߪ㑐ࠊࠄߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦ߽

⷗߃ࠆ߇㧘ࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠭ࡓ⊛ߦߪᓇ㗀߇޽ߞߚޕ

ߎࠇએᄖߦ߽㧘ࡕ࡯࠰ࡦ㧛ࠛࡑ࡯࠰ࡦߩ⺰㚛 ߪ㊀ⷐߥὐࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ߚޕߘࠇߪޟஉᄢߥᕁᗐ ኅߪ߆ߥࠄߕஉᄢߥ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ࠍᦠ߈㧘ഠߞߚᕁ ᗐኅߪഠߞߚ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߒ߆ᦠ߆ߥ޿ޠߣ޿߁ߩ ߪ৻⒳ߩᕁ޿ㄟߺߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧘߹ߚޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ߇ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߚߜߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚߣ޿߁ߩ ߥࠄ㧘ߥߗߘߩㅒࠍ⠨߃ߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߩ߆̆ߟ

߹ࠅᓟ⠪߇೨⠪ߦᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߒߚ㕙߽޽ߞߚߩ ߢߥ޿߆ޠߣ޿ߞߚᜰ៰ߢ޽ࠆޕߎࠇߪߚߒ߆ ߦᒰᤨߩ㧔ߣߊߦࡠࠪࠕߩ㧕ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦⷰߩ⋤ὐ ࠍ⓭޿ߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘߩᓟߩޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ޠ ߩታ⸽⊛⎇ⓥߩ಴⊒ὐߦ߽ߥߞߚߣ⹏ଔߢ߈ࠆ ߛࠈ߁ޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈ߿ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯

ࠫࠚࡈࠍߘࠇߙࠇ⁛┙ߒߚᕁᗐኅ㧘⪺ㅀኅߣߒ

ߡ⺒߻ᵹࠇߢ޽ࠆޕ ޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ޠ⎇ⓥ

ߪ

1990

ᐕઍએ㒠ߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⎇ⓥߩ᦭ജߥ৻ㇱ

㐷ߣߒߡᚑᨐࠍ޽ߍߡ޿ࠆ

8

ޕ

(5)

1990

ᐕઍએ㒠㧔ߣߊߦ

2000

ᐕઍએ㒠㧕ߩࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦ⎇ⓥߢ⋡┙ߟᵹࠇߣߒߡ㧘ࡠࠪࠕቬᢎᕁ ᗐߩᢥ⣂ߢࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⺒ߺ⋥ߔ⹜ߺ߽᜼ߍࠄࠇ ࠆޕᓐ߇ᢘ⯩ߥᱜᢎᓤߢ޽ߞߚߎߣߪ⍮ੱߚߜ ߇⸽⸒ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ߹ߚ

1928

ᐕߩㅱ᝝߽㧘޽ࠆ ቬᢎ࿅૕ߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߚ߽ߩߛߞߚޕ ߛ߇㧘

1990

ᐕઍೋ㗡߹ߢߪߘߩવ⸥⊛ߥⷐ⚛ߣ ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩ⸃㉼ࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦ⚿߮ߟߌࠃ߁ߣ ߔࠆേ߈ߪᒝߊߥ߆ߞߚޕ⎇ⓥേะ߇ᄌࠊࠆߩ ߪ

1990

ᐕઍߦߥߞߡ߆ࠄߛࠈ߁ޕߘߩ⢛᥊ߣ ߒߡߪ࠰ㅪ፣უᓟ㧘ࡠࠪࠕࠍਛᔃߦ

19 ਎♿ᧃ

߆ࠄ

20਎♿ೋ㗡ߦ߆ߌߡ㓉⋓ߒߚࡠࠪࠕቬᢎ

ᕁᗐߩ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴࠎߛߎߣ߇޽ࠆޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߽⸥

ภ⺰߿ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ߩᢥ⣂߆ࠄಾࠅ㔌ߐࠇ㧘ߎ

ߩ♽⼆ߦ⟎߆ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ㧔ߚߛߒ㧘உᄢ ߥቬᢎᕁᗐኅࡄ࡯ࡧࠚ࡞࡮ࡈࡠ࡟ࡦࠬࠠ࡯߇ห

ᤨߦ⸥ภ⺰ߩవ㚟⠪ߢ߽޽ࠆߥߤ㧘න⚐ߥޟ޽

ࠇ߆㧘ߎࠇ߆ޠߩ⼏⺰ߦߪߥࠄߥ޿㧕ޕࡠࠪࠕቬ

ᢎᕁᗐߩᏂᤊ࠙࡜ࠫ࡯ࡒ࡞࡮࠰ࡠࡧ࡛ࠖࡈ

㧔1853́1900㧕ࠍ㗂ὐߣߔࠆࡠࠪࠕቬᢎᕁᗐߩ

♽⼆ 9

㧘߹ߚࡠࠪࠕ࡮ࡈࠜ࡞ࡑ࡝࠭ࡓߦ߽ᄢ߈ ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚᢥ⧓ቇ⠪ࠕ࡟ࠢࠨࡦ࠼࡞࡮ࡐ࠹

ࡉ࠾ࡖ 㧔1835́1891㧕ߦ┵ࠍ⊒ߔࠆߣߐࠇࠆࡠ

ࠪࠕ⁛⥄ߩ⸒⺆ᕁᗐߩ♽⼆

10

ߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ૏⟎

ߠߌࠆ⹜ߺ߽⋓ࠎߢ޽ࠆޕᣣᧄߢ߽⽴Ỉ຦߇ࡠ

ࠪࠕߩቬᢎᕁᗐߦ߅ߌࠆࡊ࡜࠻࠾࠭ࡓߩવ⛔ߦ

ᵈ⋡ߒ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩࡐ࡝ࡈࠜ࠾࡯⺰߽߹ߚޟࡠ

ࠪࠕቬᢎᕁᗐߩ᭴࿑ࠍ㧘ߘߩ߹߹ᢥቇߩਥੱ౏

߿ࠫࡖࡦ࡞࡮⸒⪲ߩᰴర߳ߣᄌ឵ߒߚ߽ߩߦ߶

߆ߥࠄߥ޿ޠ㧘ߘߩὐߦߎߘࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩࡐ࡝ࡈࠜ

࠾࡯⺰߇߽ߜ߃ߚᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ജߩḮ߇޽ࠆߣㅀ ߴߡ޿ࠆ

11

ޕ

ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ

1990

ᐕઍએ㒠㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⎇ⓥߪ ߅߽ߦᕁᗐผ⎇ⓥߩᣇะߢࠃࠅታ⸽⊛㧘ࠕࠞ࠺

ࡒ࠶ࠢߦߥࠆߣߣ߽ߦ㧘ઁᣇߢࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻ߽

ㅴࠎߛޕᓐߩਥⷐ᭎ᔨߪᕁᗐ੐ౖߦ⊓㍳ߐࠇ㧘 ᐢ▸࿐ߥᔕ↪ࠍ⷗ߡ޿ࠆޕታ⸽⊛ߥᕁᗐผ⊛⎇

ⓥߩᚑᨐߪ߹ߛኾ㐷ኅ㓸࿅ߩᄖ஥ߦߪዯ޿ߡ޿

ߥ޿ޕ⸒޿߆߃ࠇ߫㧘 ޟ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅޠߩࠗࡔ

࡯ࠫߪቢోߦߪᄬലߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߛޕ ߘࠇߪ੹߽ߥ߅㧘ᓐߩਥⷐ᭎ᔨߩᄙᓀߐߣ᏷ᐢ

޿ᔕ↪ࠍᡰ߃⛯ߌߡ޿ࠆߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߎߩ

ὐߢ߽ߎߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߩᬌ⸽ߦߪᗧ๧ߩ޽ࠆߎߣ

ߢ޽ࠆޕ

⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅ

ߣߪ޿߃㧘޽ࠆᕁᗐኅ߇⻘߼޿ߡ޿ߚ߆ุ߆ ߩ್ቯࠍቴⷰ⊛㧘৻⟵⊛ߦⴕ޿߁ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߪ

⇼ࠊߒ޿ޕߚࠎߦฃߌᚻߩ஥ߩ⍮⼂ਇ⿷߿⺋⸃

ߦࠃࠆޟ⻘߼߈ޠ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ߆ߣ޿ߞߡ㧘 ฃߌᚻߦᱜߒ޿⍮⼂ࠍឭଏߒߐ߃ߔࠇ߫㧘ߚߛ ߜߦ⻘߼޿ߚ㔓࿐᳇߇ᶖᄬߔࠆ߆ߣ⸒߃߫㧘ߘ ߁ߣ߽߆߉ࠄߥ޿ޕ޽ࠆ␠ળ⊛ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ㧔਎ઍ

߿᡽ᴦ⊛ౄᵷߥߤ㧕߇ߘ߁ߒߚޟ⺋ߞߚޠࠗࡔ

࡯ࠫࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߫޽޿㧘 ޟᱜߒ޿ޠ

ᖱႎࠍឭଏ

ߒߐ߃ߔࠇ߫ࠣ࡞࡯ࡊో૕߇ᓥ᧪ߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ

᡼᫈ߔࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߪ⇼ࠊߒ޿ޕቇ໧⊛ߥ⺞ᩏ߇ ㅴ߻ߎߣߣ㧘⻘߼޿ߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇ᛄ᜞ߐࠇࠆߎ ߣߪ߆ߥࠄߕߒ߽╬ߒߊߪߥ޿ޕ

ㅒߦ㧘ฃߌᚻߩ⍮⼂ਇ⿷ߣߪ೎࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ㧘⃻

ታߩ⾗ᢱਇ⿷߇໧㗴ߩ⸃᳿ࠍᅹߍߡ޿ࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ

߽޽ࠆޕߎߩ߫޽޿㧘⻘߼޿ߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߪቴⷰ

⊛ߥᩮ᜚ࠍ߽ߟ߆ߦ⷗߃ࠆޕߛ߇㧘੐ታ⊛ߦਇ

᣿ߥὐ߇޽ࠆߎߣ߇ߚߛߜߦ⻘߼޿ߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ

ࠍ૞ࠅ಴ߔࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޕߚߣ߃߫㧘ᕁᗐኅߩ

↢ᴚᐕ߇ਇ᣿ߢ޽ࠆߎߣ㧔ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ߫޽޿↢

ᐕ᦬ᣣߦⶄᢙߩ⺑߇޽ࠆ߇㧕ߪߘࠇ⥄૕ߢ⻘߼

޿ߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ૞ࠅ಴ߔߛࠈ߁߆ޕ߅ߘࠄߊߘ ࠇߛߌߢߪ⿷ࠅߥ޿ߛࠈ߁ޕ޽ߊ߹ߢઁߩⷐ࿃

ߣߩㅪ㑐ߩߥ߆ߢ㧘⾗ᢱਇ⿷ߦࠃࠆਇ᣿ὐ߇⻘

߼޿ߚᯏ⢻ࠍᏪ߮ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆޕ

ߒߚ߇ߞߡ㧘޽ࠆᕁᗐኅߚߜ̆⑳ߚߜߪࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦ߽ߘߩ৻ੱߛߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߛ߇̆ߦઃ

ਈߐࠇࠆޟ⻘߼޿ߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫޠߪ㧘ฃߌᚻ஥ߩ

(6)

㧙㧙

⺋⸃߿ቴⷰ⊛ߥ⾗ᢱਇ⿷ߣߟߥ߇ࠅߟߟ߽㧘ߘ ࠇࠄߣߪ࡟ࡌ࡞ࠍ⇣ߦߒߚ੐⽎ߣߒߡ޽ࠆޕߘ ࠇߪ⠨ኤኻ⽎ߣߒߡߩᕁᗐኅߣߘߩฃߌᚻߢ޽

ࠆ⑳ߚߜߣߩ޽޿ߛߦ⿠ߎࠆᱧผ⊛࡮␠ળ⊛ߥ ߢ߈ߏߣߩ৻஥㕙ߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆߛࠈ߁ޕฃ ߌᚻߩ஥ߦ߽ᕁᗐኅߩ஥ߦ߽৻ᣇ⊛ߦ෼ᢢߐߖ ࠆߎߣߩߢ߈ߥ޿੐⽎ߣߒߡޟ⻘߼߈ޠࠍ⠨߃ ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆޕ1960 ᐕઍߩޟౣ⊒⷗ޠએ㒠㧘ࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦߦ⿠ߎߞߚߎߣߪ߹ߐߦߘ߁ߒߚ੐⽎ߢ

޽ߞߚޕߊࠅ㄰ߖ߫㧘৻ᣇߢߪฃߌᚻ㧔ࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦߩหᤨઍੱ㧘ࡠࠪࠕߩ⎇ⓥ⠪㧘ᄖ࿖ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪㧘

৻⥸⺒⠪ߥߤߐ߹ߑ߹ߥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦಽ߆ࠇࠆ㧕 ߩ஥ߩ⍮⼂ਇ⿷߿⺋⸃㧘ઁᣇߢߪ⾗ᢱਇ⿷ߩߚ

߼ߦ⸃᳿ਇ⢻ߣߥߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ໧㗴ߥߤߦ⿠࿃

ߒߟߟ㧘ߒ߆ߒో૕ߣߒߡߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣ⑳ߚߜ ߩ޽޿ߛߦ⿠߈ߚ಴ળ޿ߩ৻᭽⋧ߣߒߡޟ⻘߼

޿ߚᕁᗐኅޠߩ⡿௝߇ឬ߆ࠇߚޕߘߩ಴ળ޿ߪ

ᤨઍ⊛㧘ᢥൻ⊛ߦ᧦ઙߠߌࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘޿ߟ޿

߆ߥࠆ⁁ᴫߢ߽⿠ߎࠅ߃ߚ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ޕᧄ⺰

ߢ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪߘߩౕ૕⊛

ߥ᧦ઙߢ޽ࠆޕ

޽ࠆᕁᗐኅ߇⻘߼޿ߚࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ߽ߟ߆ุ߆ ߦ߆ࠎߒߡ߽߁৻ߟ⠨߃ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߩߪ㧘 ߘߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇ᕁᗐߘߩ߽ߩߩ⸃㉼ߦߤ߁ᓇ㗀 ߔࠆ߆ߢ޽ࠆޕવ⸥⊛㧘ੱ㑆⊛ߦ⻘߼޿ߚⷐ⚛

߇޽ߞߡ߽㧘ߘࠇ߇ߟߨߦᕁᗐߩ⸃㉼ߦᓇ㗀ߔ ࠆߣߪ߆߉ࠄߥ޿ޕᓇ㗀ߔࠆߣߒߡุ߽ቯ⊛ߦ ᓇ㗀ߔࠆߎߣ߽⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕવ⸥⊛㧘ੱ㑆⊛ߥ

⻘ࠍᕁᗐ⸃㉼ߩࡒࠬ࠹ࠖࡈࠖࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߦߟߥ ߍߡߒ߹߁ࠃ߁ߥࠤ࡯ࠬߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߎߩὐ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߦߟ޿ߡߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦ⸒߃ ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕᒰೋ߆ࠄ᳇ߠ߆ࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣߛ߇㧘 ࡠࠪࠕ㧔࠰ㅪ㧕ߣ᰷☨ߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⸃㉼ߦߪ޽ࠆ

⒳ߩ㆑޿߇⷗ࠄࠇߚ㧔ߣߊߦ

1990

ᐕઍ߹ߢ㧕ޕ ࡠࠪࠕ஥ߦߪ㧘ᕁᗐኅࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ߁ߜߦ૗߆ߒ ࠄ⻘߼޿ߚ㧘߶ߣࠎߤ⡛ߥࠆሽ࿷ࠍ⷗ࠃ߁ߣߔ ࠆ௑ะ߇޽ߞߚޕߘࠇߪࡠࠪࠕߩ⎇ⓥ⠪߇␹⒁

⊛ߥᕁᗐ⸃㉼ࠍᅢࠎߛߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪߥߊ㧘ࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ޿ࠊ߫ੱᩰ⊛ߦ㧘ߘߩ⪺૞ߣੱ↢ࠍ৻

૕⊛ߦ⷗ࠃ߁ߣߔࠆ௑ะ߇޽ߞߚߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢ

޽ࠆޕᓐߩ⪺૞ߢ⺆ࠄࠇࠆℂ⺰⊛໧㗴ߪ㧘વ⸥

⊛⾗ᢱߦ㑐ߔࠆਇ᣿ὐ߿ߥ߆߫⡛ੱ⊛ߥࠗࡔ࡯

ࠫߣ޽޿߹ߞߡ㧘⁛․ߥ⛔৻ࠍߥߒߚޕߎ߁ߒ

ߚ⛔৻ࠍ଻ᜬߒࠃ߁ߣߒߚߩߪ߅߽ߦ᥅ᐕߩࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⍮ࠆޟᒉሶޠߚߜߛ߇㧘ߓߟߪࠢ࡜࡯

ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻ߩ⹏વ߽ߘ߁ߛޕᓐࠄߪࠕࡔ

࡝ࠞߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߛ߇㧘વ⸥⊛ߥㇱಽߢߪࡠࠪࠕߩ ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᒉሶߚߜߩᖱႎឭଏߦ㗬ߞߡ޿ߚޕ

1993

ᐕߦࡠࠪࠕߩࠨ࡜ࡦࠬࠢ㧔ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ᓟඨ

↢ߩᄢㇱಽࠍߔߏߒߚ㧕ߢ಴ߚ⹏વߪ޿ߞߘ߁

⡛⠪વ⊛ߥ௑ะ߇ᒝߊ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ↢ߣᕁᗐߪ

ಽ߆ߜ߇ߚ޿⛔৻ࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆ12

ޕ

ߣߪ޿߃㧘ࡠࠪࠕߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦฃኈ߇৻⽾ߒߡ

⻘߼޿ߚ⸃㉼ࠍฃኈߒ㧘᰷☨߇ߘ߁ߢߥ߆ߞߚ

ߣ޿߁࿑ᑼൻ߽ߔߴ߈ߢߪߥ޿ޕᧄ࿖ߢ߽ᤨࠍ

⚻ࠆߦߟࠇ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⋥ធ⍮ࠄߥ޿ᣂߒ޿⎇

ⓥ⠪਎ઍ߇⃻ࠇ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ⣕␹⒁⊛㧘޽ࠆ޿

ߪᅓ౰⊛ߥ⺒ߺ߇⊓႐ߒߚ

13

ޕ߹ߚㅒߦ㧘᰷☨

ߢ߽ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߦ߰ߚߚ߮ޟ⻘߼޿ߚޠⷐ⚛

ࠍតࠈ߁ߣߔࠆേ߈߇⹺߼ࠄࠇࠆޕቬᢎᕁᗐ߿

ࡠࠪࠕᱜᢎߩવ⛔ߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⟎߈⋥ߘ߁ߣߔ ࠆ೨ㅀߩ௑ะߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆ

14

ޕߎߩࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴

ߪߚߒ߆ߦ᦭ജߛ߇㧘੹ߩߣߎࠈߪ߹ߛᕁᗐኅ ߩታ௝ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ㧘ߐࠄߥࠆ⻘

ࠍᦠ߈ട߃ߚⷰ߇ᒝ޿ޕ

1920

ᐕઍඨ߫એ㒠ߩࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦߩ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߦ⋥ធ⊛ߥ␹ߩ⼏⺰ߪ߼ߞߚ ߦ⷗޿ߛߐࠇߥ޿߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ

⑳ߚߜߩ૞ᬺ઒⺑ࠍ޽ࠄߚ߼ߡ߹ߣ߼ࠆߣߎ ߁ߥࠆޕߎߩඨ਎♿ߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦฃኈߢਥ⺞⊛ᓎ

ഀࠍᨐߚߒߚ௑ะߩ৻ߟߦޟ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅޠ

ߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇޽ࠆޕ߹ߕ㧘ߘߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߩౕ૕

⊛ౝኈߣᓎഀࠍ⏕߆߼ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆޕ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴ

߻ߦߟࠇ㧘⻘߇⻘ߢߥߊߥߞߚⷐ⚛߽޽ࠅ㧘੹

߽ߥ߅⻘߼޿ߡ޿ࠆⷐ⚛߽޽ࠆޕട߃ߡ㧘ߘࠇ

(7)

ࠄߩⷐ⚛߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩ⸃㉼ߦߤ߁ᓇ㗀ߒߚ ߆ࠍ⠨߃ߚ޿ޕߘߩ਄ߢ㧘ᓐߩᕁᗐ߇ߎߩඨ਎

♿ߦ߅޿ߡᨐߚߒߚᓎഀ㧘߭ࠄߚߊ⸒߃߫ޟ⚿

ዪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ૗߇㕙⊕߆ߞߚߩ߆ޠࠍ⠨߃⋥

ߒߡߺߚ޿ޕߘࠇߪ㧘⑳ߚߜ߇૗ߩߚ߼ߦࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦᕁᗐࠍࠠ࡯ࡢ࡯࠼ൻߒߡ߈ߚ߆ࠍ߰ࠅ㄰ࠆ ߎߣߦ߽ߟߥ߇ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ

એਅߩࠃ߁ߥ㗅ߢ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߦઃਈߐࠇߡ߈ ߚޟ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅޠߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ⣤ಽߌߒߡ

ߺࠃ߁

㧔1㧕

વ⸥⊛ߥ⻘㧘

㧔2㧕 ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߩ⻘㧘 㧔3㧕ੱ㑆ᕈߩ⻘㧘㧔4㧕ᕁᗐߩ⛔৻ᕈߩ⻘ޕߎ ࠇߪ૕♽⊛ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅ૞ᬺ઒⺑⊛ߥಽ㘃ߢ޽ࠆޕ

ౝኈ⊛ߦ㊀ⶄߔࠆ㗄⋡߽޽ࠅ㧘ߎߎߦߪ␜ߐࠇ ߡ޿ߥ޿㗄⋡߽޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ߹ߚ㧘⻘ߣ ߒߡߩ㊀ⷐᐲ߿⸃᣿ᐲ㧔ߤࠇߊࠄ޿᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥ ߞߡ޿ࠆ߆㧕ߦ߽㆑޿߇޽ࠅ㧘หᣣߦ⺰ߓࠆߎ ߣ߇ߘߋࠊߥ޿߽ߩ߽޽ࠈ߁㧔ߚߣ߃߫㧔3㧕 ߥߤ㧕ޕߒ߆ߒ㧘ޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅߛ ߞߚ߆ޠߩ໧޿ߦ╵߃ࠆߚ߼ߩ಴⊒ὐߣߒߡߪ ߐߒ޽ߚࠅචಽߛࠈ߁ޕ

વ⸥⊛ߥ⻘㧔৻⍮⼂ੱߩ⇛ᱧ㧕

ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ↢ᶦߪ޽ࠆᗧ๧ߢߪᐔಠߢ޽ࠆޕ ࡠࠪࠕ㕟๮ߣ࠰ㅪ૕೙ߦ⠡ᑲߐࠇߚ࠰ㅪ⍮⼂ੱ

ߩ৻ߟߩౖဳ⊛↢ᶦߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕᓐߩੱ↢

ߦߪㅱ᝝ߣᵹೃߪ޽ߞߚ߇㧘੢๮߿㌂Ვߪߥ߆ ߞߚޕ⁛ⵙ⠪ߩᗧᔒߦߘߩੱ↢߇⋥ធᏀฝߐࠇ ࠆߎߣ߽ߥ߆ߞߚޕߘߩᗧ๧ߢ⸒߃߫㧘Ყセ⊛

Ⓩ߿߆ߥੱ↢ߣ⸒ߞߡ߽ࠃ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ

⇛ᱧࠍㅊߞߡߺࠃ߁

15

ޕ

1895

ᐕߦࡠࠪࠕਛㇱ ߩㇺᏒࠝ࡝࡚࡯࡞ߦ㌁ⴕኅߩᰴ↵ߣߒߡ↢߹ࠇ ࠆޕῳⷫߩ઀੐ߩ੐ᖱߢ

1905

ᐕߦߪࡠࠪࠕ⷏

ㇱߩࡧࠖ࡝ࡁ㧘1912

ᐕߦߪධㇱߩࠝ࠺࠶ࠨߦ⒖ ࠅ૑߻ޕߎߎߢ৻ᱦᐕ਄ߩ㐳ఱ࠾ࠦ࡜ࠗߣߣ߽

ߦࡁࡧࠜࡠ࠶ࠪ࡯ࠬࠠ࡯㧔ࠝ࠺࠶ࠨ㧕ᄢቇߦ౉

ࠆޕ

1916

ᐕߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦኅߪࡍ࠻ࡠࠣ࡜࡯࠼㧔એ ೨ߪࡍ࠹࡞ࡉ࡞ࠣߛߞߚ߇㧘࠼ࠗ࠷ߣߩᚢ੎߇

ᆎ߹ࠅ㧘ࠃࠅࠬ࡜ࡧ㘑ߩฬ೨ߦᡷ⒓ߒߚ㧕ߦ⒖

ࠅ㧘ఱߣߣ߽ߦࡍ࠻ࡠࠣ࡜࡯࠼ᄢቇߩੱᢥᱧผ ቇㇱߦ✬౉ߒߚߣߐࠇࠆޕࡠࠪࠕ㕟๮⋥ᓟߩ

1918

ᐕ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦኅߪ㘩♳㔍ߩ㚂ㇺࠍߪߥࠇ㧘

ࡀ࡯ࡧࠚ࡝ߣ޿߁ࡕࠬࠢࡢධㇱߩ࿾ᣇㇺᏒߦ⒖

ߞߚޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪᆂ 㧔ᓐߦߪਃੱߩᆂ߇޽ߞߚ㧕 ࠄߣߣ߽ߦኅᐸᢎᏧࠍߒߡᣣޘߩ♳ࠍᓧߡ޿ߚ ࠃ߁ߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩዊㇺᏒߦߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣหߓࠃ ߁ߦౝᚢߣ㘫㙈ࠍㅏࠇߡ߈ߚ⍮⊛ߥ⧯⠪ߚߜߩ ዊ㓸࿅߇ߢ߈޽߇ߞߚޕᒰᤨߪޟࠞࡦ࠻࡮࠮ࡒ

࠽࡯࡞ޠ㧘ᓟߦޟࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ޠߣ๭߫ࠇ

ࠆߎߣߦߥࠆ㓸߹ࠅߢ޽ࠆޕ

1921

ᐕ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ߪߎߩ࿾ߢ↢ᶦߩ઻ଛࠛ࡟࡯࠽ࠍᓧࠆޕߘߩᓟ ߪࡧࠖ࠹ࡊࠬࠢ㧘࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜࡯࠼㧔1924 ᐕߩ࡟

࡯࠾ࡦߩᱫࠍฃߌ㧘ࡍ࠻ࡠࠣ࡜࡯࠼ߪᡷ⒓ࠍ㊀ ߨߚ㧕ߣ⒖ࠅߟߟ㧘ቇ໧ߣ⪺ㅀࠍⴕ߁ޕ

1928́

29

ᐕߦߪᓐߩੱ↢ࠍᄌ߃ࠆੑߟߩߢ߈ߏߣ߇

⿠߈ߚޕ৻ߟߪㅱ᝝ߢ޽ࠆޕ⟋⁁ߪ㧘෻࠰ㅪ⊛

ᵴേࠍડߡࠆቬᢎ⚵❱ޟᓳᵴޠ߳ߩ㑐ਈߢ޽ߞ

ߚޕ߽߁৻ߟߪᓐߩᦨೋߩනⴕᧄޡ࠼ࠬ࠻ࠛࡈ

ࠬࠠ࡯ߩഃ૞ߩ⻉໧㗴ޢߩ಴ ߢ޽ࠆޕขࠅ⺞

ߴߩ⚿ᨐ㧘⊕ᶏߦᶋ߆߱ᭂኙߩ࠰ࡠࡧࠚ࠷ࠠ࡯

ፉߩ෼ኈᚲ߳ߩ෼⋙ࠍት๔ߐࠇࠆ߇㧘ஜᐽ਄ߩ ℂ↱ߢᷫೃࠍགྷ㗿ޕࠞࠩࡈࠬ࠲ࡦߩㇺᏒࠢࠬ࠲

࠽ࠗ߳ߩᵹೃߣߥࠆޕ1930́36

ᐕ㧘ߎߩ࿾ߢ ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪᶖ⾌දห⚵วߩ★⸥ଥߣߒߡ௛޿ߚޕ ߘߩ઀੐߱ࠅߩఝ⑲ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇㧘ᵹೃᦼ㑆 ḩੌᤨߦ಴ߐࠇߚൕോ⹏ቯᦠ߆ࠄ߁߆߇߃ࠆޕ ߘߩᓟ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪᢎ⢒⡯ࠍ᳞߼ߡ㧘ࠨ࡜ࡦࠬ

ࠢ㧘ࡕࠬࠢࡢ㧘࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜࡯࠼㧘ࠕ࡞ࡑࠕ࠲㧘 ߘߒߡ߰ߚߚ߮ࠢࠬ࠲࠽ࠗߣォޘߣߒߚޕㅱ᝝

ᱧߩߖ޿ߢࡕࠬࠢࡢߘߩઁߩᄢㇺᏒߢߩዬ૑⊓

㍳ࠍฃߌࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޕ

1937

ᐕ㧘ࡕࠬ

ࠢࡢ߆ࠄ⚂

100

ࠠࡠࡔ࡯࠻࡞㔌ࠇߚߣߎࠈߦ޽

ࠆࠨࡧࠚࡠࡧࠜߣ޿߁↸ߦ૑ಣࠍ⷗ߟߌࠆޕ౏

⊛ߦߪ

1937

ᐕ೨ᓟߩᄢ☽ᷡ㧔ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩࠃ߁

ߦㅱ᝝ᱧߩ޽ࠆ⠪ߪౣ߮ㅱ᝝ߐࠇߥ޿ࠃ߁ᘕ㊀

(8)

㧙㧙

ߢ޽ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ߞߚ㧕㧘 ⑳⊛ߦߪኋ∛ߩ㛽㜑Ἳߩ ᖡൻߦࠃࠆฝ⿷ಾᢿߥߤ↢ᵴߩ⧰ߒߐߪ޽ߞߚ

߽ߩߩ㧘ߎߩᤨᦼߩ⪺ㅀᵴേߪ⋓ࠎߢ޽ߞߚࠄ ߒ޿ޕ1940́41 ᐕߦߪࡕࠬࠢࡢߩ਎⇇ᢥቇ⎇

ⓥᚲߢੑᐲߩ⻠Ṷࠍⴕߞߚ㧔ޟ㐳✬ዊ⺑ߩ⸒⪲ޠ㧘 ޟᢥቇࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߣߒߡߩ㐳✬ዊ⺑ޠ㧕ޕห

1941

ᐕ㧘 ޟ࡝ࠕ࡝࠭ࡓߩᱧผߦ߅ߌࠆࡈ࡜ࡦ࠰ࡢ࡮

ࡉ࡟࡯ޠߣ㗴ߒߚቇ૏⺧᳞⺰ᢥࠍ਎⇇ᢥቇ⎇ⓥ

ᚲߦឭ಴ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߚߛߒ㧘ࠨࡧࠚࡠࡧࠜᤨઍ

ߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ߤߩࠃ߁ߥ઀੐ߢ↢ᵴߩ♳ࠍᓧߡ

޿ߚ߆ߪࠃߊಽ߆ࠄߥ޿ޕ

1941

ᐕߦߪ⁛࠰ᚢ߇ᆎ߹ࠅ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ↢ᵴ ߦ߽ᓇ㗀߇޽ߞߚޕᚢᤨਛߪਛ╬ቇᩞߢ࠼ࠗ࠷

⺆߿ࡠࠪࠕᢥቇ㧘ᱧผߥߤࠍᢎ߃ߚޕᚢᓟ㧘ࠃ ߁߿ߊࠨ࡜ࡦࠬࠢߩࡕ࡞࠼ࡧࠔᢎ⢒ᄢቇߦࡐࠬ

࠻ࠍᓧߚޕߎߩߣ߈㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪߔߢߦ

50

ߛߞߚ߇㧘ᓟߦᓐߩਥ⪺ߣ⷗ߥߐࠇࠆ઀੐㧔࡜

ࡉ࡟࡯⺰߿㐳✬ዊ⺑⺰㧕ߩਥⷐㇱಽߪߔߴߡᦠ ߈⚳߃ߡ޿ߚߎߣߦߥࠆޕᚢ੎ߩߚ߼ߦㆃࠇߡ

޿ߚቇ૏⺰ᢥክᩏ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚߩߪ

1946

11

᦬ ߩߎߣߛߞߚޕߎߩክᩏߩࠃ߁ߔ߽વ⺑⊛ࠛࡇ

࠰࡯࠼ߣߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘⚗♾ߒߚክ⼏ߩ⚿ᨐ㧘 ඳ჻ࠃࠅ৻ᲑਅߩḰඳ჻㧔ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩ

PhD

߿ ᣣᧄߩ⺖⒟ඳ჻ߦ⋧ᒰ㧕߇ਈ߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߦߥ ߞߚޕߒ߆߽㧘ታ㓙ߦቇ૏߇᝼ਈߐࠇߚߩߪ

1956

ᐕߩߎߣߛߞߚޕߣߪ޿߃㧘ߎߩᤨᦼߩࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦᄦᆄߪߘࠇ߹ߢߣߪᲧセߦߥࠄߥ޿㧘቟

ቯߒߚ↢ᵴࠍㅍࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߚޕᄢቇߢߩࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦߪ߭ߓࠂ߁ߦᾲᔃ㧘ߣ߮ߧߌߡඳ⼂㧘ߘߒ ߡቇ↢ߦੱ᳇ߩ޽ࠆᢎᏧߛߞߚޕ

1956

ᐕߩࠬ࠲࡯࡝ࡦᛕ್એᓟߩ⥄↱ൻߩᵄ ߦᓟ᛼ߒߐࠇߡߩౣ⊒⷗ߣߘߩᓟߩฬჿߦߟ޿

ߡߪߊࠅ㄰ߐߥ޿ޕࡕࠬࠢࡢߩᒉሶߚߜߩ޽ߞ

ߖࠎߢ㧘1970

ᐕ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᄦᆄߪ૑ߺߥࠇߚࠨ

࡜ࡦࠬࠢࠍߪߥࠇ㧘ࡕࠬࠢࡢߦ⒖ࠅ૑߻ޕߛ߇

⠉ᐕߦߪᆄߩࠛ࡟࡯࠽߇੢ߊߥࠅ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⥄

り߽࡚ࠪ࠶ࠢߩߚ߼ෂ㒾ߥ⁁ᴫߦ㒱ࠆ߇㧘ߐ޿

ࠊ޿ᜬߜ⋥ߒߚޕฬჿߣⓏ߿߆ߐߦ൮߹ࠇߚ᥅

ᐕࠍㅍࠅ㧘1975 ᐕ

3

6

ᣣ㧘80

ᱦߩ↢ᶦࠍ⚳

߃ߚޕ

ߎ߁ߒߡ⷗ࠆߣ㧘ᓐߩੱ↢ߪ࠰ㅪ⍮⼂ੱߣߒ ߡߪ഍⊛ߥߢ߈ߏߣߩዋߥ޿㧘Ⓩ߿߆ߥੱ↢ߛ ߞߚߣ⸒߃ࠃ߁ޕߚߣ߃߫ఱߩ࠾ࠦ࡜ࠗߣセߴ ߡߺࠃ߁ޕ࠾ࠦ࡜ࠗߪ

1915

ᐕߦࡍ࠻ࡠࠣ࡜࡯

࠼ᄢቇࠍ߿߼჻ቭቇᩞߦ౉ࠅ㧘1917 ᐕ

2

᦬㧘

ੑ᦬㕟๮ߩߐߥ߆ߦ჻ቭߣߥࠆޕ ⊕ァߦടࠊࠅ㧘 ߘߩᓟࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߦ੢๮ޕㆉᱧߩᓟߦ࠰࡞ࡏࡦ࠿

ᄢቇߣࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫᄢቇߢฎౖ⺆࡮ฎౖᢥቇࠍ ቇ߮㧘߿߇ߡࠤࡦࡉ࡝࠶ࠫᄢቇߩᢎ᝼ߣߥࠆ

16

ޕ ᒉߩੱ↢ߣセߴߡࠃࠅ࠼࡜ࡑ࠹ࠖ࠶ࠢߣߪ⸒߃ ࠃ߁ޕ߹ߚ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠃࠅ৻਎ઍ਄ߩࠣࠬ࠲ࡈ࡮

ࠪࡘࡍ࡯࠻㧔1879́1937㧕ߪ㜞ฬߥືቇ⠪ߛߞ ߚ߇㧘㕟๮ࡠࠪࠕߦߣߤ߹ࠅ㧘⧓ⴚ⑼ቇࠕࠞ࠺

ࡒ࡯ߩ೽✚ⵙߣ޿߁ⷐ⡯߽ߟߣ߼ߚ߇㧘1935 ᐕߦㅱ᝝㧘ࠪࡌ࡝ࠕߩ࠻ࡓࠬࠢߦᵹߐࠇ㧘

1937

ᐕߦౣㅱ᝝㧘㌂Ვߩᘷ߈⋡ߦ޽ߞߚޕ㜞ฬߛߞ ߚࠪࡘࡍ࡯࠻ߦセߴ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ήฬߢ޽ߞߚ ߎߣ߇ᐘ޿ߒߚߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ

ߛ߇޿ߊࠄⓏ߿߆ߣ޿ߞߡ߽㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩੱ

↢ߪ⇼޿ߥߊ㧘㕟๮ߣ࠰ㅪ૕೙ߦ⠡ᑲߐࠇߚޕ ߚߣ߃߫㧘ᓐߪ↢ᶦᄖ࿖ߦⴕߞߚߎߣ߇ߥ߆ߞ ߚ߇㧘ߎࠇߪ․ᓽ⊛ߢ޽ࠆޕߣ޿߁ߩ߽㧘㕟๮

೨ߩࡠࠪࠕߢߪᄢቇߢቇ໧ࠍୃ߼㧘⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ㆏

ࠍㅴ߽߁ߣߔࠆੱߪ࠼ࠗ࠷߳ߩ㐳ᦼ⇐ቇࠍⴕ߁ ߩ߇Ᏹߛߞߚޕ਄ㅀߩࠪࡘࡍ࡯࠻ߪ

1913

ᐕߦ

ࠥ࠶࠹ࠖࡦࠥࡦߢቇ߮㧘ࡈ࠶ࠨ࡯࡞ߩṶ⠌ߦෳ

ടߒߡ޿ࠆޕᓐߪޡ⃻⽎ߣᗧ๧ޢ

㧔1914㧕ࠍᦠ ߈㧘⃻⽎ቇࠍࡠࠪࠕߦᐢߊ⚫੺ߒߚߎߣߢ߽⍮

ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ

17

ޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᐕ㐳ߩ෹ੱࡑ࠻ࡧࠚ

ࠗ࡮ࠞࠟࡦ߽ᣂࠞࡦ࠻ቇᵷߩᵏ᢯ࡋ࡞ࡑࡦ࡮ࠦ

࡯ࡋࡦߦቇ߮㧘ᣂㅴ᳇㍈ߩືቇ⠪ߣߒߡᏫ࿖ߒ ߡ޿ࠆޕ

1917

ᐕߩᤨὐߢࠞࠟࡦߪ

28ᱦ㧘ࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦߪ

22ᱦߛߞߚޕ߅ߘࠄߊߪߎߩᢙᐕߩᏅ

ߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ᓟ⠪ߪ࠼ࠗ࠷⇐ቇߩᯏળࠍㅺߒߚޕ

(9)

ߎߩߎߣߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᕁᗐኅߣߒߡߩᒻᚑߦ ዋߥ߆ࠄߧᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߒߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕ

⇐ቇߛߌߢߥߊ㧘੢๮߿ߘࠇߦ㘃ߔࠆ಴࿖߽

⠨߃ߡߺࠃ߁ޕ㕟๮⋥ᓟ߆ࠄ1920

ᐕઍ೨ඨߦ ߆ߌߡࡠࠪࠕߩ⍮⼂ੱߦߣߞߡ੢๮ߪ⃻ታ⊛ߥ

ㆬᛯ⢇ߛߞߚޕߛ߇৻ญߦ੢๮ߣ⸒ߞߡ߽㧘ߐ

߹ߑ߹ߥࡄ࠲ࡦ߇޽ߞߚޕੑᐲߣ␲࿖ߦᚯࠄߥ

޿ࠤ࡯ࠬ㧔࠽ࡏࠦࡈߥߤ㧕㧘৻ᤨ⊛ߦ੢๮ߒߚᓟ㧘

࠰ㅪߦᚯࠆࠤ࡯ࠬ㧔ࠪࠢࡠࡈࠬࠠ࡯ߥߤ㧕㧘⥄⊒

⊛ߥ੢๮ߢߥߊ࠰ㅪ᡽ᐭߦࠃߞߡㅊ᡼ߐࠇࠆࠤ

࡯ࠬ㧔ືቇ⠪ߩࡌ࡞ࠫࡖ࡯ࠛࡈߥߤ㧕㧘߽ߣ߽ߣ ߪ࠰ㅪ᡽ᐭߦᵷ㆜ߐࠇߚߦ߽߆߆ࠊࠄߕ⚿ዪ࠰

ㅪߦᚯࠄߥ߆ߞߚࠤ࡯ࠬ㧔ࡗࠦࡉ࠰ࡦߥߤ㧕ߥ

ߤ㧘ߐ߹ߑ߹ߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚࡑࡗࠦࡈࠬࠠ࡯ߩࠃ ߁ߦ㧘੢๮ߢߪߥߊߣ߽㧘ߘߩ․ᮭ⊛ߥࡐࠫࠪ

࡚ࡦࠁ߃ߦᄖ࿖ᣏⴕࠍ⸵ߐࠇߚࠤ࡯߽ࠬᄙ޿ޕ ߎࠇߦኻߒߡ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪߎ߁ߒߚᯏળ߇޿ߞ ߐ޿ߥ߆ߞߚޕߘߎߦߪᓐ⥄りߩㆬᛯ߽޽ߞߚ ࠈ߁ߒ㧘߹ߚᓐ߇

1960

ᐕߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢήฬߩሽ

࿷ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߽ᄢ߈޿ޕ੢๮߿ߘߩઁߩ಴࿖

ߩߚ߼ߩ᡽ᴦ⊛േᯏ߽ࠦࡀ࡚ࠢࠪࡦ߽ߥ߆ߞߚ ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߎ߁ߒߚᗧ๧ߢ㧘ᓐߩੱ↢ߪ࠰ㅪ⍮⼂ੱߩᲧ

セ⊛ᐔಠߥࠤ࡯ࠬߣߐ߃⸒߃ࠆޕᓐߩੱ↢ࠍ㕖

ಠߦߒߚߩߪ߭ߣ߃ߦߘߩ⪺ㅀߢ޽ࠆޕ߽ߒ਎

⇇߆ࠄᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆ⪺૞ࠍᦠ߆ߥ߆ߞߚߥࠄ߫㧘 ㄆ㉄ߪ⥤߼ߚ߇ో૕ߣߒߡߪⓏ߿߆ߥ৻↢ࠍㅍ

ࠆߎߣߩߢ߈ߚ࿾ᣇߩᄢቇᢎ᝼ߣߒߡ↢ࠍ⚳߃ ߚߛࠈ߁ޕ਎⇇⊛ߥᕁᗐኅߣߥߞߚ߇ࠁ߃ߦߘ ߩ↢ᶦ߽ᵈ⋡ߐࠇࠆࠊߌߛ߇㧘ᄖ㕙⊛ߦߪ഍⊛

ߥⷐ⚛ߪዋߥ޿ޕ⻘߼޿ߚⷐ⚛߽ዋߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦ

⷗߃ࠆޕ

વ⸥⊛ߥ⻘㧔޿ߊߟ߆ߩⓨ⊕㧕

ߣߎࠈ߇㧘ౣ⊒⷗ߐࠇߚᒰೋ߆ࠄࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ

↢ᶦߪޟ⻘߼޿ߚޠ⋧ࠍ๒ߒߡ޿ߚޕ੐ታ㑐ଥ ߇ਇ᣿ߥὐ߇ዋߥߊߥ߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩߎ

ߣߪ

1960́80

ᐕઍߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦฃኈߦ߅޿ߡ

ޟ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅޠߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍ૞ࠅ಴ߔߩߦ

ᓎ┙ߞߚޕਇ᣿ߥὐߩߥ߆ߦߪ࠰ㅪ␠ળߩ⁛․

ߐߦ⿠࿃ߔࠆ߽ߩ߽޽ߞߚ߇㧘વ⸥⎇ⓥ߇ㅴࠎ ߢ߽ᧂ⸃᣿ߥὐ߽޽ࠆޕ

޿ߊߟ߆⷗ߡߺࠃ߁ޕᓐߩῳⷫߩ⡯ᬺ߇㌁ⴕ ኅߛߞߚߩߪ⏕߆ߛ߇㧘 ޟ߶߁߷߁ߩᡰᐫߢᡰᐫ

㐳ࠍߟߣ߼ߚޠߩ߆㧘

ޟ৻੺ߩ㌁ⴕຬߦߔ߉ߥ߆ ߞߚޠߩ߆⺑߇ಽ߆ࠇࠆߣߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ

18

ޕߘࠇ એ਄ߦ⼏⺰ߩ⊛ߣߥߞߚߩߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦኅ߇⾆

ᣖߩ಴り߆㧘ᐔ᳃ߩ಴߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆޕࠦ

ࡦࠠࡦߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ಴↢⸽᣿ᦠࠍ␜ߒ㧘ᓐߩ಴

り㓏⚖߇ᐔ᳃ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍ⺰⸽ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߛ߇㧘 ߘࠇ߹ߢߪࠦ࡯ࠫࡁࡈ߿ࠢ࡜࡯ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ

࠻߇໒߃ࠆ⾆ᣖ⺑㧘ߘࠇ߽ޟ14

਎♿߹ߢߚߤࠇ

ࠆฬ㐷ޠߣ޿߁⺑߇ାߓࠄࠇߡ޿ߚޕߚߣ߃߫㧘

ࠢ࡜࡯ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻ߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᦥ␲ῳ ߇ㄘᅛࠍਃජੱᄁࠅ㧘↸ߩߚ߼ߦ჻ቭቇᩞࠍᑪ ߡߚ߇㧘ߘߩቇᩞߪ

1918

ᐕ߹ߢࠝ࡝࡚࡯࡞Ꮢ ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ჻ቭቇᩞߣ޿߁ฬࠍ౰ߒߡ޿ߚߣ⸥ߒ ߡ޿ࠆ

19

ޕࠦࡦࠠࡦߪߎࠇࠍߪߞ߈ࠅุቯߒߡ㧘 ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩῳᣇߩ␲ῳߪ߹ߕ߹ߕᚑഞߒߚ໡ੱ

ߛߞߚߎߣࠍ␜ߔ౏ᢥᦠࠍ᜼ߍߡ޿ࠆޕᲣᣇࠍ ߚߤߞߡ߽⚿⺰ߪหߓߢ㧘ࡠࠪࠕਛㇱߦࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦኅߣ޿߁⾆ᣖ߇޿ߚߩߪ੐ታߛ߇㧘ߘࠇߪࡒ ࡂࠗ࡞࡮ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩኅ♽ߣߪ㑐ଥ߇ߥ޿ߣ⚿⺰

ߠߌߡ޿ࠆޕ

⥝๧ᷓ޿ߩߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩవ␲߇ฬ㐷⾆ᣖߛ

ߞߚߣ޿߁⺑ߩ಴ᚲߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⥄りߛߞߚߣ⠨

߃ࠄࠇࠆߎߣߛޕ

1973

ᐕߦ෼㍳ߐࠇߚࠗࡦ࠲ࡆ ࡘ࡯ߢ㧘ᓐߪ߆ߥࠅ⹶ࠄߒߍߦ⥄ಽߩኅ♽ߦߟ

޿ߡ⺆ߞߡ޿ࠆޕ㜞␲ῳ㧔ᦥ␲ῳߢߥߊ㧕߇ㄘ

ᅛਃජੱࠍᄁߞߡ჻ቭቇᩞࠍᑪߡߚߣ޿߁⹤߽㧘

ߎߎߢߒߡ޿ࠆ

20

ޕ߹ߚ㧘␲ῳߪࠝ࡝࡚࡯࡞ߦ

㌁ⴕࠍ૞ߞߚ߇㧘ㇱਅߦ㛐ߐࠇ㧘ୟ↥ߒߡߒ߹

ߞߚߣ߆㧘ῳⷫߪߘߩ㌁ⴕߩ㊀ᓎߛߞߚߣ߽⹤

ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

(10)

㧙㧙

ᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ߎߣߦ㧘1928

ᐕߦㅱ᝝ߐࠇߚߣ߈ ߩ⺞ᦠߢߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ⥄ಽ߇ᐔ᳃ߩ಴りߢ޽

ࠆߣଏㅀߒߡ޿ࠆ

21

ޕ߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ࠬ࠲࡯࡝ࡦᤨ

ઍߦ⥄ಽ߇⾆ᣖ಴りߢ޽ࠆߣㅀߴࠆߎߣߪෂ㒾 ߥⴕὑߛߞߚ߆ࠄ㧘ߎߩ㘩޿㆑޿ߪ⺑᣿ߢ߈ߥ

޿߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ޕߘࠇߦߒߡ߽㧘㓶ᑯߦ⥄ಽߩ ኅ♽ߦߟ޿ߡ⺆ࠆ㧔ߘࠇߢ޿ߡޟ⑳ߪ޽߹ࠅ⥝

๧ࠍ߽ߚߥ߆ߞߚ߇㧘ఱߩ࠾ࠦ࡜ࠗߪᚒ߇ኅߩ ኅ♽ࠍࠃߊ⺞ߴߡ޿߹ߒߚޠߣ߽ᢿߞߡ޿ࠆ

22

ࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ߩࠃ߁ߔߪ㧘ࠦࡦࠠࡦߩ␜ߔ⾗ᢱ ߐ߃ߥߌࠇ߫㧘⺒⠪߇⇼޿ࠍᏅߒ᜽߼ߥ޿߶ߤ

⏕ାߦḩߜߡ޿ࠆޕ

ߐࠄߦਇᕁ⼏ߥ⹤ߣߒߡ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩቇᱧ߇

޽ࠆޕᓐߪࠝ࡝࡚࡯࡞㧘ࡧࠖ࡝࠾ࡘࠬ㧘ࠝ࠺࠶

ࠨߩࠡࡓ࠽ࠫ࠙ࡓߢቇ߮㧘ࠝ࠺࠶ࠨᄢቇߣࡍ࠻

ࡠࠣ࡜࡯࠼ᄢቇߦ౉ቇߒߚߣㅀߴߡ޿ࠆޕߛ߇㧘

੹߹ߢߩߣߎࠈᓐ߇ࡍ࠻ࡠࠣ࡜࡯࠼ᄢቇߦ࿷☋

ߒߚ⸥㍳ߪ⊒⷗ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿㧔ఱߩ࠾ࠦ࡜ࠗߩ

࿷☋⸥㍳ߪ޽ࠆߩߦ㧕ޕතᬺ↢ฬ★ߦ߽ฬ೨߇ߥ

޿ޕࠦࡦࠠࡦߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇⡬⻠↢ߩりಽߢቇ ࠎߢ޿ߚߩߢߥ޿߆ߣផ᷹ߒߡ޿ࠆ

23

ޕࠗࡦ࠲

ࡆࡘ࡯ߢ߽㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ᝼ᬺࠍฃߌߚᢎ᝼㒯ߦ

ߟ޿ߡߪߊࠊߒߊㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘⥄ಽ߇૗ᐕߦ ࡍ࠻ࡠࠣ࡜࡯࠼ᄢቇߦ౉ߞߚ߆㧘૗ᐕߦቇᬺࠍ

⚳߃ߚ߆ߦߟ޿ߡߪ޽޿߹޿ߢޟ⸥ᙘ߇ߪߞ߈ ࠅߒߥ޿ޠߣ㉼᣿ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߚߛߒ㧘ߎߩᚢੂ

ߩᤨᦼ㧘ᄢቇࠍᱜᑼߦතᬺߔࠆߎߣߥߊ␠ળߦ

಴ߡⴕߊߎߣߪ଀ᄖ⊛ߥߎߣߢߪߥ߆ߞߚࠃ߁ ߛޕ೨ㅀߩࠃ߁ߦఱߩ࠾ࠦ࡜߽ࠗ㧘߹ߚࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦఱᒉߩ෹ੱࡊࡦࡇࡖࡦࠬࠠ࡯߽ࡍ࠻ࡠࠣ࡜࡯

࠼ᄢቇࠍතᬺߒߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ

1928

ᐕߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ㅱ᝝ߐࠇࠆ߈ߞ߆ߌߣ ߥߞߚቬᢎ࿅૕ޟᓳᵴޠߦߟ޿ߡ߽㧘ᓐ߇ߤߩ ߡ޿ߤ㑐ਈߒߡ޿ߚ߆ߪߞ߈ࠅߒߡ޿ߥ޿ޕߘ

߽ߘ߽ޟᓳᵴޠߪ෻࠰ㅪ⊛ߥ࿾ਅ⚵❱ߢߥߊ㧘 ቬᢎੱߩ㓸࿅ߦߔ߉ߥ߆ߞߚ㧔ߚߛߒ㧘ࠕ࡟ࠢ

ࠨࡦ࠼࡞࡮ࡔࠗࠛ࡞߿ࠥࠝ࡞ࠡ࡯࡮ࡈࠚ࠼࡯࠻

ࡈߣ޿ߞߚ㜞ฬߥቬᢎੱ߇ਛᔃࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߢ޽ࠅ㧘

ᵴേߪᵴ⊒ߛߞߚ㧕ޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪߘߎߢືቇ߿ᢥ

ቇߦߟ޿ߡߩ⻠Ṷࠍⴕߞߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆޕᒰ

ዪߦࠃࠆޟ෻࠰ㅪ⚵❱ޠ߿ޟ㒶⻎ޠߩߢߞߜ޽

ߍߪᒰᤨ㧘⚵❱⊛ߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣߢ޽ࠅ㧘

ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇Ⓧᭂ⊛ߥᵴേࠍߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߦㅱ᝝

ߐࠇߚߎߣ⥄૕ߪਇᕁ⼏ߢߪߥ޿ޕߚߛ㧘ᒰᤨ

ߩ⺞ᦠߦࠃࠇ߫ఱߩ࠾ࠦ࡜ࠗ߇ࡈ࡜ࡦࠬߦ੢๮

ߒߡ޿ࠆ੐ታߪᒰዪߦᛠីߐࠇߡ޿ߚ

24

ޕ

1930́36

ᐕߩࠢࠬ࠲࠽ࠗߢߩᵹೃ↢ᵴࠍ⚳

߃ߡ߆ࠄᚢ੎߇ᆎ߹ࠆ߹ߢߩޟᵹᶉޠߩታᘒ߽

ቢోߦߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߥߞߡ޿ߥ޿ޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪࡕ

ࠬࠢࡢ߿࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜࡯࠼ߩ෹ੱቛࠍᷰࠅᱠ޿ߚ ߣࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ߢㅀߴߡ޿ࠆޕᒰᤨࡕࠬࠢࡢߦ

૑ࠎߢ޿ߚⷫ෹ߩࠞࠟࡦ߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᄦᆄߩࠃ߁ ߔࠍᦠ߈ߣ߼ߚ⾆㊀ ߥᚻ⚕ ߇ᱷߞߡ޿ࠆ㧦 ޟ

ާ1936

ᐕި౎᦬੖ᣣߩ᥅㧘߹ߞߚߊᕁ޿߇ߌ ߕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᄦᆄ߇ࠊ߇ኅࠍ⸰ࠇߚޕᓐࠄߪભᥜ ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ㧘߹ߕ࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜࡯࠼㧘ߘࠇ߆ࠄࡕ

ࠬࠢࡢߦ᧪ߚߩߛޕ

ާ̖ި⷗ߚ⋡ߦߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ

ర᳇ߘ߁ߛޕࠛ࡟࡯࠽ߩ߶߁߇ߕߞߣౕว߇ᖡ ߘ߁ߦ⷗߃ࠆޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪ㧘௢߇ᕁߞߡ޿ߚࠃ ࠅߕߞߣ޿޿㧘̆޽ࠄࠁࠆ㕙ߢޠ

25

ޕߛ߇㧘ߎ ߁ߒߚ⾗ᢱߦࠃߞߡ㞲߿߆ߦ㧘ߌࠇߤ߽ᢿ ⊛ ߦᾖࠄߒ಴ߐࠇࠆએᄖߩᣣޘߦߟ޿ߡߪ㑧ߦᴉ ࠎߛ߹߹ߛޕ

ߎ߁ߒߚᤨઍ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ߤ߁߿ߞߡ⥄ಽߩ

઀੐ࠍ⛯ߌߡ޿ߚ߆߽⇼໧ߥߒߣߒߥ޿ޕᓐߪ ߔߢߦࠢࠬ࠲࠽ࠗߦ޿ߚߎࠈ߆ࠄ࡜ࡉ࡟࡯⺰ߦ

ขࠅ߆߆ߞߡ޿ߚߣࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ߢㅀߴߡ޿ࠆޕ

⾗ᢱߪߤ߁ߒߚߩ߆ߣ޿߁⾰໧ߦኻߒߡ㧘෹ੱ

ߩ↢‛ቇ⠪ࠞ࠽࡯ࠛࡈ߇࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜࡯࠼߆ࠄㅍ ߞߡߊࠇߡ޿ߚߣㅀߴ㧘ㇷㅍ↪ߦ૶ߞߚߣ޿߁

▫ߩ⺑᣿߽ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ▫ߩ⬄ߩ ᣇߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ

ߩ૑ᚲ߇㧘߽߁ ᣇߦߪࠞ࠽࡯ࠛࡈߩ૑ᚲ߇ᦠ ߆ࠇߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߘࠇࠍ߭ߞߊࠅ㄰ߒߡߪ૗ᐲ߽૶

ߞߚߣ޿߁ߩߢ޽ࠆ

26

ޕવ⺑⊛ߥߎߩࠛࡇ࠰࡯

(11)

࠼ߦߟ޿ߡࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩࡉ࡜ࠗࠕࡦ࡮ࡊ࡯

࡞ߪ㧘ߎࠇߦセߴࠇ߫ޡ࠹ࡦࡍࠬ࠻ޢߩਥੱ౏

ࡊࡠࠬߵࡠ࡯߇᧎ߜᨐߡߚዊ⥱ߦ⬿ᦠࠍⓍࠎߢ

ቅፉߦᵹࠇߟߊࠛࡇ࠰࡯࠼ߩ߶߁߇߹ߛ⌀ታ๧

߇޽ࠆߣ㧘㔺㛽ߦਇାࠍ␜ߔ

27

ޕ

ߐࠄߦ㧘ࡕࠬࠢࡢㄭ㇠ߩࠨࡧࠚࡠࡧࠜߦ૑ࠎ ߢ޿ߚߣߐࠇࠆ

1939㧙1941

ᐕߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᄦᆄ ߪ߈ࠊ߼ߡ⽺ߒߊ㧘ኅᣖ㧔Უⷫߣᆂߚߜ㧕߆ࠄ ߩេഥࠍฃߌߡ޿ߚߩߢߥ޿߆ߣޡ࠼࠘ࡧࠔ࡯

ࠠࡦߣߩኻ⹤ޢߩᵈ㉼⠪ߪផ᷹ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߟ߹

ࠅ㧘ᓐ߇߽ߞߣ߽↢↥⊛ߛߞߚߣ⋡ߐࠇࠆࠨࡧ ࠚࡠࡧࠜᤨઍ㧘ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ↢ᵴࠍ┙ߡߡ޿ߚ߆ ߪ⏕߆߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

1945

ᐕ߆ࠄ

60

ᐕ߹ߢߩⓏ߿߆ߥࠨ࡜ࡦࠬࠢ

ᤨઍߪߤ߁߆ߣ⸒߃߫㧘ߚߒ߆ߦᓐ߇ᾲᔃ߆ߟ

᦭⢻ߥᄢቇᢎᏧߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪࠃߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ ߛ߇ߎߩᤨᦼ㧘ᓐ߇ߤ߁޿߁⪺ㅀߦขࠅߊߺ㧘 ߤ߁޿߁ᕁᗐ໧㗴ߦ⠨߃ࠍߎࠄߒߡ޿ߚߩ߆㧘

᣿ࠄ߆ߢߥ޿ὐ߇޽ࠆޕ೨ㅀߩߣ߅ࠅ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦߪ

1941

ᐕߦߪ࡜ࡉ࡟࡯ߦߟ޿ߡߩቇ૏⺧᳞

⺰ᢥࠍឭ಴ߒߚޕ߶߷หᤨᦼߦࠥ࡯࠹⺰߽ᦠ߈

਄ߍߡ޿ߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇࠆ㧔ශ೚ᚲߦ಴ߒߡ޿ߚේ

Ⓜߪ࠼ࠗ࠷ァߩ῜᠄ߦࠃߞߡ὾ᄬߒ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ

ߩᚻరߦᱷߞߡ޿ߚߪߕߩᚻᦠ߈ේⓂߪ㧘ᓐ߇

Ꮞᾍ⨲ࠍᏎߊߚ߼ߦߘߩᄢඨࠍ૶ߞߡߒ߹ߞߚ

ߣ޿߁ޟવ⺑ޠߪ޽߹ࠅߦ᦭ฬߢ޽ࠆ㧕ޕߟ߹ࠅ㧘 ᓐߩਥ⪺ߣߒߡ⍮ࠄࠇࠆ⪺૞ߩᄢඨߪ

45

ᐕ߹

ߢߦᦠ߆ࠇߡ޿ߚߎߣߦߥࠆޕߘߩᓟ㧘ࡕࠬࠢ

ࡢߩ⧯޿⎇ⓥ⠪ߚߜߦ⷗޿ߛߐࠇࠆ߹ߢߩ

15

ᐕ㑆ߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥ઀੐ߦขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ޿ߚߩ߆㧘 ࠃߊಽ߆ߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚޕ⃻࿷㧘ࡠࠪࠕߢೀⴕ

ਛߩ⪺૞㓸ߩ╙5Ꮞߦߪ40

ᐕઍ߆ࠄ

60

ᐕઍ߹

ߢߩ⨲Ⓜ߇෼߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ᢿ ⊛ߥ⨲Ⓜ߇

߶ߣࠎߤߢ㧘߹ߣ߹ߞߚ઀੐ߪዋߥ޿ޕ଀ᄖ⊛

ߦ㧘1953㧙54 ᐕߦᦠ߆ࠇߚߣߐࠇࠆޟ⸒⪲ߩ

ࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߩ໧㗴ޠ߇Ყセ⊛߹ߣ߹ߞߡ߅ࠅ㧘ߎ

ࠇ߇

50

ᐕઍߩਥ⪺ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠈ߁ޕߘࠇ

ߢ߽

1920㧙30

ᐕઍߩ⿥ੱ⊛ߥ⪺ㅀᵴേ㧘߹ߚ

1960㧙70

ᐕઍߩᾲᔃߥᡷⓂ૞ᬺ߿ᢿ┨㘃ߩၫ

╩ߣセߴࠆߣ㧘ⓨ⊕ᦼ㑆ߣ޿߁ශ⽎ࠍฃߌࠆޕ

ߎߩᤨઍߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ᥵ࠄߒ߱ࠅ㧘ߣߊߦᕁ⚝

ߣ⪺ㅀ㕙ࠍ੿⚦ߦવ߃ࠆሽ࿷㧔⧯޿ߎࠈߩ෹ੱ

߿᥅ᐕߩᒉሶߥߤ㧕߇޿ߥ޿ߎߣ߽㧘ߎߩᤨᦼ ߩⓨ⊕ߐߦᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿ࠆޕࠨ࡜ࡦࠬࠢᤨઍߩࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦߪᢎ⢒ߦࠃࠅᄙߊߩᖱᾲࠍᵈ޿ߢ޿ߚߩ ߛࠈ߁߆ޕ

ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘◲නߦ⷗ߡ߽㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ↢ᶦ ߦߪ޿ߊߟ߆ߩਇ᣿ὐ߇޽ࠅ㧘ߘࠇ߇⻘߼޿ߚ

ࠗࡔ࡯ࠫߩᒻᚑߦᓎ┙ߞߡ߈ߚޕᧄੱ߇ㅀߴߡ

޿ࠆߎߣߢ߽ᢥᦠ⾗ᢱߦࠃߞߡᬌ⸽ߐࠇߥ޿ߎ ߣ߇ߒ߫ߒ߫޽ࠆޕ৻⥸⊛௑ะߣߒߡ㧘ࡠࠪࠕ ߢߪ⸽⸒߿࿁ᗐ߇߽ߟᢥൻ⊛ଔ୯߇㜞޿ޕࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦߩ߫޽޿㧘᥅ᐕߩᒉሶߚߜߩ࿁ᗐ߇ᕁᗐኅ ᧄੱߩ⸒⪲ࠍવ߃ࠆ߽ߩߣߒߡ․ᮭ⊛ߥᗧ๧ࠍ

߽ߞߡ߈ߚޕᓐࠄ߇⧯߆ࠅߒᣣߦ⷗ߚࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ߩᆫߣ⸒⪲ࠍߘߩ߹߹ߦવ߃ࠆߎߣ߇㧘࠰ㅪᧃ ᦼߦߪᄢ߈ߥ␠ળ⊛ᗧ๧ࠍ߽ߞߚޕߘߎߦ⻘߼

޿ߚⷐ⚛߇ᷙߓߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ⸽⸒ߩଔ୯ࠍਅ

ߍࠆࠃࠅ߽㧘߻ߒࠈ㜞߼ߚ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߎࠇ

ࠄߩ⸽⸒ߦᄙߊࠍଐࠆࠢ࡜࡯ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻

߿ࠦࡦࠠࡦߩ⹏વߦ৻⒳⡛⠪વ⊛ߥ㔓࿐᳇߇ṫ ߁ߩߪߎߩߚ߼ߢ޽ࠆޕ੹ᣣߦ⥋ࠆ߽㧘ߎࠇࠄ ߩ⹏વߣߪ⾰ࠍ⇣ߦߔࠆቇⴚ⊛વ⸥߇ᦠ߆ࠇߡ

޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁੐ታߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ↢ᶦߩ୘ޘߩ ਇ᣿ὐߩᦠ߈឵߃ߪㅴࠎߢ߽㧘ో૕⊛ߥᨒ⚵ᄌ

឵ߦߪ߹ߛ㆐ߒߡ޿ߥ޿ߎߣࠍ␜ߒߡ޿ࠆߛࠈ

߁ޕ

ߎ߁ߒߚᢥൻ⊛࡮␠ળ⊛⢛᥊ࠍ߽ߟ޽޿߹޿

ߐ߇㧘߽ߞߣ߽⋡┙ߞߚ߆ߚߜߢ⃻ࠇߚߩ߇㧘

޿ࠊࠁࠆၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆޕߎࠇߪ㧘਄ㅀߩࠃ

߁ߥવ⸥⊛੐ታߦ㑐ߔࠆ޽޿߹޿ߐࠃࠅ޿ߞߘ

߁⋥ធ⊛ߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩ⸃㉼ߦᓇ㗀ߒߚޕ

(12)

㧙㧙

ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߩ⻘

ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߣߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇

1920

ᐕઍඨ߫

㧔࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜࡯࠼ᤨઍ㧕ߦ૗ੱ߆ߩ෹ੱߩઍ૞

ࠍߒߚߣߐࠇࠆ໧㗴ߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕࠃࠅᱜ⏕ߦ ߪ㧘᥅ᐕߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇๟࿐ߦߘ߁⺆ߞߡ޿ߚ໧

㗴ߩߎߣߣ⸒߁ߴ߈߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕߎߩ໧㗴߇ ߤߩࠃ߁ߦ↢ߓߚ߆㧘ߊࠅ߆߃ߒߦߥࠆ߇⏕߆

߼ߡ߅ߎ߁ޕ

ߎߩ⺑ࠍೋ߼ߡ౏ߦߒߚߩߪ࠰ㅪ⸥ภ⺰ߩᵏ

᢯ࡧࡖ࠴ࠚࠬ࡜ࡈ࡮ࠗࡢࡁࡈߛߞߚޕᓐߪߘߩ

⺰ᢥޟ⸥ภ㧘⊒⹤㧘ኻ⹤ߦߟ޿ߡߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ ᕁᗐ߇⃻ઍ⸥ภ⺰ߦߣߞߡ߽ߟᗧ⟵ޠߩᵈ㉼ߢ㧘 ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߩ⺰ᢥޟ↢ᵴߩ⸒⪲ߣ⹞ߩ⸒⪲ޠ 㧔1926㧕㧘

ޡࡈࡠࠗ࠻ਥ⟵ޢ

㧔1927㧕㧘ޟ⷏᰷ߦ߅ ߌࠆ⸒⺆ቇᕁᗐߩᦨᣂầᵹޠ㧔1928㧕㧘

ޡࡑ࡞ࠢ

ࠬਥ⟵ߣ⸒⺆ືቇޢ 㧔1929㧕㧘ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ ߩޡᢥ⧓ቇߩᒻᑼ⊛ᣇᴺޢ 㧔1928㧕ߦߟ޿ߡ㧘 ߘߩਥⷐ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᚻߦߥࠆ߽ߩߢ

޽ࠅ㧘ޟᓐߩᒉሶߢ޽ࠆ

V.N.ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߣ P.N.ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈߪާ̖ިࠊߕ߆ߥട╩ߣ

޿ߊߟ߆ߩ▎ᚲߩᄌᦝࠍⴕߞߚߛߌߢ޽ࠆޠߣ

ᢿߓߚޕ․ᓽ⊛ߥߎߣߛ߇㧘ᓐߪ⥄⺑ߩᩮ᜚ߣ

ߒߡߎ߁ㅀߴࠆߩߺߢ޽ߞߚ̆ޟߎࠇࠄߔߴߡ ߩ⪺૞߇৻ੱߩ⪺⠪ߩᚻߦߥࠆߎߣߪ㧘⋡᠄⠪

ߩ⸽⸒ߦࠃߞߡ⏕⹺ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘

ާࠗࡢࡁࡈ߇

⺰ᢥਛߢⴕߞߚ̆㊁ਛިᒁ↪▎ᚲ߆ࠄ⏕ାߐࠇ ࠆࠃ߁ߦ㧘࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߘߩ߽ߩߦࠃߞߡ߽᣿ࠄ߆ ߢ޽ࠆޠ

28

ޕ

ߎߩ⺑ߪ↢೨ߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⍮ࠆੱޘߩ޽޿ߛ ߢᐢߊ౒᦭ߐࠇߡ޿ߚޕࠦࡦࠠࡦ߽ߘߩ⹏વߩ

ᵈ㉼ߢᰴߩࠃ߁ߦㅀߴߡ޿ࠆ㧦ߎߩ໧㗴ߦߟ޿

ߡࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߦੑᐲ⾰໧ࠍߒߚߎߣ߇޽ࠆ߇㧘 ޟ৻

ᐲߪ㧘ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߣࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ߇ᒰ

ᤨ㧘ᓐߩഥߌ㧔߽ߜࠈࠎ㧘ቇ໧⊛ߥ㧕ࠍᔅⷐߣ ߒߡ޿ߚߣ⺆ߞߚޕߣߊߦߘࠇࠍᔅⷐߣߒߡ޿

ߚߩߪ㧘᧲⷏Ყセᢥቇ࡮⸒⺆ผ⎇ⓥᚲߩᄢቇ㒮 ߦ☋ࠍ⟎޿ߡ޿ߚࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߛߞߚޕᓐࠄ

ߩࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ߢߪߛࠇ߇ᧄᒰߩ╩⠪߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴 ߪᧄ⾰⊛ߥ߽ߩߣߪ⷗ߥߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚޕߎࠇࠄ ߩᤄᣣߩߎߣߦߟ޿ߡ੹㧘ᦠ㕙ߢ૗ࠄ߆ߩ⊒⸒

ࠍⴕ߁ߎߣߦ㑐ߒߡߪ㧘ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈߣࡔ࠼

ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ߇ߔߢߦ੢ߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁৻

੐߆ࠄߒߡ߽߹ߞߚߊਇน⢻ߢ޽ࠅ㧘ฃߌ౉ࠇ

߇ߚ޿૞ᬺߢ޽ࠆߣᓐߪㅀߴߚޠ

29

ޕ

ߎࠇࠄߩ⸽⸒ߩ⾗ᢱ⊛ଔ୯ࠍࡕ࡯࠰ࡦߣࠛࡑ

࡯࠰ࡦ߇㍈ߊ⓭޿ߚߎߣߪߔߢߦㅀߴߚ߇㧘ᓐ ࠄߪߘࠇࠄߩ⸽⸒߇ߌߞߒߡ৻ㅢࠅߩ⸃㉼ߒ߆

⸵ߐߥ޿߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣ߽ᜰ៰ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߚߣ

߃߫㧘

ޡᢥ⧓ቇߩᒻᑼ⊛ᣇᴺޢ

ߦ㑐ߒߡࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ߇↢೨ޟࡄ࡯ࡧࠚ࡞࡮࠾ࠦ࡜࡯ࠛࡧࠖ࠴ާ࡮ࡔ

࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈި߽ᚻࠍ౉ࠇߚ߇㧘ߘࠇߢ޿ߟ

߽ࠃߊߥߞߚࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޠߣ߆ޟ⑳ߪᓐࠍᚻ

વߞߚޠߥߤߩ⊒⸒ࠍߒߚߣ޿߁⸽⸒߇޽ࠆޕ

ߐࠄߦ㧘ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ߇㧘⥄ಽߩᧄࠍޟࡒ ࡂࠗ࡞࡮ࡒࡂࠗࡠࡧࠖ࠴ާ࡮ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦިߣߩળ

⹤ߦၮߠ޿ߡޠᦠ޿ߚߣㅀߴߚߣ޿߁⸽⸒߽޽

ࠆޕߎߎ߆ࠄޡᢥ⧓ቇߩᒻᑼ⊛ᣇᴺޢߩ⌀ߩ╩

⠪ߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⚿⺰߇ዉ߆ࠇߚࠊߌ

ߛ߇㧘ߒ߆ߒᰴߩࠃ߁ߥ⸃㉼߽޽ࠅ߁ࠆߩߢߪ ߥ޿߆㧦ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣߩળ⹤

߆ࠄࡅࡦ࠻ࠍᓧߡ㧘ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߥ⪺૞ࠍᦠ ߈਄ߍ㧘ߘࠇࠍ⹏ߒߡࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ޟߘࠇߢ޿ߟ

߽ࠃߊߥߞߚࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޠߣ⸒޿㧘 ޟ⑳ߪᓐࠍ

ᚻવߞߚޠߣ⺑᣿ߒߚߩߛߣ30

ޕߚߒ߆ߦ㧘਄

ߦᒁ޿ߚࠦࡦࠠࡦߩ⸽⸒ߦߒߡ߽㧘ਔ⟵⊛ߦข ࠇࠆⷐ⚛ࠍ฽ࠎߢ޿ࠆޕ ޟഥߌޠߣ޿߁ߩߪߤߩ ࠃ߁ߥ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߩഥߌߛߞߚߩ߆ޕ

ߎ߁ߒߡ㧘໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߩ╙৻⟵⊛ߥᗧ๧ߢߩ

╩⠪߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߘߩੱߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁⺑ߪ੹ᣣߢ

ߪᩮ᜚߇ᒙ޿ߣ⷗ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߘߩ৻ᣇ ߢ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᕁᗐ߇⺰ߓࠄࠇࠆߣ߈ߦ໧㗴ߩ

⪺૞߇޿߹ߛߦෳᾖߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߽੐ታߢ޽ࠆޕ

⃻࿷㧘ᣣᧄߢߪᣂߒ޿ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⪺૞㓸߇ೀⴕਛ

ߛ߇㧘ߘߎߦߪࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈ߿ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫ

(13)

ࠚࡈߩ⪺૞߇ᓐࠄߩฬ೨ߢ෼߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ㧔೎

ౠߩᛒ޿ߢ߽ߥߊ㧕ޕ߽ߒ㧘໧㗴ߩ⪺૞߇ᧄᒰߦ

ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ߽ߩߢߪߥ޿ߣାߓࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߥࠄ㧘 ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⪺૞㓸ߦ෼߼ࠆᔅⷐߪߥ޿ߪߕߛޕ߅ ߘࠄߊ㧘ࡠࠪࠕߢೀⴕਛߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⪺૞㓸߽૗

ࠄ߆ߩ߆ߚߜߢ໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ࠍ෼㍳ߔࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ ߎߎߢ௛޿ߡ޿ࠆ✬㓸⠪ߩ⺰ℂ㧔ߥ޿ߒᔃℂ㧕 ߪ㧘ߎࠇࠄߩ⪺૞߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᦠ޿ߚ߽ߩߢ޽

ࠆߎߣࠍ⺰⸽ߪߢ߈ߥ޿߇㧘ߘࠇߢ߽ߘߩน⢻

ᕈࠍᝥߡ߈ࠇߥ޿ߣ޿߁߽ߩߛࠈ߁ޕ

⚿ዪߩߣߎࠈ㧘ࠗࡢࡁࡈ߇⥄⺑ߩᩮ᜚ߣߒߡ

᜼ߍߚߩ߇ޟ⋡᠄⠪ߩ⸽⸒ޠ

㧔⋡᠄⠪ߣߪౕ૕⊛

ߦߛࠇߩߎߣ߆㧘ߘߒߡ૗ࠍ⋡᠄ߒߚߩ߆ߐ߃㧘 ᓐߪㅀߴߡ޿ߥ޿㧕ߣޟ࠹ࠢࠬ࠻ߘߩ߽ߩޠߢ

޽ߞߚߎߣߪ․ᓽ⊛ߢ޽ߞߚޕߘߩᓟ߽⢐ቯᵷ ߇␜ߒ߃ߚ⺰᜚ߪ㧘ේೣ⊛ߦߎࠇએᄖߦߥ޿߆ ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ࠰ㅪᤨઍ㧘ޟ↢߈ᑧ߮ߚ⠪ޠ㧔㕟๮㧘

ࠬ࠲࡯࡝ࡦᤨઍ㧘ᄢᚢ㧘࡜࡯ࠥ࡝↢ᵴߥߤࠍ㧕 ߩ⸽⸒ߪᄢ߈ߥᢥൻ⊛ᗧ๧ࠍ߽ߞߡ޿ߚޕࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦߩၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߩ߫޽޿㧘ߐࠄߦ⸒߃ࠆߩߪ㧘

ࠗࡢࡁࡈ߿ࠦ࡯ࠫࡁࡈ㧘ࡏ࠴ࡖࡠࡈߚߜߪ㧘

1970

ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ࠰ㅪߣࡠࠪࠕߩੱᢥቇࠍઍ⴫

ߔࠆቇ⠪ߥ޿ߒᕁᗐኅߢ޽ࠅ㧘ߘߩᮭᆭ߽ዋߥ ߆ࠄߧᗧ๧ࠍ߽ߞߚߎߣߛ㧔ᓐࠄ߇ߺߥ㧘࠰ㅪ

᡽ᮭ߆ࠄ〒㔌ࠍߣߞߡ޿ߚߎߣ߽ߘߩᮭᆭࠍ㜞

߼ߡ޿ߚ㧕ޕ߭ࠄߚߊ⸒߃߫㧘ޟ޽ߩੱߚߜ߇ߘ ߁⸒߁ߩߛ߆ࠄ㧘ߘ߁ߛߞߚߩߛޠߣߔࠆ␠ળ

ᔃℂ߇ࡠࠪࠕߢߪ௛޿ߡ޿ߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߘ

ߩ⺑ߩ߽ߣ߽ߣߩ಴ᚲ߇ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߛߣߔࠇ߫ߥ ߅ߐࠄߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ 㧔ߜߥߺߦ㧘ᧄᢥߩ╩⠪߇

1996

ᐕߦࠗࡢࡁࡈߦળߞߚߣ߈㧘ߎߩὐࠍ዆ߨ ߚߣߎࠈ㧘 ޟ⑳ߪᓐ

ާࡃࡈ࠴ࡦި

߆ࠄ⡞޿ߚߩߛޠ ߣᙍὼߣߒߚ⺞ሶߢ⸒޿㧘ߘࠇએ਄ߩ⺰᜚ࠍ᳞

߼ࠆߎߣ⥄૕߅߆ߒ޿ߣ޿߁ญ߱ࠅߛߞߚޕ㧕ߎ ߁ߒߚ࠰ㅪ࡮ࡠࠪࠕߩ␠ળ⊛࡮ᢥൻ⊛㘑࿯߇᰷

☨ߩࠕࠞ࠺ࡒ࠭ࡓߢฃߌ౉ࠇࠄࠇߥ߆ߞߚߣ޿

߁⺑᣿߽น⢻ߛࠈ߁ޕ

ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ⸃㉼ߦߤ߁ᓇ㗀ߒߚ߆

ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߪ੐ታ⊛ߥ஥㕙߫߆ࠅߢߥߊ㧘⸃

㉼⊛ߥ஥㕙߽߽ߞߡ޿ࠆޕ໧㗴ߩ⪺૞߇ࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦߩᚻߦߥࠆ߽ߩ߆㧘ᓐߩ෹ੱߚߜߦᏫߔࠆ߆ ߢ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩ⸃㉼ߩᣇะᕈ߇ᄌࠊߞߡߊ ࠆ߆ࠄߛޕ⸒޿߆߃ࠇ߫㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩ⛔৻

ᕈࠍߤߎߦ⷗ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁໧㗴ߢ޽ࠆޕ

ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߢ߽ߞߣ߽⼏⺰ߦߥߞߚߩߪ㧘ࡑ

࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ߩⷐ⚛ߛޕ໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߢߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߦ ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߥ┙႐߇␜ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߎࠇࠍ ߤ߁⸃ߔࠆ߆߇໧㗴ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚޕߣ޿߁ߩ߽㧘

᥅ᐕߩᒉሶߚߜࠍਛᔃߦ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇޿߆ߥࠆ ᗧ๧ߢ߽ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⠪ߢߥ߆ߞߚߣߔࠆߩ߇

߶߷ቯ⺑ߛ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕ㕖ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⠪ߢ޽

ࠆࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ߥߗࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߥ⪺૞ࠍᦠ޿

ߚ߆ߣ޿߁໧޿ߪ㧘ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߦ㑐ࠊࠆߔߴߡ ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪߇┙ߜะ߆ࠊߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚޕ

ࠗࡢࡁࡈ߿ࠢ࡜࡯ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻߇␜ߒߚ

⺑ߪ㧘໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߩࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߥㇱಽߪࠞ

ࡕࡈ࡜࡯ࠫࡘߢ޽ࠆ㧘޽ࠆ޿ߪࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈ

߿ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ߇ⴕߞߚᝌ౉ߢ޽ࠈ߁ߣ޿

߁߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕߘ߁ߛߣߔࠇ߫㧘໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߩ ᕁᗐ⊛ᗧ⟵ߪ㕖ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ⷐ⚛ߦ᳞߼ߥߌ ࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߎߣߦߥࠆޕታ㓙㧘ࠗࡢࡁࡈߪࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩ⃻ઍ⊛ᗧ⟵ࠍᢥൻ⸥ภ⺰ߩవ㚟⠪

ߣ޿߁ὐߦ᳞߼ߡ޿ࠆޕ1970㧙80 ᐕઍߦߪߎ ߩ⸃㉼ߪ᦭ജߛߞߚޕࠗࡢࡁࡈ߇ឝߍߚ⸥ภ㧘

⊒⹤㧘ኻ⹤㧘ߘߒߡࠞ࡯࠾ࡧࠔ࡞ߥߤߩ㎛᭎ᔨ

ߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐࠍ߽ߞߣ߽ޟᐢߊޠᝒ߃ࠆߚ

߼ߩ᭴߃ߛߞߚޕߘࠇߪ੐ታ਄㧘⣕ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ

⟵⊛ߥ⺒ߺߢ޽ࠆޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⣕ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵

ൻߒߟߟ㧘ᢥൻ⸥ภ⺰ߩవ㚟⠪ߣߒߡ⺒߽߁ߣ ߔࠆߣ߈㧘ࡧࠜࡠ࡯ࠪࡁࡈ߿ࡔ࠼ࡧࠚ࡯ࠫࠚࡈ ߩ⪺૞߽ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦᕁᗐߩਇนᰳߥ৻ⷐ⚛ߦ฽߹

ࠇࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇ࠗࡢࡁࡈߩ┙႐ߛߞߚޕ

ߛ߇㧘໧㗴ߩ⪺૞ߩࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߥⷐ⚛ߣ

ߪታ㓙ߦߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߛߞߚߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ

(14)

㧙㧙

ޡࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ߣ⸒⺆ືቇޢ߆ࠄ߽ߞߣ߽ޟࡑ

࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ޠߣ⷗ߥߒ߁ࠆㇱಽࠍᒁ޿ߡߺࠃ ߁㧦

ߚ޿ߡ޿ߩ߫޽޿㧘ࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯⊛⃻⽎ߪᗧ

⼂ߩ⃻⽎ߣߒߡ㧘ߟ߹ࠅᔃℂቇ⊛ߦߣࠄ߃ࠄ ࠇߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆޕߚ߼ߦ㧘ߘ߽ߘ߽ਥⷰ⊛

ߥᗧ⼂߿ᔃℂߩ․ᕈߣߪ⛘ኻߦห৻ⷞߒࠃ߁ ߩߥ޿ࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯⊛⃻⽎ߩ․ᕈߦߚ޿ߒߡ㧘

⊛⏕ߥࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴߇ߥߐࠇߥ޿߹߹ߦߥߞߡ

޿ࠆޕ߹ߐߦߘߩߚ߼ߦ㧘ࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯⊛ᒻ

ᚑ‛ߣ޿߁․ᱶߥ‛⾰⊛⃻ታߢ޽ࠆ⸒⺆ߩᓎ

ഀ߽㧘චಽߦ⹏ଔߐࠇߕߦ޽ߞߚޕ

ߘࠇߦട߃ߡ㧘ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬ߿ࠛࡦࠥ࡞ࠬߣ޿

ߞߚഃᆎ⠪ߚߜ߇ࠊߕ߆ߦߒ߆߰ࠇߥ߆ߞߚ ࠅోὼ߰ࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ಽ㊁ߩߔߴߡߦ㧘ᯏ᪾⺰

⊛ࠞ࠹ࠧ࡝࡯߇ߒߞ߆ࠅߣᩮߠ޿ߡߒ߹ߞߡ

޿ࠆޕၮᧄ⊛ߦߪߎࠇࠄߔߴߡߩಽ㊁ߪ㧘߹

ߛᑯ⸽ᴺએ೨ߩᯏ᪾⺰⊛໑‛⺰ߩᲑ㓏ߦ޽ࠆޕ ߘߩߎߣߪ㧘ࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯ߦ߆ࠎߔࠆቇ໧ߩ

ోಽ㊁ࠍ޿߹ߥ߅ᯏ᪾⺰⊛࿃ᨐᓞߥࠆࠞ࠹ࠧ

࡝࡯߇ᡰ㈩ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣߦ߽޽ࠄࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ หᤨߦ߹ߚ㧘⚻㛎ߦߚ޿ߔࠆታ⸽ਥ⟵⊛ߥ⷗

ᣇ߿㧘ᑯ⸽ᴺ⊛ߦߢߥߊਇേߩ቟ቯߒߚ߽ߩ

ߣ⸃ߒߚޛ੐ታޜߩፏ᜙߽߹ߛᶖ߃ߡߪ޿ߥ

޿ޕࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵⊛ߥືቇߪߎ߁޿ߞߚಽ㊁

߳ߪ߹ߛ߶ߣࠎߤᶐㅘߒߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ31

ߎߎߢㅀߴࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ┙႐߇ߚࠎߦࠞࡕࡈ࡜

࡯ࠫࡘߣ⸒߃ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆㧘

⇼໧ߢ޽ࠆޕ20਎♿

ߩࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ᕁᗐผߩ⷗࿾߆ࠄߔࠇ߫㧘ࠣ࡜

ࡓࠪߩࡋࠥࡕ࠾࡯⺰ߣߩหᤨઍᕈ

32

߿ࠕ࡞࠴ࡘ

࠮࡯࡞ߩࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯⺰㧘ࠬ࠴ࡘࠕ࡯࠻࡮ࡎ࡯

࡞ߩࠞ࡞࠴ࡘ࡜࡞࡮ࠬ࠲࠺ࠖ࡯࠭ߦኻߔࠆవⴕ ᕈߪ᣿ࠄ߆ߛࠈ߁ޕਅㇱ᭴ㅧ㧔࿯บ㧕ߣ਄ㇱ᭴

ㅧߩ᳿ቯ⺰⊛࿑ᑼࠍᛕ್ߒ㧘਄ㇱ᭴ㅧ㧔ࠗ࠺ࠝ

ࡠࠡ࡯㧕ߩ᭴ᚑⷐ⚛ߣߒߡߩ⸥ภ㧘ߣࠅࠊߌ⸒

⺆߳ߩᣂߒ޿ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ࠍឭ໒ߔࠆߎߣߪ㧘

1920

ᐕઍඨ߫ߩ࠰ㅪᕁᗐ⇇ߦ߅޿ߡߪᄢ⢙ߥ㧘 ߘߒߡߒߛ޿ߦෂ㒾ߣߥࠅߟߟ޽ߞߚ┙႐⴫᣿

ߛߞߚߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆޕࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵ߩᨒ⚵ߢߩ ᣂߒ޿ࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯ቇߩ᭴▽߇࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜࡯࠼

ᤨઍߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ߩᕁᗐ⊛⺖㗴ߢ޽ߞ ߚน⢻ᕈߪ㜞޿ޕ

1920

ᐕઍೋ㗡㧘

ࡀ࡯ࡧࠚ࡝ߣ

ࡧࠖ࠹ࡊࠬࠢߢޟࠞࡦ࠻࡮࠮ࡒ࠽࡯࡞ޠࠍ㐿޿

ߡ޿ߚߣ߈ߣ㆑޿㧘1924́29 ᐕߩ࡟࠾ࡦࠣ࡜

࡯࠼ᤨઍ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣ෹ੱߚߜߪ࠰ㅪ␠ળߩᕁ ᗐ⊛⃻ታߦㆡᔕߔࠆߣ޿߁ᣂߒ޿⹜✵ߦ⋥㕙ߒ ߡ޿ߚߛࠈ߁ޕࠢ࡜࡯ࠢ㧛ࡎ࡞ࠢࠗࠬ࠻ߪ㧘ࡃ ࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߩޟ߶ߣࠎߤߪ

1920

ᐕઍਛ㗃ߦ⍮⊛ෂᯏࠍ⚻㛎ߒߚޠ

33

ߣᜰ៰ ߒߡ޿ࠆޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇ࡀ࡯ࡧࠚ࡝㧘ࡧࠖ࠹ࡊࠬ

ࠢᤨઍߦᦠ޿ߡ޿ߚ⨲Ⓜޟⴕὑߩືቇޠ㧘ޟ⟤⊛

ᵴേߦ߅ߌࠆ૞⠪ߣਥੱ౏ޠߪᣂࠞࡦ࠻ቇᵷ߿

⃻⽎ቇ߳ߩෳᾖ߇⋡┙ߟ߇㧘

1920

ᐕઍඨ߫એ㒠 ߦߪᓇࠍ߭ߘ߼ࠆޕ᥅ᐕߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ߢࡃࡈ

࠴ࡦߪ⥄ಽ߇ᣂࠞࡦ࠻ቇᵷߩᓤߛߞߚߎߣࠍᒝ

⺞ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇㧘ߘߎߦߪ࿁ᗐߩ૞ὑ߇⹺߼ࠄࠇ ߥߊ߽ߥ޿

34

ޕ᥅ᐕߩ⊒⸒ߦၮߠ޿ߡ

1920

ᐕ ઍߦᓐ߇ࡑ࡞ࠢࠬਥ⟵߆ࠄฃߌߚߛࠈ߁ᕁᗐ⊛

ࠗࡦࡄࠢ࠻ࠍㆊዊ⹏ଔߔࠆߩߪㆡಾߢߥ޿ߣ޿

߁ᜰ៰߽޽ࠆ

35

ޕ

ߎߩࠃ߁ߦ㧘ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߪߚࠎߦޟ໧㗴ߩ⪺

૞ߩ⌀ߩ╩⠪ߪߛࠇ߆ޠߣ޿߁໧޿ߛߌߢߥߊ㧘 1920

ᐕઍߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᕁᗐᒻᚑߩ⼏⺰ߦ߽㑐 ࠊߞߡߊࠆޕߎߩᤨᦼߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᶖᕷࠍવ߃ ࠆ⾗ᢱ߇߈ࠊ߼ߡዋߥ޿ߩߢ㧘ߥ߅ߩߎߣ㧘໧

㗴ߩ⪺૞ߣࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ో૕ߩᬌ⸛߇㊀

ⷞߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ1920

ᐕઍೋ㗡ߩ޿ࠊࠁࠆޟೋᦼ ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦޠߣ

1920

ᐕઍᧃߩࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ㧔1929 ᐕ ߩ࠼ࠬ࠻ࠛࡈࠬࠠ࡯⺰ߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆ㧕ߩ޽޿ߛ ߦᗵߓࠄࠇࠆ૗ࠄ߆ߩࡒ࠶ࠪࡦࠣ࡮࡝ࡦࠢࠍၒ

߼ࠆᓎഀࠍᦼᓙߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩ߇㧘ㄭᐕߩࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ߩᕁᗐผ⊛⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆޕ

(15)

ၫ╩⠪໧㗴ߪ㧘ߘߩ⾗ᢱ㕙ߢߩ⸃᳿ਇ⢻ߐ߽

޽ࠊߖߡ㧘߽ߪ߿ޟ⻘߼޿ߚᕁᗐኅࡃࡈ࠴ࡦޠ ߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫࠍᒝߊߪ૞ࠅ಴ߒߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ ߻ߒࠈ㧘 ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ߩᕁᗐผ⊛૏⟎

ߠߌߩᚻ߇߆ࠅࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ࠆޕߘߩߣ߈㧘ߪߚ

ߒߡࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇㧔߆ߟߡࠗࡢࡁࡈࠄ߇ᒝ⺞ߒߚ ࠃ߁ߦ㧕⸥ภ⺰ߥࠅ␠ળ⸒⺆ቇߩవ㚟⠪⊛ߥሽ

࿷ߛߞߚߩ߆㧘ߘࠇߣ߽৻ߟߩᕁᗐผ⊛ᤨઍߩ

⚳ࠊࠅ㧘޿ࠊ߫ߘߩቢᚑ⠪⊛ߥሽ࿷ߛߞߚߩߢ ߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁⇼໧߇ࠊߊޕหᤨઍߩࡠࠪࠕ࡮ࡈ

ࠜ࡞ࡑ࡝ࠬ࠻㧘࠻࠘ࠗ࠾ࡖ࡯ࡁࡈߩථᛮߥ࿑ᑼ ࠍ୫ࠅࠇ߫ޟᓳฎ⠪߆㧘㕟ᣂ⠪߆ޠߩ໧޿ߢ޽

ࠆޕ

1960

ᐕઍߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇਎⇇ߩ೨ߦᆫࠍ⃻ߒ ߚߣ߈㧘ߚߒ߆ߦᓐߪ㕟ᣂ⠪ߛߞߚޕࡐ࡝ࡈࠜ

࠾࡯⺰ߦߒߡ߽㧘ࠞ࡯࠾ࡧࠔ࡞⺰ߦߒߡ߽㧘ᤨ

ઍࠍవขࠅߒߚ⺰ὐߛߞߚޕߛ߇㧘ᓐߩਥⷐ᭎

ᔨࠍߘࠇ߇↢߹ࠇߚᤨઍߦᚯߒߡߺࠆߣ߈㧘߻

ߒࠈᓳฎ⠪⊛ᓎഀࠍṶߓߡ޿ߚߩߢߥ޿߆ߣᕁ ࠊߖࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠆޕࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ࡮ࠨ࡯ࠢ࡞ߦߟ޿

ߡߩ⎇ⓥߪߒ߫ߒ߫ߘࠇߦㄭ޿⺰ὐࠍឭ಴ߒߡ

޿ࠆ

36

ޕߘࠇએᄖߦ߽㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩᢎ㙃߿ᢥቇ

⊛ᅢߺ㧘᡽ᴦ⊛┙႐߿ାઔߩ໧㗴ࠍౣ᭴ᚑߒߡ

޿ߞߡ߽㧘ߎߩශ⽎ߪᒝ߹ࠆޕ

ੱ㑆ᕈߩ⻘

ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߪੱ㑆⊛ߦߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥੱ‛ߛߞߚ ߆ޕ੹ᣣ㧘ᓐߩᦠ◲㧔ߚߛߒ㧘ᢙߪᄙߊߥ޿㧕㧘

᥅ᐕߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯߇⺒߼ࠆޕ߹ߚ㧘ࡠࠪࠕੱ

ߩᅢ߈ߥࠫࡖࡦ࡞ߢ޽ࠆޟ࿁ᗐޠ߇㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ ߦߟ޿ߡ߽ᢙᄙߊᦠ߆ࠇߚޕߛ߇⑳ߩ୘ੱ⊛ߥ

ශ⽎ࠍㅀߴࠇ߫㧘ᓐߩੱߣߥࠅߦߪߤߎߣߥߊ

⻘߼޿ߚ߽ߩ߇޽ࠆࠃ߁ߦᗵߓࠄࠇࠆޕߘߒߡ㧘

ߘߩߎߣߪᓐߩᕁᗐߩ⸃㉼ߦ৻ቯߩᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷

ߒߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߦᕁࠊࠇࠆޕ

ߎߎߢ߽㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩࠗࡔ࡯ࠫᒻᚑߩࠗ࠾ࠪ

ࠕ࠴ࡧࠍីߞߚߩߪ᥅ᐕߩᒉሶߚߜߢ޽ࠆޕ᦭

ฬߥㅺ⹤ߣߒߡ㧘

1960

ᐕߦߪߓ߼ߡࠦ࡯ࠫࡁࡈ

ߚߜ߇ࠨ࡜ࡦࠬࠢߦࡃࡈ࠴ࡦࠍ⸰ࠇߚߣ߈㧘ห ⴕߒߚࠟ̆࠴ࠚࡈ߇ᗵỗߒߡ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ೨ߦ

〚߈㧘

ޟࡒࡂࠗ࡞࡮ࡒࡂࠗࡠࡧࠖ࠴㧍ߤ߁ߔࠇ߫

޽ߥߚߩࠃ߁ߦ↢߈ࠄࠇࠆߩߢߒࠂ߁߆㧍ޠߣ

ตࠎߛߣࠦ࡯ࠫࡁࡈ߇વ߃ߡ޿ࠆ37

ޕ߹ߚࠗࡢ ࡁࡈߪ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߣߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥሽ࿷ߛߞߚ߆ ߣ޿߁໧޿ߦኻߒߡߎ߁╵߃ߡ޿ࠆ̆ޟࡃࡈ࠴

ࡦߪቢోߥࠆ♖␹⊛⥄┙ߩౕ⃻ߛߞߚޕᓐߪߚ ࠎߦ࠰ㅪ᡽ᮭߣߘߩࠗ࠺ࠝࡠࠡ࡯ߦ᛫ߒߡ޿ߚ ߩߢߪߥߊ㧘

ቢోߦߘߩᄖ஥㧘ᓐጯ㧘

ޟᄢ߈ߥᤨ

㑆ޠߩߥ߆ߦ޿ߚޠ

38

ޕᓟᦼ࠰ㅪࠍ↢߈ߚ⍮⼂

ੱߦߣߞߡ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ߇৻⒳ߩᢥൻ⊛ࠕࠗࠦࡦ ߢ޽ߞߚߎߣ߇߁߆߇߃ࠆޕᓐࠄߪࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩ

⪺૞ߣੱ㑆ߩߥ߆ߦ࠰ㅪߩ౏ᑼᢥൻߣߪ߹ߞߚ

ߊή✼ߥ㧘 உᄢߥ♖␹⊛࡮⍮⊛ሽ࿷ࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߚޕ ߛ߆ࠄ㧘ࠗࡢࡁࡈߪㄭᐕ㧘ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦߩࠞ࡯࠾ࡧ ࠔ࡞⺰ߣࠬ࠲࡯࡝ࡦਥ⟵ߩ㘃✼ᕈߦߟ޿ߡ⺆ࠆ ޟᐛᗐ⊛ߥ઒ቯޠߦߟ޿ߡ㧘ߎࠇએ਄ߩ⺋ࠅࠍ

⍮ࠄߥ޿ߣᙍᘣߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

ߒ߆ߒ㧘ਥⷰ⊛ߥශ⽎ߢ޽ࠆߎߣࠍᕟࠇߕߦ

⸒߃߫㧘ߚߣ߃߫ޡ࠼࠘ࡧࠔ࡯ࠠࡦߣߩኻ⹤ޢ ߦߪ⡛ੱ⊛ߢߥ޿ࡃࡈ࠴ࡦ௝߇⃻ࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߎ ߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ߪᓐ߇੢ߊߥࠆੑᐕ೨ߦⴕࠊࠇ ߚ߽ߩߢ㧘ᆄߦవ┙ߚࠇߚ⠧Ⴚߩᕁᗐኅߩࠊ߮

ߒߐ߇વࠊߞߡߊࠆޕߒ߈ࠅߦ⸥ᙘജߩᷫㅌࠍ གྷ޿ߡ߅ࠅ㧘޽ࠆߣ߈ߪࠪࠚ࡝ࡦࠣߩฬ೨߇಴

ߡߎߕ㧘ߤ߁ߒߡᕁ޿಴ߖߥ޿ߩߛࠈ߁ߣขࠅ

ੂߒߡ޿ࠆ39

ޕߎߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ࠍ⺒ࠎߛ₸⋥

ߥශ⽎ߪ㧘ᓐߩੱߣߥࠅ߇ߟ߆߼ߥ޿ߣ޿߁߽

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