1P083 ターゲット出現位置に対する連続的予期が注意の制御に及ぼす効果(2003年度 日本基礎心理学会第22回大会優秀発表賞)

The Japanese Psychonomic Society

NII-Electronic Library Service

The JapanesePsychonomic Society

TViu_{fopanusefournalof}i)s.vchenomicScience

2004, VoL 2S,No. 1..LOI-1OZ

Summary

ofAwarded

PresentationIP083

Sequential

expectation

affects

allocationof

target

locations

of

attention

Kazuma

IsHiMATsu*,

Takatsune

KuMADA*,

Rika

KANEKo*,

and

Toshiaki

MiuRA**

Aiationalinstitute

of

Advanced industriatScienceand 7kechnolQgy*and

Osaka

Universit:y**

We

examined whether, and towhat extent, the sequential expectation of targets at more than

one locationfacilitatesthc _processing at expected locationsby using a color-discrimination task forsequentially _prcsented targets. InExperirnent

1,

targetswere presented sequentially at one of eight iso-eccentric_{placeholder$,} In80% oi trials,the targetlocationwas regularly shifted inthe

clockwise

direction

for

each target _{presentation.}In20% of trials,the sccond _targetappeared at a

randorn locationexcept for

the

next clockwise position.

The

reaction times

{RTs)

were shorter

for

the second target _presentcd at not only theexpected $econd, but also theexpected third,location

than presented at other locations, The results of Experiment 1 were basicallyreplicated in

Experiment

2

in

which a longersequence than

Experiment

1

was used.

These

results show that

attention iscontrolled

by

sequential expectation of target

locations.

Attention

can facilitatevisual

processing on

locations

of up toat ]easttwo futureevents.

Key words: visual attcntion, attentional control, sequential expcctation of target

locatlons

The

expectancy of a spatial location

facilitates

the

processing of a targetpresented at the location

_(e,g.,

Posner,

Snyder,

&

Davidson, 1980),Inthisstudy, ut,e examined whcther, and to what extenL the

sequen-tialexpectation of more than one target location

facilitated_processing atthe expected

locations,

The

gealef the _presentstudy was to verify the

following

predictions/

(1)

Attention which

isallocatedtomulti-ple]ocationsisbasedonthe sequence of

targets,

(2)

The sequential expectation of more

than

one

location

facilitates

processing at the expected locatiuns.

Experiment

1

Method

Observers Eighteen observers _participated a$

paid volunteers.

ApparatusandStimuli

AcolorAV-tachistc)scope

with a

21

inch

monitor was used. A red or _green spot

(10

ofvisual angle

in

diameter)

was _presented for1OO

rns as a target.

The

fixation

displaycontained eight

placeholders

in

a circular array

(100

indiameter),

* _{Visuat Cognition Group, InstituteforHurnan}

ence and

Biomedical

Engineering, National

tute of

Advanced

IndustrialScience and

nology

(AIST),

Tsukuba

Central

6,

_1-1-1

gashL Tsukuba, Ibarakt

305-8566

** _Department

of Applied Cognitive Psychology,

Graduate

School

of

Human

Sciences,

Osaka

versity,

1"2

Yamadaoka,

Suita,

Osaka, 565-0871

Each observer was seated

60

cm away

from

the

mon-itor

and theireye movements werc rccordcd,

Procedure

Each

observer performed a

color-discrimination

task

for

scquentially presented

tar-getswith

900

rns of

SOA

and responded tothe target

color

by

pressing one of

two

keys

assigned

to

a color,

The observcrs wcre required _tokeep _theireyes on the

fixation

dotwhile they _performed the

discrimina-tiontask. There were two types of targetdisplays:

four targetand two target. Inone type of display

four targetswere _presented sequentially on onc of

eight _{placcho]ders,} Intheother displaystwo targets

were

_presented

sequential[y on onc of eight

place-holders.

In

80%

of thetrials

(regu]ar

trials)thetarget

location

was regularly shifted

in

a clockwise

direc-tion

fer

cach targetpresentation,

In

the remaining

20%

(irregular}

of the trialsthe second target

ap-peared at a random

location,

except

for

the next

clockwise _position. In the four-targetdispiays the

thirdand fourth targetsappeared at the clockwise

locationof thesecond target

Prediction of theresults

We focused on the _performance tothe second

tar-get

as a

function

of relative location to the

first

target,

A

deflnitienof thc rclative location

is

as

follows,

When the second targetwas presented at

the same

location

as the

first,

thiswas

defined

as "O",

The Japanese Psychonomic Society

NII-Electronic Library Service

TheJapanesePsychonomic Society

102

The

Japanese

Journal

of

Psychonomic

S

firsttarget

location

thiswas

from

"+1" to"+4", and

from

"-

1"

to"-3"

wa$ used when

the

second target

was presented

in

a counterclockwise

direction

from

the firsttarget

location.

We

predictedthat,

if

atten-tion could

be

allocated to multiple locations,then

processing of the second targetshould be facilitated

compared to _presentation of the targetat the

first

targetlocation

_(O),

Inaddition thiswould occur not

only when

the

second target appeared at the

ex-pectedsecond location

(r

1)

in

theregular trials,but

alsowhen the$econd targetaccidentally appeared at the expected third

(.2)

or

fourth<+3)

locations

in

the

irregular

trials

(Figure

la),

Results and Discussion

The

RT

tothc second target as a function of the

relative

locations

isshown in Figure lb. In the

regular trials

<+

1)of the four-targetdisplaystheRTs

were shorter forthe second target,But thiswas true inthe irregu]artrialsonly when the second target

was presented at theexpected third

location

(+2).

In

the

two-target

displaysthe

RTs

were shorter forthe

second target only

in

the regular trials

(+!).

A

locationwhich was cleckwise totheexpected second

target

did

not exhibit

facilitation,

and thisexcluded

the possibility of a _general enhancement at

clock-wise

locations

of the

first

target. These re$ults

re-vealed a

facilitation

of _processing not only at the

expectcd

(second)

target locationbutalso at the

sub-sequent

_(third)

locationinfour-targetdisplays.The

results also indicated that attention

is

allocated to two targetlocationsoccurring

in

the

future

accord-ing

to

the

sequence of thetargets.

Experiment

2

We examjned whether a longersequence oftargets

expanded thefacilitationof _processing at expccted

locations.

Method

Observers

Seventeen

observers _participated as

paid volunteers.

Procedure

The

methods were the same as those

in

Experiment

1

except for

the

length of the

se-quence of the targets. Seventy-one targets were

presented ineach sequence. Eighty

percent

of the

targets appeared at the next clockwise ]ocationto

the previous target, The rernainder of the targets appcared at a random location,except

for

the next

clockwise _position.

As

acontrol condition, sixty-five

(a)82'.e.'

2･

cience Vel,23,No, 1

2-targetdisplays 4-targetdisplays

o +" +2 +3 O +a +2 +2

RelativelocationsDfthe2nd targettothe1sttarget

(b)'th='

425Ew-omts 400s&mS 3759mEE 350

.g6aoor

325

-3

-2

.1

O +1 +2 +3 +4

Relative)ocationsofthe2nd targettothe1sttarget Figure 1

(a).

Predictcd patterns of

RT

to the

second target.

(b).

RT to the second target

as a

function

of relative locationstothe

first

target.

targetswere randomly presented with an equal

prob-ability at one of the eight placeholders.

Results

and Discussion

The RTs were shorter not only at an expected

locationbut also at a subsequent location.

Under

the control conditions, the RTs were constant across the

rclative locations,The$e results again indicatedthat

attention iscontrolled

by

thesequential ruie of

tar-get locations.

General

diseussion

In

Experiment$

1

and 2we showed that attention

was allocated

to

the

subsequent locationsof two

targetsaccording to the sequcnce of thetargets,

We

provjdc evidence that attention iscentrolled

by

a

sequential expcctation of the targctlocations.

Dy-namic allocation of attention can

iacilitatc

visual

processing at locationsof up to at

least

two future

events.

References

Posner,

M,

L,

Snyder,

C.

R,R. & Davidson,

B.

J.

198e Attention and the detection of signals.

.four7zat

of

Emperimental

Ps)'chology:

GeneraL,

109,160 174.