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(1)Bull. Inst, Environ. Sci. Technol. Yokohama Natn. Univ. 16:75-94 (1989). A Tropical Montane Evergreen Forest and other VegetatioR on HainaR Island, southern Chinal). *Ntwestatwesc:tsci6ptngpttoxewtm¥esf*tsdivgfuotets EIgene O. Box,2) Kazue Fujiwara,3) Hao Yong-Lu,4) Zhong Yi,5) Fu Qi--Hao5) and Xiao Bang-Shen4) Elgpne O. Box ' esff---tw ' msri}<ca 'kFiiX' `?3 fiXS ' wa93st. Synopsis The original vegetation of Hainan included diverse trepical lowland and montane forests, inost of which were converted to rubber plantations or other economic use since l950. An area of remaining evergreen }ow-montane forest at Jianfengling nature reserve,. in the mountains of southwestern Hainan, was studied and described by the Braun-Blanquet method for comparison with similar forests elsewhere. The 'most important canopy tree is Dacaydium pierrei (Podocarpaceae), along with Xdnthopdyllum hainanense, Lithoca71pus fonzelianus, and Pblyspora (Gordonia) balansq making this site quite typical. of "low montane rain forest" on Hainan. The relative lack of lianas and epiphytes in the upper lapers conflicts with the usual concept of rainforest, however, and suggests rather. a montane version of'the "seasonal evergreen forest" type which is wldespread in tropical Asia. The eanopy strueture and lack of seed}ings at Jianfengling suggest that the forest is mature, though perhaps subject to some disturbance as by typhoons. Mttch. of lowland and lower montane Hainan is now eovered by rubber-tea plantations or by secondary scrub dominated by Australian species. Introduction. The relatively undeveloped trepical island of Hainan (literally: "south of the sea",. located just across the Qiongzhou Strait from the Guangdong mainland) has offen been seen as China's tropical paradise (cf. Wu 1937, Wu and Zhi i98i-82, Han 1984, Tan 1988; see also Figure 1). More recently Hainan has appeared as a one remaining opportunity for expansion and development (e.g. Beijing Review 1983, Deng 1988). As late as the ear}y 1960's much of the island sti}1 carried relatively natural vegetation, including significant. areas of mangrove forest, lowland and montane rainforest, tropical seasonal forests, and. more xeric seasonal woodlands, savannas, and psammophyte vegetation (Wang 1961, Guangdong Plant Research Institute 1977). Although Indochine$e settlers have for centuries. come across the northern Gulf of Tonkin to western Hainan (cf. Alley 1980), settlement and development increased dramatically after establishment of the People's Republic (1950 in Hainan), especially during the Cu}tural Revolution, when urban youth from the mainland 1). Contribution frorn the Department of Vegetation Science, Insitute of Environmental Science & Technology, National Unversity, No. 206.. 2) 3). University of Geergia, Geography Departmeng Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. Yokohama National University, Institute of Environmentai Sience and Technology, Yokohama 240, Japan.. 4). South China Academy of Tropical Crops, Dan-Xian (Nada), Hainan, People's Republic of China.. 5). Hainan University, Haikou. Guangdong, People's Republic of China.. Yekoharna.

(2) 76. gt/･ee' tt--f.kg,.f-ktw. ". Figure l. South Coast of Hainan near Tian-ya E{ai-]iao, the Chmese "end of the world'.. were "sent down" (xia xi5ng: MF9) to Hainan in a crash program, under army control, to convert Hainan's forested mountains mto rubber plantations (see Enderton 1984). Much of the remammg natura} vegetation, inc}uding large areas of rainforest and seasonal forest iR. the lowlands and low mountains, was quickly destroyed, and Hainan's forest cover dropped. from 25.7% in 1950 to 7.2% by 1980 (Hainan Ribao l980). (For a re}atively complete description in English of Haman's physical geography as well as social and environmental history, see Enderton 1984).. In September 1986, the first two authors had the opportunity to visit Hainan and study. a montane forest as well as remaimng mangrove vegetation and the current }owland vegetation, as guests of the Institute of Trop}cal Crops and the Haman Botanical Garden. for Tropical Economic Plants, located northwest of Danxian (Nada) in north--central. Haman. The garden was established in l958 m order to mtroduce and aec}imatize economically useful plants from other countries. It is run by the Academy of Tropical Crops of South China (under the Ministi:y of Agriculture) and mamtains over 600 speeies,. with special co}lections of VZvtica and Hbpea (Dipterocarpaceae), Barnngtoma (Lecythidaceae), Ttzrrtetia (=Hentiera, Stercul!aceae), and Dac7:ydium (Podocarpaceae), as well as exhibition centers for tropical fruit-･trees, spice, oil and medicina} plants, and. tropical woody and ornamental plants. Another function of the garden is to preserve the endangered native species of Hainan, such as Vdtica astrotricha, Hqpea haznanensi& and Antians toxicarza (Moraceae), each being the only species of }ts genus which occurs m Hainan.. In visiting Hainan, the first two authors were especially interested in studying remain}ng mangroves and evergreen broad-leaved forests (cf. Fujiwara 1987a, 1987c, Box and Fujiwara 1988) as well as current }and uses and subsbtute vegetations. Thmk}ng of biogeographic zonat2on, we were also interested in Chinese concepts and usage of general.

(3) 77 terms such as 'tropical' (ef. Song 1988) and 'rainforesY. Time }imltations permitted data col}ection at only one natural forest site, the Jianfengling tropical forest preserve in the. mountains of southwestern Hainan, one of seven nature preserves established in Hainan between 1956 and 1980. This paper briefly describes the natural and current vegetation of Hainan and provides structural data and an initial interpretation of the tropical mentane forest at Jianfengling, including forest dynamics and biogeographic relationships.. Physical Envirenment. Hainan lies between 180and 200north latitude. This and the location on the east side of Eurasia (see Figure 2) make }Iainan definitely tropical and comparable, for example, to the }arger Caribbean isl"ands and Hawaii, and simi}ar to southernmost Taiwan and Okinawa, all lying within the tropical wetdry climatic zone. As a result, there is a distinct summer. rainy season (augnented by the Asian monsoon) and a winter dry season, during which. some rainfa}1 can a}so occur (due to the island situation). Lowland mean menth}y temperatures reach about 280C in summer, do not fall below about 180C in winter in the southern part, and frost does not occur in the lowlands (absolute ininimum at Haikou: 2.80). The highest mountains reach over l800 meters in elevation and do have significant frost in winter (Map Press Editorial Dept. I979, China Natural Geography Comm. 1984).. Haikou city. × Zai Gang Dong {mangroves) Dan-Xian e(Dan County) Changjiang City Qionghaie Dongfang City. Wu-Zhi peak. (186.7m) N"2)'. ･ <" gses"gc,s>stiss>) eLed Q[]g u . ･z. icN X. Jia"fe". ..A X.. ''? CHINA Guangzltou" x.. Tian-ya Hai-jiao. Sanya. .s84>N" southchina Gfo"#kOinf aHatnaR Sea. (Yaxian). Figure 2. Location of Hainan, Main Features and Study Sites.. Hainan is subject to both northeasterly trade winds and the Pacific summer monsoon, as well as }ate-summer typhoons. As a result, rainfall decreases west-southwestward, as suggested by the climate diagrams in Flgure 3 for Qiongdong (near Qionghai, east coastal plain) and Sanya (south coast). Average annual rainfall on the eastern coastal area and mountains generally exceeds 2000 mm, reaching about 2800 mm on the southeast side of the.

(4) 78. Wu-Zhi mountains. Southwestern Hainan is driest, with average annual rainfal} fa}}ing to. about 990 mm in Dongfang and other areas along the west coast. Soils are general}y described as tropical red }ateritic but with yel}ow c}ay forest soi}s in the central mountains. Extensive areas of sancly soil oecur along the drier western coasta} p}ain. Hainan is a continental island, formed from mainly volcanic basalt in the northeast and granite in the southwest. There is }ittle limestone. Of the 1500 km of shore}ine, about half. is sandy and about 25% muddy, mainly in embayments.. Qlongdong 24.20C. Sanya (Yaxian) (6m) 1255mm 100mm. 35.3D. (37m} 2304mm. 25.5eC -soo - 400. -300 -300 -2oo -2eo. 80. 60 30o 40 20o 20 100 Omm oo. 3oo 2oe loo 5,7e. Oe. IOOmm. 80 60 4e 20. Omm. (left) Figure3.ClimatesofWestern andEastern(right)Hainan.. is tropica}humidmonsoonalclimatewith a The climateofwindwardeasternHainan no significantdryseasonandgenerally1800-2200 mm ofrainfallperyear,assllggested by. the. (near. diagramatright￡orQiongdong Qionghaiontheeasterncoastalpl. Western Hainan has a well developed monsoonal wet season but also a dry season of total to 5"6 monthsonthewesteoast,with precipitationfallingaslowas900. around. at left, forSanyaonthesouthceast, Dongfang.Theclimatediagram. ain).. up. mm is. representative for mlleh of western Hainan.. Natural Vegetation of Hainan. The " by the in four-vo}ume"F}oraHainanica a floraof}{ainanhasbeendescribed . Thismajorrefereneemanualincludes 3500 Guangdong PlantResearchInstitute(1965-77) and with 1347generaand259families, speciesportrayedbya1!nedrawing each ' ' landSoutheastAsiaandothertropical information.Comparedwithmam areas, 3500 is not probably alargenumberofspecies,due totheislandiocation.Aceording to Ho (1955),Hainancanbedivided and Xu mtomainfloristicregions,thesouthwestern two quadrant the AboutofHainan'sspeciesoccuracross 90% versustherestoftheisland. (including southern half of the island, especiallyin the southwestern mountains Jianfengling).Mostspeciesalsooccuronthe adjacentmainland. specles m. seasonality. The "Flora Hainanica" (vol. 4) also includes a description of the main vegetatlon. typesandavegetationmap. regions and. thecurrentvegetationstatus.Inaddition,the"GuangdongVegetation. (Guangdong. natura}. (1 : l,OOO,OOO)showingbothnaturalvegetation. Cover". includesasomewhatmoredetailedeoverage of P}antResearchlnstitute1976). Hainan vegetation(sinceHainanwasuntil recently partofGuangdongProvince) . Because these main Chineseon}y,asummaryisattemptedhere and in vegetationdescriptionsarein.

(5) 79 Table 1, based on these two sources. Tropica} rainforest is considered to have covered large areas of lowland southeastern. Hainan, usually involving three tree strata and especially taxa such as Vdtica and Hbpea (Dipterocarpaceae), 7hrrietia and Reevesia (Sterculiaeeae), Casearia (Flacourtiaceae), and. Amesiodendron chinense (Sapindaceae, from a monotypic genus endemic to China). Three main rainforest types are recognized by the "Guangdong Vegetation Cover" (p. 46): 1. Tdrrietia--V2ztica-Sarcosperma-Hopea communities 2. 7;a･rrietia--Pysoaylzzm-DioslryTos-Hbpea communities 3. Vkitica-Tt}rrietia-Litchi-IVtlallotus-Pinangacommunities. Ttzrrietia (=Heritierdi parvij2)lia, with large buttresses, is one of the characteristic trees of. Hainan rainforests and is closely related to HL litteralis, which occurs in coastal strand forests throughout much of seutheastern Asia, inc}uding Okinawa (e. g. Ohno 1989). Vlt,tica astrotricha and Hopea hainanensis are among the most important constituents of the original. Halnan rainforests but have been greatly reduced by logging. Dysoayl･um (especially n binectoTij2ir･um, Meliaceae), Diospyros spp. (Ebenaceae), and Litchi chinensis (SapinGaceae, the Chinese "queen of fruits"), plus speeies of $tyaygium and other Myrtaceae, Cr)tptoca7rya (Lauraceae), Sarcosperma laurinu7n (Sapotaceae), Xanihophyllum hainanense (Xanthophyllaceae, cf.. Polygalaceae), etc. are especially common in the first tree uBderstorey. In addition there are. many palms (e.g. Calamus and Licuala spp., DaemonorQps margaritae, Arenga pinnata, Pinanga discolodi, lianas (e.g. Flissistigma and Parabarium spp., Entada phaseoloidesi, forbs (especia}ly Alpinia spp. and Alocasia odora), Selaginella spp., and smaller vines and epiphytes (e.g. iFbthos spp., fVeotiqpteris nidus, Tb'achelospermum jasminoides, EPipremnum, llbyo, Psilotum, etc.).. Severai other rainforest types are distinguished in the mountains, iRcluding low--montane rainforest (25-30m in height, from 500 to 1100m in elevation), mid-montane rainforest (to 20m,. above 11eOm elevation), montane ravine rainforest (to 40-50m in height, in lower-montane ravines), and a mossy dwarf forest (6-lem) which is best developed on ridges and summits around 800-IOOOm in elevation. Whereas the lowland forests are eonspieuously "tropical" in their paucity of Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Theaceae, and other taxa fami}iar from subtropical and warm-temperate forests, these taxa reappear in the montane forests, first mixed with more purely tropiea} taxa (low-montane rainforest, see Table 1) but increasing dramatically in importance as one goes higher. Conifers are also important in the montane forests, includiRg re}atively broad or linear-leaved Dacrydium, Pedocarpus, Cephalotaxus, and Kleteeleria as well as Pinus. Tropical pine forests <Pinns ikedai, ef. P. caribbea) occurred in the mountains as well as. in sma}} lowland areas, especially oB sand (with Podoca7pus nagD.. Most of the remaining lowlands of Hainan, where the dry season is more pronounced, were once covered by shorter "tropical seasona} rain forests" (i.e. tropical seasonal forests),. apparently with a gradua} gradation from evergreeR to semi-evergreen and more completely deciduous types. The "Flora Hainanica" (vol. 4, p. 524) describes "evergreen seasona}-rain forest" in which Ficus and Artoca7pus spp., plus Vbtica astrotricha, Gironniera (evergreen Ulmaceae, S China and Indomalaysia), and the Hainan endemic' Antiaris toxicaria, etc. are the co-dominants (reaching 20m25m in height). Somewhat similar forest types are described by the "Guangdong Vegetation Cover" as semi-evergreen, iRcluding Radermachera hainanensis (deciduous Bignoniaceae), Baccaurea ramC.f7ora (Euphorbiaceae), etc. More completely deciduous forests (10-l5m) covered much of drier western Hainan but still contaiRed some evergreen species. [Irhe. main types reeognized by the "Guangdeng Vegetation Cover" are a Terminalia-Albiz2ia type (with quantitative data, see pp. 86), a Quercus type (with evergreen Qu. keTrii and Castanopsis),.

(6) 80. Table 1. Summary of Natural Vegetation Types of E{ainan. The vegetation types and species lists are from the summary of Hainan vegetation given in the "Flora Hainanica", volume 4 (Guangdeng Vegetation Institute 1965-77, in Chinese). The Chinese description used terms such as "high tree layer", "next tree layer", etc., which are rendered here as Ti, T2 layers, etc. The vegetation names, especially involving the words 'rain forest', are dlrectly from the Chinese and might be altered in more general English ecological usage (ef. seasonal ferest or seasonal rainforest). Tropical Rainfbrest. Height: 35-40m; occurrence: under 500 m elevation, with preeipitation 2100 mm or more. Ti trees: Ttirrietia parvifolia, Amesiodendron chinense, Vtztica astrotricha, Hbpea hainanensis, Reevesia longipetiolata, Casearia aeguilateralis T2 trees: Litchi chinensis, C7z)ptoca7y,a spp., Diosp),ros spp., P}Tsoq>,lum spp., S)mpgiu7n spp., Dillenia. turbinata T3 trees: thllotus hookerianus, Gironniera spp., Coelodepas hainanensis, Alphonsea ?nonog>,na. Palms: Calamusspp.,Liceualaspp.,DaemonoropsmargaritaqArengapinnata,.Pinangadiscelor Lianas: Entada phaseoloides, Fissistigma spp., Pa?'abarium spp., Ancistrocladus tecto･)'i･us. Herbs: Rhaphidophorapinnata,Rhhongkongensis,Scindapsusmaclurei,Pbthesrqpens,iVbottopteri･s nidus. Low-Montane Rainforest Height: 25-30m; oceurrence: 500 to 1100 m elevation.. Titrees: Dacrydium pierrei, Castanopsis hlystrix, Schinta superba, Lithocarpus .fenzelianus, Pentapdylax euryoides, Altingia obovata, Cleyera obscurinervia, Castanqz)sis tonhinensis, Xanthqph),llum hainanensq Quercus bambusiji)lia, Madhuca hainanensis, and Alseodaphne hainanensis. T2 trees: S>t7ngium hancei, Randia canthioides, C7;yptoca?zya 7netcallfiana, C. densiflora, Cinnamomu?n. burmanii, Endiandra hainanensis, Memecylon ligmstrifolium, 07n}osia se7nicastrata f. Iitchlfolia, Castanqpsis fissa, Pbdoca7pus spp.. Other important spp.: Gnetum montanum, Miscanthus floridulus ISC[id-MoBtane Rainferest. Height: to 20m; eccurrence: above 1100 m (highest mountains around 1900m). Ti trees: Castanopsis h},stt'ix, Lithocampus b7achystachcrus, Quercus ehampionii, Machilus (=Petsea). spp., Altingia obovata, Speygium araioclad･um, Reevesia longipetiolata, Lithoca?pus. fonzelianus ' T2 trees: Olea b7uchiata, Linociera pa?hvilimba, Ternstroemia g)rmnanthe7u, S)Tmplocos chunii Othey small trees: Rapanea (=Myrsinel neriifolia, ftex spp., Sptq>gium spp., Magnolia spp. Conifers: Cephalotaxus si･nensis, Keteleeria hainanensis, Pinus kwangtungensi･s, R fonzeliana Temperate-zone taxa: Ericaeeae, AE>tssa jovanica, Acer spp., Ptiris, Ca71pinus lanceolata Shrub/herb layer: Lasianth･us spp., Maesa spp., Ardisia spp., Rsychotria rubra, Tn'calysia viridij7ora, Blastus cochinchinensis, Prismatomeris tetTandra, Cyuthea gigantea.. Montane Ravlne Rainforest Height: to 40"50m; occurrence: lower montane ravines (350-1100 m elevation) Ti trees: fodoca71pus imbricatu$ Quercus blake4 Endiandra hainanensis, Beilschmiedia longipetiolata, JYdnthophyllum hainanense T2 layer: Lasianth-tts trichophleb)ns, Cryptocarpa densij7ora, Glochidion wrightii, Canariu?n aibu7n, Sche.1[flera octophs,lla, Carallia brachiata, Garcinia oblongifoliq Licuala spinosa, Calanzus spp., indocalamtts.. Mountain-top Dwarf Forest Height: 6-10 m; occurrence: best developed at 800-1000 m elevation Trees and tree}ets: Querc･us blakei, Rapanea (=My7:sinel neriifolia, CastanDpsis htyst･rix, Rhaphiolqpis. indica, Elaeocampus dubius, Symplocos chunii, 7Ie7instroemia gzymnanthera, Ssmpgium spp.,.

(7) 81 Rhododendron spp., Ficus variolosa, plus Arundinaria spp. Shrub layer: Rhodom)t･rtus tementosa, Wikstreemia pachyrachis, Enkianthus guinq･uoj7orus, Rhododend?'on spp., Lyonia rttb･rovenia Evergreen Seasenal-Rain Forest. Height: 20"25 m; occurrence: areas with typically 1500-1800 mm annual rainfall and 3-4 dry months (}ess than 50 inm rainfall) Ti trees: Gironniera cuspidata, Artocarptts spp., Eicus spp., IFlouteri'a annamensis, Ybtica astrotricha,. Hbteropanax fragrans, Endospermum chinense, Arephelium topengii, Antiaris toxicaria, Pseudostreblus indica, Radermachera hainanensis T2 trees: Sarcosperma laurinum, Baccaurea ramijZora, Sterculia spp., Syti}Lgium spp., Garcinia spp., JEfydnoca71pus. hainanensis, Walsura robusta. ArbQrescents: Litsea verticillata, A7ptera littoralis, Bridelia balansae, Ficus spp., Garcinia spp., Hd7pullia cupanioides, Syaygium levinei. Shrub layer: Meme(rylon spp., Rapanea (=Mcrrsinel spp., Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, S>cqMgium spp., Phyllanthus spp., Phoenix hanceana ]S(lixed Seasonal-Rain Forest (half evergreen or deciduous). Height: 10-15 m; oceurrence: areas with typically 800-1300 mm annua} rainfa}} and seasonally low rainfall and humidity Trees: Cratoxylon ligustrinum, Croton laevigatus, Mleyna hainanensis, Slyaygium cominii, Lannea grandis, Dillenia pentagyna, Pterespermum heteropdyllum, Dolichandrone caiLda.felina, Radermachera hainanensis, Oroaylum, indic･um, Tbrminalia hainanensis, Spondias pinnata, Albizzia spp., Dalbergia spp., Gossampinus malabarica, Streblas asper Grasses (drier area$): Heteropogen contertus, Eragrostis zq>Tlanica, Aristida chinensis, imperata qtylindrica var. mojony plus ICupatorium odoratum (forb) Cfiropieal Needle-Leaved Forests. F}at lowland areas: Pinits ikedai F}at eoastal sandy areas (small patches): Pbdoca7pus nagi Mountain areas: eonifers usually mixed with broad-leaved trees but some areas of IPinus ihedai forest. lhngreves Height: Generally less than 11-12 m; occurrence: scattered estuaries and other protected coastal areas Ti trees: Bruguiera gy7nnor･rhi2a, B. sexangula, B. cylindrica, Rhisophora apiculata, Rh 7nucronata, Kandelia candel, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitze?u racemosa, L. Iittorea, Sonneratia caseola?'is, Scyphiphora hordropdyllacea, Hleritiera littoralis, Xlylocarpus granatum, Excoecaria agallocha. Shrubs: Aegiceras eorniculatum, Acanthtts ilicij?)lius, Avicennia marina, Clerodendron inernte, plus INE>rpa .fi'uticans (palm). Fern: Acrostichumaureum Vines: Elagellaria indica, Dischidia chinensis, Derris trijbliata, CaesalPinia nuga, Stenochlaena paludstris. Forbs: Hborasp. Halophytie forbs: Sesttvium pertttlacastru7n, Suaeda spp., Zoptsia metrella, Sporobolus vi7:ginicus. Semi-mangrove plants (back-mangrove, ete.): llibiscus tiliaeeus, CalopdyUum inqphlyllum, Cerbera manghas, Ptzndanus teeto?'ius, J7icus spp., Cocos nueifora. Coasta1 Psammophytic Vegetation Outer beach zone: lpomoea pes-caprae, Canavalia maritima, Vitex trij?)lia Coastal dunes: Spini.fex litioreus, Fimbristylis sericea, Qpuntia dillenii, Alo'e'era var. chinensis,. Barringtonia racemosa, Carmona microphylla, Axima sarmentosa, Hdrrisonia pe?:fbrata, Bambusa bambos, Scaevola sericea, Brucea J'avanica, Pluchea indica Dry coastal grassiand (west eoast): Hleteropogon contortus Ceastal marsh (northeast eeast): Lqptoca7tpus sanaenis.

(8) 82. a Lagerstreen}ia-Heteropanax=Chukrasia type (diverse; see data on pp. 89), and a Hdinania--. Meynia-Lannea-V[idlsura type. These forests also general}y invo}ved more Bignoniaceae (Radermachera, Dolichandrone, Oroaylum, etc.), Leguminosae (e.g. Albieeia, Dalbergia), and Anaeardiaceae (e.g. Lannea, Spondiasi, and other species qulte different from those of the rainforests.. The coastal lowlands show a strip of "psammophytic thorn-scrub steppe" mapped ("Flora Hainanica" map) almost continuously around the island. This apparently involved some non-native sueculents (Opuntia, Alo'e') and other scrub elements mixed with tropieal. xeric grasses such as Spindex. Some of the serub taxa seem to have rather restricted distributions but do occur outside Hainan, e.g. IIUrrisonia perfo?,ata (Simaroubaceae, lm2m, thorny), Carmona microphylla (=Ehretia, Boraginaceae, 1-4m), Brucea ]'avanica (Simaroubaceae. but once called Rhus j'avanicct>, and Pluchea indica (a relatively }eafy Compositae, lm3m, originally inc}uded in Baccharis). Another element, Scaevola seTicea (Goodeniaceae), on the. other hand, 2s a fleshy-leaved, spreading evergreen shrub (to 5m) found commonly aiong coast}ines thoughout mueh of the tropical and subtropieal Indo-Pacifie region.. Torpical montane forest was studled at the Jianfengling (l{luerkft) Tropical Primary Forest Nature Preserve near Jianfeng town and about 25 km from the southwest coast (see Figure 2). The preserve covers 1635 ha centered on meuntains reaching about 1400 meters in e}evation (Figure 4) and is adininistered by the Jianfengling Forestry Bureau, along with a much larger area (abeut 150,OOO ha) under less protectien (see Enderten 1984, pp. 208). The preserve eontains over 800 tree species and a researeh statlon, which also grows many exotic tree species. The natural vegetation of the Jianfengling mountains (cf. Table l). be rk ･g-va eeec,,as, es. Figure 4. Location of the Jianfeng (=pointed peak) Forest Site, in the Jianfengling Mounta. 1400m). '. .',. a.,,.g/,･"'f.',t,',}t,g/./.,./. -ms. ins (reaching.

(9) 83. consists of serub and,grass--coveree hi}ls be}ow about 600m (plus some areas of seasonal forest), tropica} montane "rain forest" from 600 to 1100m, and mossy forest above that.. When the research station was estab}ished in 1958, there were few peop}e }iving in the area. With road construction, though, more people have moved in, including a Li comnaune (cf. Gao 1981) now loeated just at the edge of the forest preserve (see Enderton 1984, p. 210).. Vegetation sampling was done by the Braun-Blanquet relev6 method, a very standard methodology well suited to rapid but extensive sampling, sti'uctural description, and subsequent geographic comparisons (see Westhoff and van der Maarel l973, Mue}ler--Dombois and Ellenberg 1974, or in more detaiL Fujiwara 1987b). Our forest releve at Jianfengling required foitr days,. one for the relev6 and three for travel plus the assistance of local taxonomists. Plant growth form and seasoanal foliation habit were reeorded with the species cover and seciability codes (or obtained }ater) so that some aspeets of structure and potential forest dynamics could. be inferred. Some more quantitative data for similar forests are given by the "Guangdong Vegetation Cever" (pp. 63-64>and by Lu et al. (1986) for the Bawangling nature preserve about 50 km to the northeast. T}ie Mentane Forest at Jlanfeng}ing. In addition to the general c}imatic description for E{ainan (Figure 3), an attempt is made in. Tab}e 2 to estimate the climatic conditions at the jianfeng forest itself, based on nearby data. and lapse rates. The Jianfeng forest site samp}ed (890 meters above sea level) is still in a tropical wet-dry climate with strong monsoonal influence, similar to that at Sanya (Figure 3) but with more rainfall, The dry season is ameliorated by the ceo}er montane location, but it has. not disappeared. Within the forest itself, which maintains its own more moderated, more humid Table 2. Estimated Climatic Conditions at the Jianfenging site. Climatic data, based on a 13-year record, were given by Lu et al.(1986) for Changjiang. County, in the more humid lowland about 65 km north of Jianfeng. Data for Dengfang were availab}e from the Chinese authors. Ambient (macro)c}imatic conditions at the Jianfeng forest. are estimated based on an average of the Dongfang and Changiiang data and local vertical change of temperature and precipitation quoted by Zhao (l986, p. 152). The water balance at Jianfeng ￡orest is more favorable than in the lowlands, due to reduced temperatures and increased precipitation, thus ameliorating the winter dry season. Xll and Zeng (1985) found that Bowen ratios at the " bottom of Jianfeng mountain" incyeased from O.3-2.3 during the early dry season to 2-8 toward the end of the dry season. Latent heat flux ranged from 28% of net radiatien on the driest days to 90% on days after rainiall (during the dry season), averaging 45% on normal sunny days. ARnuail potential evapotranspiratien is estimated by the. method of Holdridge(1959); month}y PET and moisture index values were estimated in proportion to monthly temperatures.. Dongfang Chanstiang jianfengferest(89em>. Meanannualtemperatgre 24.7" 24.20 19.70. MeanJulytemperature 290 28e 24o. MeanJanuarytemperature 19e 190 14o Averageannualprecipitation 993mm1677mm 2500mm. Annualpotentialevapotranspiration(PET) 1456mm 1426mm 1160mm. Annualmoistureindex(precip./PET) 0.68 1.18 --2.1. Avg.precipitationofdriestmonth(January) 7mm 10mm '-15mm. EstimatedJanuaryPET 91mn 93mm --70mm. Estimatedmoistureindexofjanuary O.08 0.11 -O.21.

(10) 84. microclimate, the dry season is not as strong as the winter rainfall and moisture index suggest. Nevertheless, the irnportance of deciduous trees in the adjacent lowlands and the. length of the climatic dry season suggest that 890m is not yet suffieient elevation to eliminate the significant seasonal c}imatic pulse, which may favor at least some deciduous trees at Jianfengling and which must certainly synchronize such events as re-foliation, even in the evcergreen trees. As for the forest itself (see Figure 5), the composition and structure are shown in Table. 3 in the form of a relev6 partially reorganized by growth forms. There is a tota} of 109 species in the 18 x 25m quadrat, ef which 78 species are in the shrub layer. The canopy reaches 35m in height and has l2 species, while the understorey tree layer has 16 speeies, generally only about l2m high but with some trees reaching l8m. All but 10 of the 109 species. are described in the "Flora Hainanica", the Qthers being either more recently identified or perhaps having synenyms which we could not trace. Five of these remaining 10 species were mentioned by Wu (1980). Of the 12 species listed as typical canopy species in low-montane rain forest ("F}ora Hainanica", vol. 4, p. 526), six occur as Ti or T2 trees in the Jianfeng relev6. Among these the. most important are Dacrydium pierrei (Podocarpaceae) and. XZinthophyllum hainanensis (Xanthophyllaceae), which are also the main canopy species in the montane forest at Bawangling, (Lu et al. 1986). The other important, typical canopy co-dominants include Lithocafpus .fenzelianus, Alseodaphne hainanensis (Lauraceae), and Madhuca hainanensis (Sapotaceae), pllls Pentaphylax eu7r},oides (Pentaphylaceae) in the T2 layer (cf. Table 1). It. seems, then, that the Jianfeng relev6 shown in Table 3 is indeed representative of "troplcal }ow-montane rainforest" on Hainan.. vatii'kts･,･"'te':'ttt ･･. fi..l2iiiliss''. Mlggskk. pm･pm- .･. "nyYdik. igEi'. tt tt. xptf.･ . . ss･･ '' tt. ekX. .f.':.imdix,2tw'.. Figur℃ 5. Jianfeng Forest Site, at 890 meters e}evation.. ･{1.

(11) 85. Table 3.. Cemposition of the Montane Forest at Jianfengling (890 m).. Montane " monsoon" forest. s. 35m 18m 5m. H. O. 4m. Tl. T2. 85% 60% 70% 20%. 890 m, 150 slepe to SE. 17 Sept 1986. 18 x 25 m. Tl: 3 ･3 Dac7 ydium pierrei (Podocarpac.) (lm DBH) 2 ･3 Xttnthophyllum hainanensis (Xanthephy}}ac.) 2 ･2 Lithocampus fanzeliantes (Fagac.) 2 .} Polyspora ("Gordonia) balansae (Theac.) 1 ･2 Alseodaphne hainanensis (Laurac.) 1 ･2 Madhuca hainanensis (Sapotac.). KF, HY, ZY, FQ, CZ, LZ, EB 1'1 Cyclobalanepsis fleuryi (Fagac.). 1'1 Lithoca?pus amsgdalWblius var. praceipitorum(Fagac.) 1 '1 Alstonia scholaris (Apocynac.). + Beilschmiedia tungfongensis (Laurac.) 1'1 Cinna7nomum ouatum (Laurac.) (1 ' 1) C),clobalanopsis patelliformis. (Fagac.) (30m). T2: 2･2 Tt`mpinia glaberrima (Staphyllac.) (EG?) 2･2 Decaspermum cambodianum (Myrtac.) 1･2 flymplocos lancilimba (Symploe.) 1･1 (lyclobalanopsis blakei (Fagac.) 1･1 Schima superba (Theac.) (Ti) 1･1 17ex hobuskiana (Aqni￡). + +. Adinandra millettii (Theac.). + + + +. Rhus succedanea (Anaeardiac.) (decid). Rentapbylax eecryoides. (Pentaphy}lac. endemic) anchelia balanse (Magnol.) Diospyros en'antha (Ebenac.) Altingia obovata (Hamamelidac.) (decid.?). vlnes:. + Kddsura. hetereclita (Schisandrac.) (EG?). + Hlypse7pa nitida (Menispermac.). querci.folia (fern). + AJleottopteris nidus (fern). epiphytes:. + Drynan'a s:. 1 1 1. 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1. +. ･2 ･2 ･2 ･2 ･2 ･1 ･1 ･1 ･1. Mttdhuca hainanensis (Ti) JZex kobuskiana (T2) IVbolitsea ellipsoidea (Laurac.) Ajbolitsea pulchella (Laurac.). Datljrmaschalon trichophorum (Annonac.)? Schima s2rperba (T2) iVeolitsea ferruginea (Laurac.). Mdgnolia paenetalauma (Magn.) Glochidion h)polei`con (Euphorb.). ･1 Acer decandrum (Acerac.) ･1 Prismato?neris tetrandra (Rubiac.). ･2 Lithocarpus pseudovestitus (Fag.). 1･2 Decaspermum cambedianum(T2) 1･2 Symplocos caudata (Symploc.) 1･2 $)taygium araiocladum (Myrtac.) 1･2 Canthium dicoccum (Rubiac.) 1･2 Sterc･ulia hainanensis (Sterculiac.) 1･1 C7yptocarya 7naclurei (Laur.) (T) 1･1 Cinnantomum tsoi (Laurac.) 1･1 ll onanthes chinensis (Erythro)rylac.) 1･1 Calophyllum mentbranaceum (Guttif,) 1･1 Decaspermum gracilenium (Myrtac.). +･2 +･2. Pithecellobiu7n clypearia (Leg.). Alyxia sp. (ApoeynacJ. S (continued):. + + + + + + +. .Xdnthophyllum hainanensis (Ti) Alstonia scholaris (Ti) C7 yptocaaya chingii (Laur.) (T). Diosfryros sp. (Ebenac.) (T) Machilus monticola (Laur.) (T). Magnolia iotungensis (Magn.) Rhotinia serrulata (Rosac.) (T). + + + + + + +. Lithoca?pus .fenxelianus (Ti) (ilyclobalanopsis ef. patelliformis (Ti). Castanqpsis tonhinensis (Fag.) (T) Podocampus neriifolius (conif.) (T). Elaeocarpus limitaneous (Elaeoc.) (T) Gironniera aequalis (Ulmac.) (T) Castanopsis fissa (Fag.) (T).

(12) 86. + Lindera kwangtungensis (Laur.) + Linociera ramij7ora (Oleac.) (UT) + Ormosia semicastrata f. Iitchiij2)lith. + Symploces lancilimba (SymplJ (T2) + 7}tttcheria chantpioni (Theac.). + + + + + +. Ardisia virens (Myrsinac.) Syaygium buxij?)lium (Myrtac.) Lasianthus lancilimbus (Rubiac.) Anodendron sp. (Apocynae.) Olea dioica (Oleac.) Meliosma laui (Sabiac.). + + + + + + + + + + +. lltora nienhui (Rubiac.) (S). Daphniphyllum paxianum (Daphn.) Fblyosma ca7nbodiana (Esealloniac.). Euonymus sp. (Ce}astrac.) 7}t`tcheria sp. (Theac.). Ardisia quinquegona (Myrsinac.) Platea parvifolia (Icacinac.) St},mplocos sp. (Symploc.) (thin }vs.). Olea sp.(Oleac.) (aucaboid) Apoq),naceae sp. (Anodenron aJfifineS Reevesia th)erseidea (Sterculiae.). palms:. 2･2 Calamus rhabdocladus (UT) 2'2 Licuala spinosa (S). + Pandanus sp.. 2･2. +. Calamus pulchellus Livistona saribus (T). bamboo: 2 ' 2 ladoealamus pseecdosinicus vines and climbers: l ' 2 Smilax corbularia (Liliac.) 1 ' 1 E?s,cibe obtusijiolia (Convolv.). 1 '1 Rsychotria se71pens (Rubiac.) (ep.). + St7ychnos con.fe･rtij7ora (Log.). + Millettia oosperma (Leg.). l･l Parabarium hainanense (Apocyac.) 1･1 St7),chnos angttsti]7e7u (Loganiac.). + ･2 + +. Smilax opaca (Liliac.) Fissistigma sp. (Annonac.). .Jdsminum sp. (laurijbliumn (Oleac.). Ll- Smilaxsp. (Liliac.) epiphyte:. + Pholidota chinensis (Orchidae) H: clubmoss: 2 ' 2 Selaginella hainanensis woody seedlings: 1'2 Psychotri･a rt`bra (S). +. Blastus cochinchinensis (Melastom.). + IVbphelium topengii (Sapindac.) forbs:. 1'2 Oldenlandia ("Hedyotis) communis. + `2. Alpinia maclurei (ZiRgiberac.). ferns:. +'2 Adiantum indnratum. +. Adiantum sobolij??r･um. +. Carex sp. 2. + Angiopte7'issp. vine:. + Ptirabarium hainanense (Apocynac.) Sedges:. + Carex sp. 1 (wide leaves).

(13) 87 In looking at Table 3 one can see that there were no lianas or epiphytes recorded in the canopy and enly a few individuals in the T2 layer. This paucity of vines and epiphytes. suggests a significant degree of water stress in the dry season and conflicts with a common physiognomic criterion for true trepical rainforests (e.g. Richards l952, Fesberg 1967, Walter 1973, Whitmore 1975; cf. Webb 1959). Even so, most of the trees appear to be evergreen, the only clear exception Sn the tree layers being Rhus succedanea. This. mainly evergreen strueture but wlthout abundant epiphytes and lianas is similar to the tropical seasonal evergreen forests of various parts of South and Southeast Asia (e.g. Champion and Seth 1968, Ogawa et aL 1961, Williams 1975). The shrub }ayeil includes both young individuals of potential Ti and T2 trees and many typical understorey arborescents (wooey plants of shrub size but usBal}y w!th a single main. stem, cf. Box 1981, de Laubenfels 1975), especial}y from "understorey families" such as Myrsinaceae but also Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, etc. Other understorey growth forms include. pa}ms (4 spp.) and Pandanus, an understorey bamboo (.indocalamus pseudosinicus), understorey vines and climbers (11 spp.), on}y two forb spp. and three ground fern spp., plus two Carex spp., Selaginella, and one epiphytie orchid. Of these understorey forms, only. the pa}ms (except Livistona saribus, a potential tree found growing individually), the bamboo, and Selaginella had eover values of 5% or more (see Figure 6). This low eover and relative poverty of herbaceous understorey forms is also not characteristic of true rainforest. Of eourse the forest is quite wet during the summer rainy season, and we cou}d. stlll find a few Ieeches during our visit in mld-September, near the end of the rainy season.. $keq ee#4"IfiY. ec/,t-... asSkss. ･twss ee te.. # s#4pa. ts s# E'Miim.. Figrure 6. Forest Understorey at the Jianfeng Site..

(14) 88. Foest D}rnamics. The importance of common canopy co-dominants in the Ti }ayer of the Jianfeng re}ev6 (with little apparent regenerat!on) suggests that the forest is mature. The co-occurrence of. other species in the overstoreys, e.g. cosmopolitan Rhus succedanea, may indicate recovery. from disturbanee, but the ferest is not at al! a successional forest The physiognemic structure and potentia} dynamics of the forest are summarized in Table 4. As one can see, only five of the l2 canopy species occur in lower layers and most shrub-layer species do not occur in higher layer･s. No seedlings of higher-layer species cou}d be ￡oufid at all,. though some young individuals of potentia} trees were evident in the shrub layer. In temperate-zone forests this apparent lack of regeneration would suggest seneseence, but in the tropics, germination of tree species does not occur every year and growth can be quite. rapid once germination does occur and/or a seed}ing is "released" by the formation of a canopy gap permitting light to enter (e.g. Hartshorn i978, Orians l982, Pickett 1983,. Brekaw 1985, Pickett and White l985). One might also notice that at least ha}￡ of the shrub-layer species are known tree species, some with canopy potential. A!though East Asian "laurel forests" and monsoon forests often have their greatest species richness in the .. shrub layer, the Jianfeng situation seems rather extreme (78 ef 109 tota} species). This a}so suggests disturbance, reminding us in particular of forests recovering from typhoon damage. Table 4. Jhysiognomic Strueture and Potential Dynainics of the Jianfeng Forest. The physiognomy of the forest is deseribed in terms of numbers of species of particnlar. growth forms in each forest layer. Species oecurring in inore than one layer are iisted (vertically) in the highest layer in which they occur, with lower occurrences listed horizonta}ly (on the same }ine). Thus one can see that, of 12 canopy tree species, only 5 occur in lower layers; and of 60 shrubin"layer arborescent or frutescent species, 51 are new to the shrub layer and only 9 occur also in higher layers. The herb layer involves only ene species, a vine, whieh occurs in any higher layer. The forest thus appears to be relatively stable, with little regeneration of tree species (even though many ef the shrub-Iayer species are yotmg trees with canopy or tree-understorey potential).. Ti T2 SH. Understoreytrees(T2) 12 4 O Shrub layer:. Shrubs/youngtrees(notTiorT2) 51 e. Vines(notTior["2spp.) 11 1 '. Herb layer:. Woody seedlings (new spp.) 3. Graminoids (non-bamboo) 2 '.

(15) 89 Biogeographic Relatiens. If one }ooks mainly at the tree layers at Jianfeng, one can see a suggestion of endemism, with several species carrying the species epithet `hainanensis' (or `tungfangensis',= Dongfang). In addition, Dacrydium pierrei and Pentaph),lax eu7zyoides occur only or mainly on. Hainan, as do Sterculia hainanesis, Parabarium hainanense, Selaginella hainanensis, and others in the understoreys. There are niany wide-ranging generalists (e.g. Schima secpeTba,. Rhus succedanea, Ardisia guinguegona, Psychotria rubra), however, and few speeies appear to be true endemics. Pentaphylax eu7pnoide& for example, is the only member of the family. Pentaphylaceae, but it occurs from southern China to Sumatra (Mabberley 1987) and is simi}ar to the Theaeeae. Most of the other tree speeies also occur throughout southern China and adjacent "areas, many in both southeastern China (Guangdong) and southwestern China (Yunnan). These other tree-layer speeies in particu}ar also involve mainly large,. wide-ranging families such as the Fagaceae, Lauraceae, and Theaceae, as well as Apocynaceae, Anacardiaceae, Magnoliaceae, etc. The most important regionally endemic taxa on Hainan appear to belong more to the lowland forests, especia}ly species of Hbpea and Vlztica and the truly endemic AntiaTis toxicaria.. MAngrove Vegetation The original vegetatien of Hainan included mangrove forests at various places (perhaps. continuously) along the shoreline. At Dong Zai Gang, southeast of Haikou (northeastern Hainan), is a nice mangrove museum w!th dried herbarium samples on display showing several dozen of the important mangrove p}ant species. There is also a small, recovering remnant of what was probably once a tall mangrove forest. A mangrove zonational profile from Hainan is given by Zhao (1986, without location) and was found (Veg. of Guangdong Committee 1976, p. i20) to be from Wenchang, on the east coast of Hainan. Although many. speeies are the same, the mangrove at Dong Zai Gang showed rather different zonation, involving mainly Ceriops tagal and Aegiceras as corniculata as apparent ploneers and Rhi2(rphera stylosa or Avicennia marina (generally not oecurring together), plus Bruguiera. gymnorrhiza and sometimes Kdndelia candel on apparently more stable areas a bit further away from the shoreline. At Yen Feng Zen, near Dong Zai Gang, we were ab}e te inspect a baek-mangrove area, dominated by Excoecaria agallocha (to 2.5m), Acrostichum aureum and Hibisctts tiliaceus (to 2 m), plus 12 other species (including Dalbergia candenatensis, Pluchea indica, Wladelia bi.fZora, and Acanthus iliedeliu7n). Espeeially on the windward eastem side of Hainan, mangrove height and development were probably limited by typhoon frequency, as in south F}orida and on many Caribbean islands. More complete destruction was done by man, however, in the form of cutting for firewood and charcoal produetion.. Much of Hainan's origina} mangrove area was probably destrQyed during the 1960's and 1970's.. Actual Vegetation. Though threatened by rapid, il}egal deforestation, some of the montane rainforest, lowland secondary forest (replacing tropica} rainforest), and (montane) tropical needleleaved forest still remain. Much of the coastal psammophyte scrub and some of the dry psammophyte savanna in the west (Hlateropogen contortusi and moist psarnmophyte grassland in the northeast (a marsh dominated by Leptoca7pus sanaensis, Restionaceae) also remain, though disturbed to varying degrees. The status of the other forest types is indicated (as of.

(16) 90 the late 1970's) by the rnap legend, with current actual vegetation status shown by the indented items under each natural forest type: Col}ine rain forest and secondary forest. - secondary grassy s}opes with few trees but evidence of forest Evergreen seasonal rain forest. - secondary evergreen seasonal rain forest - scrub, with few trees - with scattered mesomorphic trees and grass patches remaining - with scattered more xeric trees and grass patches remaining Mixed seasona} rain forest - with few trees and grass patches remaining - with remaining broad--}eaved trees and thorn-tree serub - with more xeric thorn--scrub and grass patches remaining Cultivated areas.. The maiB types of these mainly anthropogenic grasslands, iR HainaB as well as on the adjacent Leizhou Peninsu}a of the mainland, are shown in Table 5.. Much of the low--montane area of Hainan is now covered by rubber and other plantations, as are some of the }owlands. A special feature of the Hainan rubber plantations. is the combination of rubber trees with a tea understorey (Figure 7), insuring some. eeonomic eontinuity in case the rubber trees are damaged by a typhoen. C}imatic considerations, productivity, and economics of these rubber plantatioRs on Hainan are described by Hao (1985).. Much of the remainder of lowland Halnan is now a}so covered by secendary vegetation, especia}}y scrub dominated by Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Casuarina spp. At two p}aees we took releves of mantle (edge) vegetation, as shown in Table 6. The roadside mantle near Nada is iB the region of transitition from wetter eastern Hainan to the dry climates of the. Table 5. Grassland Types of Hainan and the Leizhou Peninsula. Only the tropica} vegetation types (excluding coastal types) are listed (Guangdong Plant Research lastitute 1976). Tropical Grasslands Xeric-mesic grassland: Erentochloa ciliaris-Aristida chinensis. Xeric-mesi￠ savanna: Baechia Y}'utescens-Eriachne pallescens, with Pinus massoniana and Pinus. ihedai. Hliteropogon contorttts-Aristida chinensis, with Streblus asper and Albizzia. procera Mesic grasslands: 1. inperata cylindrica v. mojo7L(lymbopogon caesius 2. imperata cyL v. mojo7:-Cptmbopogon caesius, with Rhodomyrtus, Rapanaea,. Aporosa, Dodonaea 3. Ilschaemum aristatum-Jinperata cyl. v. mojo" with Phoenix hanceana, Ptindanus tectorius Hydric grass}and (marsh): Vletiveria nigritana. Montane grasslands: 1. inperata c3,l. v. mojor-Arundinella nepalensis, with S)a)gium, Lannea, Dillenia 2. imperata q3,l. v. mcijo7=Ar･undinella nepalensis-.llschaemum ciliare. 3. Saccharumarundinaceum-Miscanthussinensis.

(17) 91. as. wtw si-x'pt. Egure 7. Rubber Plantation with a Tea Understorey, near the southeast cDast of Hainan.. west side. The species are mainly widespread species which occur over much of East and Southeast Asla, especially I?ctssijZo･ra foetida, Riederia scandens, and Eupator'ium odo･?utum. The. coastal mantle at Tian-ya Hai--jiao (the Chinese "end of the world" on the southern coast. of Hainan) was behind large roeks affording some protection from salt spray and also shows mainly species with wide distributions in tropical and subtropical East Asia. Table 6. Two Mantle Communities from Hainan. The roadside mantle (edge eommmxity) at the left was growing atop a roadside embankment next tQ the main highway soRthwest from Nada (Dan County). The coastal mantle, at right, was growing behind protective rocks about 50 meters from the shereline at Tian-ya Hai-jiao in southernmost Hainan. Roadside mantle. Coasta} mantle at Tian-ya Hai-jiao. H: 5･5 Ptzssiflora foetida. H: 4`4 Colubrina asiatica (Rhamnac.). HL3m100% 2x4m 3'3 Saccharum arundinaceum 2'2 Paederia scandens v. tomentosa (Rubiae.). 2'2 Etrpatorium odoratum (Comp.) 1'2 Mbrremia hederacea (Colvolv.) 1･2 Fluggea virosa (Euphorbiac.) +-2 .lpomoea obscure (Convolv.) + Digitaria longijZora (Gram.) + Mdrkhamia (=Doliehandronel cauda-.felina + Achlyranthes aspera (Amaranthac.). + Celtissinensis (U}mac.>. H 2m 4x6m 100%. 3･3 Caesalpinia crista 2･2 Clerodendron inerme (Verbenac.) 2･2 Pongamia (=Millettial pinnata (Leg.) +'2 Qpuntia dillenii (Cactac.) + Coccinia cordifolia (Cucttrbitac.) (1･1) Mlelia azedarach (Meliac.) (Bignon.).

(18) 92. Conclusion. Many of the genera occurring in the forests of Hainan are the same as in other parts of southern China as we}1 as adjacent areas on the main}and of Southeast Asia (and South. Asia) and on the tropical Pacif!c islands (e.g. Taiwan, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands). As a result, forest structure en Hainan is simi}ar in some ways to these other parts of tropical and subtropical Asia. The genera are }argely different in tropical and. subtropical North America but the families are mostly the same, so there appear to be some similarities in forest structure between Hainan and even the islands of the Caribbean. and perhaps mainland areas such as south Florida and the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. The natural vegetation of Hainan is now largely gone, destroyed most}y in the last 20-30 years. Images of the original vegetation of Hainan, including the rainforests, seasonal semi-. deciduous forest, Pinus ikedai forest, mangroves, the Hleterqpogon and imperata savannas,. and the coastal thorn-scrub, can still be seen in the photographs accompanying the "Vegetation Cover of Guangdong" (Guangdong Plant Research Instiute 1976).. Aeknowledgement The authors would like to express their special thanks to Huang Si-man, director of the Jianfengling research station, and to Chang Zen-cai and Liang ZS-lian, the able local taxonomists who helped us identify the species and find their Latin names. The first two authors wou}d also like to thank Prof. Lin Ying (:PresSdent of Hainan University), who arranged our whole visit in Hainan and Prof. Zong Yi for his expert taxonomic assistance throughout the trip, Thanks alse to Lu Yang (Guangzhou) who arranged our transportation from the mainland and provided many useful ideas and helpful literature..

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