る考察
著者名(日) 小林 美樹
雑誌名 神田外語大学紀要
巻 27
ページ 1‑22
発行年 2015‑03‑31
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1092/00001149/
ᑠ ᯘ ⨾ ᶞ
せ ᪨
OE
ࡣ ᗈ ⩏ ࡢ ព ࡛ ࡢ
V2ゝ ㄒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ㄒ ௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡿ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡣ
VSㄒ 㡰 ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ
ME୰ ⱥ ㄒ ࡣ 㠀
V2ゝ ㄒ
ࡢ 㐨 ࢆ ࡓ ࡾ ࠊ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ᵓ ᩥ ࡣ 㝈 ᐃ ⓗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࠋ ᮏ ✏ ࡛ ࡣ
MEᮎ ᮇ ࡢ
Malory ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ಽ ⨨࣭㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡋ ࠊOE ࡽ
ཷ ࡅ ⥅ ࠸ ࡔ ྂ ࠸ ࢱ ࣉ ࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ୍ ᵝ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ 㠀 ⏕ ⏘ ⓗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ ձ ᡈ ࡿ ୍ ᐃ ࡢ ᆺ ྜ ⮴ ࡋ ࡓ ⾲ ⌧ ᙧ ᘧ ⏝ ࡀ 㝈 ᐃ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ 㐣 ⛬ ࠶ ࡿ
⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࢱ ࣉ ࠊ ղ
MEᮎ ᮇ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ 㧗 ࠸ ⏕ ⏘ ᛶ ࢆ ಖ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡇ ࡀ ఛ
࠼ ࡿ ࢱ ࣉ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ ẚ ㍑ ⓗ ᩘ ከ ࡃ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ᵓ ᩥ ࡀ ᚲ ࡎ ࡋ
ࡶ ⏕ ⏘ ᛶ ࡀ 㧗 ࠸ ࡣ ゝ ࠼ ࡎ ࠊ ᩥ ἲ ኚ ࡢ ほ ᐹ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ᵓ ᩥ ࡢ ฟ ⌧ 㢖 ᗘ ຍ
࠼ ࠊ ⏕ ㉳ ࡍ ࡿ ື モ ࡢ ከ ᵝ ᛶ ࠊ ຓ ື モ ࣭ ㄒ ᙡ ື モ ࡢ ༊ ู ࠊ ᩥ య ࡢ ᢸ ࠺ ព ➼ ࢆ
⪃ ៖ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ᚲ せ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ᮏ ✏ ࡣ
OE ࡽ
PE ࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ኚ ࡢ ὶ ࢀ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚
Maloryࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ẁ 㝵 ࠶ ࡿ ࡢ ࢆ ࠊ ୖ ㏙ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ほ Ⅼ ࡽ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
1.
ࡣ ࡌ ࡵ
OEࡣ ࢻ ࢶ ㄒ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ཝ ᐦ ࡞ ព ࡛ ࡢ
V2ゝ ㄒ ࡣ ␗ ࡞ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ࠊᗈ ⩏ ࡢ ព
࡛ ࡣ
V2ゝ ㄒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ㄒ ࡀ ௦ ྡ モ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ྡ モ ྃ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ⠇ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ሙ ྜ
V2⌧ ㇟ ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ᩥ 㢌 モ ࡸ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ➼ ࠊ ㄒ ௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ
⨨ ࢀ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࡣ ࠊ ᐃ ᙧ ື モ 㸩 ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ཎ ๎ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ
㸯ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ၥ モ ࡸ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ
þa ('then'), þonne ('then'), nu ('now') (௨ ୗ ࡛ ࡣthen-group
ࡪ
)ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ᮶ ࡿ ሙ ྜ ࡣ ㄒ ࡀ ௦ ྡ モ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡞ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࡋ
ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞
V2⌧ ㇟ ࡣ
15ୡ ⣖ ኻ ࢃ ࢀ ࡓ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ(Haeberli (2002) , Komen et
al (2014))ࠋᮏ ✏ ࡛ ࡣ
15ୡ ⣖ ࡢ స ရ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ
The Works of Sir Thomas Malory (Malory)ࢆ ㈨ ᩱ ࡋ ࡚
VSㄒ 㡰
SVㄒ 㡰 ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡋ ࠊ
Malory ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠕOE ⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖࠕ
MEᮇ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋḟ ⠇ ࡛
Haeberli (2002) ࡼ ࡿ
OE ࡽ
ME ࡅ ࡚ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ⌧ ㇟ ࡢ ኚ ⛣ 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ⪃ ᐹ ࢆ ᴫ ほ ࡋ ࠊ
2.2⠇
࡛ ࡣ ࠊOE ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ࡀ ᢸ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ᩥ ⬦ 㐃 ⤖ ࡢ ᙺ ࡣ ࠊME ୰ ࡢ
V2ࡢ ᾘ ኻ ࡶ ḟ ➨ ㄒ ࡀ ᢸ ࠺ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ࡣ ࡑ ࡢ ᙺ ࢆ ᾘ ኻ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࢆ ♧ ࡍ
Komen et al (2014)ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࢆ ⤂ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ3.1⠇ ࡛
Malory ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ㄒ 㡰 㛵 ࡋ ࠊ
OEⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰
MEᮇ ᪂ ࡓ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ศ 㢮
ࢆ ⾜ ࠸ ࠊ3.2 ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ ศ 㢮 ᚑ ࡗ ࡚
Malory ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ಽ ⨨ ࣭ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
4⠇ ࡛ ࡣ
Malory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ࡀ ᢸ ࠺ ᩥ ⬦ 㐃 ⤖ ᙺ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ⪃ ᐹ ࡋ ࠊ
5⠇ ࡛ ᮏ ✏ ࡢ ࡲ ࡵ ࢆ ࠾ ࡇ ࡞ ࠺ ࠋ
2.
ඛ ⾜ ◊ ✲
2.1. Haeberli (2002)
Haeberli (2002)
ࡣ
Brooklyn-Geneva-Amsterdam-Helsinki Corpus of Old Englishࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡚ ᩓ ᩥ ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࠊཎ ๎ ⓗ ࡣ
V2ゝ ㄒ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ
OEࡢ ⠇ ࠾ ࠸
࡚ ࠊᩥ 㢌 ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ၥ モ ࠊྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊthen-group ௨ እ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࡘ ㄒ ࡀ ௦ ྡ モ
࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ሙ ྜ ࠊ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ྜ ࡀ
28.7%࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ OE ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ᐃ ᙧ ື モ ࡀ ➨ ⨨ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
(1)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ཎ ๎ ࡛ ࡣ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ➨ ௨ እ ࡢ ⨨ ᐃ ᙧ ື モ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ
(2)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞SVㄒ 㡰 ࡶ ⛥ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
(1) [þinre meder] geheolp þin halga geleafa your mother helped your holy faith
(Ælfric's Lives of Saints, I, 212.28) 'Your holy faith helped your mother.' (Haeberli (2002:245))
(2) [ðone] Denisca leoda lufiað swyðost
that Danish people love most (Wulfstan, 223.54) 'The Danish people love that one most' (Haeberli (2002:249))
ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ሙ ྜ
(2)ࡀ ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ V2࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࡢ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ᩥ 㢌 ᮶ ࡿ せ ⣲ ࡀ 㡯 ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ຍ モ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ㄒ ࡀ 㛗 ࠸ ▷ ࠸
࠸ ࡗ ࡓ 㐪 ࠸ ࡽ ༢ ⣧ ㄝ ᫂ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ฟ ᮶ ࡞ ࠸ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ
OE ࠾ ࠸ ࡚
(2)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ እ ࡣ ᑡ ࡞ ࠸ ࢃ ࡅ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ ࡼ ࡾ ከ ࡃ ࡢ ሙ ྜ(1)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞
V2⌧ ㇟ ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ≧ ἣ ࡣ
MEึ ᮇ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ኚ ࢃ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡋ
ࡋ ࡑ ࡢ ᚋ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡣ ᛴ ㏿ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࠊ
ME୰ ⱥ ㄒ ࡣ 㠀
V2ゝ ㄒ ኚ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࠋ
Haeberli (2002)ࡣThe Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle Englishࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࠊ
14ୡ ⣖ ࡽ
15ୡ ⣖ ᭩ ࢀ ࡓ
33ࡢ ᩓ ᩥ ࢸ ࢟ ࢫ ࢺ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ࠊ ⠇ ࠾
࠸ ࡚ ၥ モ ࠊྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ
then-group (ME ࠾ ࠸ ࡚
OEࡢ
þa ('then'), þonne ('then'), nu ('now') ྠ ➼ ࡢ ព ࣭ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ㄒ)௨ እ ࡢ ㄒ ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࠊྡ モ ྃ
ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ࡢ ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ ྜ ࡛ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࢆ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ ࡇ ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࡣ ࠊᙼ ࡀ
Type I inversion ࡪ ձ ㏙ ㄒ ࡢ ๓ ⨨ ࠊղ ሙ ᡤ ྃ ࡢ ๓ ⨨ ࠊճ ࡢ モ
ྃ ࡸ
thus࡞ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ≉ ᐃ ࡢ ຍ モ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࠊ ࡞ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ⎔ ቃ ࡛ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ 㝖 ࠸ ࡚ ⾜ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ㄪ ᰝ ࡢ ⤖ ᯝ ࡣ
33ࢸ
࢟ ࢫ ࢺ ࡢ ࠺ ࡕ
23ࢸ ࢟ ࢫ ࢺ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸
ྜ ࡀ
50%ࢆ ㉸ ࠼ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ((Haeberli (2002:253-254))ࠋ㠀 ಽ ⨨ ࡢ ྜ ࠸ ࡀ
90%௨ ୖ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࢸ ࢟ ࢫ ࢺ ࡶ 6ࡘ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ᮏ ✏ ࡛ ⪃ ᐹ ᑐ ㇟ ࡍ ࡿ
Maloryࡢ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ྜ ࡣ
87.1%࡛ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡣ33ࢸ ࢟ ࢫ ࢺ ࡢ ୰ ࡛
8␒ ┠ 㧗
࠸ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ ព ࡛ ࡣ
Malory ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ㄒ 㡰 ࡣ ࡞ ࡾ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡢ ࡑ ࢀ ㏆ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ
࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ゝ ࠼ ࡿ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠋ
ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࢥ ࣮ ࣃ ࢫ ࡼ ࡿ ㄪ ᰝ ࡽ ࠊ
Haeberli (2002)ࡣ 15ୡ ⣖ ࡲ ࡛ ⱥ ㄒ
࠾ ࠸ ࡚
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡣ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡞ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡋ ࡚
ME ࠾
࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ࡲ ࡔ ࡞ ࠾ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ሙ ྜ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ࡢ ࠊ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ せ ⣲ ࡣ ≉ ᐃ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡢ ࡘ
࠸ ࡚ ⪃ ᐹ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡶ ṧ ࡿ
Type I inversion௨ እ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡣ
(3)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ཷ ື ᩥ ࡛ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ከ ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
(3) [Forsothe] [to Adam] was not foundun an helpere lijk hym.
(6)(OTest, II, 20G.97) ‘Surely, a helper like him was not found for Adam.’
(Haeberli (2002:255))
ࡋ ࡋ ࡶ
(4)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ື モ ᩥ ࢆ ྵ ࡵ ࠊᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ᵓ ᩥ ࡛ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ࡿ ࠋ
(4) [Thyse wordes] sayd our sauyour Ihu Cryst of the temple of his holy body. (Fitzja, A5V.82)
‘Our Savior Jesus Christ said these words about the temple of his
holy body’ (Haeberli (2002:258))
ࡲ ࡓ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ
ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ⪃ ᐹ ࢆ ⾜ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ
XVSㄒ 㡰 ࡢ
Xࡢ ⨨ ࡣ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ モ ࡸ ๓ ⨨ モ
ྃ ࡢ ࠊ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ➼ ࡢ 㡯 ࡶ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ୖ ࡢ
(4)࡛ ࡶ ື モ saydࡢ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ
Thyse wordesࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ
ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊ ᪤
SVㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ
ME ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ᙧ ࡢ ᩥ ࡢ
୰ ࡛ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ せ ᅉ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸
ࢆ ᫂ ☜ ㏙ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ฟ ᮶ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ㄒ ࡀ 㛗 ࠸ ▷ ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡶ ಽ
⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ ࡸ ࡍ ࡉ ࡢ Ỵ ࡵ ᡭ ࡣ ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
(Haeberli (2002:259))ࠋ௨ ୖ ࠊ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ㏙ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ
MEᮇ ࡣ ௦ ྡ モ ࡢ ಽ
⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡶ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
OE࡛ ࡣ ၥ モ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ
then-group௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌
⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࠊ ௦ ྡ モ ࡣ ཎ ๎ ⓗ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡋ ࡋ
Haeberli (2002)ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࡣ ࠊOE࡛ ࡣ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ⎔ ቃ
( ၥ モ ࠊྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ
then-group௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡢ ๓ ⨨
)࡛ ࡶ ࠊME ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ௦ ྡ モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ
㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ
OE
MEึ ᮇ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ௦ ྡ モ
ㄒ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ぢ ࡏ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ᫂ ⓑ ࡞ 㐪 ࠸ ̿ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ␗ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ ௦ ྡ モ
ㄒ ࡣ ၥ モ ࠊྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊthen-group ௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࡶ ཎ ๎ ⓗ ࡣ ಽ ⨨
ㄒ 㡰 ࡞ ࡽ ࡞ ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ ⓗ ࡿ ⯙ ࠸ ̿ ࡣ
MEᚋ ᮇ ᾘ ኻ ࡋ ࡓ
ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
(Haeberli (2002:260))ࠋ2.2. Komen et al (2014)
ⱥ ㄒ ࡀ ཎ ๎ ⓗ
V2ゝ ㄒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡁ ࠊ ㄒ ௨ እ ࡶ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ
⨨ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ྍ ⬟ ᛶ ࡀ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࡣ ㄯ ヰ 㐃 ⤖ ࡢ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᢸ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ⪃
࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ
Komen et al (2014)ࡣ ࠊ ⱥ ㄒ ࡀ
V2ゝ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࡢ క ࠸ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ㄯ ヰ 㐃 ⤖ ࡢ ᙺ ࢆ ᢸ ࠺ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ モ ⓗ せ ⣲ ࡀ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࠊ ㄒ ࡀ ᢸ
࠺ ᙺ ࡀ ቑ ࡋ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࡶ ࡢ ࡀ ㄒ ࡋ ࡚ ල ⌧ ࡍ ࡿ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ 㛵 ࡋ
࡚ ࡶ ኚ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡓ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠸ ࠺ ௬ ㄝ ࢆ ❧ ࡚ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࢆ ᳨ ド ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
㸰ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ
୰ ࡽ ࠊᮏ ✏ ࡢ
Maloryࡢ ㄒ 㡰 㛵 ࡍ ࡿ ⪃ ᐹ 㛵 㐃 ࡍ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ ௨ ୗ ࡛ ⤂ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
Komen et al (2014)ࡣ ཎ ๎ ⓗ ᩥ 㢌 ࡀ ㄒ ࡢ ᐃ ⨨ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡲ ࡛ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ モ ྃ ➼ ࡀ ᢸ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ㄯ ヰ 㐃 ⤖ ࡢ ᙺ ࡣ ḟ ➨ ㄒ ࡀ ᢸ ࠺ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ᩥ 㢌 モ ྃ ࡀ ⌧ ࢀ ࡓ ሙ ྜ ࡶ ࡑ ࢀ ࡣ ↓ ᶆ ࡢ ㄯ ヰ 㐃 ⤖ モ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ᩥ 㢌 モ ྃ ࡀ ⨨ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ
࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ⱥ ㄒ ࡀ
V2ゝ ㄒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡁ ẚ ㍑ ࡍ ࡿ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ 㢖 ᗘ ࡣ ᑡ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚
࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᢸ ࠺ ᶵ ⬟ ࡶ ࡼ ࡾ 㝈 ᐃ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ゝ
࠺ ࠋ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ モ ྃ ࡣ ๓ ࡢ ㄯ ヰ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ࢆ ♧ ࡍ ๓ ᪉ ↷ ᛂ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶
ࡿ ࡼ ࡾ ࡶ ࠊ
(5)ࡀ ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊ ḟ ㏙ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ 㢟 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡸ ሙ ᡤ ࢆ タ ᐃ ࡍ
ࡿ ᚋ ᪉ ↷ ᛂ ⓗ ࡞ ᙺ ࢆ ᢸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡢ ᪉ ࡀ ከ ࠸ ࠋ
(5) A: How is business going for Daimler-Chrysler?
B: [In GERmany]F r a m e the prospects are [GOOD]F o c u s, but [in AMErica]F r a m e they are [losing MOney]F o c u s.
(Komen et al (2014:84)) (Krifka (2007:46))
௨ ୗ ࡛ ࡣ
Komen et al (2014)ࡢ ◊ ✲ ࡢ ୰ ࡽ ࠊ ㄒ ௨ እ ࡢ ᩥ 㢌 ㄒ ྃ ࡀ ᢸ ࠺ ᶵ⬟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡢ ㏻ ⓗ ㄪ ᰝ ࢆ ♧ ࡍ ࠋ ᙼ ➼ ࡣ
XP-S-Vf i n ࠸ ࠺ ㄒ 㡰 ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ
XPࡀ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ྡ モ ྃ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࡘ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࡣ ๓ ⨨ モ ྡ モ ྃ ࡀ 㞄 ᥋ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ྡ モ ྃ ࡢ ሙ ྜ ࡣ ࡑ ࢀ ࡀ ┤ ᥋ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ 㛫 ᥋ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡛
࠶ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ 㑅 ࡧ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ࡀ ↷ ᛂ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ㄒ ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ
ྜ ࢆ ㏻ ⓗ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ(6a) ࡣ
lMEࠊ(6b)ࡣ lModE ࡽ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ(6a)
࡛ ࡣ ື モ ࡢ ┤ ᥋ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡀ ࠊ
(6b)࡛ ࡣ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ(6) a. (þe þridde is bounte þat is best of alle.)
And þat þou schalt knowe by þese signus. [cmhorses:23–25]
and that you shall know by these signs
'(The third is the character [of the horse], and this is the most important of all. )
And you will know this by the following signs.’
b. (I got no Body to come back with me but the Supra-Cargo and two Men.)
and with tthese I walk’d back to the Boats. [defoe-1719:482-483]
(Komen et al (2014:105))
Komen et al (2014) ࡼ ࡿ ࠊ ྡ モ ྃ ࡸ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࡢ
࠺ ࡕ ࠊ
(6a-b)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ྡ モ ྃ(๓ ⨨ モ ྃ ࡢ ୰ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ࢆ ྵ ࡴ)ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ྜ ࡣ ࠊ
ME࡛ ࠾ ࡼ ࡑ
60%ࠊeModE࡛
40%ᙉ ࠊlModE࡛
22%࡛ ࠶ࡾ ࠊ ௦ ࡶ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋࡲ ࡓ
lModE ࡽ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ
(6b) ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ㄒ㡰 ࡣ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࡃ 㐺 ษ ࡞ ⾲ ⌧ ࡲ ࡛ ࡣ ゝ ࠼ ࡞ ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠊ ᩥ 㢌
⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ㄒ ௨ እ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ⮬ ↛ ࡞ ᙧ ࡛ ᢸ ࠼ ࡿ ྜ ࡣ ࠊlModE ௨ 㝆 ࡶ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ⮳ ࡿ ࡲ ࡛ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ⥆ ࡅ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸
ࡿ
(Komen et al (2014:105))ࠋᮏ ㄽ ᩥ ࡛ ࡣ
4⠇ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ᩥ ⬦ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࠸ ࠺ ほ Ⅼ ࡽ
Malory ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ
⠇ ࡢ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
Fludernik (2000)ࡀ ゝ ࠺ ࠕ ࢹ ࢫ ࢥ ࣮ ࢫ ࣐ ࣮ ࢝ ࣮ ࡢỏ ℃ ࠖ ࠸ ࠺
Maloryࡢ ≉ ᚩ ࢆ ⪃ ៖ ධ ࢀ ࠊࡑ ࡢ ⁄ ࢀ ࡿ ࡢ ㄯ ヰ ᶆ ㆑ ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ࠊ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡸ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ
(ࡢ ୰ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ)ࡀ ࡢ ⛬ ᗘ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ
⬟ ࢆ ㈇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡢ ࢆ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
3. Malory
ࡢ
SV/VSㄒ 㡰
3.1.ศ 㢮
3⠇ ࡛ ࡣ
Maloryࡢ
SV/VSㄒ 㡰 㛵 ࡋ
,ࠕ(i)OEⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ࠕ
(ii) MEᮇ ᪂ ࡓ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ศ 㢮 ࡋ ࡚ ⪃ ᐹ ࢆ ⾜ ࠺ ࠋࡑ ࡢ ࡓ ࡵ ࡣ ಽ ⨨ ⌧ ㇟ 㛵 ࡋ ࠊ
ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ≉ ᚩ ࡀ
(i)ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ(ii) ศ 㢮 ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡢ ࢆ ᫂ ☜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡃ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ Haeberli (2010)ࡼ ࡿ ࠊ(7a-d)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࢱ ࣉ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡶ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
(7) a. [Another very generous person] iis Mr. McDonald.
b. [Round the corner] ccame aa big red bus.
c. [Thus] eended his story.
d. [In the year 1748] ddied one of the most powerful of the new masters of India.
(Haeberli (2010:146))
be
ື モ ࢆ క ࠺ ㏙ ㄒ ๓ ⨨ ࡢ ᩥ
((7a))ࡸ ࠊ ཷ ື ᩥ ࡸ 㠀 ᑐ ᱁ ື モ ࡀ ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ᩥ ࡛ ሙ ᡤ
ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ሙ ྜ
((7b))ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ[Thus]ࡸ[In the year 1748]ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ຍ モࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ሙ ྜ
((7c-d)) ࡣ ࠊ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ᚑ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊᮏ ✏ ࡛ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ձ
beື モ ࢆ క ࠺ ㏙ ㄒ ๓ ⨨ ࡢ ᩥ ࠊղ ሙ ᡤ ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ᩥ ࠊ ճ ࡢ モ ྃ ࡸ
thus࡞ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ≉ ᐃ ࡢ ຍ モ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ᩥ ࠊ ࡞
⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ᵓ ᩥ ௨ እ ࡛ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ 㸦 ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ 㞴
࠸ ಽ ⨨ 㸧 ࢆ ࠕ
OEⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ศ 㢮 ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
୍ ᪉ ࡛ ࠊ
(8)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ಽ ⨨ ᩥ ࡣ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ 㠀 ᩥ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
(8) *[In this rainforest] ccan find a lucky hiker the reclusive lyrebird.
(Haeberli (2010:146))
(8)࡛ ࡣ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ㄒ ࡢ 㛫 ࡛ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡣ OE
ࡸ
eME ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ྍ ⬟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ య ⓗ ࡞
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ῶ ᑡ ࠸ ࠺ ὶ ࢀ ࡢ
୰ ࡛ ࠊ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ⮳ ࡿ ࡲ ࡛ ࡢ 㐣 ⛬ ࡛ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࠋHaeberli
(2010)ࡣ
The York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE)
The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English 2 (PPCME2)ࢆ ⏝ ࠸
࡚ ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ ၥ モ ࠊthen-group ௨ እ ࡢ ㄒ ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇
࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ື モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡑ ࡢ ࡢ ື モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ྜ ࢆ
ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ
OE࡛ ࡣ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ ၥ モ ࠊ
then-group௨ እ ࡢ ㄒ ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ
⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ⣙
60%ࡢ ྜ ࡛ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ 㛫 ࡛ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿࡀ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ
15ୡ ⣖ ᮎ ࡣ
12.4% ࡲ ࡛ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᪉ ࠊ ືモ ௨ እ ࡢ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ 㛫 ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡣ
OEࡢ
81.3% ࡽ ᚎ ࠎ ୗ ࡀࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ࠊ
MEᚋ ᮇ ࡛ ࡶ
51.5% ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ᩘ Ꮠ ࡣ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ࡲ ࡔ ᬑ ㏻ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
(Haeberli(2010:147-148))ࠋ௨ ୗ ࡛ ࡣ(8)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ࠊ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ㄒ ࡢ 㛫 ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ࠕ
OEⓗ ࡞ ྂ
࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
ࠕ
MEᮇ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࢆ ࡇ ࢀ ศ 㢮 ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
OE ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ၥ モ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ
then-groupࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡔ ࡅ ࡛ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡶ ື モ ࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ྰ ᐃ せ ⣲ ࡢ ๓ ⨨ ࡣ ಽ ⨨
ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡍ ࠋ ࡋ ࡋ
Malory࡛ ࡣ
(9)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ๓ ⨨ ᩥ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ㉳ ࡇ ࡽ ࡎ ࠊ
SVㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
(9) but in no wyse the quene wolde nat suffir her wounded knyghtes to be fro her (Malory 657: 2-3)
ࡲ ࡓ
Haeberli (2010) ࡼ ࡿ ࠊ ၥ モ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣthen-group௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ
OE࡛ ࡣ Ṥ ㉳ ࡇ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ
ME ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ᡈ ࡿ ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ 㢖 ᗘ ࡛ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
YCOE
PPCME2ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ㄪ ᰝ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ
OE࡛
1.5% ࢇ ࡢ ഹ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡢ ᑐ ࡋ ࠊME࡛ ࡣ
Chaucer (Boethius, Melibee, Parson, Astrolabe)࡛ 50%ࠊTrevisa (Polychronicon)࡛
0% ࠊ స ရ ࡼ ࡾ ࡞ ࡾ ࡢ ࡤ ࡽ ࡘ ࡁ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ࠊ
MEᮇ ࡢ ᖹ ᆒ ࡛ ࡣ ᱆ ࡢ ྜ ࡛ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
(Haeberli (2010:147))ࠋME௨ 㝆
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࡞ ࡛ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ య ⓗ
࡞ ὶ ࢀ ㏫ ⾜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ቑ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ࠸ ࠺
⌧ ㇟ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ ⯆ ῝ ࠸ ࠋ ࡞ ࠾ ྠ ㄪ ᰝ ࡼ ࡿ ࠊ
Malory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ
ၥ モ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ
then-group௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࡛ ௦ ྡ モ
ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ྜ ࡣ
12.9% ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ḟ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞⎔ ቃ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࠊ ୖ ㏙ ࡋ ࡓ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇
࠾ ࡅ ࡿ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࢆ ࠕ
MEᮇ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ࡋ ࡚ ᢅ ࠺ ࠋ ௨ ୖ ࢆ ࡲ ࡵ ࡿ ࠊ
(10) (i) OE
ⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰
(MEᮇ ḟ ➨ ᾘ ኻ ྥ ࡗ ࡓ ㄒ 㡰
)㸸 (1) ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨
(2)
ձ
beື モ ࢆ క ࠺ ᩥ ࡛ ࡢ ㏙ ㏙ ㄒ ๓ ⨨ ࠊ ղ ཷ ື ᩥ ࡸ 㠀 ᑐ ᱁ ື モ ࡀ ⌧
ࢀ ࡿ ᩥ ࡛ ࡢ ሙ ሙ ᡤ ྃ ๓ ⨨ ࠊ ճ ࡢ モ ྃ ࡸ
thus࡞ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ≉ ᐃ ࡢ ຍ モ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢆ ༨ ࡵ ࡿ ࡇ ࠊ௨ ௨ እ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡛ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡉ ࢀ
ࡿ
VSㄒ 㡰
(ii) ME
ᮇ ᪂ ࡓ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ㄒ 㡰 㸸
(1)ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ 㠀 ಽ ⨨
(SV)ㄒ 㡰 (2) ၥ モ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ
then-group௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨
ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨
3.2. Malory
ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ
SV/VSㄒ 㡰
3.2.1. then-group௨ ୗ ࡛ ࡣ ࡲ ࡎ
OE࡛ 㢖 ⦾ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ ࠊ
ME࡛ ࡶ ࡲ ࡔ ከ ࡃ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ
then-groupࡢ ㄒ ྃ ᚋ ⥆ ࡍ ࡿ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ࢆ ᣲ ࡆ ࡿ ࠋ
Haeberli (2002)ࡢ ศ 㢮 ࡛ ࡣ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡣ Type I inversion ᒓ ࡍ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
(11) TThenne sstood tthe reame in grete jeopardy long whyle
(Malory 7: 14) (12) TThan spake Igrayne and seyde
(Malory 30:29) (13) And therefore nnow shall ye se what I shall do. (Malory 426: 12) (14) And alas! nnow have I loste all the worshyp that ever I wanne (Malory 467: 34-35) (15) ‘NNow am I sure thys lettir woll telle us what she was
and why she ys com hyddir.’ (Malory 641:3-4) (16) NNow rydith Galahad yet withouten shylde (Malory 524: 36)
ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ
þa ('then'), þonne ('then'), nu ('now')ࡣ OE௨ ᮶ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ 㝈 ࡽ ࡎ ௦
ྡ モ ㄒ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ 㧗 㢖 ᗘ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ ࡚ ࡁ ࡓ ࠋ
(11-16)ࡀ ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊ
Malory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ
thenneࠊthan (‘then’)ࡸ nowࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡣ ㄒ
ࡀ ྡ モ ྃ ௦ ྡ モ 㛵 ࢃ ࡽ ࡎ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ୍ ⯡ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ゝ ࠼ ࡿ
ࡇ ࡔ ࡀ ࠊࡇ ࢀ ࡽ
then-groupࡢ ㄒ ࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ
beື モ ࡸ 㠀 ᑐ ᱁ ື モ ࠊࡲ
ࡓ ຓ ື モ ࡀ
VSㄒ 㡰 ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ከ ࡃ ࠊ(11)ࠊ
(13)ࠊ(14)ࠊ(15)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࡣᩘ ከ ࡃ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࡋ
(12)࡛ ࡣ spakeࠊ(16)࡛ ࡣ rydithࡀ ㄒ ඛ ⾜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾
ࡾ ࠊࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ 㠀 ⬟ ᱁ ື モ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࡇ ࡶ
Malory࡛ ࡣ ⌋ ࡋ ࡃ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ
thenneࠊthan (‘then’)ࡸ
nowࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ
Haeberli (2002)ࡢ ゝ ࠺ ࡇ ࢁ ࡢ
Type I inversion࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊࡇ ࡢ ࢱ ࣉ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ
ME࡛ ࡶ ከ ࡃ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࡇ ࠊࡲ ࡓ ࠊ
Malory࡛ ࡣ
then-groupࡢ ㄒ ࡀ ᴟ ࡵ ࡚ 㢖 ⦾ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠸ ࠺ せ ᅉ ࡀ 㔜 ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࡢ ㄒ ࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ᩘ ⮬ య ࡀ 㠀 ᖖ ከ ࠸ ࠋ ᚑ ࡗ ࡚
then-groupࡢ ㄒ ࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛ ࡣ 㠀 ⬟ ᱁ ື モ ࡔ ࡅ ࡛ ࡞ ࡃ ࠊᚋ ㏙ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ື モ ࡢ ಽ
⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡶ ᑡ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ
now 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ ሙ 㠃 ㌿ ࡢ 㝿 ”now turn we”, “now leave we” ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࠊ Ỵ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ᆺ ࡢ ⾲ ⌧ ࡀ ⧞ ࡾ ㏉ ࡋ ࢃ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ࠊnow ᚋ ⥆ ࡍ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ᴟ ࡵ ࡚ ከ ࡃ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡢ ⌮ ⏤ ࡢ ୍ ࡘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
(17-18)ࡣ ࡑ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ሙ 㠃 ㌿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
(17) NNow turne we unto the eleven kynges that returned unto a cite that hyght Surhaute (Maloy 27: 6-7) (18) And nnow leve we of a whyle of sir Ector and of sir Percyvale,
and sspeke we of sir Launcelot that suffird and endured
many sharpe showres (Malory 495: 23-29)
୍ ᪉ ࡛ ࠊ௨ ୗ ࡢ
(19)ࠊ(20)ࡣthen-groupࡢ ㄒ ᑟ ࢀ ࡿ ⠇ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ྡ モ ྃ
ㄒ
((19))ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ((20))ࡀ
SVㄒ 㡰
(㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰)࡛ ⌧ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡛ ࠶ࡿ ࠋ
OE ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡇ ࡢ ⎔ ቃ
࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ
MEᚋ ᮇ ࡢ స ရ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ
Malory࡛ ࡣ ㄒ ࡀ ྡ モ ྃ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ௦ ྡ モ ࡛ ࠶
ࡿ 㛵 ࢃ ࡽ ࡎ
SVㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡶ ᑡ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ
(19) TThenne Uther Pendragon torned hym and said in herynge of them alle, (Malory 7:8) (20) A, my dere fadir! nnow I have nede of your helpe, (Malory 499: 39)
OEࠊME
(13) ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ከ ࡃ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ
than-groupࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛ ࡶ ࠊ(19-20) ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ࠊ
Maloryࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ୰ ࡛ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ⧅ ࡀ ࡿ ኚ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ Ⅼ ࡢ ୍ ࡘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
thenneࠊthanࠊnowࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛
SVㄒ 㡰
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ΰ ᅾ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡽ
SVㄒ 㡰 ࡢ ኚ ࡢ ୰ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ ࡢ ࡼ
࠺ ࡞ せ ⣲ ࡀ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࢆ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡣ ⯆ ῝ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ ᐇ 㝿
ࡣ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ศ ࡅ ࡿ Ỵ ᐃ ⓗ ࡞ せ ᅉ ࡣ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡋ ࡞ ࠸ ࡼ ࠺ ᛮ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ୖ ࡛ ぢ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࠊ㠀 ಽ ⨨ ࡕ ࡽ ࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ࡶ ⌧ ࢀ ࠊ
ࡲ ࡓ
(21-22)ࡀ ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊ ㄒ ࡢ 㛗 ࡉ ࡶ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ
2ࡘ ࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ࡢ 㑅 ᢥ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ⤯ ᑐ
ⓗ ࡞ せ ᅉ ࡣ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ
(21) Than aall the knyghtes and ladyes that were there wwepte as they were madde (Malory 696: 26-27) (22) Than kynge Arthur and all the kynges and knyghtes
kneled downe (Malory 668: 33)
(21)࡛ ࡣall the knyghtes and ladyes that were thereࠊ(22)࡛ ࡣkynge Arthur and all the kynges and knyghtes
࠸ ࠺ 㛗 ࠸ ྡ モ ྃ ࡀ ㄒ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊࡑ ࢀ ࡒ ࢀ
wepteࠊ ࡲ ࡓ kneled ࠸ ࠺ ື モ ඛ ⾜ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ 㢖 ⦾ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ
thanࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ 㛗 ࠸ ㄒ ࡀ ື モ ඛ ⾜ ࡋ ࠊ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ
ㄒ ࡢ 㔜 ࡉ ࡀ ㄒ 㡰 ࢆ Ỵ ᐃ ࡍ ࡿ ࡞ せ ᅉ ࡛ ࡞ ࠸ ࡇ ࢆ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
(ᑠ ᯘ 2013)ࠋࡲ ࡓ ࠊ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࠊ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ࡕ ࡽ ࡢ ㄒ 㡰 ࡶ ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ ሗ ࡢ ᪂ ࣭ ᪧ ࡶ ㄒ 㡰 Ỵ ᐃ ⓗ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡣ ゝ ࠼ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺
Malory ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ
then-groupࡢ ᚋ ⨨ ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ࣭ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ࡣ ࡣ ࡗ ࡁ ࡾ ࡋ ࡓ ཎ ๎ ࡀ ぢ ࠸ ࡔ ࡏ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ
OE ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ཎ ๎ ⓗ ࡚ ࡢ ㄒ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ
then-group ࠊ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ᚋ ⥆ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺
࡞ ࡿ 㐣 ⛬ ࡛ ࠊ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ୍ ⯡ ⓗ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࡢ ࢆ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡣ ࠊ
Maloryࡼ ࡾ ࡶ ྂ ࠸ ௦ ࡢ స ရ ࢆ 」 ᩘ ◊ ✲ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠋ
3.2.2.
ື モ
⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ ㉳ ࡇ ࡾ 㞴 ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ
3.1⠇ ࡛ ㏙ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊ
Haeberli(2010) ࡼ ࡿ OE࡛ ࡣ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ ၥ モ ࠊthen-group ௨ እ ࡢ ㄒ ྃ ࡀ ๓
⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࡛ ࠊ⣙
60%ࡢ ྜ ࡛ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ 㛫 ࡛ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ື モ ࡢ
Type II inversionࡣ
15ୡ ⣖ ᮎ ࡣ
12.4% ࡲ ࡛ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ15 ୡ ⣖ ᚋ ༙ ࡢ స ရ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ
Malory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ
14.9% ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ
(Haeberli(2010:147))ࠋ௨ ୗ ࡛ ࡣMalory ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ࡇ ࡢࠕ
OEⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ̿ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ̿ ↔ Ⅼ ࢆ ᙜ ࡚ ࡿ ࠋ
(23-29) ♧ ࡍ ࡼ ࠺
Malory࡛ ࡣ
thanࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛ ࡶ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ
ࡸ モ ࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛ ࡶ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ せ ⣲ 㸩 ື モ 㸩 ㄒ ࢆ ኴ Ꮠ ࡛
♧ ࡍ ࠋ
(23) TThan had sir Gawayne suche a grace and gyffte that an holy man had gyvyn hym
(Malory 704: 8-9) (24) TThan shall ye knowe that this is he that lovyth the lady of the castell
(Malory 217: 7)
(25) And tthere dud sir Lameroke mervaylus dedys of armys (Malory 216: 21-22) (26) But tthe sorow that dame Lyonesse made there may no tunge
telle
(Malory 207: 19-20) (27) ‘SSuch one saw I,’ seyde kynge Arthure
(Malory 28: 31) (28) And sso toke he us severally (Malory 83: 17) (29) but well undirstood sir Trystram that sir Dynadan myght
nat endure ayenste sir Launcelot (Malory 458: 34-26)
Malory
ࡢ స ရ ࢆ ㏻ ࡋ ࡚ ຓ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ ከ ࡃ ࠊ ື モ ᵓ ᩥ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡶ
(24)ࡸ(26)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ຓ ື モ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡀ ከ ࠸ ࠋ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ࢆ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡪ ࡁ ࠺ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ␗ ㄽ ࡶ ࠶ ࡿ ࡶ ࡋ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࡀ ࠊ ࠼ ࡤ
(26) ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ
’the sorow that dame Lyonesse made there’ ࠸ ࠺ ື モtelleࡢ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ព ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ື モ ᵓ ᩥ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ศ 㢮 ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࡛ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠋ
ࡲ ࡓ
Malory ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ୰ ࡣ ື ᛶ ࡢ ప
࠸ ື モ ࡀ ࡞ ࡾ ྵ ࡲ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ⌮ ゎ ࡛ ࡁ ࡿ ࠋ
(23) ࡣ ື モhadࡀ ⌧
ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ᩥ ࡣ ࠕ ࢧ ࣮ ࣭ ࢞ ࢘ ࢙ ࣥ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ⪷ ⫋ ⪅ ࡽ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ᜠ ᜨ ࡀ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࠖ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࢆ ⾲ ࡋ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ
hadࡣ ≧ ែ ື モ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡑ ࡢ
(24)ࡢ knowࠊ (29)ࡢundirstoodࡶ ≧ ែ ື モ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡛ ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ື モ ࡢ ୰
ࡣ ࠊ ᙧ ᘧ ⓗ ࡣ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡿ ື モ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡚ ࡶ ࠊ ព ⓗ ࡣ ື ᛶ ࡀ Ṥ ឤ ࡌ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࡶ ࡢ ࡶ ከ ࠸ ࠋ
Haeberli (2010) ࡼ ࡿ ࠊMalory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ
ၥ モ ࠊ
then-group௨ እ ࡢ ㄒ ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ࡛ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡁ ࡿ ྜ ࡣ
14.9% ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊMalory ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ᵓ ᩥ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ ᩘ Ꮠ ࡀ
♧ ၀ ࡍ ࡿ ࡼ ࡾ ࡶ ⏕ ⏘ ᛶ ࡀ ప ࡗ ࡓ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࠸ ᛮ ࢃ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ḟ ⠇ ࡛ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡢ ๓
⨨ ࡀ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡍ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ 㝿 ࡶ ㏙ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ㄒ
ື モ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠸ ࠺ ࣃ ࢱ ࣮ ࣥ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ࠊ
see࡞ ࡢ 㝈 ࡽ ࢀ ࡓ ✀ 㢮 ࡢ ື モ ࡀ ᡈ ࡿ Ỵ ࡲ ࡗ ࡓ ⾲ ⌧ ᙧ ᘧ ࡛ ⧞ ࡾ ㏉ ࡋ ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ከ ࡃ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ௨ እ ࡢ ື モ ࡢ ಽ
⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡣ ຓ ື モ ࢆ క ࠺ ࡶ ࡢ ࢆ 㝖 ࡃ ከ ࡃ ࡣ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡇ ࠊ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰
㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ື モ ࡢ ୰ ࡣ ≧ ែ ື モ ࡶ ᑡ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࠸ ࡇ ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ྜ ࢃ ࡏ ࡿ ࠊ ື ᛶ
ࢆ ࡶ ࡗ ࡓ ື モ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ᵓ ᩥ ࡣ ࠊ
Malory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ᪤ ᙉ ࠸ ⏕ ⏘ ⓗ ࢆ
ࡶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࡣ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
3.2.3.
⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ ᘬ ࡁ 㔠 ࡞ ࡾ 㞴 ࠸ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ せ ⣲
๓ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ
OEⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࡋ ࡚ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ㏙ ࡓ ࠋ ᮏ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ࡶ ࠺ 㸯 ࡘ ࡢ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠊ ༶ ࡕ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡣ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡚ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ ᘬ ࡁ 㔠 ࡣ ࡞ ࡾ 㞴 ࠸ ㄒ ྃ ࡢ ᚋ ⥆ 㒊 ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡿ ࠋ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡞ ࡿ ࡢ ࡣ ࠊձ
beື モ ࢆ క ࠺ ᩥ ࡛ ࡢ ㏙ ㏙ ㄒ ๓ ⨨ ࠊղ ཷ ື ᩥ ࡸ 㠀 ᑐ ᱁ ື モ ࡀ
⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ᩥ ࡛ ࡢ ሙ ሙ ᡤ ྃ ๓ ⨨ ࠊ ճ ࡢ モ ྃ ࡸ
thus࡞ ࡢ ࠶ ࡿ ≉ ᐃ ࡢ ຍ モ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢆ ༨ ࡵ ࡿ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ ࡇ ࢀ ࡽ ௨ እ ࡢ せ ᅉ ࡛ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰
ࢆ ほ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
ࡲ ࡎ ື モ ࡢ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡢ ๓ ⨨ ࢆ ྲྀ ࡾ ୖ ࡆ ࡿ ࠋ ๓ ⠇ ࡛ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨
ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ⪃ ᐹ ࡋ ࡓ 㝿 ࡶ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ๓ ⨨ ࡢ ᩥ
(26-27)ࢆ ᣲ ࡆ ࡓ ࡀ ࠊ ࡶ ࠸ ࡃ ࡘ ࡢ ࢆ ୗ ♧ ࡍ ࠋ
(30) [Her deth] shall I never forgete (Malory 406: 24) (31) ‘[That] sshall I amende,’ seyde Arthure. (Malory 33: 15) (32) ‘Sir, [grete wronge] hhave they done me and you bothe.’
(Malory 406: 20) (33) And [all thes wordis] seyde sir Palomydes (Malory 454: 18) (34) And [all thys] aaspyed sir Palomydes (Malory 456: 37) (35) And [all that] aspyed the quene (Malory 343: 9) (36) [That] ssaw the Kynge with the Hondred Knyghtes and ran unto sir Kay (Malory 19:4-5)
(30-32)ࡣ ຓ ື モ ㄒ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠊ(33-36)ࡣ ື モ ㄒ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ࡋ ࡚
࠸ ࡿ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࠕ ㄡ ࠎ ࡣ ࡇ ࢀ(ࡇ ࡢ ᵝ Ꮚ
)ࢆ ぢ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࠖ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࢆ ⾲ ⌧ ࡍ ࡿ 㝿 ࠊ (34-36)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ thysࡸ
thatࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ
aspyedࡸ
saw ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ
ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࠸ ࠺ ࡣ ከ ࡃ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
(26)ࡸ
(30-32)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ຓ ື モ ࡀ
ㄒ ඛ ⾜ ࡍ ࡿ ࡸ ࠊ(34-36)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ୍ ✀ ࡢ ᐃ ᙧ ⾲ ⌧ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࡣ ᡈ ࡿ ⛬ ᗘ ࡢ 㢖 ᗘ ࡛ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡶ ࡢ ࡢ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࢆ 㝖 ࡃ ࠊ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ๓ ⨨ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚ ᘬ ࡁ
㉳ ࡇ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ື モ ࡑ ࡢ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ వ ࡾ ከ ࡃ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ
ḟ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡿ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ ᘬ ࡁ 㔠 ࡞ ࡾ ᚓ ࡿ ㄒ ྃ ̿ ሙ ᡤ ྃ
ࡸ ࠊ ࡢ モ ྃ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ
thus➼ ࡢ モ 㸫 ௨ እ ࡢ モ ⓗ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ᩥ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠋ
(37) So [with that] ddeparted the damesell and grete sorow she made (Malory 40: 10)
(38) And [othir than good love] lloved I never sir Launcelot du Lake.
(Malory 639: 35-36) (39) And [full well] knew La Beall Isode that hit was sir Palomydes that faught wyth sir Trystram (Malory 457: 21-22) (40) yet [full worshipfully] have ye encheved this, and bettir shall ye do hyreaftir. (Malory 484:25-26) (41) And [for the dethe of my noble sonne sir Lamorak] shall
myne harte never be glad (Malory 490: 18-19) (37)ࡢ’with that’ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ๓ ᪉ ↷ ᛂ ࡼ ࡾ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ モ ྃ
ࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛ ࡶ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡑ ࢀ ௨ እ ࡢ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ࢱ ࣉ ࡢ モ ྃ ࡢ ᚋ ࢁ ࡛ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ 㢖 ⦾
ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ࡸ ࡣ ࡾ
(40-41)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ຓ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ከ ࡃ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ(37-39)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ㄒ ᙡ ື モ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡶ ᑡ ࡞ ࡃ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡲ ࡓ
(37)ࠊ(39)ࠊ(41)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡶ ࠊ
(38)ࠊ(40)ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡶ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࠋ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡚ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ᘬ ࡁ ㉳ ࡇ ࡍ モ ྃ ࡢ ព ࡸ ᶵ ⬟ ࡶ ᵝ ࠎ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡶ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ
ࡶ ࡇ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ⌧ ࢀ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ⪃ ࠼ ࡿ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ ࢱ ࣉ ࡢ
OEⓗ ࡞ ྂ ࠸ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡣ
Malory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡲ ࡔ ⏕ ⏘ ⓗ ࡞ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ⪃ ࠼ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
3.2.4. ME
ᮇ ⏕ ࡌ ࡓ ᪂ ࡋ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰
OE ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࡣ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࡢ ᚋ ⥆ 㒊 ࡛ ࡣ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡔ ࡅ ࡛ ࡞ ࡃ ௦
ྡ モ ㄒ 㛵 ࡋ ࡚ ࡶ 㧗 㢖 ᗘ
VSㄒ 㡰
(ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰)ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶྰ ᐃ ㎡ ᑟ ࢀ ࡿ ⠇ ࡛ ࡣ ཎ ๎ ⓗ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࠋ ᚑ ࡗ ࡚ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡢ ྰ ᐃ ಽ ⨨ ᵓ
ᩥ ࡣ
OE௨ ᮶ ࡢ ゝ ㄒ ⌧ ㇟ ࢆ ཷ ࡅ ⥅ ࡄ ࡶ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ゝ ࠼ ࡑ ࠺ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊᐇ 㝿 ࡣ ࠊ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࡢ ᚋ ⥆ 㒊 ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ
ME࡛ ࡣ ⩏ ົ ⓗ ࡣ ⏕ ࡌ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࠸
࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡀ ほ ᐹ ࡉ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
(42) And [never in no batayle, turnement nother justys] tthey bare none of hem no maner of knowlecchynge of their owne armys but playne whyght shyldis, (Malory 650: 25-27)
(43) but [in no wyse] the quene wolde never lette none of the ten knyghtes and her ladyes oute of her syght (Malory 652: 36-37) (44) but [in no wyse] the quene wolde nat suffir her wounded knyghtes to be fro her, (Malory 657: 2-3)(42-44)ࡣ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࢆ ྵ ࡴ モ ྃ ࡀ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ᩥ ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ
࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ(42) ࡣ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࠊ(43-44) ࡣ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡀ ⌧ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋMalory
࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ࡢ ᵝ ࠎ ࡞ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ ㄒ ྃ ྠ ᵝ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࢆ ྵ ࡴ モ ྃ ࡶ ࠊ ࡑ ࡢ ᚋ ⥆ 㒊 ࡣ ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡶ 㠀 ಽ ⨨ ㄒ 㡰 ࡶ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ⌧ ㇟ ࡣ స ⪅ ಶ ே ࡢ ᩥ య ⓗ ࡞ ≉ ᚩ ࡛
࠶ ࡿ ࡢ ࠊ
MEࡢ ᡈ ࡿ ᮇ ࡢ ᩥ ἲ ⓗ ࡞ ⌧ ㇟ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࡢ ࢆ ᳨ ド ࡍ ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࡣ ࠊ
Malory
ྠ ᮇ ࡢ ู ࡢ స ရ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ௦ ࢆ ␗ ࡍ ࡿ స ရ ࢆ ◊ ✲ ࡍ ࡿ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࢁ
࠺ ࠋ
ࡶ ࠺
1ࡘ
MEᮇ ᪂ ࡓ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ㄒ 㡰 ࡣ ၥ モ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊ
then-group௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ⠇ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡛ ࠶
ࡿ ࠋME ௨ 㝆 య ⓗ ࡞ ὶ ࢀ ࡋ ࡚
VSㄒ 㡰 ࡀ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡃ ୰ ࡛ ࠊOE ࡛ ࡣ Ṥ ㉳ ࡇ ࡽ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ
Type II inversion( ၥ モ ࠊ ྰ ᐃ ㎡ ࠊthen-group௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ᑟ ࢀ ࡿ ᩥ ࡛ ࡢ ಽ ⨨
)ࡀ ቑ ຍ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡗ ࡓ ࡢ ࡣ ⯆ ῝ ࠸ ࠋHaeberli (2010) ࡼ ࡿ
Malory ࠾ ࡅ ࡿ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ
Type II inversionࡣ
12.9% ࠸
࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡞ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ ᪤ ᮏ ⠇ ࡛ ♧ ࡋ ࡓ ᩥ ࡢ ୰ ࡶ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ
(30-32)ࠊ(38)ࠊ(40)ࡀ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ(30-32)(40)ࡣ ຓ ື モ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡇ ࡇ ࡛ ࡶ ຓ ື モ ࡢ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡀ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ
ࡸ ࡍ ࡃ ࡍ ࡿ せ ᅉ ࡞ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࡀ ఛ ࠼ ࡿ ࠋ
Haeberli (2010)ࡢ ㄪ ᰝ ࡼ ࡿ ࠊMalory
ࡀ ᒓ ࡍ ࡿ
ME4ᮇ ࡢ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ
⨨ ࡣ ࠊ స ရ ࡼ ࡗ ࡚
0% ࡽ 51.7%ࡲ ࡛ ࡞ ࡾ ࡢ ࡤ ࡽ ࡘ ࡁ ࡀ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ୍ ⯡ ࡣྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ
Type II inversionࡀ ከ ࠸ స ရ ྠ ᵝ ࡢ ⎔ ቃ ࡛ ࡢ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ከ ࠸ ࠸ ࠺ ഴ ྥ ࡀ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡀ ࠊ
ME3ᮇ ࡢ
Mandeville’s Travelsࡣ ື モ ௨ እ ࡢ ື モ ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ
80.1% 㧗 㢖 ᗘ ࡛ ㉳ ࡇ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡞ ࡀ ࡽ ࠊ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ
3.1% ᴟ ࡵ ࡚ ᑡ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋࡲ ࡓ ྠ ࡌ ࡃ ME3ᮇ ࡢ
Chaucerࡢ ᩓ ᩥ ࡛ ࡣ
ྡ モ ྃ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ
Mandeville’s Travelsࡼ ࡾ ࡸ ࡸ ᑡ ࡞ ࡃ
73.6%ࠊࡋ ࡋ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡣ
50%࡛ ࠶ ࡿ(Haeberli (2010: 147))ࠋ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ ㉳ ࡁ ࡸ ࡍ ࡉ ࡣ స ⪅ ಶ ே ࡢ ᩥ య ⓗ ࡞ ዲ ࡳ ࡼ ࡿ ࡇ ࢁ ࡀ ࡁ ࠸ ࡼ ࠺ ࡛ ࡣ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ ᚋ 」 ᩘ ࡢ స ရ ࢆ ◊ ✲ ࡍ ࡿ ࡇ ࡼ ࡾ ࠊ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ 㧗 㢖 ᗘ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ స ရ ࡛ ࡣ ࠊ ձ ຓ ື モ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ ྜ ẚ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ ㄒ ᙡ ື モ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡢ
ྜ ࡀ ࡢ ࡼ ࠺ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠊ ղ
Type II inversionࡢ ୰ ࡛ ࡶ ᮏ ✏ ࡛ ࠕ
OEⓗ ྂ ࠸ ㄒ 㡰 ࠖ ศ 㢮 ࡋ ࡓ ࠊ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡢ ๓ ⨨ ࡞ ࡼ ࡿ ௦ ྡ モ ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ከ ࡃ ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ࡢ
ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ⌧ ௦ ⱥ ㄒ ࡛ ࡶ ಽ ⨨ ࢆ ㉳ ࡇ ࡋ ࡸ ࡍ ࠸ ሙ ᡤ ྃ ๓ ⨨ ࡞ ࡢ ⎔ ቃ ࡛ ࡢ ௦ ྡ モ
ㄒ ࡢ ಽ ⨨ ࡀ ከ ࠸ ࡢ ࡞ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡁ ࡓ ࠸ ࠋ
4.
ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ࡢ ᩥ ⬦ 㐃 ⤖ ᙺ
2.2
⠇ ࡛ ⤂ ࡋ ࡓ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊ
Komen et al (2014)ࡣ V2ࡢ ᾘ ኻ ࡶ ࠊ ཎ ๎ ⓗ
ࡣ ᩥ 㢌 ࡀ ᐃ ⨨ ࡞ ࡗ ࡓ ㄒ ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᢸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡀ ከ ࡃ ࡞ ࡾ ࠊ
ㄒ ࡢ ๓ ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ㄒ ྃ ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ࡍ ࡿ ㄯ ヰ ࡢ ↓ ᶆ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ྜ ࡀ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡓ ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࢆ ࠊ ࢥ ࣮ ࣃ ࢫ ࢆ ⏝ ࠸ ࡓ ㄪ ᰝ ࡼ ࡾ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᙼ ➼ ࡣ ࡇ ࡢ ◊ ✲
࡛ ࠊ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ ࡢ ୰ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ↷ ᛂ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ㄒ ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ Ꮡ ᅾ ࡍ ࡿ ྜ ࢆ ㏻ ⓗ ㄪ ᰝ ࡋ ࠊ ࡑ ࢀ ࡀ ௦
ࡶ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡇ ࢆ ᫂ ࡽ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ᩥ 㢌 ࡢ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡸ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ ࡢ ୰ ࡢ ྡ モ ྃ ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ྜ ࡣ ࠊME ࡛ ࠾ ࡼ ࡑ
60%ࠊeModE࡛
40%ᙉ ࠊ
lModE࡛
22% ࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋMaloryࡣ
ME࡛ ࡶ ᚋ ᮇ
MEࡢ స ရ ࡛ ࠶
ࡿ ࡓ ࡵ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ స ရ ࡀ ᭩ ࢀ ࡓ ᮇ ࡣ ࡑ ࡢ ྜ ࡣ
MEࡢ
60% ࠸ ࠺ ࡼ ࡾ ࡶ eModEࡢ
40%ᙉ ㏆ ࠸ ࡇ ࢁ ࡲ ࡛ ῶ ᑡ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡓ ࡶ ࡋ ࢀ ࡞ ࠸ ࠋ Malory ぢ ࡽ ࢀ ࡿ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࡘ ࠸ ࡚ ⪃ ᐹ ࡍ ࡿ ࠶ ࡓ ࡗ ࡚ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ స ရ ࡢ ≉ ᚩ ࡋ ࡚ ࠊ
Fludernik (2000)ࡀ ࠕ ࢹ ࢫ ࢥ ࣮ ࢫ ࣐ ࣮ ࢝ ࣮ ࡢ ỏ ℃ ࠖ ࡪ ࡼ ࠺ ࠊthenࠊ nowࠊ so ࡞ ࡢ ࢹ ࢫ ࢥ ࣮ ࢫ ࣐ ࣮ ࢝ ࣮ ࡀ ከ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ
࠸ ࠺ ࡇ ὀ ព ࢆ ᡶ ࠺ ᚲ せ ࡀ ࠶ ࢁ ࠺ ࠋ
(45)࡛ ࡣ ࢹ ࢫ ࢥ ࣮ ࢫ ࣐ ࣮ ࢝ ࣮ ࡋ ࡚ ࡢ thanࡸ
soࠊ ࡑ ࡋ ࡚ ๓ ᩥ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ࡶ ࡘ ㄒ ࢆ ኴ Ꮠ ࡛ ♧ ࡍ ࠋ(45) And so on the morne sir Palomydes made hym redy to come into the fylde, as he dud the fyrste day, and there he smote
downe the Kynge with the Hondred Knyghtes and the Kynge of Scottis. TThan had La Beale Isode ordayned and well arayde sir Tramtryste with whyght horse and whyght armys, and ryght so she lette put hym oute at a prevy postren, and he cam so into the felde as hit had bene a bryght angell. And anone sir Palomydes aspyed hym, and ttherewith he feautred hys spere unto sir Trystramys and he agayne unto hym, and tthere sir Trystrams smote downe sir Palomydes unto the erthe.
(Malory 240: 21-29)
soࠊthanࠊryght so
࠸ ࠺ ึ ࡵ ࡢ
3ࡘ ࡢ ࢹ ࢫ ࢥ ࣮ ࢫ ࣐ ࣮ ࢝ ࣮ ௨ እ ࡶ ࠊ
soࠊ therewithࠊthere ࠸ ࠺ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ㄒ ࡀ ḟ ࠎ ⌧ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ๓ ᩥ ࡢ ㄽ ⌮ ⓗ 㛵 ಀ ࢆ ♧ ࡍ ㄒ ࠊ ࡲ ࡓ ࡣ ๓ ᩥ ࡢ せ ⣲ ↷ ᛂ 㛵 ಀ ࠶ ࡿ ㄒ ࡀ ࡇ ࡢ ࡼ
࠺ ከ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡀ
Maloryࡢ ≉ ᚩ ゝ ࠼ ࡿ ࠋ ๓ ᩥ ࡢ ᶫ Ώ ࡋ ࢆ ࡍ ࡿ ㄒ ࡀ
Malory࡛ ࡣ ⁄ ࢀ ࡿ ⏝ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࡢ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
ࡑ ࡢ
Malory ࠾ ࠸ ࡚ ࠊ ᩥ 㢌 ⨨ ࢀ ࡓ ㄒ ௨ እ ࡢ せ ⣲ ࡀ ඛ ⾜ ᩥ ⬦ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᢸ ࡗ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࢆ
(46-54) ♧ ࡍ ࠋ(46) And ssuche promyse I have made (Malory 236: 14-15) (47) ssuche one herde they never none in Irelonde before that tyme.
(Malory 238: 24-25)
(48) ‘TThat fayre corse woll I se,’ seyde the kynge.
(Malory 640:38) (49) ‘Yee, sir, and tthat know you well inow.’
(Malory 459:43) (50) ‘A, sir! tthat steede he hath benomme me with strengthe (steed) (took away)(Malory 544: 31) (51) And oof hym kynge Arthure made passynge grete joy
(Malory 353: 31) (52) IIn the same wyse ded sir Saphir and sir Ector
(Malory 404: 33-34) (53) So oof this noyse and fame sprange into Cornwayle and unto
them of Lyones
(Malory 477: 9-10) (54) And therewyth sir Launcelott kneled adowne (Malory 351: 6)
(46-50)ࡣ ๓ ⨨ ࡉ ࢀ ࡓ ┠ ⓗ ㄒ ࡀ ๓ ᩥ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ࠊ(51-53)ࡣ ๓ ⨨ モ ྃ
ࡀ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᣢ ࡘ ࡛ ࠶ ࡿ ࠋ
(54)ࡢtherewythࡣ
pronominal adverb࡛ ࠶ ࡾ ࠊ ࡇ ࡢ
therewith ࠾ ࠸ ࡚
thereࡣ
itࡸ
thatࡢ ព ࢆ ᢸ ࠺ ௦ ྡ モ ࡢ ᙺ ࢆ ᯝ ࡓ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ
Malory࡛ ࡣ
therewithࠊtherewithall➼ ࡢ
pronominal adverbࡀ ๓ ᩥ ࡢ 㐃 ⤖ ᶵ ⬟ ࢆ ᢸ ࠺ ᩥ 㢌 せ ⣲ ࡋ ࡚ 㢖 ⦾ ㉳ ࡇ ࡿ ࠋ ࡲ ࡓ ࠊ(55)࡛ ࡣ meanwhile ๓ ᪉ ↷ ᛂ ࡢ ᣦ ♧ モ ࡀ ຍ ࡉ ࢀ ࡚ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ๓ ᩥ ࡢ ⧅ ࡀ ࡾ ࢆ ࡼ ࡾ ᫂ ☜ ♧ ࡋ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ
(55) TThis meanewhyle cam the langayge and the noyse unto kynge Melyodas
