࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡽࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ ̿̿Ṛࡢࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࡢኚዌ̿̿
ᯇᾆⰧబᏊ 1㸬ࡣࡌࡵ
ࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘㸦Hamlet㸧࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘㸦Romeo and Juliet㸧ࡣࡶṚࢆ せ࡞ࢸ࣮࣐ࡍࡿࠋࡑࢀࡒࢀࢪࣕࣥࣝࡣㆶ࣐ࣟࣥࢫ␗࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡶࢩ࢙ࢡ
ࢫࣆ㸦William Shakespeare㸧ࡢᚰ῝ࡃ᰿ᕪࡋࡓṚࡢᙉ࠸㛵ᚰࢆㄽ✲ࡋࡓసရ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᚑ᮶ࡢ⣲ᮦ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊࡢ⢒➽ࡸⓏሙே≀ࢆ౫ᣐࡍࡿసရࢆせ⣲ᮦࡋ࡚◊✲ᑐ㇟ࡍ ࡿࡇࡀከࡗࡓ㸦Anders, 1904; Bullough, 1973㸧ࠋࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡢせ⣲ᮦࡣࠊࢹ࣐ࣥ ࣮ࢡࡢṔྐᐙ࣭リேࡢࢧࢡࢯ࣭ࢢ࣐ࣛࢸࢡࢫ㸦Saxo Grammaticus㸧ࡀ 1200 ᖺ㡭⦅ࢇࡔ
ࠗࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡྐ࠘㸦Gesta Danorum㸧ᡤࡢ࣒ࣞࢫࡢ≀ㄒ㸦Vita Amlethi㸧ࡀᣲࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ1514 ᖺࣛࢸࣥㄒ࡛ฟ∧ࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᚋࠊࣇࣛࣥࢯ࣭࣡ࢻ࣭࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞ㸦François de
Belleforest㸧ࡼࡗ࡚ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ⩻ヂࡉࢀࠗᝒヰ㞟࠘㸦Histoires tragiques㸧➨5 ᕳ㸦1570㸧
ࡵࡽࢀࡓ1ࠋ୍᪉ࠊ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢせ⣲ᮦࡣࠊ࣮ࢧ࣮࣭ࣈࣝࢵࢡ㸦Arthur
Brooke㸧ࡢ࣑ࠗࣟ࢘ࢫࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘㸦The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet, 1562 ᖺ㡭㸧࣒࣭࢘ࣜ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮㸦William Painter㸧ࡢࠗᝋᴦࡢᐑẊ࠘㸦The Palace of Pleasure, 1565㸧➨ 2 ᕳᡤࠕ࣓ࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢱࠖ㸦“Rhomeo and Julietta”㸧ࡀᣲࡆࡽ ࢀࡿ2ࠋ ㏆ᖺࡢ⣲ᮦ◊✲ࡣせ⣲ᮦຍ࠼࡚ࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ⮬㌟ࡢసရࡶ⣲ᮦྵࡵࡿ⪃࠼᪉ࡀ ࠶ࡿࠋࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡀㄞࢇࡔࡾ⪺࠸ࡓࡾࡋࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡇࠊᙼࡢ㛵ᚰࡢⓗࠊࡉࡽᙼࡢస ရ㢧ⴭ࡞ࢸ࣮࣐ࡸⓏሙே≀ࡸሙ㠃ᵓᡂ࡞࡚ࡀᙼࡢసရࡢᮦ※࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Skura, 2018: 226㸧ࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࡇࡢ⣲ᮦࡢ⪃࠼❧ࡕࠊ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡀࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡢ⣲ᮦ ࡋ࡚ࠊṚࡢࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡓࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢཎヰࡶཧ↷ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ㛫ࢸࢡ ࢫࢺᛶ3ࡢほⅬࡽㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ 2. ፧♩ⴿᘧࡢᑐẚ ࡲࡎࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࣑࠘ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢṚࡢࣔࢳ࣮ࣇ࠾ࡅࡿ㛫ࢸࢡࢫࢺᛶࢆ ♧ࡍࡓࡵࠊ୧⪅ࡢⴿᘧ፧♩ࡢᑐẚ⾲⌧ࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࠋ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣࢪ࢚ࣗࣜ ࢵࢺ㸦Juliet㸧ࡢ፧♩ࡢᮅࠊ፧♩ࡣⴿᘧ୍ኚࡍࡿࠋࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡢ∗ࡢᝒჃࡀ፧♩ⴿ ࡢᑐẚࡼࡗ࡚ᥥࢀࡿࠋ
All things that we ordained festival, Turn from their office to black funeral: Our instruments to melancholy bells, Our wedding cheer to a sad burial feast;
Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change; Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse; And all things change them to the contrary.
(Romeo and Juliet, 4.5.84-90; ௨ୗࠊୗ⥺ࡣ➹⪅ࡼࡿ)
ࠕ⚃࠸ࠖࡣࠕⴿᘧࠖࠊࠕ႐ࡧࡢ㡢ᴦࠖࡣࠕᘫ࠸ࡢ㚝ࠖࠊࠕ⤖፧ࡢᐗࠖࡣࠕ㏻ኪࡢᐗࠖࠊ
ࠕㆭ⨾ḷࠖࡣࠕᤂḷࠖࠊࡉࡽⰼࡀᧈࢀࡿࡢࡣࠕ᪂ᗋࠖࡽࠕஸ㧁ࠖኚࢃࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࡇࡢᑐẚࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢ࢜ࣜࢪࢼ࡛ࣝࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣈࣝࢵࢡࡢ࣑ࠗࣟ࢘ࢫࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵ ࢺ࠘ྠᵝࡢᑐẚᵓ㐀ࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
About her obsequies, to see their darling buriéd. Now is the parents' mirth quite changéd into moan, And now to sorrow is returned the joy of every one; And now the wedding weeds for mourning weeds they change, And Hymene into a dirge; -- alas! it seemeth strange: Instead of marriage gloves, now funeral gloves they have, And whom they should see marriéd, they follow to the grave. The feast that should have been of pleasure and of joy, Hath every dish and cup filled full of sorrow and annoy.
(Brooke, 2507-15) ࡇࡢࠕ፧♩ࠖࡀࠕⴿᘧࠖࠊࠕ႐ࡧࠖࡀࠕᝒࡋࡳࠖࠊࠕ፧♩ࡢ⾰ࠖࠕᡭ⿄ࠖࡀࠕ႙᭹ࠖ ࠊࠕㆭ⨾ḷࠖࡀࠕᤂḷࠖኚࡍࡿᑐẚᵓ㐀ࡣࠊ᫂ࡽࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢᙳ㡪ࡀぢ ࡚ྲྀࢀࡿࠋ ୍᪉ࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡶⴿᘧ፧♩ࡢᑐẚࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࡑࡢኚࡣⴿᘧࡽ፧♩ ㏫᪉ྥࢆྲྀࡿࠋ௨ୗࡣࢡ࣮ࣟࢹࢫ㸦Claudius㸧ࡀᅜ⋤ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡍࡿሙ㠃࡛ࠊ⋤ ࡢⴿࡘ࡙ࡃᙼ⋤ድࡢᛶᛴ࡞፧ࡀ႐ࡧᝒࡋࡳࡢᑐẚࡢ୰ᥥࢀࡿࠋ
Therefore our sometime sister, now our queen, Th’imperial jointress to this warlike state, Have we, as ’twere with a defeated joy, With one auspicious and one dropping eye, With mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage, In equal scale weighing delight and dole,
Taken to wife; (Hamlet, 1.2.8-14) ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࣑࠘ࠗࣟ࢘ࢫࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣࠊ፧♩ࡀⴿኚࢃࡿᑐ ẚࡢ࡞ፉࢆ࡞ࡃࡋࡓ∗ࡢჃࡁࡀᥥࡁฟࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊୖࡢࢡ࣮ࣟࢹࢫࡢ⛉ⓑ࡛ࡣࠕࡃࡌ
ࢀࡓ႐ࡧࠖࠕ୍᪉ࡢ┠ࡣ➗ࡳࢆࠊࡶ࠺୍᪉ࡢ┠ࡣᾦࠖࠕⴿ⚃⚟ࡢḷࠖࠕ፧♩ᤂḷࠖ
࡞ࡢ᧐╔ㄒἲࡼࡗ࡚ࠕ႐ࡧࠖࠕᝒࡋࡳࠖࡢᑐẚࡀࡰࡉࢀࡿ␗ᵝ࡞≧ἣࡀゝㄒ4ࡉ
ࡢᑐ❧ࢆ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸ࡍࡿࡇ࡛ࠊࠕጜࠖࠕ⋤ድࠖ࠸࠺ᮏ᮶࡞ࡽ୧❧ࡋ࠼࡞࠸࣮࢞ࢺ࣮ࣝࢻ 㸦Gertrude㸧ࡢ❧ሙࢆ࠶࠸ࡲ࠸ࡋࠊ᭱⤊⾜ࡢࠕጔࠖ㞟⣙ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࡢᐑ ᘐࡣࡇࡢ⋤ࡢ㞃ⶸࢆཷࡅධࢀࡿࡀࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡣཷࡅධࢀࡀࡓ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࡢᑐヰ ࡛ࡣࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡣࠊ࣮࣍ࣞࢩ࢜ࡢ⛉ⓑࡢࠕ࠾∗ୖࡢࡈⴿࠖࢆࠕẕୖࡢࡈ፧♩࡛ࠖᑐẚⓗ ཷࡅࠊ᪩ࡍࡂࡿẕࡢ፧ࡢᢈุࢆࡌࡲࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
HORATIO My lord, I came to see your father’s funeral. HAMLET I pray thee do not mock me fellow student, I think it was to see my mother’s wedding. HORATIO Indeed my lord, it followed hard upon.
HAMLET Thrift, thrift, Horatio. The funeral baked meats
Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables. (Hamlet, 1.2.176-81) ⴿ፧♩ࡢᑐẚࡣࠊ⥆ࡃࠕೝ⣙ࠊೝ⣙ࠖࠕⴿᘧ⏝ࡢࣃࡀ෭ࡓࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚፧♩ࡢ㣗༟ࢆ㣭 ࡗࡓࠖ࠸࠺⓶⫗ᒎ㛤ࡋࠊ⋤Ꮚࡢࡸࡾሙࡢ࡞࠸ᚰࢆᥥࡁฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢ፧♩ࡽⴿᘧࡢኚࢆ㌿ ࡉࡏࠊⴿᘧࡀ፧♩ኚࢃࡿ␗ᖖࡉࢆᾋࡧୖࡀࡽࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢṚࡢ ࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࢆ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣ႙ࡢယࡋࡳࡉ࠼チࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࡢᐑᘐ ࡢ␗ᖖࡉࠊࡑࡢ⫼ᚋ࠶ࡿ⋤ẅࡋࡸ㏆ぶ┦ጮ፧࡞ࡢ⭉ᩋለⴠࡀᬯ♧ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡞࠾ࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡢཎヰࡢࢧࢡࢯࡣ࣒ࣞࢫࡀ⮬ศࡢⴿᘧࡢ᭱୰ⱥᅜࡽᖐᅜࡍࡿሙ 㠃ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋṚࢇࡔᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ⋤Ꮚࡀᖐᅜࡋࠊⴿࡀ႐ࡧࡢᐗ୍ኚࡍࡿᵝࡣࠊ༢“terror melted into mirth” (Milford, 127)ゐࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞ㸦Milford,
251-53㸧ࡢྠࡌሙ㠃ࡣⴿᐗࡢᑐẚࡣ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡢ፧♩ ⴿᘧࡢᑐẚࡣࠊཎヰࡢࢧࢡࢯࡸ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛࡛ࣞࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࣈࣝࢵࢡࢆྵࡵࡓ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜ ࢵࢺ࠘⏤᮶ࡍࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 3㸬Ṛࡢែᗘ ḟࠊⓏሙே≀ࡢṚ⏕ほὀ┠ࡋࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࣑࠘ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢ㛫ࢸࢡࢫ ࢺᛶࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢᜊேࡓࡕࢆ≉ᚩ࡙ࡅࡿࡢࡣࠊṚࢆᜍࢀ࡞ ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࡇࢁࠊṚࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ឡࡢ῝ࡉࢆㄒࡿែᗘ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࠼ࡤࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜㸦Romeo㸧ࡣࠊ ᙼࡀᐙࡢ⪅ぢࡘࢀࡤẅࡉࢀ࡚ࡋࡲ࠺ࡌࡿࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ“My life were better ended by their hate, / Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love” (2.2.77-78)⟅࠼ࡿࠋࡇࡢឡࡢ ࡓࡵࡣࢆᝰࡋࡲ࡞࠸ែᗘࡣཎヰࡢࣈࣝࢵࢡ᪤ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋྠࡌሙ㠃ࡢ࣑ࣟ࢘ࢫ 㸦Romeus㸧ࡣ “always for your sake, / A sacrifice to death I would my wounded corpse betake” (505-6)ㄒࡿࠋࣃࣜࢫ㸦Paris㸧ࡢ⤖፧ࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡿࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡗ࡚ࡶṚࡢ㑅
ᢥࡇࡑࡀឡࡢド࡞ࡿࠋࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ࡛ࡣࠊࣟࣞࣥࢫ㸦Friar Lawrence㸧ࢆゼࢀࡓࢪࣗࣜ
࢚ࢵࢺࡣࠊ㔜፧ࢆ㑊ࡅࡿᡭ❧࡚ࡀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊ࡛ࢆ⤯ࡘ㸦“with this knife I’ll help it presently”(4.1.54)㸧᩿ゝࡍࡿࠋࣈࣝࢵࢡࡢࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ㸦Juliet㸧ࡶྠࡌሙ㠃࡛“The
hasty death which I desire, unto myself to reach” (2025)Ṛࡢぬᝅࢆㄒࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢṚࢆᜍࢀ࡞࠸ែᗘࢆᡴࡕࡍࡿࡢࡣ᮶ୡࢆಙࡌࡿṚ⏕ほ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⮬ᐖࡢሙ㠃࡛ࠊ࣑ࣟ ࢜ ࡢ ᚋ ࢆ ㏣ ࠾ ࠺ ࡍ ࡿ ࢩ ࢙ ࢡ ࢫ ࣆ ࡢ ࢪ ࣗ ࣜ ࢚ ࢵ ࢺ ࡣ ࠊ“To make me die with a restorative” (5.3.166)ࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢ㣧ࡳṧࡋࡓẘࠕ࠶ࡢୡ࡛᪂ࡋ࠸ࢆ࠼ࡿጁ⸆ࠖ࠸࠺ ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞ពࡅࢆࡍࡿࠋࣈࣝࢵࢡࡢࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡣࠊࡼࡾ᫂ᛌṚࡣࠕᖾࡢ⤊ࢃࡾ࡛ࠊ ᖾ⚟ࡢࡲࡕࡀ࠸ࡢ࡞࠸ࡣࡌࡲࡾࠖḼ㏄ࡍࡿ㸸“O welcome Death,” quoth she, “end of unhappiness, That also art beginning of assuréd happiness,” (2774-75)ࠋ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢪ ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢱ㸦Julietta㸧ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊṚࡣ“the end of sorrow, and beginning of felicity5” (119)
࡛࠶ࡾࠊṚᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡣ“the place of euerlasting ioy” (119)࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡣ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫᮅࡢ ♳⚏᭩♧ࡉࢀࡓṚ⏕ほ➼ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Cressy, 1997: 397㸧ࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡣࡇࢀ┦ࡍࡿ᮶ୡほࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௨ୗࡢࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡢ➨
㸱⊂ⓑࡣṚᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡢᏳࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscovered country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have
Than fly to others that we know not of? (Hamlet, 3.1.76-82) ࡇࡢ⛉ⓑࢽ࣮ࣗࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪ∧ࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢ⦅⪅ࣇࣜࢵࣉ࣭࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢬ㸦Philip Edwards㸧ࡣ“Hamlet’s phrasing echoes biblical, classical, and humanist treatments of the after-life” (2019: 153)ᵝࠎ࡞ᛮࡢΰᅾࢆㄆࡵࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ⪷᭩ࡢᙳ㡪࠸ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࣊ࣥ ࣮ࣜ8 ୡࡽ࢚ࣜࢨ࣋ࢫ 1 ୡࡲ࡛ࠊ࢝ࢺࣜࢵࢡࣉࣟࢸࢫࢱࣥࢺࡢ㛫ࢆ㌿୕㌿ࡋࡓⱥᅜ࡛ ࡣࠊᩍ⩏ࡶࠊᘧࡶࠊ♳⚏᭩ࡶᗄᗘࡶኚ᭦ࡉࢀࠊಙࡌࡿࡁࡶࡢࡀࢃࡽ࡞࠸ΰἁࡋࡓ≧ ែ࠶ࡗࡓࡣࡎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢡࣜࢫࢸ࣭ࣥࣉ࣮ࣝ㸦Poole, 2018: 696-97㸧ࡣࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ᗃ 㟋↢⊹ࡸṚᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡢ࡞ࡀᥥࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊࡇࡢ᐀ᩍⓗΰࡢ࡛ᫎ࠶ࡿㄽࡌࡿࠋ ేࡏ࡚ࠊṚࡼࡗ࡚㨦ࡶ⫗యඹ⁛ࡧࡿ࣮ࣔࢱࣜࢬ࣒㸦mortalism㸧ࡢᴫᛕࡘ࠸࡚ࠊࣉ࣮ ࣝࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢ௦ࡣ࡞ࡌࡳࡢⷧ࠸ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ㏙ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊᙜࠊⱥヂࡉ ࢀࡓࡤࡾࡢྂࡑࢀࢆぢฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋH. N. ࢙࢘ࢨ࣮ࣞࢵࢻ㸦Wethered, H. N., 2013: 57㸧ࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡣ⮬↛⌮ゎࡢከࡃࢆࣉࣜࢽ࢘ࢫ㸦Plinivs㸧㈇࠺ᣦࡍࡿࡀࠊ ࡑࡢࣉࣜࢽ࢘ࢫࡢࠗ༤≀ㄅ࠘㸦The Historie of the World㸧ࡣࣇ࣭ࣝࣔࣥ࣍ࣛࣥࢻ㸦Philemon Holland, 1552-1637㸧ࡼࡗ࡚ 1601 ᖺࠊࡕࡻ࠺ࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡀࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࢆస
ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ᮇⱥヂࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦࢙࢘ࢨ࣮ࣞࢵࢻ, 11-12㸧ࠋ➨ 7 ᕳᡤࡢࠕṚṚ
ᚋࡢ㨦ࡘ࠸࡚ࠖ㸦CHAP.LV.Of the ghosts or spirits of men departed㸧ࡣṚᚋࡢୡ⏺ࢆྰ ᐃࡍࡿ୍⠇ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ
But such is the follie and vanitie of men, that it extendeth still even to the future time, yea, and in the very time of death flattereth it selfe with fond imaginations, and dreaming of I wot not what life after this. For some attribute immortalitie to the soule: others devise a certaine transfiguration thereof. And there be againe who suppose, that the ghosts sequestred from the bodie, have sence: whereupon they do them honour and worship, making a god of him that is not so much as a man. . . . , these sweet inducements and pleasing persuasions, this foolish credulitie and light-beleefe, marreth the benefite of the best gift of Nature, to wit, Death: it doubleth besides the paine of a man that is to die, if he happen to thinke and consider what shall betide him the time to come. (Holland, 1601) ࣉࣜࢽ࢘ࢫࡣṚᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡣࠕ⮬↛ࡢせ࡞ᜨࡳ࡛࠶ࡿṚࢆᡴࡕቯࡋࠊṚ⮫ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿேࠊ ᚋࡶ᮶ࡿࡁᝒࡋࡳࡲ࡛⪃࠼࡚ᝒယࢆಸຍࡉࡏࡿࡢࡔࠖ㸦࢙࢘ࢨ࣮ࣞࢵࢻ, 17㸧᩿⨥ࡍ ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡣࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡢ➨㸱⊂ⓑࡢ㔜࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 4. ṚṚయࡢᥥ ḟṚᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡽ⌧ୡ┠ࢆྥࡅࠊ⌧ୡ࠾࠸࡚Ṛࡢ⾲㇟࡛࠶ࡿṚయࡀࡢࡼ࠺ᥥ ࢀࡓࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢཎヰࡶ㐪࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ」㞧 ࡞㛫ࢸࢡࢫࢺᛶࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢཎヰ࡛ࡣࠊࡶษࡾ้ࡲ ࢀࡓ㌟యࡢゝཬࡀ≉ᚩⓗ࡛ࠊ≉ࠊࡇࢀࡣࣔࣥࢱࢠ࣮࣭ࣗ࢟ࣕࣆࣗࣞࢵࢺ୧ᐙࡢᡓ࠸ࡢሙ 㠃㢧ⴭ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ࣓ࣟ࢜ࡣ “My frends let vs part them, for they be so flesht one vpon an other, as will all be hewed to pieces before the game be done” (95)୧ ᐙࡢᡓ࠸ࢆṆࡵࡼ࠺ࡍࡿࡀࠊᙼ⪥ࢆ㈚ࡍ⪅ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋᡓ࠸ࡢᚋࠊ⾑ࡔࡽࡅࡢᆅ㠃ࡣᅄ⫥ ࡀᩓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
they gaue no audience to Rhomeo his councel, and bent theymselues too kyll, dysmember6 and teare eche other in pieces. And the fyght was so cruell and
outragious betweene them as they which looked on, were amased to see theym endure those blowes, for the grounde was all couered with armes, legges, thighes, and bloude, . . . (95)
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࣂࣛࣂࣛゎయࡉࢀࡓ㌟యࡢᥥࡣཎヰࡢྛᡤᩓぢࡉࢀࡿࠋࣈࣝࢵࢡࡢࢪ࣮ࣗ ࢚ࣜࢵࢺࡶ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢱࡶࠊᙼዪࢆゼࢀࡓᜊேࢆᐙࡢ⪅ࡀⓎぢࡋࡓ࡞ࡽࠕษࡾ ้ࢇ࡛ࡋࡲ࠺ࠖࡌࡿࡀࠊࣈࣝࢵࢡ࡛ࡣ“What if your deadly foes, my kinsmen, saw you here? / Like lions wild, your tender parts asunder would they tear”(494-95)ࠊ࣌ࣥࢱ ࣮࡛ࡣ“Who yf they had taken would haue cut you in pieces” (88)ࠊࡶẅᐖࡣᅄ⫥ゎ యࡋ࡚ᥥࢀࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢྠࡌሙ㠃ࡣ“If they do see thee, they will murder thee” (2.2.70)⾲⌧ࡉࢀࠊᅄ⫥ゎయࡢ࣓࣮ࢪࡣᾘኻࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊཎヰ࡛ࡣ፧♩๓ኪࡢ⛎⸆ࢆ㣧ࡴ┤๓ࡢࠊሙ࡛┠ぬࡵࡿᜍᛧࢆ࠺ࡑࡢሙ㠃ᅄ⫥ ゎయ ࡢᥥ ࡀ Ⓩሙ ࡍࡿ ࠋࣈ ࣝࢵ ࢡࡢ ࢪ ࣮ࣗ ࣜ ࢚ࢵ ࢺࡣ“A thousand bodies dead have compassed her about, / And lest they will dismember her she greatly stands in doubt” (2394-95)ࠊ“dismember”࠸࠺ㄒࡼࡗ࡚ࠊሙࡢṚయࡽࡔࢆࣂࣛࣂࣛࡉࢀࡿࡇ ࢆᠱᛕࡋࠊ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢱࡶ“she thought that an hundred thousand Deathes did stande about hir, haling hir on euery side, and plucking hir in pieces,” (112) ࠊṚ⪅ ඵࡘࡁࡉࢀࡿࡇࢆᜍࢀࡿࠋ
ࡋࡋࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡣࡇࡢᜍᛧࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᙼዪࡀᜍࢀࡿࡢࡣሙ ࡛┠ぬࡵࡓࡁࠊ≬Ẽࡽࢀࠊ㐲࠸㌟ෆࡢ㦵ࢆᲨᲬࡀࢃࡾࠊ⮬ศࡢ㢌ࢆࡓࡓࡁࡿࡇ ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
O, if I wake, shall I not be distraught, Environed with all these hideous fears, And madly play with my forefathers’ joints, And pluck the mangled Tybalt from his shroud, And in this rage, with some great kinsman’s bone,
As with a club, dash out my desp’rate brains? (Romeo and Juliet, 4.3.49-54) ࡇࡢࡼ࠺ཎヰ࡛㢖⦾ぢࡽࢀࡿᅄ⫥ゎయࡢᥥࡣࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢ┦ᙜࡍࡿሙ㠃ࡽࡣ ጼࢆᾘࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡀཎヰࡣ␗࡞ࡿࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡸឡࡢୡ⏺ࢆ㐀ᙧࡋ ࡼ࠺ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡣᅄ⫥ゎయࡢ࣓࣮ࢪࢆࡃ␗࡞ࡿሙ㠃࡛ ⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡀ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢゼࢀࢆᚅࡘሙ㠃ࠊ⚃፧ḷࢆャ࠺ࡩࡉࢃࡋ࠸ ሙ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣂࣛࣂࣛ࡞ࡗࡓ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡣኪ✵ࢆᙬࡿᫍ႘࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ
Give me my Romeo, and when I shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night,
And pay no worship to the garish sun. (Romeo and Juliet, 3.2.21-25) ཎヰ࡛ࡣᡓ࠸ẅᐖࡢሙ㠃Ⓩሙࡋࡓᅄ⫥ゎయࡢᥥࡣࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ࡛ࡣリⓗ࡞ឡࡢክ ࡢ୰⨨ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡢཎヰ࡛ࡣࠊᅄ⫥ゎయࡣ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢡࣟࢮࢵࢺ࣭ࢩ࣮ࣥぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࢧ
ࢡࢯ࡛ࡣ⋤ࡢேࠊ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛࡛ࣞࡣᐓ┦ࡀࠊ࣒ࣞࢫ⋤ድࡢヰࢆ┐ࡳ⪺ࡁࡋࡼ࠺ࡋ࡚ẅ ᐖࡉࢀࡿሙ㠃࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗࡣࢧࢡࢯࡢ୍⠇࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Then he dragged him from his concealment and slew him. Then, cutting his body into morsels, he seethed it in boiling water, and flung it through the mouth of an
open sewer for the swine to eat, bestrewing the stinking mire with his hapless limbs. (Milford, 113-15)
࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞ7ࡢྠࡌሙ㠃࡛ࡶࠊྠᵝࡢᅄ⫥ゎయࡢᥥࡀぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
he cried. A rat, a rat! and presently drawing his sworde thrust it into the hangings, which done, pulled the counsellor (halfe dead) out by the heeles, made an end of killing him, and beeing slaine, cut his bodie in pieces, which he caused to be boyled, and then cast it into an open vaulte or privie, that so it mighte serve for foode to the hogges. (Milford, 207) ࡋࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࣂࣛࣂࣛࡉࢀࠊࡺ࡛ࡽࢀࠊ㇜ࡢ㣵࡞ࡿᅄ⫥ゎయࡢᥥࡣࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ ࡣཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࣏࣮࠘ࣟࢽࢫ㸦Polonius㸧ࡢṚయࢆ㣗ࡽ࠺ࡢࡣ㇜࡛ ࡣ࡞ࡃ࢘ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 5. ࢘ࢪࡢ㣗 ࢘ࢪࡀ㇟ᚩࡍࡿࡢࡣṚ⫗ࡢ⭉ᩋศゎ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௨ୗ࡛ࡣṚࢆ㇟ᚩࡍࡿ࢘ࢪࣁ࢚ࡀࠗࣟ ࣑࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛫ࢸࢡࢫࢺᛶࢆ࿊ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ᳨ウࡍࡿࠋ ࡲࡎࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡣࠊࢡ࣮ࣟࢹࢫ࣏࣮ࣟࢽࢫࡢṚయࡢ㞃ࡋሙᡤࢆᑜࡡࡽࢀࠊࠕ࢘ࢪ ࡢ㣗ࠖ8⟅࠼࡚⋤ࢆლᘝࡍࡿࠋ
CLAUDIUS Now Hamlet, where’s Polonius? HAMLET At supper.
CLAUDIUS At supper? Where?
HAMLET Not where he eats, but where a is eaten. A certain convocation of politic worms are e’en at him. Your worm is your only emperor for diet: we fat all creatures else to fat us, and we fat ourselves for maggots.9 Your fat king and your lean beggar
is but variable service, two dishes, but to one table; that’s the end. CLAUDIUS Alas, alas.
HAMLET A man may fish with the worm that hath eat of a king, and eat of the fish that hath fed of that worm.
CLAUDIUS What dost thou mean by this?
HAMLET Nothing but to show you how a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar. (Hamlet, 4.3.16-29) ࣏࣮ࣟࢽࢫࡣ㣗୰ࡔࡀࠊ㣗ࡿయࡣ࣏࣮ࣟࢽࢫ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࢘ࢪ࡛࠶ࡿࠋே㛫ࡀኴࡿ
ࡢࡣ࢘ࢪ㣗ࢃࢀࡿࡓࡵࠊ⋤ࡶஒ㣗ࡶ࢘ࢪࡢࡈ㥅㉮ࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡀࡇࡇᥥࡁฟࡍࡢࡣࠊ
ࡗࡓ㨶ࢆ㣗࠺ࠖࠊࠕ⋤ᵝࡶஒ㣗ࡢ⭡ࡢ୰ࢆ࠾㏻ࡾ࡞ࡿࠖ࠸࠺⛉ⓑࡣ➨2࣭4 ࡘᢡࡾ∧ࡢࡳ
ぢࡽࢀࡿࡶࡢࡔࡀࠊࡇࡇࡣṚࡢᖹ➼ᛶࡀ㣗≀㐃㙐ࡢᴫᛕࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡉ࡚ࠊࠕ࢘ࢪࡢ㣗ࠖࡢゝཬࡣ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢཎヰ࡛ࡣࡶྠࡌሙ㠃ࡢ
⛉ⓑⓏሙࡍࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊࣈࣝࢵࢡࡢࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡣࠊ࣑ࣟ࢘ࢫࡢṚࢆࡳࠊᙼࡀ “The dainty food of greedy worms” (2747)࡞ࡗࡓჃࡃࠋ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮ࡢࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢱࡶྠᵝ “thou shalt be the pasture of Worms” (119)ᜊேࡢṚࢆჃࡁᝒࡋࡴࠋࡋࡋࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫ ࣆࡢࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡢ⛉ⓑࠕ࢘ࢪࡢ㣗ࠖࡢゝཬࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ࡛ࡣࠊṚ ࡺࡃ࣐࣮࢟ࣗࢩ࢜㸦Mercutio㸧ࡀࣔࣥࢱࢠ࣮࣭ࣗ࢟ࣕࣆࣗࣞࢵࢺ୧ᐙࢆ࿚࠺⛉ⓑ㸦“A plague a’both your houses! / They have made worms’ meat of me” (3.1.97-98)㸧Ⓩሙࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛ ࠶ࡿࠋ ࡇࡇ࡛ὀ┠ࡋࡓ࠸ࡢࡣࠊཎヰ࡛ࡣࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢱࡢ⛉ⓑⓏሙࡋࡓࠕ࢘ࢪ ࡢ㣗ࠖࡀࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ࡛ࡣ࣐࣮࢟ࣗࢩ࢜ࡢ⛉ⓑ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡽࢀࡓⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ ཎヰࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢ≀ㄒࡢᵓ㐀ࡢ㐪࠸ᣐࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࣈࣝࢵࢡ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮࡛ࡣ୧ ᐙࡢᑐ❧ࡣᜊேࡓࡕࡢឡࡢ≀ㄒࡢ⫼ᬒ㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ࡛ࡣᜊேࡓࡕࡢឡࡢୡ ⏺୧ᐙࡢᑐ❧ࡢୡ⏺ࡣ➼ࡋࡃ୪⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡢ1 ᖥ 1 ሙࡣ୧ᐙࡢ㜚ࡽጞࡲࡾࠊᜊ ேࡓࡕࡢឡࡢ㐍ᒎ୧ᐙࡢᑐ❧ࡣࢃࡿࡀࢃࡿ⯙ྎ࡛₇ࡐࡽࢀࡿࠋឡࡢୡ⏺ᑐ❧ࡢୡ⏺ࡣ ⾲୍య࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࣐࣮࢟ࣗࢩ࢜ࢆஸࡰࡋࡓ୧ᐙࡢᑐ❧ࡣࠊឡࡢୡ⏺ࢆ⼃ࡴࠕ࢘ࢪࠖ࡞ࡾࠊ ᜊேࡓࡕࢆࡶ⁛ࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ ࡘࡲࡾࠊࠕ࢘ࢪࡢ㣗ࠖࡀ࣐࣮࢟ࣗࢩ࢜ࡢ⛉ⓑ㓄ࡉࢀࡓࡢࡣࠊ࢘ࢪ㇟ᚩࡉࢀࡿṚ ⭉ᩋࡢᴫᛕࢆᑐ❧ࡢୡ⏺␃ࡵࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࢀࢆࡅࡿࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢ⛉ⓑ ࡶࠕ࢘ࢪࠖࡸࠕࣁ࢚ࠖࡣⓏሙࡍࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣᑐ❧ࡸᡓ࠸ࡣ↓㛵ಀࡢୡ⏺ࢆᥥࡁฟࡋ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋࡴࡋࢁࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣᑐ❧ࡢୡ⏺ឡࡢୡ⏺ࢆ㩭᫂༊ูࡍࡿຠᯝࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡎࠊ ࢸ࣎ࣝࢺ㸦Tybalt㸧ẅᐖᚋࠊࣦ࢙࣮ࣟࢼ㏣ᨺࢆᐉ࿌ࡉࢀࡓ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢჃࡁࠕࣁ࢚ࠖࡀⓏሙ ࡍࡿࡀࠊࠕࣁ࢚ࠖࡀ㇟ᚩࡍࡿࡢࡣ⮬⏤ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡢⓑ࠸ᡭゐࢀࠊ၁᥋࿀ࡍࡿᖾࡏ࡛࠶ ࡿࠋ More validity, More honourable state, more courtship lives In carrion flies than Romeo; they may seize On the white wonder of dear Juliet’s hand, And steal immortal blessing from her lips, Who even in pure and vestal modesty Still blush, as thinking their own kisses sin; But Romeo may not, he is banished.
Flies may do this, but I from this must fly; They are free men, but I am banished:
ྠᵝࠊࠕṚ⚄ࠖࡸሙࡢࠕ࢘ࢪࠖ࠸ࡗࡓ᫂☜࡞Ṛࡢ㇟ᚩࡉ࠼ࡶࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢ⛉ⓑ࡛ࡣࢪࣗ
࢚ࣜࢵࢺࡢ⨾ࡋࡉࢆࡓࡓ࠼ࡿ፹࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
Ah, dear Juliet, Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believe That unsubstantial Death is amorous, And that the lean abhorred monster keeps Thee here in dark to be his paramour? For fear of that, I still will stay with thee,
And never from this palace of dim night Depart again. Here, here will I remain
With worms that are thy chambermaids; (Romeo and Juliet, 5.3.101-9)
Ṛ⚄ࡉ࠼ࡶࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡢ⨾ࡋࡉᚰዣࢃࢀࠊᙼዪࢆᬯ࠸ኪࡢᐑẊᅖ࠺ࠋ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡗ࡚ࠊ
࢘ࢪࡣࡑࡇ࡛ᙼዪ࠼ࡿࠕౝዪ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ
୍᪉ࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣࠊྠࡌᜊேࡓࡕࡢ㛵ಀゝཬࡍࡿሙ㠃࡛ࡶࠊ࢘ࢪࡣ⭉ᩋለⴠ
ࡢ㇟ᚩ࡞ࡿࠋ≬Ẽࢆ࠺ࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡣࠊ࣏࣮ࣟࢽࢫࢆლᘝࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊᙼ࢜ࣇ࣮ࣜ ࡢ㛵ಀࢆ⮯ࢃࡏࡘࡘࠊ≟ࡢṚ㧁ࢃࡃ࢘ࢪࡢ࣓࣮ࢪࢆㄒࡿࠋ
HAMLET For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion— Have you a daughter?
POLONIUS I have my lord.
HAMLET Let her not walk i’th’sun. Conception is a blessing, but as your daughter may conceive – Friend, look to’t. (Hamlet, 2.2.179-83) ࡇࡇリⓗ࡞ឡࡢ࣓࣮ࢪࡣࡳࡌࢇࡶ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡇࢁࠊኴ㝧ࡀṚ⫗࢘ࢪࢆࢃࡏࡿࡼ ࠺ࠊᜥᏊ㸦ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ㸧ࡣ࠾๓ࡢፉࢆᏎࡲࡏࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠊ࠸࠺ᙉⅯ࡞ᛶ ⓗᙜ࡚᧿ࡾ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⭉ᩋ‶ࡕࡓࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡࡢᐑᘐ࡛ࢡ࣮ࣟࢹࢫࡢ㝜ㅛᡓ࠺ ࡣࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢࡼ࠺ឡ୍㏵࡞ࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ⏕ࡁṧࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ࢘ࢪࣁ࢚ࡢᥥࡁ᪉ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊࣟ ࣑࢜ࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡢ⏕ࡁࡿୡ⏺ࡢ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿࠋ 6㸬ᅵ㑏ࡿ
ࡉ࡚ࠊ࢘ࢪࡢࡈ㥅㉮࡞ࡗࡓே㛫ࡣศゎࡉࢀᅵ㑏ࡿࠋୡグ➨3 ❶ 19 ⠇“for dust thou
art, and unto dust shalt thou return”グࡉࢀࡓࡇࡢ⪃࠼ࡣࠊࣈࣝࢵࢡࡢ࣑ࣟ࢘ࢫࡸ࣌ ࣥࢱ࣮ࡢ࣓ࣟ࢜ࡢ᭱ᮇࡢ⛉ⓑᫎࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣑ࣟ࢘ࢫࡣ“For well enough I know, this body is but clay, / Nought but a mass of sin, too frail, and subject to decay” (2680-81)ࠊ ࣓ࣟ࢜ࡶ“I acknowledge and confesse, that this body of myne is nothing else but Earth and Dust” (117)♳ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍᚐࡽࡋࡃṚࢇ࡛࠸ࡃࠋࡋࡋࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢࣟ
࣑࢜ࡣṚ㝿ࡋ࡚ࡶ♳ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋᙼࡣࡓࡔᜊேᑐࡍࡿഅീᓫᣏⓗឡࢆ୍㏵㈏ࡁ“Thus with
a kiss I die” (5.3.120)ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺཱྀ࡙ࡅࡋ࡞ࡀࡽṚࢇ࡛࠸ࡃࠋࡴࡋࢁࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ
࡛ࠕᅵ㑏ࡿ࣓࣮ࠖࢪࡀ᥀ࡾୗࡆࡽࢀࡿࡢࡣࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘࠾࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1 ᖥ 2 ሙࠊ
႙ࡢᝒࡋࡳỿࡴࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࠊẕࡀ “Do not forever with thy vailed lids / Seek for thy noble father in the dust” (1.2.70-71)ㅍࡍࡀࠊࡇࡢࠕᅵࡢ୰ồࡵࡿࠖࡇࡀࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ ࡀṚࡢᛮ⣴ࢆ῝ࡵࡿ᪉ἲ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ሙࡢሙ㠃10࡛ࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡣࠊᇼࡾࡓࡕᨺࡾฟࡉࢀࠊ㗟࡛ࡇ࡙ࢀࡿࡋࡷࢀࡇ࠺ࢆ
ぢ࡚ࠊࡑࡢ㢌㦵ࡣ⏕๓ࠊ⟇ㅛᐙ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠊᐑᘐே࡛࠶ࡗࡓᛮ࠸ࢆ㥅ࡏࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ ࠸ࡎࢀࡶࡣࠕ࢘ࢪኵேࡢࡋࡶࠖ㸦“my Lady Worm’s” (5.1.74)㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ“Lady Worm” ࡣࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡀ࢘ࢪࢆࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡢࠕౝዪࠖࢇࡔᐑᘐࡢẚ႘ࢆᙸᙿࡉࡏࡿࠋࡔࡀࠊ ྠࡌᐑᘐࡢẚ႘࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢࡑࢀࡣṚࡋ࡚࡞࠾⨾ࡋ࠸ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࢆࡓࡓ࠼ࡿࡶࡢ ࡔࡀࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛ࡣᇙⴿᚋࡣㄡ࡛ࡶ࢘ࢪ㣗ࢃࢀࡿ࠸࠺Ṛࡢᖹ➼ᛶࡢᙇ࡞ࡗ࡚ ࠸ࡿࠋ ࡉ࡚ࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡢ୍㐃ࡢࠕᅵ㑏ࡿࠖᛮ⣴ࡣࠊࣞࢡࢧࣥࢲ࣮⋤ࡢஸ㧁ࡢゝཬ࡛ࢡ ࣐ࣛࢵࢡࢫࢆ㏄࠼ࡿࠋ
HAMLET Dost thou think Alexander looked o’ this fashion i’th’earth? HORATIO E’en so.
HAMLET And smelt so? Pah! HORATIO E’en so my lord.
HAMLET To what base uses we may return, Horatio! Why may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till a find it stopping a bunghole?
HORATIO ’Twere to consider too curiously to consider so.
HAMLET No faith, not a jot, but to follow him thither with modesty enough, and likelihood to lead it, as thus: Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returneth to dust, the dust is earth, of earth we make loam, and why of that roam whereto he was converted might they not stop a beer-barrel?
(Hamlet, 5.1.167-79) ࡇࡇ࡛ࣞࢡࢧࣥࢲ࣮ࡢஸ㧁ࡣᅵ㑏ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᅵࡣ⢓ᅵ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢ⢓ᅵ࡛㓇ᶡࡢ ᰦࡀసࡽࢀࡿࠋ࣮࣍ࣞࢩ࢜ࡀࠕ⪃࠼㐣ࡂࠖホࡍࡿࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡣᐈほⓗṚࢆࡽ࠼ ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ 7㸬⤖ࡧ ࡇࡢሙ㠃ࡢ┤ᚋࠊ࢜ࣇ࣮ࣜࡢⴿ࡛ࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡣᴟࡵ࡚ಶேⓗ࡞Ṛྥࡁྜ࠺ࡇࢆ ᙉ࠸ࡽࢀࡿࠋ࢜ࣇ࣮ࣜࡢ㣕ࡧ㎸ࡴࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࠊឡࡢࡓࡵṚᛴࡄ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢ∦㫣 ࢆぢฟࡍࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡼ࠺ࠋࡋࡋࠊࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡀ㣕ࡧ㎸ࡴࡢࡣࡲ࡛࡛ࠊ࣑ࣟ࢜ࡢࡼ࠺Ṛ ࡠࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡣ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡣ␗࡞ࡿṚࡀ
ᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡉ࡚ࠊࡇࡇࡲ࡛ࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘࠾ࡅࡿṚࡢࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࡢ⣲ᮦࡋ ࡚࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡑࡢཎヰࢆᤊ࠼ࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ẚ㍑᳨ウࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ࣑ࠗࣟ ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘࠾ࡅࡿ፧♩ⴿࡢᑐẚࡣࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣ㌿ࡉࢀ⋤ድࡢ፧ ࡢ㠀㞴࡞ࡾࠊ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡑࡢཎヰ♧ࡉࢀࡓ⫯ᐃⓗ࡞᮶ୡほࡣࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞ ࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣṚᚋࡢୡ⏺ࡢᏳ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࢧࢡࢯࡸ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞࠊࣈࣝ ࢵࢡࡸ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮࠾࠸࡚Ṛᡓ࠸ࡢሙ㠃ࡁࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓᅄ⫥ゎయࡢᥥࡣࠊࢩ࢙ࢡ ࢫࣆࡢ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺࡀ࣑ࣟ࢜ࢆᚅࡘሙ㠃࡛ឡࡢክ࡞ࡾࠊ ࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࡣᅄ⫥ゎయࡢᥥࡑࡢࡶࡢࡀᾘ⁛ࡋࠊ࢘ࢪࡼࡿศゎ⨨ࡁ࠼ࡽࢀࡓࠋ ࡇࢀࡽࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘࠾ࡅࡿ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢṚࡢࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࡢኚዌࡣࠊࣁ࣒ ࣞࢵࢺࡀṚࡣ࡞⌮ゎࡋࡼ࠺ດࡵࡿ㐣⛬㔜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡣࠗࣁ࣒ࣞ ࢵࢺ࠘࠾࠸࡚࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢṚࡢࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࢆ⏝ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊឡࡸࡋࡳࡢ ࡓࡵṚᛴࡄⱝ⪅ࡓࡕࡣᑐ↷ⓗ࡞ࠊṚࡣఱᛮ࠸ᝎࡳࠊṚࡢពࢆၥ࠸⥆ࡅࡿࣁ࣒ࣞ ࢵࢺࢆ㐀ᙧࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ὀ ᮏ✏ࡣ᪥ᮏⱥᩥᏛ୰ᅜᅄᅜᨭ㒊➨ 72 ᅇ࠾ࡅࡿཱྀ㢌Ⓨ⾲ࠕ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ ࡽࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘̿Ṛࡢࣔࢳ࣮ࣇࡢኚዌ̿ࠖຍ➹࣭ಟṇࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮏᩥ୰ࡢࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࠊࣈࣝࢵࢡࠊ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ⪷᭩ࡢᘬ⏝ࡣཧ⪃ᩥ⊩ᣲࡆࡓࢸࢡࢫ ࢺᣐࡿࠋࢧࢡࢯ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞࡢᘬ⏝ࡣࠊࡶ࣑ࣝࣇ࢛࣮ࢻ⦅ࠗࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢᮦ※࠘ 㸦1926㸧ᡤࡢࠊ1514 ᖺࡢࣛࢸࣥㄒ∧ࢆࣦ࣮࣭࢚࢜ࣜࣝࢺࣥ㸦Oliver Elton, 1894㸧ࡀⱥ ヂࡋࡓࡶࡢ1608 ᖺࡢ⩻ヂ⪅ヲࡢThe Hystorie of Hambletᣐࡿࠋ
1 ࡇࡢⱥヂThe Hystorie of Hambletࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ேẼ࠶ࡸࡗ࡚ ⱥヂࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦Bullough, 11㸧ࠋ
2 ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ࡢཎヰࡣ 15 ୡ⣖ࢱࣜࡢࣝࢪ࣭ࢲ࣭࣏ࣝࢺ㸦Luigi da Porte㸧 ࡲ࡛ࡉࡢࡰࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊ࣐ࢸ࣭࢜ࣂࣥࢹࣟ㸦Matteo Bandello㸧ࡢࠗ≀ㄒ㞟࠘ 㸦Novelle, 1554㸧ࡢ➨ 2 ᕳ“Romeo e Giulietta”ࡋ࡚ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡉࡽࠊࣆ࢚࣮࣭ࣝ࣎ ࢚ࢫࢸࣗ࢜㸦Pierre Boisteau㸧ࡼࡗ࡚ㄒヂࡉࢀࠊ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞࡢࠗᝒヰ㞟࠘➨ 1 ᕳ㸦1559㸧 ࡶࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋࠊࡇࢀࡽࢆࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡀㄞࢇࡔ☜ドࡣ࡞࠸㸦Evans, 2003: 6-7㸧ࠋ 3 㛫ࢸࢡࢫࢺᛶࡢᐃ⩏ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Miola㸦2004㸧ࢆཧ↷ࠋ 4 ᧐╔ㄒἲຍ࠼ࠊ㡢ࡢ㢮ఝࡶᝒ႐ࡢቃ⏺ࢆࡰࡍຠᯝࡀ࠶ࡿ㸦Garber, 2004: 482㸧ࠋ 5 “felicity”࠸࠺ㄒࡣࠊࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆ࡛ࡣ 2 ࡋ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡢ 1 ࡣࠗࣁ࣒ ࣞࢵࢺ࡛࠘ࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺࡀ࣮࣍ࣞࢩ࢜ࡢ⮬ṚࢆṆࡵࡿሙ㠃ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ 6 “dismember”ࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢ➨ 1࣭2 ࡘᢡࡾ∧࡛ࡣ 2 ᅇࡋ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡽࡎࠊࠗࢪࣙ ࣥ⋤࠘㸦King John㸧ࠗࢪࣗࣜࢫ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢨ࣮࠘㸦Julius Caesar㸧ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋࠗࢪࣗࣜࢫ࣭
ࢩ࣮ࢨ࣮࠘ࡣᅄ⫥ゎయࡢㄒᙡ⁄ࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ࡣࡃ␗࡞ࡿ≉ᚩࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
㸦ᯇᾆ, 2016㸧ࠋ
7 ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞࡣࠊ➨ 1 ❶ࡢ᭩ࡁฟࡋࠊ≀ㄒࡢ⯙ྎࡀ࢟ࣜࢫࢺᩍ௨๓ࡢࢹ࣐࣮ࣥࢡ࡛࠶ࡿࡓ ࡵࠊேࡣ㔝⻅ࠊ㠀ᩥ᫂ⓗ࡛ࠊ⋤ࡣṧᚸ࡛࠶ࡿㄞ⪅᩿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦Milford, 179㸧ࠋ
8 ࠕ࢘ࢪࡢ㣗ࠖࡣࠊ1521 ᖺ Worms ࡢ⏫࡛㛤ദࡉࢀࡓ“the Diet of Worms”ࡢᬯ♧
ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ㆟࡛࣐ࣝࢸ࣭ࣥࣝࢱ࣮ࡀ␗➃ࡉࢀࡓ㸦Hassel, 2005: 398-99㸧ࠋ
9 “maggot”࠸࠺ㄒࡣ➨ 1࣭2 ࡘᢡࡾ∧࡛ࡣ 4 ࡢࡳ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ 2 ࡀࠗࣁ ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ぢࡽࢀࡿࠋ
10 ሙࡢሙ㠃ࡣࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢస࡛ࠊࢧࢡࢯࡸ࣋ࣝࣇ࢛ࣞࡣぢࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩
Anders, H. R. D. Shakespeare’s Books: A Dissertation on Shakespeare’s Reading and the Immediate Sources of his Works. Berlin: Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, 1904. Bible. King James version. http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/8001/pg8001-images.html Brooke, Arthur. The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet, 1562.
http://www.canadianshakespeares.ca/folio/Sources/romeusandjuliet.pdf#search=%27 Arther+Brooke+Romeo+and+Juliet%27
Bullough, Geoffery. Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare, Volume VII Major Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. London: Routledge, 1973.
Cressy, David. Birth, Marriage, and Death: Ritual, Religion, and the Life-Cycle in Tudor and Stuart England. Oxford: OUP, 1997.
Garber, Marjorie. Shakespeare After All. New York: Anchor Books, 2004.
Hassel, R. Chris, Jr. Shakespeare’s Religious Language: A Dictionary. London and New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2005.
Milford, Humphrey. The Sources of Hamlet: With Essay on the Legend by Sir Israel Gollancz. London: OUP, 1926.
Miola, Robert S. “Seven Types of Intertextuality” in Michele Marrapodi, ed. Shakespeare, Italy and Intertextuality. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2004.
Painter, William. The Palace of Pleasure: Elizabethan Versions of Italian and French Novels From Boccaccio, Bandello, Cinthio, Straparola, Queen Margaret of Navarre, and Others, Volume 3, Joseph Jacobs, ed. London: David Nutt in the Strand, 1891. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/34840/34840-h/34840-h.htm
Plinivs Secvndvs, C. The Historie of the World: Commonly called, the Natvrall Historie of c. Plinivs Secvndvs. Translated into English by Philemon Holland Doctor of Physicke. London: Adam Islip, 1601.
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/index.html
Poole, Kristen. “Theater and Religion” in Bruce R. Smith, ed. The Cambridge Guide to the Worlds of Shakespeare: Shakespeare’s World, 1500-1660, Volume I. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, third edition. Philip Edwards, ed. Heather Hirschfeld, rev. Cambridge: CUP, 2019.
Skura, Meredith. “Multiple Materials and Motives in Two Gentlemen of Verona” in Dennis Austin Britton, and Melissa Walter, eds., Rethinking Shakespeare Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies. New York and London: Routledge, 2018. ࣈࣝࢵࢡࠊ࣮ࢧ࣮ ࣑ࠗࣟ࢘ࢫࢪ࣮࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ᕝ᜶ヂࠊᫍᇽࠊ1979. ᯇᾆⰧబᏊ ࠕࠗࢪࣗࣜࢫ࣭ࢩ࣮ࢨ࣮࠘࠾ࡅࡿゎయ㒊ศࡢࡲ࡞ࡊࡋࠖ ⇃㇂ḟ⣫࣭ᯇ ᾆ㞝⦅ⴭࠗࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࡢసရ◊✲̿̿ᡙ᭤ࠊリ㡢ᴦ࠘ⱥᐆ♫ࠊ2016. ࣌ࣥࢱ࣮ࠊ࣒࢘ࣜ ࠗᝋᴦࡢᐑẊ࣓̿ࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢱࠊࢼࣝ࣎ࣥࢾࡢࢪࣞࢵࢱࠊ ̿࠘⩚ከ㔝ṇ⨾ヂࠊⱥᐆ♫ࠊ2012. ࢩ࢙ࢡࢫࣆࠊ࣒࢘ࣜ ࠗࣁ࣒ࣞࢵࢺ࠘ᑠ⏣ᓥ㞝ᚿヂࠊⓑỈ♫ࠊ1983. ___. ࣑ࠗࣟ࢜ࢪ࢚ࣗࣜࢵࢺ࠘ᑠ⏣ᓥ㞝ᚿヂࠊⓑỈ♫ࠊ1983㸬 ࢙࢘ࢨ࣮ࣞࢵࢻࠊH. N. ࠗྂ௦ࡢ࠸ࡊ࡞࠸ ࣉࣜࢽ࢘ࢫࡢ༤≀ㄅ࠘㸺⦰ๅ∧㸼ูᕳ㸯㸬୰ 㔝㔛⨾ヂࠊ㞝ᒣ㛶ࠊ2013㸬
