I
P r o v e r b s i n M e d i e v a l E n g l i s h Drama
Mikiko I s h i i
One o f t h e major p r o b l e m s accompanying a s t u d y o f p r o v e r b s i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e term ' p r o v e r b h a s n o t had a s p e c i f i c u s a g e . The term i s f r e q u e n t l y c o n f u s e d o r l o o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h maxim, a d a g e , o r e p i g r a m , and o f t e n c o v e r s i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s and s i m i l e s .
The d e f i n i t i o n o f The O x f o r d E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a ηis more i n c l u s i v e t h a n any o t h e r d i c t i o n a r i e s o f p r o v e r b s . I t d e f i n e s a p r o v e r b a s a s h o r t p i t h y s a y i n g i n common r e c o g n i z e d u s e , and lumps t o g e t h e r examples o f a l l s o r t s o f e x p r e s s i o n s . A c c o r d i n g t o G . L . A p p e r s o n , t h e f i r s t e d i t o r o f E η g l i s h P r o v e r b s and P r o v e r b i a l P h r a s e s : A H i s t o r i c a l D i c t i o n a η ( L o n d o n , 1 9 2 9 ) , a p r o v e r b i s a c r y s t a l i z e d summary o f p o p u l a r wisdom o r f a n c y . M. P . T i l l e y f o l l o w s Apperson and h a s i n c l u d e d p r o v e r b s , p r o v e r ‑ b i a l p h r a s e s and p r o v e r b i a l s i m i l e s w i t h o u t d e s c r i m i n a t i n g them i n h i s A D i c t i o n a r y o f t h e P r o v e r b s i n England i n t h e S i x t e e n t h and S e v e n t e e n t h C e n t u r i e s ( Ann A r b o r , 1 9 5 0 ) on t , h e b a s i s t h a t he c a n n o t f i n d any agreement on what c o n s t i t u t e s a p r o v e r b .
Joanna W i l s o n , i n t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e t h i r d e d t i t i o n o f The
O x f o r d D i c t i o n a η o f E n g l i s h P r o v e r b s ( 1 9 3 5 ; r e v i s e d , L o n d o n , 1 9 7 0 )
d e c l a r e s t h a t t h e t a s k o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f p r o v e r b s i s h o p e l e s s . B . J .
W h i t i n g , i n h i s P r o v e r b s , S e n t e n c e s , and P r o v e r b i a l P h r a s e s : From l ! , n g l z s h
W r i t i n g s M a i n l y B ゆ r e1500 ( C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . , 1 9 6 8 ) , warns o f t h e
d a n g e r o f a t t e m p t i n g t o d e f i n e p r o v e r b s .
2
言語と文化論集 No.2
I t m i g h t b e b e t t e r , i n d e e d , t o a t t e m p t no e x a c t d e f i n i t i o n o f p r o v ‑ e r b s b u t t o r e l y r a t h e r on t h e common and r e c e i v e d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f what i s l i k e l y t o be f o u n d i n a book c a l l e d a D i c t i o n a r y o f P r o v e r b s o r t h e l i k e . As an o l d hand a t c o l l e c t i n g , q u o t i n g , p a r a p h r a s i n g , and a t t e m p t i n g d e f i n i t i o n s o f p r o v e r b s , I am i n c l i n e d t o f e e l t h a t t h e r e i s l i t t l e g a i n i n g o i n g o v e r t h e o l d g r o u n d o n c e m o r e , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e no s i m p l e d e f i n i t i o n , o r e v e n s e r i e s o f s i m p l e d e f i n i t i o n s i s l i k e l y t o f i t e v e r y t h i n g f o u n d i n a c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o l l e c t i o n . ( p . x i )
He f u r t h e r s a y s , We c o u l d i n d e e d do worse t h a n a c c e p t t h i s d e f i n i ‑ t i o n t o a p o i n t by a g r e e i n g
出a tp r o v e r b s a r e o r d e r e d c o m b i n a t i o n o f w o r d s , o r w h a t e v e r o r i g i n o r a g e , which s u r v i v e d f o r a t i m e b e c a u s e o f b r e v i t y and c l e v e r n e s s , and h a s c o l l e c t e d i n h i s D i c t i o n a r y n o t o n l y t r u e p r o v e r b s b u t a l l s o r t s o f f i g u r a t i v e e x p r e s s i o n s which r e s e m b l e t h e s i m i l e , t h e m e t a p h o r , and t h e h y p e r b o l e .
T h u s , i n many c a s e s , c o l l e c t o r s o f p r o v e r b s a r e n o t o r c o u l d n o t be i n t e r e s t e d i n d i s c r i m i n a t i n g between p r o v e r b s and o t h e r s a y i n g s . A c c o r d ‑ i n g l y , t h e i r d i c t i o n a r i e s a r e v e r y c o m p r e h e n s i v e . P r o v e r b s , p r o v e r b i a l f a c t s , s e n t e n c e s , maxims, o b s e r v a t i o n s o f g e n e r a t i o n s , w a r n i n g s , a d m o n i ‑ t i o n s , g u i d e s t o c o n d u c t o r a c c u m u l a t e d w i s e s a y i n g s a r e a l l r e c o r d e d .
S i n c e a l l t h e p r o v e r b c o l l e c t o r s , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , h a v e n o t s e t up any c l e a r d e f i n i t i o n o f p r o v e r b s , i t would be w i s e t o r e l y on t h e i r u n d e r ‑ s t a n d i n g and a c c e p t a n c e and t o a c c e p t what t h e y h a v e i n c l u d e d i n t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n s .
However, t h r o u g h my i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p r o v e r b s i n m e d i e v a l E n g l i s h
d r a m a s , I have f o u n d a v e r y c l e a r , s p e c i f i c t e n d e n c y which i s s e e n
t h r o u g h o u t t h e s o c a l l e d t h e E n g l i s h C y c l e P l a y s . From t h e f o u r g r e a t
C y c l e s , n a m e l y , t h e C h e s t e r , t h e Y o r k , t h e T o w n e l e y and t h e Ludus
C o v e n t r i a e , and t h e t r u e C o v e n t r y P l a y s , we c o u l d c o l l e c t a g r e a t d e a l o f
p o p u l a r p r o v e r b s u s e d i n t h e p e r i o d s when t h e s e p l a y s were w r i t t e n and
P r o v e r b s i n M
巴d i e v a lE n g l i s h Drama
3p e r f o r m e d . The d r a m a t i c c h a r a c t e r s who u s e t h e s e p o p u l a r p r o v e r b s a r e , e x c e p t f o r a few e x a m p l e s , a l w a y s d e s c r i b e d a s i n a f a l l e n s t a t e . Some o f them a r e e v i l , some o f them a r e f o o l i s h , t h o u g h n o t e v i l . They a l s o t e n d e x t e n s i v e l y t o u s e i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , s i m i l e s a r e u s e d by b o t h g o o d , v i r t u o u s c h a r a c t e r s and bad c h a r a c t e r s .
For t h e p r e s e n t d i s c u s s i o n , t h e C o l l e c t i o n s o f p r o v e r b s , s i m i l e s and i d i o m a t i c e x p r e s s i o n s from t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e and t h e York C y c l e , which a r e p a r t i c u l a r y n o t e d f o r t h e i r e x t e n s i v e u s e o f p r o v e r b s , a r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e end o f t h e p a p e r . The e x p r e s s i o n s from t h e Towne 旬 。 c l ea r e i n C o l l e c t i o n I and t h o s e from t h e York C y c l e a r e i n C o l l e c t i o n I I . The numbers o f t h e e x p r e s s i o n s from t h e s e two C y c l e s a r e s e p a r a t e l y shown i n T a b l e I and T a b l e I I , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e numbers o f p r o v e r b s q u o t e d by W h i t i n g i n h i s D i c t i o n a r y . To s i m p l y f y t h e d i s c u s s i o n , I s h a l l c o n c e n t r a t e on t h e s a y i n g s , p a r t i c u l a r l y on p r o v e r b s and s i m i l e s from t h e T o w n e l e y
C y c l e .
The p h r a s e s and e x p r e s s i o n s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e d i f f e r e n t c a t e ‑ g o r i e s . The p r o v e r b s and p r o v e r b i a l e x p r e s s i o n s a r e i n o n e c a t e g o r y . The s i m i l e s and t h e i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s a r e shown s e p a r a t e l y . They a r e marked w i t h s p e c i a l s i g n s , 非 and * . I n t h e p r o v e r b s and p r o v e r b i a l e x p r e s s i o n s ,
some i d i o m a t i c e x p r e s s i o n s o r o a t h s a r e i n c l u d e d . Go t o t h e d e v i l o f h e l l "
( DlO ) , which i s q u o t e d a s a p r o v e r b by W h i t i n g , i s an i d i o m a t i c s w e a r i n g
i n o u r s e n s e . W h e r e a s , s u c h s a y i n g s a s Amend w h i l e you can ( A l ) may
be c a l l e d s e n t e n t i o u s w i t h a B i b l i c a l o r i g i n . P r o v e r b s a r e u s u a l l y f i g u r a ‑
t i v e i n c o n c e a l i n g a h i d d e n m e a n i n g , b u t t h i s s a y i n g i s d i r e c t i n e x p r e s s i o n
and u n e n i g m a t i c i n m e a n i n g . I n some c a s e s i t i s n o t a l w a y s e a s y t o
d i f f e r e n t i a t e between t h e p r o v e r b i a l and i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s . The t a s k o f
d i s c r i m i n a t i n g between t h e s e two e x p r e s s i o n s i s r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t . We
r e a l l y d o n o t know w h e t h e r t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y p e o p l e were b o t h e r e d w i t h
t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o r t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . Here we must be r a t h e r l i b e r a l i n
4
言語と文化論集 No.2
o u r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s . I n d e e d , a l o t o f mere i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s a r e r e c o r d e d by W h i t i n g and T i l l e y , a n d i n The O x f o r d Di
・c t i o n a η1
o f E n g l i s h P r o v e r b s . T h e r e f o r e , when I s a y p r o v e r b s , I mean t r u e p r o v ‑ e r b s , p r o v e r b i a l p h r a s e s , and o t h e r e x p r e s s i o n s which seem t o be i d i o ‑ m a t i c , b u t a r e n o t s o d i s t i n c t i v e a s a t r u l y i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e .
¥ V h i t i n g h a s c o l l e c t e d r o u g h l y 1 4 6 p r o v e r b s , p r o v e r b i a l p h r a s e s and s i m i l e s from t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e . Out o f 1 4 6 , 4 5 can s u r e l y b e c l a s s i f i e d a s s i m i l i e s . The r e s t c o u l d b e e i t h e r p r o v e r b s o r p r o v e r b i a l o r i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s and o a t h s . As I have shown on Table I & I I , I have c o l l e c t e d 2 2 4 p r o v e r b s , i n 1 5 5 i t e m s , and 6 3 s i m i l i e s i n 4 6 i t e m s , 9 2 i m p o r t a n t i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s , a l m o s t t w i c e a s many a s W h i t i n g h a s o f f e r e d . The r e a s o n why W h i t i n g h a s m i s s e d s o many p r o v e r b s w i l l g i v e u s an i m p o r t a n t c l u e how we s h o u l d c o n s t i t u t e o u r i d e a a b o u t p r o v e r b s i n m e d i e v a l d r a m a s , a s I s h a l l d i s c u s s l a t e r .
As we s e e from C o l l e c t i o n I & I I , most o f t h e p r o v e r b s and t h e p r o v e r b i a l e x p r e s s i o n s from t h e T o w n e l e y and Y o r k C y c l e s a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h p o p u l a r wisdom and c o u n s e l s which a r e e x p r s s e d t h r o u g h homely and p o p u l a r f i g u r e s and i n l a n g u a g e s i m i l a r l y homely and p o p u l a r . There a r e some e x p r e s s i o n s L a t i n a t e o r B i b l i c a l i n d i c t i o n s u c h a s To g r e e v e may n o t amend" ( G 6 ) , Mourning may n o t amend" (MS ) , Sorrow h e l p s n o t ( Sl4a ) . They m i g h t b e c l a s s i f i e d a s s e n t e n t i o u s s a y i n g s . Such s a y i n g s a s Not t o s e t a b e a n " ( B2 ) , Not t o s e t a f a r t " ( F 3 ) , Not t o s e t a f l y w i n g " ( F 9 ) , Not t o s e t a t a p i n ( P6 ) , Not worth a g r o a t " ( G7
) , Not worth a l e e k " ( L5 ) , Not worth a n e e d l e " ( N2a ) , s o u n d t o be i d i o m a t i c o a t h s e x p r e s s e d i n h o m e l y , p o p u l a r t e r m s . While , Nothing i m p o s s i b l e f o r Gods w i l l " ( N6 ) , God t u r n a l l t o g o o d " ( Tl3 ) m i g h t b e r a t h e r c a l l e d maxims. The meanings o f t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s a r e a b s t r a c t and t h e i r c o u n s e l s a r e o v b i o u s .
The most f a m i l i a r p r o v e r b s i n t h e Towneley C y c l e a r e t h o s e h a v i n g
P r o v e r b s i n M e d i e v a l E n g l i s h Drama
ラv i s u a l d e n o t a t i o n c r e a t e d o u t o f t h e e v e r y d a y l i v e s o f t h e o r d i n a r y p e o p l e s u c h a s I t i s a good j e s t t o d r i n k o f a g o u r d " ( B l O ) , To hop l i k e c o c k s i n a c r o f t " ( CS ) , One i s h o r n e d l i k e a cow ( ClO ) , To have a crow t o p u l l ( C12 ) , To d r i n k a s we brew" ( D36 ) , I t i s t o f a r t o t e l l an egg t o go ( E4 ) , To go w i t h a r i v e n h o o d " (H3 ) , To go w i t h a broken s h o e s and t o r n h o s e s " ( H6 ) , Mutton i s a good meat f o r g l u t t o n ( MlO ) , To t e a c h o n e a new p l a y o f Y u l e " (PS ) , The p o t g o e s s o l o n g t o t h e w a t e r "
( P l l ) , " T o have more tow on o n es r o c k " ( R4 ) , To claw o n es t o e s ( T7 ) and s o o n .
The more f a m i l i a r p r o v e r b s o f t h i s t y p e a r e p i t h y s a y i n g s e x p r e s s e d i n e a s i l y remembered forms i n v o l v i n g some c o n t r a s t w i t h c a u s e and e f f e c t s u c h a s F i r s t c r e e p t h e n walk" ( C l l 〕 , F a i rand s o f t men go f a r ( FZ ) , Worse p e o p l e worse l a w s " ( LZ ) , Good mending s h o r t e n d i n g ( M4 ) , A f t e r p l a y comes s o r r o w s ( P7 ) , Sorrow a t t h e p a r t i n g i f l a u g h t e r a t m e e t i n g " ( S14b ) , I l l s p u n w e f t comes o u t e v i l " ( W5 . )
The d r a m a t i c c h a r a c t e r s who p u t t h e s e p o p u l a r p r o v e r b s and p r o ‑ v e r b i a l e x p r e s s i o n s i n t h e i r mouths a r e , C a i n , Jack G a r c i o ( C a i ns s e r ‑ v a n t ) , Noah, Noahs W i f e , P h a r a o h , Mak ( S h e e p s t e a l e r ) , Maks W i f e , t h e S h e p h e r d s , G a r c i o ( t h e s e r v a n t o f t h e S h e p h e r d s ) , J o s e p h ( t h e husbnd o f Maη
r ),Herod t h e G r e a t , Herods N u n c i u s , Herods S o l d i e r s , High P r i e s t s Annas and C a i a p h a s , P i l a t e , P i l a t es C o n s u l t u s , t h e S o l d i e r s who t o r t u r e and c r u c i f y J e s u s , Froward ( t h e s e r v a n t o f t h e S o l d i e r s ) , T u t i u i l l u s t h e V i c e , Thomas, P a u l , P e t e r and L a z a r u s .
Except i n t h e c a s e o f L a z a r u s , who i s p o r t r a y e d a s t h e p r e f i g u r e o f
C h r i s t , and warns t h e a u d i e n c e by s a y i n g , Amend w h i l e you can , no o n e
i s d e s c r i b e d a s p e r f e c t o r a s f r e e from s i n . They a r e a l l i n a f a l l e n s t a t e .
The t h r e e S h e p h e r d s i n t h e A d o r a t i o n have t h e b l e s s i n g t o be t h e f i r s t t o
meet t h e C h i l d J e s u s . But b e f o r e m e e t i n g t h e C h i l d J e s u s , t h e y a r e u n c o u t h
h e r d s m e n , w i t h o u t any r e a s o n , s e n s e , o r good j u d g m e n t . As f o r Noahs
6
言語と文化論集 No.2
W i f e , a l t h o u g h n o t w i c k e d , s h e i s a paradigm o f s h r e w . She r e f u s e s t o obey h e r husband and p u t s t h e whole f a m i l y i n d i s o r d e r . Noah i s an h o n e s t man. He f i n d s f a v o u r b e f o r e God and i s c h o s e n f o r t h e New W o r l d . But e v e n h e i s f a r from p e r f e c t i o n . He i s l a c k i n g i n t h e a u t h o r i t y a s t h e head o f h i s f a m i l y and c a n n o t c o n t r o l h i s w i f e .
Some c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e P a s s i o n s e q u e n c e s , commit f o r m i d a b l e s i n s . J u d a s b e t r a y s h i s Lord and s e l l s t h e Lord t o t h e J e w s . P e t e r , a n o t h e r d i s c i p l e o f J e s u s , d e n i e s h i s Lord t h r e e t i m e s when t h e Lord was a r r e s t e d . Thomas d o e s n o t b e l i e v e t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n o f t h e Lord u n t i l h e i s e n c o u r
aged t o p u t h i s f i n g e r i n t o t h e wounds f r e s h w i t h b l o o d . These d i s c i p l e s n o t o n l y a r e u n f a i t h f u l b u t b r e a c h t h e g o o d n e s s o f f a i t h . The s o l d i e r s who t o r t u r e and c r u c i f y J e s u s a r e n o t aware o f what t h e y a r e d o i n g , b u t r a t h e r e n j o y t h e t a s k a s i f t h e y were e n g a g e d i n a p l a y .
J o s e p h , t h e husband o f Mary, i s d e s c r i b e d a s a j u s t man i n Matthhew ( 1 : 1 9 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e J o s e p h i n t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e a s w e l l a s i n t h e o t h e r C y c l e s , i s n o t h i n g b u t a s i l l y o l d f o o l . He i s d u b i o u s o f Marys c h a s t i t y when s h e c o n c e i v e s , and a b u s e s h e r f o r i t . He i s g r e a t l y t r o u b l e d a b o u t h e r and d e c i d e s t o l e a v e h e r .
Now l e t u s examine t h e c h a r a c t e r s who u s e s i m i l e s i n t h e Towneley C y c l e . As t h e s e n t e n c e s marked by t h e s p e c i a l s i g n * ( a s t e r i s k ) i n d i c a t e ,
s i m i l e s a r e u s e d by b o t h t h e good p e o p l e and t h e bad p e o p l e t o e n l i v e n t h e i r s p e e c h e s . For i n s t a n c e , As c l e a r a s c r y s t a l " ( C 1 5 ) i s u s e d by b o t h Mary and J o s e p h . P o p u l a r s i m i l e s on s t e e l , As h a r d a s any s t e e l " ( S 2 0
) , As s t a b l e a s any s t e e l " ( S20a ) , As t r u e a s any s t e e l " ( S 2 0 b ) a r e u s e d by Thomas, A n g e l , D e u s , Mak t h e T h i e f , t h e F i r s t S h e p h e r d . O t h e r p o p u l a r s i m i l e s c o n c e r n i n g s t o n e , As s t i f f a s any s t o n e " ( S 2 1 ) , As s t i l l a s any s t o n e " ( S21a ) , S t o n e ‑ s t i l l ( S21b ) , As t r u e a s any s t o n e " ( S 2 1 c
) , To s t a n d l i k e a s t o n e " ( S21d) a r e u s e d by Mary, Noah, t h e T h i r d Son
o f Noah, t h e l m p e r a t o r , t h e T h i r d S h e p h e r d , Mak, P i l a t e , J e s u s and L u k e .
P r o v e r b s i n M e d i e v a l E n g l i s h Drama
7As b r i g h t a s t h e s u n ( S 2 2 ) i s u s e d by L u c i f e r , Mary and J e s u s . As s h a r p a s a t h o r n " ( T 6 ) i s u s e d by t h e Second S h e p h e r d and Mary.
The p r o v e r b s and t h e p r o v e r b i a l c o m p a r i s o n s t e l l u s a b o u t t h e e v e r y d a y l i v e s o f t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y p e o p l e ; s e l l i n g and b u y i n g ( B l , P 9 , P l 5 ) ; d e b t s ( D 3 1 ) ; f o o d ( B 2 , B l l , B l l a , D 3 6 , D 3 7 , D 3 7 b , E 3 , L 5 , M2, M6, P 1 4 , WlO ) ; body ( B 3 , B 1 2 , D 5 , E 2 , F l , F 6 , G l , G l a , G S , N l , S 9 , T 7 , TS ) ; C h r i s t m a s game ( C 7 , PS ) ; games( B l O , Dl ) ; p o u l t r y k e e p i n g ( C 3 , C 5 , C 6 , E4 ) ; excrement ( A 2 , D l 4 , D 3 5 , F 3 , M 5 , M9,T12 ) ; c a t t l i n g and l i v e s t o c k ( C l O , L l , MlO, S l 5 ) ; weaving and sowing ( N 2 , N 2 a , R l , R 4 , T 9 , W5, Yl ) ; c h i l d r a i s i n g ( Cll ) ; f a r m i n g ( F7 ) ; c l o t h i n g ( C S , H 3 , H 6 , H 7 , H S , S 5 , S l l , T l ) ; s a i l i n g ( M l , S l , Wl2 ) ; f i s h i n g ( N3 ) ; money ( F 4 , G 7 , P 4 , P 5 , Pl6 ) ; a w a r e n e s s o f t h e t r a n s i t o r y w o r l d ( F l 2 , N 5 , P 7 , R 3 ) ; a l l u s i o n t o t h e H u e ‑ a n d ‑ c r y ( C l 4 , W l 5 ) ; n a t u r e ( C 2 , D 3 2 , M7, M7a , N 4 , S 2 2 , S 2 2 a , W2,
羽
T l 5 ) ;f l o w e r s and t r e e s ( B 7 , B S , L 4 , L 4 a , L S , T 4 , T 6 ) ; a n i m a l s , b i r d s and i n s e c t s ( B 9 , C l 2 , D 3 4 , F 9 , F l 3 , P 2 , W7 ) . S t a f f o r d b l u e " ( S l 7 ) r e c a l l s a famous p l a c e . There a r e a l o t o f s a y i n g s on women, m o s t l y a b u s i v e . S e v e r a l s a y i n g s s u c h a s Ones h o r n i s blown" (H4 ) , Horn o f c u c k o l d r y (H5 ) , " I t i s h a r d t o wive and t h r i v e " ( T 5 c ) , o r C h a s t i s e w i f es t o n g u e "
(Wll ) i m p l y unhappy r e l a t i o n s between husband and w i f e .
These e x p r e s s i o n s a r e u s u s a l l y u s e d by v i l l a i n s and w i t l e s s c h a r a c ‑ t e r s . V i l l a i n o u s t y p e s f a m i l i a r t o t h e E n g l i s h s t a g e s u c h a s C a i n , H e r o d , A n n a s , C a i a p h a s , P i l a t e , J u d a s , Mak t h e T h i e f t e n d o f t e n t o u s e t h i s t y p e o f e x p r e s s i o n s . T h e i r s p e e c h e s a r e a l s o a d o r n e d w i t h i d i o m a t i c p h r a s e s and o a t h s . Such comic c h a r a c t e r s a s Noahs W i f e , t h e S h e p h e r d s , J o s e p h , who a r e n o t e v i l b u t a r e f a l l e n , a r e a l s o p r o v e r b m o n g e r s .
T h u s , t h e p o p u l a r p r o v e r b s a r e employed t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e p e o p l e i n t h e p l a y , and t h e s i m i l e s a r e b r o u g h t i n t o e n l i v e n and t o a d o r n t h e s p e e c h e s o f b o t h t h e bad c h a r a c t e r s and t h e good c h a r a c t e r s . The drama‑
t i s t m i g h t have u n d e r s t o o d t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e p r o v e r b s and t h e
8
言語と文化論集 No.2
s i m i l e s , t h a t i s p r o v e r b i a l c o m p a r i s o n s . I f i t i s s o , t h e p r o v e r b s must be d i s t i n g u i s h e d from t h e mere p r o v e r b i a l c o m p a r i s o n s .
I n t h e i r meanings and s t y l e s p r o v e r b s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from s i m i l e s . They a r e u s u a l l y f i g u r a t i v e i n c o n c e a l i n g a h i d d e n meaning and a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h wisdom and c o u n s e l , however s h o r t and p i t h y t h e y may b e . They s h a r e w i t h o t h e r s p e c i e s o f a p h o r i s t i c e x p r e s s i o n s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , a p r o v e r b i a l c o m p a r i s o n , l i k e As b l a c k a s c o a l , o r As c l e a r a s c r y s t a l , i s j u s t d e s c r i p t i v e . I t d o e s n o t d e l i v e r any wisdom o r c o u n s e l .
The n e x t problem i s t h a t i f t h e d r a m a t i s t s were aware o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e between p r o v e r b s and s i m i l e s , t h e n why d i d t h e y p u t p r o v e r b s on t h e t o n g u e s o f o n l y t h e wicked o r f o o l i s h c h a r a c t e r s . For s i n c e t h e t i m e o f S o l o m o n , b o t h i n e v e r y d a y l i f e and i n l i t e r a t u r e , i t i s a l w a y s t h e w i s e men o r t h e r e s p e c t a b l e , e l d e r l y p e r s o n who t e a c h t h e young t h r o u g h p r o v e r b s . A c h i l d i n t h e l a t e M i d d l e Ages a s w e l l , was t a u g h t how t o f e a r G o d , how t o r e s p e c t h i s p a r e n t s and t e a c h e r , how t o eschew v i c e , how t o s p e n d money w i s e l y , how t o d e a l w i t h f r i e n d s and e v e n how t o c h o o s e a w i f e .
I n England extreme z e a l f o r p r o v e r b s was s e e n i n t h e f i f t e e n t h and t h e s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r i e s when many c o l l e c t i o n s and t r e a t i s e s o f common E n g l i s h p r o v e r b s a p p e a r e d . I t was a t i m e when t h e E n g l i s h C y c l e P l a y s were h a v i n g t h e i r h e y d a y . And t h e i n t e r e s t i n p r o v e r b s was immensely s t i m u l a t e d by t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f John Heywoods A D i a l o g u e c o n t e i n i n g t h e number
初 耳 併c to f a l l t h e ρ r o v e i
合s i n t h e E n g l i s h e t o n g u e ( 1 5 4 6 ) , A h u n d r e d E ρ i g r a m m e s ( 1 5 5 0 ) , Two Hundred E ρ 忽 rammes( 1 5 5 5 ) and A f o u r t h h u n d r e d E ρ i g r a m s ( 1 5 6 2 ) .
Heywoods D i a l o g u e i s o f p a r t i c l a r i n t e r e s t , s i n c e i t i s n o t a mere
c o l l e c t i o n o f p r o v e r b s b u t h a s a h i g h l y o r g a n i z e d n a r r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e
d e a l i n g w i t h two manners o f m a r r i a g e . I n t h i s n a r r a t i v e , an o l d man g i v e s
P r o v e r b s i n M e d i e v a l E n g l i s h Drama
9a young man a c o u n s e l a b o u t m a r r i a g e . The c o u n s e l i s t r a n s m i t t e d t h r o u g h p r o v e r b s . The most f a m i l i a r e x p r e s s i o n s which a r e e x t e n s i v e l y u s e d a r e p o p u l a r , common p r o v e r b s which have n o t L a t i n a t e o r B i b l i c a l o r i g i n s . These p r o v e r b s n o t o n l y f u r t h e r t h e n a r r a t i v e s t r u c t u r e , b u t a r e u s e d a s t h e c h i e f v e h i c l e o f t h e r i c h s a r c a s m , i r o n y and w o r d p l a y .
As I have a l r e a d y s t a t e d , i n t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e a s w e l l a s i n t h e o t h e r C y c l e s , t h o s e who a r e i n t h e h a b i t o f u s i n g p o p u l a r p r o v e r b s p r e t e n d t o be w i s e and f u l l o f wisdom and c o u n s e l , b u t t h e y do a f o o l i s h t h i n g i n t r a n s m i t t i n g a t r u t h t h r o u g h p r o v e r b s . C o n t r a r y t o t h e i r i n t e n t i o n t h e i r p r o v e r b s r e v e a l t h e i r d a m n e d , f a l l e n n a t u r e . T h e i r u s e o f p r o v e r b s i r o n ‑ c a l l y d i s c l o s e what t h e y a r e . For i n s t a n c e , i n The F i r s t Sh ψ h e r d s ' P l a y o f t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e , t h e T h i r d S h e p h e r d t e a c h e s t h e o t h e r two how t o u s e t h e i r w i t s t h r o u g h p r o v e r b s , b u t he h i m s e l f t u r n s o u t t o b e t h e g r e a t e s t f o o l o f t h e t h r e e .
Mak t h e T h i e f i n The S e c o n d S h e p h e r d s ' P l a y d i s g u i s e s h i s r e a l i t y by g r a n d i l o q u e n t l y b o a s t i n g t h a t h e i s a yoeman o f t h e k i n g and a d o r n s h i s s p e e c h e s w i t h p r o v e r b s and p r o v e r b i a l s a y i n g s . But no o n e b e l i e v e s h i s w o r d s . I n d u e c o u r s e he s t e a l s a s h e e p from t h e S h e p h e r d s and i s i n g r e a t d a n g e r o f l o s i n g h i s l i f e . The S h e p h e r d s a r e a l s o e n g a g e d i n t h e w o r d p l a y o f p r o v e r b s and a t t e m p t i n g t o d i s p l a y w i s d o m , b u t t h e y a r e a c t u a l l y n o t w i s e enough e v e n t o s e e t h r o u g h t h e t r i c k o f Mak.
The e v i l c h a r a c t e r s i n t h e P a s s i o n s e q u e n c e s a r e f r e q u e n t u s e r s o f p r o v e r b s . They j u s t i f y t h e i r c r u e l , u n r e a s o n a b l e d e e d s w i t h p r o v e r b s and w i s e s a y i n g s . However, t h e more t h e y u s e t h e p r o v e r b s , t h e more c l e a r l y t h e i r w i c k e d , e v i l n a t u r e a r e e m p h a s i z e d . T h e i r v e r b o s i t y i t s e l f r e v e a l s t h e i r d i a b o l i c a l n a t u r e .
T h u s , i n t h e C y c l e P l a y s p o p u l a r p r o v e r b s a r e u s e d t o show t h e
damned and f a l l e n q u a l i t y o f t h e bad c h a r a c t e r s . The u s e o f p r o v e r b s i s
o n e o f t h e i m p o r t a n t a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e s e p e o p l e . I n t h i s r e s p
巴c t ,t h e y a r e
IO
言語と文化論集 No.2
p o i n t e d l y c o n t r a s t e d w i t h t h e good p e o p l e who s e l d o m u t t e r a p o p u l a r p r o v e r b . When t h e d r a m a t i c c h a r a c t e r s u s e p o p u l a r p r o v e r b s , t h e c o n t e m ‑ p o r a r y a u d i e n c e m i g h t h a v e e a s i l y a s s o c i a t e d them w i t h d i a b o l i c a l p o w e r s , o r u n d e r s t o o d t h e i r f a l l e n q u a l i t y .
. T
oanna W i l s o n , i n t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n o f The O x f o r d D i c t i o n a r y o f
E n g l i s h P r o v e r b s , remarks :I n m e d i e v a l t i m e s and l a t e r t h e y ( p r o v e r b s ) were c o n s t a n t l y on mens l i p s a s a c c e p t e d w i s d o m , i n t h e s i x t e e n t h and much o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y t h e y were an e s s e n t i a l ornament i n a f a s h i o n a b l e w r i t e r o r t a l k e rs e q u i p m e n t , u n t i l from t h e end o f t h e s e v e n
t e e n t h c e n t u r y onwards t h e y d e t e r i o r a t e d i n t o ' v u l g a r s a y i n g s , o n l y f i t f o r i g n o r a n t m e n . I n view o f t h e f a c t t h a t i n t h e f i f t e e n t h c e n t u r y t h e e x t e n t C y c l e P l a y s had a l r e a d y b e e n p e r f o r m e d , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e t i m e when p r o v e r b s began t o d e t e r i o r a t e and were most commonly u t t e r e d by
i g n o r a n t men was much e a r l i e r t h a n s h e a s s u m e d .
The m e d i e v a l d r a m a t i s t s o f r e l i g i o u s p l a y s were r a r e l y i n v i t e d t o i n v e n t o r i g i n a l d r a m a t i c a c t i o n . They u s u a l l y worked w i t h a w e l l known s t o r y , and t h e i r b u s i n e s s was t o i n v e n t d i a l o g u e s and t o s h a p e t h e s t o r y i n t h e s t y l e o f d r a m a . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e d r a m a t i s t s o f t h e t h e C y c l e P l a y s were r e q u e s t e d t o t u r n t h e B i b l i c a l s t o r i e s i n t o t h e form o f p l a y and game a s V . A . K o l v e remarks i n The P l a y C a l l e d Co ψ u s C h r i s t i ( S t a n f o r d , 1 9 6 6 )
,
s i n c e t h e s e P l a y s were u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d a t a f e s t i v e s e a s o n c a l l e d C o r p u s C h r i s t i F e a s t . P o p u l a r p r o v e r b s were a v e r y u s e f u l d e v i c e f o r h e i g h t e n i n g t h e f e s t i v e s p i r i t ; a l l t h e p r o v e r b mongers i n t h e C y c l e P l a y s l e n d t h e m s e l v e s t o b e t h e o b j e c t s o f d e r i s i o n and l a u g h t e r o f t h e
、a u d i e n c e , and s u c c e e d i n p r e s e n t i n g t h e B i b l i c a l w o r l d i n p l a y and game.
I n T a b l e I I I and T a b l e I V , t h e numbers o f p r o v e r b s and s i m i l e s u s e d
i n e a c h p a g e a n t i n t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e and t h e Y o r k C y c l e i s s h o w n . As i t
i s c l e a r from t h e t a b l e s , i n t h e Towne 仰の c l e ,p l a y I I ( The K i l l i n g o f
A b e l ) , p l a y I I I ( Noah and t h e Ark ) , p l a y X I I ( The F i r s t Sh ψ h e r d γ P l a y
P r o v e r b s i n Medi
巴v a lE n g l i s h Drama
xx) ,
p l a y X I I I ( The Second S h e p h e r d
旨P l a y) , p l a y XVI ( Herod t h e G r e a t ) , p l a y XXI ( The B u ̲ 酔t i n g ) , p l a y XXX ( The J u d g m e n t ) a r e most d i s t i n c
t i v e i n t h e d e n s i t y o f p r o v e r b s . P l a y XXIII ( The Cru α i f i x i o n ) , p l a y XXIV ( The T a l e n t s ) and p l a y XXVIII (Thom α s o f I n d i a ) come n e x t . The f i r s t s i x p a g e a n t s a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e W a k e f i e l d Master
,'who l i v e d i n and n e a r W a k e f i e l d , where t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e m i g h t have b e e n w r i t t e n and p e r f o r m e d . The o t h e r f o u r p a g e a n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y , t h e p a r t s composed i n a n i n e ‑ l i n e s t a n z a , a r e e x t e n s i v e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e same d r a m a t i s t . He f a v o u r e d t h e n i n e ‑ l i n e s t a n z a t o which no e x a c t p a r a l l e l h a s b e e n f o u n d o u t s i d e t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e . The p a r t s d i s t i n g u i s h e d by him a r e t h e h i g h l y c o l l o q u i a l i d i o m and o u t s p o k e n c r i t i c i s m o f c o n t e m p o r a r y t o p i c s , a b o l d h a n d l i n g o f s e c u l r m a t e r i a l f o r c o m i c p u r p o s e s , and e x t r a o r d i n a r y s k i l l o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , t o which t h e p r o v e r b s a r e a major c o n t r i b u t i o n .
From Table I V , i t i s c l e a r t h a t p l a y X I I I ( J o s e ρh 包 T r o u b l ea b o u t M a r y ) , p l a y XXVI ( The C o n s p
仰 の1),p l a y XXIX ( C h r i s t . b e f o r e Annas and Ca 必 r p h a s) , p l a y XXX ( C h r i s t b e f o r e P i l a t e : t h e Dream o f P i l a t e
包W i j e ) , p l a y XXXI(Christ b ゆ r eHerod ) , p l a y XXXIII ( C h r i s t b ゆ r e P i l a t e : judgment ) , p l a y XXXV ( C r u c i f i x i o n ) , p l a y XXXVI ( The D e a t h o f C h r i s t ) a r e most p r o m i n e n t i n t h e f r e q u e n c y o f p r o v e r b s . Except f o r J o s e p h 云 T r o u b l e a b o u t M a r y , a l l t h e p a g e a n t s a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o o n e d r a m a t i s t c a l l e d York R e a l i s t . For t h e c r e a t i o n o f a p o w e r f u l s e n s e o f a t m o s p h e r e , and f o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t o f g r e a t e m o t i o n a l i n t e n s i t y i n d i a l o g u e , c h a r a c t e r and a c t i o n , t h e p r o v e r b s a r e e f f e c t i v e l y u s e d .
Now l e t u s t h i n k why W h i t i n g i n h i s D i c t i o n a r y h a s m i s s e d s o many
p r o v e r b s . A p r o v e r b i a l s a y i n g from t h e T o w n e l e y C y c l e , Not t o e a t any
more b r e a d " ( Blla ) i s b a s e d on t h e Ac お o ft h e A p o s t l e s ( 2 3 : 1 4 ) and i , t
i s q u o t e d by W h i t i n g . S i m i l a r e x p r e s s i o n s a r e f o u n d i n t h e same C y c l e ;
Not d r i n k any more ( D37 ) , Not t o have a r e s t any more ( R2 ) , Not
日
言語と文化論集 No.2
t o s l e e p any more ( S l O ) , a l l o f which a r e n o t r e c o r d e d by W h i t i n g . I f Not t o e a t any more b r e a d " i s r e g a r d e d a s a p r o v e r b , t h e o t h e r f o u r e x p r e s s i o n s s h o u l d a l s o be r e c o g n i z e d a s p r o v e r b s , s i n c e t h e y a r e n o t h i n g b u t t h e v e r s i o n s o f t h e f i r s t s a y i n g u t t e r e d i n e x a c t l y t h e same s t y l e and d e l i v e r i n g t h e same m e a n i n g . T h i s s o r t o f e x p r e s s i o n i s c o n s i d e r a b l y m i s s e d by W h i t i n g .
One o f t h e S h e p h e r d s o f The F i r s t S h e p h e r d s ' P l a y e x p r e s s e s h i s sorrow f o r t h e t r a n s i t o r y w o r l d , and h e s a y s , When r y c h e s i s he /Then comys p o u e r t e , h o r s ‑ m a n I a k c o p e /Walkys t h e n " ( J l , C o l l e c t i o n I ) . I t i s n o t r e c o r d e d i n W h i t i n gs Di
・c t i o n a η , b u ta s i m i l a r e x p r e s s i o n i s i n t h e D i a l o g u e by Heywood I a k o u t o f o f f i c e s h e maie byd me walke ( ! . 1 5 2 5 )
.
The s a y i n g o f t h e S h e p h e r d seems t o b e a v a r i a t i o n o f t h e p r o v e r b r e c o r d e d by Heywood.
The Second S h e p h e r d o f The Second S h e ρ h e r d s ' P l a y i s n o t e d f o r h i s c o m p l a i n t s a g a i n s t h i s s h r e w i s h w i f e . One o f h i s c o m p l a i n t s i s Had She o o n e s Wett Hyr W h y s t y l l / She c o u t h Syng c l e r e /Hyr p a t e r n o s t e r ( Pl )
. T h i s c o m p l a i n t seems t o have s o m e t h i n g t o d o w i t h a s a y i n g o f t h e young man i n t h e D i a l o g u e . He i s s t r i c k e n i n p o v e r t y . He g o e s t o s e e h i s u n c l e and a u n t t o a s k f o r t h e i r h e l p b u t i s r e f u s e d . Then b e h i n d h e r b a c k , h e s p e a k s i l l o f t h e a u n t and s a y s , P a t t r y n g t h e d i u e l s p a t e r n o s t e r t o h e r s e l f " ( 9 . ! 9 9 ) . T h i s was a p o p u l a r p r o v e r b . There was a n o t h e r p r o v e r b i a l s a y i n g c o n c e r n i n g p a t e r n o s t e r . I t i s To s a y p a t e r n o s t e r ,
which i s r e c o r d e d i n The O x f o r d E n g l i s h P r o v e r b s . The Second S h e p h e r ds s a y i n g on p a t e r n o s t e r c o u l d be a v e r s i o n o f e i t h e r t h e p r o v e r b r e c o r d e d by Heywood o r t h e p r o v e r b r e c o r d e d by The O x f o r d E n g l i s h P r o v e r b s .
L a s t l y , I t a k e up a n o t h e r example o f a s a y i n g by t h e same S h e p h e r d .
He i s p o o r b u t h a s many c h i l d r e n ; h i s w i f e c o n c e i v e s a l m o s t e v e r y y e a r .
He l a m e n t s t h e m a r i t a l s t a t e , s a y i n g , S e l y c a p y l e , o u r e hen / b o t h t o and
f r o / S h e k a k y l s ; Bot begyn s h e t o c r o k , To g r o y n e o r t o c l o k , W o i s hym
P r o v e r b s i n M e d i e v a l E n g l i s h Drama
13' o f o u r e c o k , f f o r h e i s i n t h e s h e k y l s ( C3 ) . C o n t r a r y t o h i s l a m e n t a t i o n , when a hen l a y s an e g g , t h e r e i s no o n e who i s n o t p l e a s e d w i t h i t . T h i s i s a w i d e l y r e c o g n i z e d t r u t h . And t h e r e was a p o p u l a r p r o v e r b on i t . Hen i s d e a r when s h e l a y s , l o a t h when s h e s a y s < c l u c k > . But o u r S h e p h e r d o p p o s e s t h i s i d e a ; h e i s n o t happy when h i s hen l a y s an e g g , f o r i t means t h a t he h a s t o b e a r a h e a v i e r b u r d e n , namely a l a r g e r f a m i l y . Under t h i s c i r c u m s t a n c e , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t h i s s a y i n g i s a parody o f t h e p o p u l a r s a y i n g on a h e n . He u s e s t h e same t e r m i o l o g y a s t h a t o f t h e p o p u l a r s a y i n g on a h e n , b u t t w i s t s i t s m e a n i n g .
The most d i f f i c u l t t a s k accompanying t h e p r o v e r b h u n t i n g i s t o d i s c o v e r t h e p r o v e r b s which m i g h t have been a v e r s i o n o r a parody o f a t r u e p r o v e r b . Even i f s i m i l a r p a r a l l e l s a r e f o u n d , t h e r e i s no means t o j u d g e w h e t h e r t h e y a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d o r n o t . A l l t h a t c o u l d b e s a i d i s t h a t when s a y i n g s were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n l i t e r a r y o r d r a m a t i c w o r k s , t h e a u t h o r s d i d n o t h e s i t a t e t o make c h a n g e s s u g g e s t e d by c o n t e x t , a p p l i c a ‑ t i o n , r h y m e , o r m e t e r . They went f u r t h e r t o t w i s t t h e meanings o f t h e o r i g i n a l e x p r e s s i o n s t o make t h e i r l a n g u a g e l i v e l y . What a r e i n t h e i r works m i g h t n o t be i n t h e form which t h e a u t h o r i n h e r i t e d , b u t i n t h e form which he h a s changed f o r h i s c o n v e n i e n c e .
The e d i t i o n s u s e d f o r t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r a r e The T o w n e l e y P l a y s , e d .
George England and A l f r e d W. P o l l a r d . EETS, E S 7 1 . O x f o r d : Oxford
U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 8 9 7 ; r p t . 1 9 6 3 ; The Y o r k P l a y s , e d . R i c h e r d B e a d l e .
L o n d o n : Edward A r n o l d , 1 9 8 2 .
言語と文化論集
No.2
︒ ︒ n
nu eu
− −
Aau
ed po
s a
e r
e
rhl ppc
乱YTAXCC一
e i
旦
ty
g
−a e
i a
m i
t −
−
o e
zbin e −
r d
w
l品
e l
o
− −
v T o −0・
d
Fu
− r
n e
pah
4LV
o a
s e
n
r bli
I
e m
v l
nu cu
r−
P
14
TP=I~~~ 自製呈, ed. George England ( London, EETS, 1897 ) VP=忠皇I笠主白昼X§,ed. Richard Beadle ( London, 1982 )
Heywood=主魁主並型皇旦
f
fr.9~ , ed. R. E. Habenicht ( Los Angels, 1963 ) q. llhiting= quoted in llhiting本= simi Is
ド idiomaticexpressios
you can
llhi Is thou may ( TP XXXI, 174, 181, 182, 189, 197 ) I
e
man, Al Amend whi
Lazarus; Amende the,
A 2 A s a m品n wipes his Arse
* c
冶in: Not as meki 11, grete ne smal I, as he myght wipe his ars with al I (TPII, 237‑8; cf. As a man wypyth his ars he doth nothing ellys, Whiting A194 )
Bl T o B u y 品 Bargain Mak: Ffor he might aby the bargan
272・3; cf. llhiting 842. a1352)
Nuncius;除 h巴neuerso bold byes he that bargan, Twelf thowsand fold ( TP XVI. 21‑2; Some bargains dere bought, good chepe wold be sold, Heywood. 439 )・
3 Pastor; Light chepe letherly for‑yeldys ( TP XI 11, 170司 1; q. llhiting Cl66. cl250: Heywood 439 )
2 Tortor: Lett all this bargan be 356 )
( YP
if it were told At the endyng ( TP XIII
syn all oure toyles ar before ( TP XXll.
B 2 Not worth a Bean
I Tortor; Al I is not worth a beyn (TP XXI 11, 527: q. llhiting 892. cl300; Heywood 7;35 )
( YP B 3 B 1
B 3 T o make on e s Beard
3 Miles: I had made thaym a berd ( TP XVI, 189; q. Whiting Bl 16. cl380 ) B 4 B e品r the Bell
Garcio: Ye thre bere the bel I( TP XI I, 186; q. llhiting 8230. cl303: Heywood 676: York XXVI, 195 )
Herod: Ye bere the bel ( TP XVI. 197; q. llhiting 8230) ( Y P B 4 )
UJ ρ L V
申l
− −
AH V
︒ ぺ
n M u v
内 U
q 5 4 4
.
l ll
n r
申l︵
︐A u
r
白U﹁
a
t nH
牛む
U w
︐
ρn H
VJ B h u
ρ匂
HW
nd
m引
勾al
h h
同
げv
uv
引 u
︑
B avh
u
q︐ ゐ
ι HH
内︽
U
. 且 ?
UnHv
︐ 目
︑
n u刊 ︐
n
Au
a
叩
∞
PLUW UJ
OU Hu au
OH
tm
・ ・
If−
−
司f
tl
・
d・
qA
︑ ︐
ι nH n u A
r
︐
L内dn
ku
O N
F U
口U
with body blak blo B 6 T e beat Black and Blue
Noahs ¥life: And I am bet so blo That I may not thryfe ( TP I I I, 413・4) Pi late: Beat hym blak and bloo ( TP XXI I, 126; q. ¥lhi ting 8329, only this
example )
cf . .Johannes: That high on the tre thus hyngys alone ( TP
x x
111, 345‑6 )Cleopa: Bio thou bett hym bar巴 hisbrest thou maide al I blak ( TP XXVI I, 15 ), Bete his body blo ( TP XXVI I, 30 )
( cf. YP BB.)
Proverbs in Medieval English Drama zラ
B 7 .~ o b I o w 乱 Cold B i品st
Mak; Bot I com or thay ryse els blaw巴sa cold blast ( TP XI 11, 344; q. llhiting B 341, only this example )
B S A s bright as a Blossom O且 br i e r 本Joseph;As blossom bright on bogh ( TP XV, 71; q. Whiting B376. cl350) B 9 To whet like a Boar
本3Miles; I mon whett lyke a bore ( TP XVI, 318; q. ¥lhiting B 407. 1420) BIO It is a good Bourd (jest) to drink of
a gourd
Joseph; It is an old by‑worde, It is good bowrde, for to drynk of a gowrde (TPXll,481・3;q. llhiting B475, only this example)
Bil A s ever one eats Bread
書Noahs¥life; As euer ete I brede ( TP 111, 395: see B 1 1 a ) 書Syrinus;As ete I brede ( TP IX, 182 )
書2円iles; As euer ete I breed ( TP XX, 622 )
nr
・ 叩
l
刊U可﹀︿
. ︐
のXUFhdna
P O E M J a a z
m
︐
lu
n
u h
凶
・
1 S
別
W M
&L M
n v目
内
v目申E
目 叩
. .
n H
A Hu
︐ ︐ ︑
︐ . ︑
. .
a t d de
叶μ陀剖?れ
w b t
官 目 .
e
Bluue
︽uρLWιu
+
tu
e
︐
ρ 4
且 ︑
ρし
M F
目ι
H
.
︸i nH
︽v−A
− −
b 4 i u
︑ ︐
AUCJM免ω︻Sl−
n
1 1 t
﹀nuρLVUJ inHqanu
− −
&L
K U
+U1J
Y C r I
︑
ム 白
n u − − −
a l ︾
n u ﹄
︑ ︑
︐
I e
− −み
b e
︿A
− −
FE
内合
MS
TU
FE
tιun︐
av Jh uo a h u l l
−
u
ぬ 一
h u u
Jlobe
−
4b al vT E
品 ﹁
刷 ﹁
. ︑
J
e
田 町 田
7
間ω w
m 3
4
0Ida
−D I
T
−
−
MleB
. ︐ . ︽
HV
︐
aρ白 ︑
のa
内︐
a
・
EE oa nb Lb LH cd El
﹄H
3
41pbnpapa
−
TE
︑ ︐
h H q O r f
f
− ︐ ︒ ︒
F3
・
nu
︑
IT U
−
n H q u
q︐
nio
−−
a
4b tz al vL n
a
︑ sttpl
︒ah HH aa
内av見nanruW111VA
1 3 p
臼ーロυ
B12 To h品ve brows like Bristles
宇2Pastor: She is browyd lyke a brystyll ( TP XIII, 102; q. llhiting B553 cl375 )
Cl 0 n e s o w n Chorister
I Demon: Thou art myn awne querestur= i.e., I recognize you as one of my fol lower ( TP XXX, 209 )
C2 C1oud & proud
1 Pastor: He w i II make i t as prowde a I ord as he同 re,Iii th a hede lyke a clowde ffel terd his here ( TP XII, 64・5)
Tutiui I lus; She can make it ful I prow印 刷thjapes an.d川thgynnes. hi「
hede as hy as a clowde bot no shame of hi r synnes Thai fele ( TP XXX, 262‑4: cf. As high as a cloud, Whiting C317: He that is p「叫d is often shamed. llhiting P426. cl340 )
C3 Cluck & hen
2 Pastor: Sely capyle. oure hen both to and fro She kakyls: Bot begyn she to crok, To groyne or to clok, llo is hym is of凶 recok, ff or he is in the shekyls ( TP XI 11. 67・72:cf. The hen is dear when she lays, loath when she says cluck. llhiting H342. 1450)
C4 A s black as Coal
本IDemon: Now ar同 waxenblak as any coy II ( TP I, 136; q. I/hi tingα24.
cl225 )
C5 To hop like Cocks in a croft
Froward: lie must hop and dawnse As cokys in a croft ( TP XXI, 354‑5; q. Whiting C355, only this example )
I6
言語と文化論集 No.2
C 6 First Cock o f 乱 young lad
Ma
; 主
llelnerat the fyrst cok of a yong lad, ffor to mend oure flok ( TP XIII, 387‑8; cf. Many an old cock maintains his flock but all oure eggs come from the young cock, llhiting C352. c1475; The yong cocke croweth, as he thet olde hereth, Heywood 556 )C 7 Coe k s‑comb
Caiaphas; Kyng copyn in oure game thus shat I I indew the, ffor a fatur ( TP XXI, 166‑7; cf. To wear a cockS司comb, Whiting C357; He;iwood 1764 ) C 8 To p品y one on the Cote
3 Miles; I sha! I pay thaym on the cote ( TP XVI, 326; q. Whiting C343, only this example; see T 1 )
2 Miles; I payd them on the cote ( TP XVI, 421) C 9 Counsel
Mak; Bot he nedys good counsel I That fayn wold fare weyl I, And has bot lytyl I spendyng ( TP XI 11, 275・7)
C 1 O One i s horned I i k e a C o w
Tutiuillus; She is hornyd like a kow ( TP XXX, 269; How be it lo god sendth the shrewd C叫 shorthornes, Heywood 671 )
Cll First Creep 品 目d then walk
2 Pastor; Ffyrst must vs crepe and sythen go (TP XII, IOO; q. llhiting C202. c 1443: He~wood 834 & 941 )
I Pastor; kynde wi 11 crepe where it may not go ( TP XI 11, 591‑2 ) Cl2 To have a Crow to pull
Cain; lie haue a craw to pull ( TP II, 311; q. ¥lhiting C572, first entry; Hey Heywood 1846 )
Cl3 To bear a Crown
Herod; If I bere this crowne (TP XVI, 431;q. ¥lhiting C576. cl475 ), I may do what I sha II , And bere vp my crown ( TP XV I, 476‑7 )
Cl4 Cr y ( al I us ion to hueand‑cry )
Mak: And ~ake a fowl I noyse, And cry out apon me ( TP XI 11, 429‑30; see Wl 4 )
Cl5 A s clear as Crystal
本Joseph: She is as clene as cristal I clyfe ( TP X, 308: q. ¥lhiting C588. allOO )
宇Mary:Thyn een as cristal I cl ere ( TP XXI 11, 361) ( YP C 2 )
Dl That Dance is done
Pharaoh: Ffy on hym! nay, nay, that dawnce is done ( TP VIII, 238; q.¥lhiting D9: YP XI, 225, first entry )
( YP D l )
D 2 Devil in a band
Noahs ¥life; Then may we be here the dewi 11 in a bande ( TP XI 11. 407 ; q. Whiting Dl85. only this example)
l Miles: Siche thre knyghtys had lytyl I drede To bynde the dwi 11 that we on ca II, In need ( TP XX, 632‑4 )
D 3 Devil in on e s b r a i n s