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SUT Journal of Mathematics Vol.30, No. r(1994),17−34

WEIERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3 AND

FIXED POINTS OF AUTOMORPHISMS OF

       COMPACT RIEMANN SURFACES

1(ATsuAKI YOSHIDA AND TosHIo MATSUMOTO

(Received March 28,1994) Abstract. For compact Riema皿n surfaces which admit a皿automorphism Twith at least one丑xed point of weight 3, we.i皿vestigate the possible cases about the皿umber of fixed points of T a皿d the order of T. AMS 1991 Mathematics S勉句㏄£Classification.14H55. Keyωerds and phrases。 Automoエph呈sm of compact Riema皿皿suエfaces, Weierstrass gap sequences

§1. Introduction

Let M be a compact Rieman皿sulface of genus g≧2a丑d Aut(M)be the

group of conformal alltomoエphisms of M. Let T∈Aut(M)be of oエdeエN

with t fixed poi皿ts. We de皿ote by〈T>the cyclic group geneエated by T and by M/〈T>the su正face ide皿tifying the equivalent poi皿ts on u皿deエthe elements of〈T>and by g’the genus of、M/〈T>. M is a coveエing sulface of M/〈T>.At each point P∈M,there aエe pエecisely g i皿tegeエs 1=71<午2<… <7g〈2g such that there does not exist a holomoll)hic functio皿on M−{P}with a pole of orderγタ・at P・{71,72,… ,79}is called the gal)sequence at P and the皿o皿一        ・・g・ti・・i・t・g・・w(P)=Σ(万一」)i・・caJl・d th・w・ight・f P・lf・w(P)>0,P       j=1 is caled a Weieエstエass point. The behavioエof ramMcations of M oVeI M/〈T> depe皿ds o皿the gap seque皿ces of the fixed poi皿ts.      1皿the I)エevious pal)ers, we i皿vestigated the case that T has a fixed point whose weight is l oエ2. Theエe we obtained the fo皿owi皿g Iesults:      If T has a fixed point wkic血is a norm・al WeierstraSS point(its gap seq uence js {1,2,…  ,g−1,g十1}), then we五ave孟≦6 a皿(1 .N≦11 [7].      1f T has a fixed point w血ick js a Weierstrass poi皿t of weig血t 2, the皿we have the tWO caseSS        17

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18

WEIERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

(1) 血the case‘力at the gap seqロe皿ce js{1,2,…  , g−1,g十2},the皿wεhave

    t≦6(t≠3)and N≦13.

(II)血‘五e c品e鋤‘‘血e gap seq・e皿ce・is{1,2,…,9−2,9,9+1}, tken we

    hav・t≦6(t≠3)・皿d N≦10(N≠4,7)[8].

     1皿the pエese皿t papel, we i皿veStigate the cases that T has a fixed I)oint which iS a Weierstrass point of weight 3

§2.Key Lemmas

We de皿ote by Hl the complex vectoエspace of holomoエphic diffele皿tials.

T∈Aut(M)acts o皿Hi a皿d thele is a basis foエHl such that the且皿ea丈

map i皿duced by’T o皿ffl is give皿by the diagonal matエix. LEMMA 2.1.([31, t6]). Tk・・ep・e・e・t・ti・皿・f T by・・皿孟・b1・b・si・・for 17i is the diag・nal matrix diα9(εv’,ε’}「2,…,♂・)whe・e{71,72,…,79}is the gap seqロe皿ce of P∈M. Note that g’is equal to the multiplicity of the eigenvalue l of the(liago皿a1       matロX.      Let Pl,P2,… ,Pt be the fixed poi皿ts of T. For each.Pm, we choose ・1・・al・…di・・t・z.・t Pm・・d・・i・t・g・r ・m・u・h th・t T−1 ir gi…by

T−1:z→εμmz neaエPm wheエeε=exp(2πi/N). Note that nym must l)e

エelatively I)rime toハ「. The i皿tegel Ym is caled theエotatio皿co皿sta皿t of T at

Pm.

      t

LEMMA 2.2.(13]). W・h・v・・tr(T)=1+Σ

       m=1 エotatio皿co皿sta皿ts of Pm S’.      As a coエoUaエy we have  εμm        w血ere VmS,a工e舌五e

1一εVm

LEMMA 2.3. (f3]). tr(T)十tr(T)=2−t.      We have a local hlfoエmatioR丘om Lemma 2.1 a皿d a global血folma− tion from Lemma 2.2 and Lemma 2.30n the l)ehavioエofエami五catio皿s. Be− sides above Lemmas, we use the Riemann−Huエwitzエelation(R−Hエelation foエ

short).      ’

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K.YOSHIDA・AND T. MATSUMOTO

19

§3.Main Theorem

The gap sequence of a Weieエstエass po血t of weight 3 is o皿e of the fbllOwing

seque皿ces

(1)   {1,2,3,…  ,g−1,g十3} (II)   {1,2,3,…  , g−2,g,g十2} (III)  {1,2,3,…  , g−3,g−1,g,g→−1} (9≧4)    (Type(1)) (g≧3,g≠4) (Type(II)) (9≧6).    (Type(III)) 0皿Imainエesults aエe as follows: THEoRE]N([3・1・ If T力as a五xed p of皿‘whjch is a Weieエstrass po董皿t of weigh t 3,‘力e皿‘here aTe t力e瑚・win9 P・ssibili’ties∫ ωCase of gap seq uence {1,2,…  ,9−1,9十3}. (1一ヱ) (i−3−a)* (1−3−b) (1−4−a)* (1−4−b) (1−6)* フ  タ  ヲ  フ  ハ  メ

ー占3344仕ρ0

=一===二

4ψτ4‘46τ4ψ

N=12,  9=129’十4

ハ「ニ3,   g=3g’十1

N二=6,  g=6g’十4

N=3,  g=3g’十2

N=4,  g=4g’十4

N=・2, 9=29’+2

(Vl,〃2,〃3)=(1,1,1) (〃1,〃2,〃3)=(1,1,1) (Yl,v2,v3,1/4)=(1,1,2,2) (Vl,1/2,v3,v4)=(1,3,3,3) (〃1,…,v6)=(1,…,1) (ID()ase of gal)sequence {1,2,…  ,9−2,9,9十2}. σ正1) (II−2−a) (II−2−b) (II−2−c) (ll−2一の (II−2−e) (II−3−a)* (II−3−b)* (li−3−c) (II−3一の* (11二3−e)* (II−4−a)* (II−4−b) (ll−4−c) (II−5)* (1正8)* , , , , , , , , ,

122222333

一=======二

‡ττ‡‘孟孟τオ

,  ,  ,  ,  ,

334ユ4占4エ

一=一二一=一 子む子む4c4‘4⑮ 1V:=14,

N=6,

ハr=6, 」zvrニ8,

N=12,

1V=15,

1V=3,

N=7,

ハr=10,

2V=13,

1V=17,

」V=3, 」V『=4,

2V=8,

t=5,  .ZV’ニ5,

tニ8,  N=2,

g=14g’十3

9=6gt十3

9=69’十5

9=89’十5

g=12g’十3

g=15g’十6

9=39’十1

9=79’十3

9=109’+11

9=139’十6

g=17g’十8

9=39’十2

9=4gt十5

9=89’十9

9=59’十6

9=29’十3

(L/1,〃2)=(1,5) (〃1,〃2)=(1,1) (〃、,〃2)=(1,5) (L/1,〃2)ニ(1,5) (〃1,〃2)=(1,2) (y・,Y2,〃3)=(1,1,1) (1/1,v2,1/3)=(1,5,5) (〃1,〃2,〃3) =(1,1,9)o□(1,3,7) (1/1,1/2,1/3)=(1,2,8) (Vl,u2,v3)=(1,2,5) (Ul,1/2,1!3,1/4):=(1,1,2,2) (Yl,v2,〃3,・u4)ニ(1,1,3,3) (V1,〃2,Y3,〃4) := i1,1,3,7)or(1,3,3,5) (Vl,・◆◆,Lr5)=(1,1,3,3,4) or(1,2,3,3,3) (〃1,…,u8)=(1,…,1)

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20

WEERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

(∫II) Case of gap sequence {1,2,…  ,9−3,9−1,9,9→−1}・ (III−2) (皿二の* (皿一4−a)* (III−4−b) (皿一5)* ぐ  ク  ハ  フ

2344

一===

46ττ十む

t=5,

(III− 6− a)* t=6, (lll−6−b)* t=6, コ    フ    ハ    ヲ

  つロ 

==一一=

NNπN

2V=7,

2V=2,

N=4,

9=8gt十6

9=39’十1

9=39’十2

g=8g’十10

9ニ79’十9

9=29’十2

9=49’十6

(〃・,〃2)=(1,7) (u・,〃2,〃3)=(1,1,1) (Vl,〃2,〃3,〃4)=(1,1,2,2) (〃、,〃2,V3,〃4) =(1,1,1,7)oエ(1,1,3,5) (1/1,…  ,1/5)=(1,1,1,3,6) or(1,1,2,3,5) or(1,1,3,3,4) (Y1,… ,1!6)=(1,… ,1) (〃、,〃2,V3,〃4,〃5,〃6) =(1,1,1,3,3,3)

CoRoLLARY 3.2. 血caseω, we k ave t=1,30τ4and 2V=3,4,60r 12.

血 case(ll), we h ave 1 ≦t≦ 8, t≠6,7 an d 2 ≦N ≦ 17, ハ1≠9,10,11,16. IR (〕ase(nユ), we have 2 ≦t≦ 6 a皿d IV『=2,3,4,7,8. REMARK 3.3. Cases with*ale tota皿y ramified, namely there is poi皿t except.Pl,.P2,… ,.Pt.

no branch

REMARK 3.4. Maj皿theoエem gives the necessaly condition that T has a fixed poillt which is a Weierstエass point of weight 3. We can give an example of each case eas且y if g’=0,but it is difficult to co皿struct exa皿ples in a ge皿elal way if 9’≧1. §4.

Proof of Main Theorem

Let pl,… ,.pt be the fixed points of T and vm be the Iotatio皿constant of Prn reSI)ectively.      We assume that Pl=P is a Weierstrass point of weight 3 and we may assume.that theエotatio皿constant YI is 1.

     Put g=1」V十5(0≦3≦N−1).

     We denote by B the sum of the oエdeエs of狙blanch poi皿ts o皿MoveI M/〈T>and by Bt the sum of oldeエs except the oエdeエs of the fixed points Pl,…,PPt. that isβ=Bt+t(N−1). First we assume that N>4.

CASE[1]t≧4.

Subcase[1]一(1)Gap seque皿ce of P is of Type(1).

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      K.YOSHIDA AND T. MATSUMOTO      21      F工om Lemma 2.1    ‘叩)一。+_+,・一・+。・+・=。+_+。・一・+,・+・一ε一ε3+。・+・       1一ε a皿d

      ・〆一{i;lii認3)

si皿ce g’is equal to the multiplicity of the eige皿vahe l. He皿ce丘Om R−H relatio皿.

      B=ぽ一、1詮、)・

     Ifオ≧ 5,then B≧t(N−1)≧5(N−1). This contエadicts the above values of B,so we can exclude the case t>5.      If t=4,we have       β・一{2(s=o)o(s=N−1)

since B4=B−4(.ZVr−1)≧0. ]Let s=0, then N=4since B4=2’≧N/2.

Letα(Iesp. b)be the numbel of the血xed I)oints whose rotatio皿co皿sta皿ts aエe1(resl).3), wheleα十b=4. Fエom Lemma 2.1 and 2.2, we have       αi   bi3

      町)=1+、−i+、−i・一一1−i・・α一b=−2・

So we haveαニ1, b=3. Therefore(vl,〃2,Y3,Y4)=(1,3,3,3). This is the case(1−4).      Let sニN−1,the皿we・have・that tr(T)=−1一ε一1+ε2. F・・m・Lemma 2.3,we have

tr(T)+・tr(T)=−1−・−1+ε2+(−1−・−1+ε2)=2−t=−2

0工        1一ε一ε3+ε4=0. So we haveε3=1,that is, N=3. But this contladicts.ZV’>4. Subcase[1]一(II)Gal)sequence of P is of Type(II).      From Lemma 2.1,      t,(T)=。+…+,・一・+ε9+,・+・一。+_+,・一・+,1+。・+・       ε+ε2一ε・−1 _ε・+4       1一ε2

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22

WEIERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

a皿d

gt=

『−1

Z十1

1 (5=1) (s=N−2)   . (3≠1, ハ1−2) He皿ce, from R−H relation

B=

    If t≧6,then β≧6(2V−1)       eabove values ofβ◆『 So we can exclude the case t>6.

    If t=5,we have the only case B5=5−N(3=1)since 6s≧0. Then

Bs=5−N=OoエB5=5−N≧N/2. Since IV≧4, we have」V=5. Flom

Lemma 2.1 alld 2.2        ,        trの一一・+・+・・−1+£、芸。.       m=1

Assumi皿91=vl≦Y2≦v3≦v4≦v5, we have(vl,Y2, Y3,v4,v5)=

(1,1,3,3,4)ol(1,2,3,3,3). This is the case(II−5). (Hereafter we always

assume 1ニ〃1≦〃2≦…≦〃m).

    If・t=4,we have B4=4(resp.0)f・r s=1(・esp. N−1)since B4≧0.

Let s=1,then」V=40エ60エ8, since B4=4≧1V/2 and N is not plime.

    If.∼V=4,then       4       εVm       tr(T)=−1=1+Σ        1一εYm        m=1 wheエeε=i. So we have(u1,v2, u3,Y4)=(1,1,3,3).This is the case(II−4−a).     Ifハ1=6,the皿       ’

       t・(T)一一2+・一・+£、芸ni  . ・

       m=1 whereε=exp(Ti/3). But this equatio皿has皿o i皿teger solution Ym s,・      If IV「= 8, tlleI[        t・(T)一一・+・+・・一・+£、芸m        mニ1 whereε=exp(7「i/4). So we have(〃1,〃2,〃3,v4)=(1,3,3,5)or(1,1,3,7). This is the case(II−4−1)).

4N    (s=1)

2N−6    (3==.ZV−2)  .

2N十23−2 (s≠1, N−2)

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k.ybSHIbA AND T. MATSUMOTO

23

Let 3ニ2V−1,the皿fエom Leir}ma 2.3 a皿dε=exp(2πi/N), 一1=2sin((2N−1)π/ハ1)cos(5π/N)cgsec(27「/N) ・ OI        cos(π/N)=cos(57「/π). So we have N=4・From Lemma .2・2,        4 孟・(T)=玉+Σ       m=1

 iVm

      =i.

1−iVm

But we can not obtain(vl=1,〃2,v3,v4)as integeエsolutions. Subcase[1}(III)Gap seque皿ce of P is of Tyl)e(III).     Fエom Lemma 2.1

and

tr(T)

gt=

He皿ce, flom R−H relation    =   β ε+◆∵+ε9 3+ε9−1+ε9+ε9+1 ε+….+ε5−3+ε5−1+ε5+εs+1     5十2 ε一ε       s−2        一ε

 1一ε

{i;1

(s=2)

(3=N−1)  .

(s≠2,N−1)

4ハr十2

21V−4

2」V十23−2

(5=2)

(s=N−1)  .

(s≠2,ハr−1)     If t≧7,the皿B≧7(N−1). This co皿tladicts the above values of B. So we can exclude the case t>7. Also 3 must be 2 si皿ce B>0.

    If t=6)then N=4since B6=8−2N≧0. Flom Lemma 2.2, we

hav・(v・・u・,〃・,u・,v・,v・)=(1,1,1,3,3,3)・. Thi・,i・、th・ ca・e(III−6)・     If t=5,thenハ1=7「1)ecause of B5=7−」V≧O a皿d l)エa皿ch condition. And we have,(ul,v2,v3,u4,μ5)=(1,1,1,3,6)ol(1,1,2,3,5)or’(1,ユ,3,3,4). This is the case(III−5).

    If t=4,thenβ6=6. So N/2≦6and N is not prime. From Lemma

2.3, tr(T)+・tr(T)ニー1+・+ε2+ε3+(−1+・+ε2+ε3)=−2

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24

WEIERSTRASS.POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

O工        sin(7「/N):=sin(7π/ハr).

So N=8. Moreoveエfrom Lemma 2.2,

      叩)一・+£、≦:。一一・+・+・・+・・       m=1 wheエeε=exp(πi/4). Then we have(vl,Y2,v3,v4)=(1,1,3,5)oエ(1,1,1,7). This is the case(II][−4).

CASE[2]t=3.    ・

Subcase[2}(1)Gap sequence of P is of Type(1).     Then        砿)−1−i.,EILei.・・+3 a皿d        〆一{1−1  (s=0)1一ト1  (s=、∼V『−3)1   

(5≠0,N−3)・

    If 5=0,then丘oln Lemma 2.3 tr(T)+tr(T)=−1+ε3+(−1+ε3)=−1. Fromε=cos(2π/N)十isi皿(2π/N), cos(6π/万)=1/2. So N=18. But this case does皿ot happe皿, foエacontradiction occurs accoエdi皿g to the R−H Ielatio皿 si皿ce B3=19.

    If 3≠0, N−3,thelL B3=23−(N−1). So B3=Ool B3≧N/2,that

is ハr=23十1 0r ハ「≦(4s十2)/3.     Let 2V=2s十1(the皿」V is odd). The皿        碓)一ギ13)/2+・(N・・)/・・ Fエom Lemma 2.3 a皿dε=cos(2π/N)十i sin(2π/N),by simple caluculation, we have cos(π/N)十coS(5π/1V)=0,皿amelyπ=6. Si皿ce 2V is odd, we exclude it.     Let IV≦(4s十2)/3,then 3/2寸一5/ハ1≦2(s十3)/ハ1≦2十4/ハ1・So・if

N≧10,then

        lsin((23−1)/ハ「)cosec(π/N)1  ≧  silL(3π/1V“)cosec(7「/ハ1)        =  3−4sin2(π/バリ        >  3二4siIL2(7「/6)=2,

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K.YOSHIDA AND T. MATSUMOTO

25

whne丘om Lemma 2.3 we have

sin((2s−1)π/“ZV−)cosec(π/.ZV)十2cos(2(s十3)7「/N)=0. Thelefo丈e the al)ove equation has no solutio皿. Ifハr≦9,we have N=4,6,

80エ9,s血ce B3>Oa皿d N is皿ot prime. Amo皿g above vahes, we have the

o皿ly solution Nニ6, s=4which satisfies Lemma 2.3. Ftom Lemma 2.2, we have(vl,〃2,v3)ニ(1,1,1). This is the case(1−3).

 ・  If 5ニハT−3,’then 6=2N−8<3(ハ1−1)since g’=1十1.’So this

CaSe dOeS nOt OCCUI. Subcase[2}(II)Gap se(lue皿ce of P is of Type(II).      The皿       t・(T)一ε+ε≒≦≡i−es+4・

Flom Lemma 2.3

      3−t−(1一ε25+1)(1+ε5).       ε5+2(1一ε2) Si皿ce t=3,we have IV=10 and 3 is aエbitlaly, oエ2V=23十1.      If N=10,fr・m Le皿ma 2・2, c・t(y2 T/lo)+c・t(〃3π/lo)=o.and we have(v2,v3)=(1,9)oエ(3,7). Erom

B3−B−3(2V−1)−B−27−

o○こg iiii},)・

3must l)e l ol 70エ9. If 3ニ1,it is the case(II−3−c). If 3=9. it does皿ot

happen since B3=9=ハr−1.If 5=7

(cf. Appe皿dix 4.1).      If N=2s+1,then it does皿ot satisfy rainified co皿dition c・t(〃2π/N)+c・t(u3π/N)=2c・s(5π/N)c・sec(2π/N). By a cahculation(cf. AI)pendix 4.2), we have(N;v2,u3)=(7;5,5),(13;2,8), (15;1,13),(17;2,5)。But the case(15;1,13)does not satisfy ramified co丑ditio皿 as AppendiX 4.1.(7;5,5),(13;2,8)and(17;2,5)are the cases(II−3−b),(IL3−d) and(II−3−e)respectively. Subcase[2]一(III)Gap seque皿ce is of Type(III).

     If s=2V−1,then B=22V−4si皿ce g=Ngt−1.Hence the case t=3

does皿ot haI)pe皿. If s=2,f【om Lemma 2.3, sil【(77r/N)−2sil1(π/N)=0,

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26

VVEIERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

but this equatio皿has皿o i皿teger solutio皿N(≧4).

    If 3≠0, N−1,then B3=23−N十1since g’=∼’. Also we have

lV=23−101 3(3十『2)≦32V≦43十2since B3ニOol B3≧」V/2・

    Let N=2s・−1.From Lemma 2.3, sil1((ハr十4)π/N)一・2sin(π/N)cos((N−3)7r/ハr)=0 0工        sin(2π/N)=0. It 60ntradicts si皿(2π/N)≠0 (N≧4).     Let Nニ3+2. F[om Lemma 2.3, sin((2N−1)π/ハり一2si皿(π/1V)cos((2ハr−8)π/N)=0 O工        cos(87r/N)=−1/2.      ・  .” Thelefoエe N = 6 (5 =4) ol ハ1 = 12 (3= 6)−Ifハ「= 6 (s=4), the皿 (v・,〃2,〃3)=(1,5,5)・皿difN=12(・=6),th・皿(〃・,v2,v・)〒(1,2,11)・ But these do皿ot satisfyエami且ed co皿dition as Appe皿(五x 4.1.

    Let 3十33≦N≦2(3十1)/3<23 (otheエcases), then N≧7cleally・

The皿from]]emma 2.3, 0=・i・((2・+3)・/パ)…ec(・/N)−2…(2(・−2)π/N)    ≦   sin(37「/ハ「)cosec(π/N)−2cos(2(s−2)π/ハr)    =  −3十4sin2(π/N)−2cos(2(s−2)7「/ハr)<0 if IV>7. It is’=@contradiction.

CASE[3]t=2.

Subcase[3]一(1)Gal)seque皿ce is of Type(1).     It is cleaエthat the case 3=」V−3does皿ot occuエsince B=2」V−8.        t     If 3ニ0,丘om Lemma 2.3,1=sin(一π/N)cosec(π/N)十2cos(6π/N)oエ cos(6T/ハ1)=1,but thele is no i皿teger solutio皿 ハ「fbl −ZVr≧4・     If 3=1,then B2=2≧ハr/2. Hence.」V=4,1)ut this case does皿ot occuエsi皿ce g’=1十1.

    If 3=2,the皿B2ニ4≧」V/2 and IY is皿ot prime. Hence」可=4,60r

8.On the other ha皿d, f[om Lemma 2.3, 1  ニ  sin(3π/N)cosec(7「/π)十2cos(107「/N)

  =1+2cos(2π/1v)+2cos(10π/N)

or

c・s(2π/N)+c・s(10π/N)=o・

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K.YOSHIDA AND T, MATSUMQTO

27

Hence IV=40エ8. Letハ1=4(s=2),then thele is no integer solution(ul,v2) as rotation constants. Let Nニ8(3=2),then we have(〃1,Y2)=(1,7)but、 it does皿ot satisfyエami血ed co皿dition as Appe皿dix 4.1.

    If 3≧3(8≠N−3),we put

FN,s=sin((2s−∼)π/.ZVr)cosec(7「/.Z『)一ト2cos((2s十6)π/N)・

The皿f【om Lemma 2.3, Fv,、ニ1. Si皿ce B2=23≧N/2,we have s十1≦N≦

43.We co皿sideI the followi皿g c ases respectively:(i)s≦1V≦2s−3. Si皿ce 1十1/N<(2s−1)/ハr≦2−3/.zv<2−1/N,FN,3<−1十2cos((2s十6)7「/N)<

1.It contエadicts Fv,5=1.(11)N=,2s−2. Then from Lemma 2.3,

cos((23十6)π/2V)=1. Therefore we haveハ1=8(s=5)..But this case

is excluded si皿ce 3=.ZV−3.ρ)N=2s一ユ. Then from Le皿ma 2.3,

cos((2s十6)7r/バリ=1/2. But there is皿o i皿tegeエsolutio皿N(≧4).(iv)1V=2s. Then from Lem皿a 2.3, cos(6π/N)=0・Hence N=12(5−6)・、 Then we have (〃1,u2)=(1,5),but it does not satisfy Iam通ed co皿dition as AI)pendix 4.1.(v)

2V=25十1.Then B2=2s=N−1,but it does皿ot occuL(vi)N=2s十2.

The皿from Lemma 2.3,1ニsi皿(3π/N)cosec(π/N)十2cos((3十4)π/N)oエ

si皿2(π/ハr)=si皿2(27r/N), b皿t this e(luatio皿has no solution・ (v五) 23十3≦

ハr≦43.The皿5/]V≦(23−1)/N≦(」V−4)/N oエ9≦25十3≦N. So

si皿((2s−1)π/ハr)cosec(π/N)  ≧  si皿(4π/N)cosec(π/N)       =  4cos(π/ハr)cos(2π/1V)>3 fo丈2V≧9. Thelefoエe.17 v,、>3十2cos((2s十6)π/ハr)>1. It co皿tエadicts FN,、=1・ Subcase[3}(II)Gap seque皿ce is of TyI)e(II).      If is cleal that the case 3=ハ1−2 does not occul since B=2N−6.      If s=1,then f【om Lemma 2.3, 1ニ2sin(3π/バリcoseC(27r/」V)cos(57「/N)・

Si皿ce B2=2N十2>Oand cos(5π/N)>0, N is no.tplimea皿d N>10. h

this case the al)ove equatio皿has皿o integer solution.     If s=0,the丑ftom Le皿ma 2.3, cos(π/1V)ニcos(5π/N). This equation has皿o integer solutiρn, too.

     If 3=2,N≠4,the皿N≦8sinceβ2ニ23−4≧N/2. Erom Lemma

2.3,1=2sin(5π/1V)cosec(π/ハr)cos(5π/N),soハr=40r 12,1)ut these values ale u皿suitable.      If 3<3a皿d N<23十1,the皿from Lem皿a 2.3, 1=2si皿((25+1)π/N)c・sec(2π/N)c・s(5π/AI)・

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28

WEIERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

Heエe sin((23十1)π/2V)<Oso cos(5π/2V)<Ooエ4≦N<10. Theエefbエe

we have(N,3)=(6,3),(6,5),(8,5). Moエeover from Lemma 2.2 we have (〃1,〃2)=、(1,5),(1,1),(1,5)accoldi丑g to the above(」V,3)エespectively. These aエethe cases(II−2−a),(II−2−1)),(II−2−c)Iespectively.      The case N == 2s+1does not occur clearly from Lemma 2.3.

     By the same way if 3≦3,25十1<N≦43, then丘om Lemma 2.3

a皿dLemma 22, we have(N,3)ニ(12,3),(15,6)a皿d(v1,u2)=(1,5),(1,2) エespectively. These ale the cases(IL2−d),(II−2−e)エespectively. Subcase[3]一(III)Gap seq皿e皿ce is of Type(III).      It is cleal that the case 3=ハT−1does not occur.      If 3=0,the皿from Lemma 2.3 si皿2(π/N)=sin2(2π/め,but it has no i丑tegeエSOlUtiOn.      If 3≠0,2, N−1,the皿from Leinma・2.3 1ニsin((23十3)π/N)cosec(π/N)−2cos((2s−4)π/万)・ This equation has o皿ly two solutions(N, s)ニ(8,6),(21,9)by the Same way. Let (N, s) = (8,6), tlle皿 (〃1,〃2) = (1,7). This is tlle case (II】1−2)・ ])et (N,3)=(21,9),but this case does Ilot occul, fbエwe have no integel solution (〃1,〃2)from・Le皿ma 22・

CASE[4]tニ1.

     We use Lemma 2.2 mai皿ly. Sul)case国一(1)Gal)sequence is of Type(1).      Fエom Lemma 2.2, we have

1=

2 ε

ε一1

   5十3 十ε 0工        ・・ノ2−2−・・12+1+,、7,.、一(・・/2+2+,詰.、)・ Si皿ce the Iight−hand side of this equatio皿is a real numbel, Im(εs12−2)一・in((・−4)π/N)=0. So we have(ハr,3)=(4,0)or’(N, s)= occur. lf 3=4,then from Lemma 2.3, (1V,4),1)ut (」V, s)=(4,0) does not 2=・in(7π/.zv)…ec(π/N)+2(1−・in2(7π/N))

or

siIL(77r/.ZV’)(4 siIL(7「/バリsin(77「/N)−1)=0.

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K.YOSHIDA AND T. MATSUMOTO

29

So we have N=7,10,12. But IV must be 12 from R−H relatio皿. This is the case(1−1). Subcase[4}(II)Gap sequence is of Type(II).      From Lemma 2.2, we have       ε5−1(ε5+1)       1=       (ε一1)(ε+1)’

and from Lemma 2.3,       ’

      2−(ε2s+1−1)(ε5+1).       ε5+2(ε一1)(ε+1)

Henceε45+2=1.So we have N=4s十20エ3N=43十2. Agajn from Lemma

2・3,N皿ust be 14・This is the case(II−1). Subcase[4}(III)Gap sequence is of Type(III).      From Lemma 2.2, we have      ’        、一εs+2−。・一・        ε一1

0r

        ・(・+5)/2−(・(・−1)/2−。(、1、)/、)一(・(・−3)/2−。(、1、)1、)・ Since the right−hand side of this is a puエely imaginary numbeエ, R・(・(5+5)/2)一…((・+・)・/N)一・・

Sowehave N=

not OCCU工.

23十100エ32V=25十10. Again from Lemma 2.3, these do

     Fi皿ally, we co皿sider theエemaining cases N=2and IV=3.

CASEハ1=2.

Subcase(1)Gal)se(luence is of Type(1).      The皿τr(T)ニー1+(−1)2+…+(−1)5−1+(−1)5+3. lf・=0, th・n tr(T)=−2. He皿ce from Lemma 2.3, t=6. This is tlle case(1・−6). If s=1, then tr(T)=2,so that孟=0,therefore we exclude this case. Subcase(11)Gap seque皿ce is of Type(II).      Then蝋丁)=−1+(−1)2+…+(−1)5−2+(−1)5+(−1)5+2.lf・s=0, then tr(T)=2,so that孟=0, therefore we exclude this case. If 3=1,then tr(T)=−3,so that t=8.This is the case(II−8). Subcase(III)Gal)seque皿ce is of Tyl)e(III).      Th・n tr(T)=−1+(−1)2+…+(−1)s−3+(−1)5−1+(−1)5+(−1)5+1. If 3=0,then tr(T)=−2,so that t=6.This is the case(II][−6−a).

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30

WEIERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

CASE 2V=3.

Gap seque皿ce is of Type(1), the皿tr(T)=ε十…十ε5−1十εs+3. G・p・equ・皿ce i・・f Typ・(II), th・・蝋丁)=・+…+ε5−2+εs+ε5+2. Gap sequence is of Type(III), then tr(T)=ε十…十ε3−3十εs−1十εδ十ε5+1.      In a皿y evellt, if s=Othe皿tr(T)=一ε十1so that t=−1 he皿ce we exclude this case, a皿d if 3=1 then tr(T)=ε so that t=3, a皿d if s=2

then tr(T)=−1 so that t=4. Co皿puting the mtation co皿stants i皿the

ab ove cases, we have(1−3−a),(1−4−a),(II−3−a),(II−4−a),(III−3)a皿d(III−4−a). This completes the proof. APPENDIx 4.1. (A pro of of non−eXjs ten ce of type g=109’十7,(N;Y1,〃2,〃3) =(10;1,1,9)、)      In this case, theエe are{ive branch poi皿ts 〈?1,… ,Q5 0ver one poi皿t of

M/〈T>except Pl,P2 and.P3 si皿ce B3=B−3(N−1)=25−9=14−9=.5.

We de皿ote byπthe coveri皿g・map M→M/〈T>,a皿d we de皿oteπ(Pj)=Pj,

        N       .       π((?」)=Qj・ 9j is a bla皿ch point of oldeエ2so its Iotatlo皿co皿sta皿t ls 5・ namely(2,,…,es aエe fixed points of T5.So we may assume T−1:z→εz    at  Pl and P2,

T−1:z→ε9z atP3,

(T5)−1・・→一・atQ」(」=1,…,5),

in terms of suitable local parameters. Let H£be the vectoエspace of holomoエー phic diffeエentialsθsuch that T(θ)=εkθ(ε=exp(2πi/10)). Now we may

assume nk≠Ofoエsome k. Letθ∈ff2 at Pj・a皿d(?ゴi皿zbe give皿by

θ=(・。+・、z+・2z2+…)d・.丑・mT(θ)=εkθ,w・mu・th・v・    (・。+・、(・Z)+・・(・Z)2+…)・dz

=・k

i・。+・、Z+・2・2+…)dz    (・。+・、(ε9Z)+・、(ε9・)2+…)ε9d・

=εk

i・。+α、Z+α2・2+…)d・ atP」(」=1,2), at P3. Fr・m T5(θ)=(−1)kθ,w・mu・t h・v・ (・。+・、(一・)+・、(−z)2+…)←d・)=(−1)k(・・+・・z+…2+…)伽tQ」・

Thus

αn=O u皿less n十1≡k(mod 10) at Pj(元=1,2),

αn=O u皿less n十1≡9克(mod 10) at P3,

αn=O unless n十1≡k(mod 2)  at (?」(」=1,…,5).

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       KYOSH虹)A AND T. MATSUMOTO       31 Thenθactua皿y has expansio皿s of the forms        θ一(・m、・m・+…)dza・P」

wh・…」=・・九」+k−・(」=1,2),m、=1・九、+9−ka皿d

      θ=(αmZ’n+‘…)dz at Q」

where m=2九+k−1.’

     If U∈M,which is皿ot a l)正a皿ch poi皿t, is a zeエo ofθoforder u,then each of the I)oints Tα(u)(1≦α≦5)is a zero of order u. Thus the divisoエ

ofθhas the foym

         伽(θ)一オ・オ・オ・((1?・…e・)m鰻⇒3

      s

wh・・em・+m・+m・+5糾10Σ・ゴ=29−2・・

       」=1       s        10(九1十九2十九3十ん)+6k+10Σ馬=209’+10・        3=1      Let b be the皿egative divisor on M/〈T>as fbllows        s       s=茸九吟九2奪九30−h n tt−u・・       」=1

The皿a皿yθ*∈∬是i皿duces a meromo叩hic f皿nctio皿∫o皿M/〈T>and the

divisor of f is a mUltiple of b. O n the other ha皿d, a皿y meromoエphic fu皿ctio皿∫ of which divisor is a multiple of b i皿duces a meエomorphic functio皿∫=π一1(f) such that∫θ∈∬是.He皿ce nl=r(b)=dim L(b). Now        s       d・g(S−1)=ん・+九・+ん・+九+Σuゴ=29’+1一書k>29’−2       元=1 a皿di(b)=0. Us註lg the Riemann−RodL theoエem,       n、 tr(S)=d・9(5−1)+1−9’+i(S−1)=9’+2−9k. So nl is not integer uhless k=.5,conseque皿tly this case can not hapl)e皿.      1・・th・・ca・e・we ca・P・・v・th・mn−eXiSt・・ce by th…m・w・y・

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32

WEIERSTRASS POINTS、.OF WEIGHT 3

APPENDIX 4.2. (The in tegral solu.t元o皿of a t」㎡go丑o皿etric%!ioph a皿‘」皿e,, eqロa− ti・n in t血e proof of MaiR The・rem)       cos(v2π/ハr)→−cot(v3π/ハr)=2cos(5π/N)cosec(27「/N).       (1)

Put v2ニλ, v3=μa皿(l assumeλ≦μ.(1)is equivalent to the following

equatlon

sin((λ十μ)π/」V)si皿(2π/N)−2cos(5π/」V)sin(λπ/」V)sin(μπ/」V) =0. (2) Si皿ce 2V=2s十1,1V must be odd.      Ifハ1≦25,we have the folowi皿g solutions(N;λ,μ)=(7;5,5),(13;?.,8), (15;1,13),(17;2,5). It is easy to check that the solutio皿s ale the only above f()エ2V<25.      Assume N>27. Pllt    f(N;λ,μ) =  si皿((λ十μ)π/ハr)sin(27「/ハr)−2cos(5π/N)si皿(λπ/N) sin(μ7「/jV). Now we consideエ∫(2v;λ,μ)as a fu皿ction of. pエegardi皿g 2V andλas const ants:      Ifλ=1,then the rotation co皿stants ale(1,1,μ). Now, usi皿g the same

method as Appe皿dix 4.1,we have the following conditionμ(N−2)≡1(mod

N).Si皿ce 1≦μ≦N,μmust be(N−1)/2. On the other hand,

f(N;1,(N−1)/2) = 2・sin(ψりc・s(π/N)sin((N+1)π/」v) −2si皿(π/」V)cos(57「/2V)sin((N−1)π/2V) 2sin(7r/ハr){cos(7π/N)sin((N十1)7π/ハ1) −cos(5T/1V)sin((N−∼)7π/N)}>0. So we have no solution ifλ=1.      Ifλ=2,thd皿 f(ハr;2,μ) sin((2十μ)π/Aりsin(2π/ハr)−2cos(5/バリsin(2π/バリsin(μπ/2V) sin(2π/」V){si皿(2十μ)7r/N)−2cos(5π/2V)sin(μπ/N)}. The graph of f(N;2,μ)is as follows:

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K.YOSHIDA AND T. MATSUMOTO

∫(N;2,μ) 3 」V−1 ; ⋮ 2 2 μ

33

Hete we have the fbUowing:     f(ハr;2,2)  =  si皿(27「1N){sin(4π/.∼v)−2cos(5π/ハ1)si皿(2π/ハr)}       2・in2(2π/N){…(2π/N)一…(5π/N)}>0,       ∫(N;2,3)       ・=  si皿(57「/2V)sin(2π/ハり一2cos(57「/2V)si皿(27r/N)si皿(37「/N)        ニ  sin(27「/ハr){sin(37「/ハr)(cos(2π/N)−2cos(5π/N))       −cos(37r/」V)si]n(2π/N)}<0. So we have皿o solutio皿ifλ=2.     Ifλ=3,the皿        ア(ハX;3,μ)     =  si皿((3十μ)π/」v)sin(2π/」v)−2cos(57「/N)si皿(37「/」v)si丑(μπ/ハr). Heエe        f(N;3,3)     =  si皿(67r/バリsin(2π/ハr)−2cos(5π/.ZV’)sin2(3π/」V)     ==  2sin(3π/バリ{cos(3π/ノV)si皿(2π/N)−cos(5π/.∼V)sin(3π/2V)}<0. A皿dthe glal)h ofア(.IV;λ,μ)is as folows wheエeλ≧3: ∫(N;λ,μ)

@λ・

1V−1

i

μ So we have no solution ifλ≧3. This completes the proof.

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34

WEIERSTRASS POINTS OF WEIGHT 3

REFERENCES

[1】Accola, R. D.M.,“O皿ge皿eralized Weierstrass points o皿Riemann surfaces, Mod.    ula tr functions i丑analysis and nulhber theory,”1−19, Lecture Notes Mathematics    Statistics,5, U皿iversity of. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,1983 121Duma, A.,“Holomorphe Differe皿tiale hoherer Ordnung auf kompacten Rie−    mannschen FIEiK hen,,, Schrifte皿reihe der Univ. Munster,2, Serie, Heft 14,1978 [3】Farkas, H.M. a皿d Kra,1.,“Riema皿n Surfaces, Graduate texts i皿Math.71,    Springer−Verlag, New York,1980 14]Guerrero,1.,“Automorphisms of compact Rie皿ann surfaces and Weierstrass    poi皿ts, Rieman皿Surfaces a丑d Related Topics, Proceedi皿gs of the 1978 Stony    Brook Conference, Princeton Universi士y Press, Pri皿ceto皿, NJ,1980、 【5】Ishii, N., Coveri丑gs over∂−go皿al cロrves, TSUKUBA J. MATH. Vbl.16 No.1    (1992),173−189 161Lewittes, J., A u tomorphisms of compact Riema皿皿sロrfaces, Amer. J. Math.85,    734−752,1963 [71Y・shida, K, Aut・m・rphisms with五xed p。ints・a皿d砺e田‘ぷs p。ints・f c。mpact    Rfem砿皿surfaces, Tsukuba J. MATH. VOl.17 No.1(1993)221−249 [81Ybshida, K., Weierstrass Poi皿ts of「VVeigh t 2 and]Pixed Poin ts of、A u tomo」rphisms    of Compac孟Rfemann Su㎡aces, Report of the R.・1. S. T. Niho皿Univ。 No.38    (1993)9−20

Katsuaki YOSHIDA

Mathematical Division of General Educatio丑 Colege of Science a皿d Tech皿dogy

Niho皿University

Narashinodai, Fu皿ab ashi−shi, Chiba 274, Japa皿

Toshio MATSUMOTO

Department of Ma土he皿atics Sdence U皿iversity of Tokyo Wakamiya−cho 26, Sh玉nj uku−ku, Tokyo 162, Japan

参照

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