The Impact of Urban Renewal on the Black Community : Chicago’s West Side in the Mid-Twentieth Century

巻 2

ページ 41‑72

発行年 2011‑12

URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1092/00000549/

都市再開発の黒人コミュニティへの衝撃 

−20 世紀中葉のシカゴ、ウエスト・サイド−  

ᱞ੗ ኡ

The Impact of Urban Renewal on the Black Community : Chicago’s West Side in the Mid-Twentieth Century

TAKEI Hiroshi

ⷐ ᣦ

ᧄ⺰ᢥߪޔ 1940 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 50 ᐕઍߩࠕࡔ࡝ࠞวⴐ࿖ߩࠪࠞࠧߦὶὐࠍᒰߡޔ

╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡ㤥ੱዬ૑඙߇ⷙቯߐࠇޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮

ࠨࠗ࠼ߦᣂߚߥ㤥ੱࠥ࠶࠻࡯߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߡ޿ߊㆊ⒟ࠍ⠨ኤߔࠆߎߣࠍ⋡⊛ߣ ߔࠆޕ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪޔౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡ⒖ォߒߡ߈ ߚ㤥ੱ߿ධㇱ㤥ੱߥߤ߇ᷙวߒߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᒻᚑߒߡ޿ߚޕ߹ߚޔߎߩ

ᤨᦼߦᣂߒߊណ↪ߐࠇߚ㜞ጀ૑ቛߣ޿߁ᑪ▽ࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߪޔߘߩᓟߦᄙߊߩ౏

༡૑ቛߢ↪޿ࠄࠇޔ㤥ੱ⽺࿎ጀߩ㓸ਛࠍ᜗޿ߡߒ߹ߞߚޕᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪޔ 20 ਎

♿ਛ⪲ߩㇺᏒߩ⴮ㅌࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆ㓙ߦߪޔ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߩォ឵ޔ㇠ᄖൻޔߘߒߡㇺ Ꮢౣ㐿⊒ߣ޿߁ 3 ߟߩⷐ⚛ࠍ㑐ㅪߐߖߡಽᨆߔࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ⺰ߓࠆޕ

␹↰ᄖ⺆ᄢቇ㕖Ᏹൕ⻠Ꮷ Part-time Lecturer, Kanda University of International Studies.

Abstract

This article examines the ways in which postwar urban renewal contributed to the emergence of new black ghettos in the West Side of Chicago from the 1940s to the 1950s. The black community in the West Side consisted of African American migrants from the South as well as African American residents displaced by urban renewal. The “high rise” architectural style, first introduced to the West Side and later adopted in other public housing projects, triggered the concentration of poor African Americans in public housings. This article demonstrates that the mid-twentieth century urban decay occurred in the interrelationship between the transformation of industrial structure, suburbanization, and urban renewal.

1 ߪߓ߼ߦ

ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞวⴐ࿖ᄢ⛔㗔࡝ࡦ࠼ࡦ࡮ B ࡮࡚ࠫࡦ࠰ࡦߪޔ 1964 ᐕߩ৻⥸ᢎᦠṶ

⺑ߩਛߢ⽺࿎߇ో࿖⊛ߥ໧㗴ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔߎߩ໧㗴ߦኻಣߔࠆߚ߼ߦޟ⽺

࿎ߣߩ㑵޿䋨 War on Poverty

ޕ 1950 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄౣᵈ⋡

ߐࠇߡ޿ߊߎߩ⽺࿎ߣߪޔ⵾ㅧᬺߦ߅ߌࠆᯏ᪾ൻߩଦㅴ߿↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻޔ

㇠ᄖൻߦ઻߁ੱญ⒖േߦࠃࠆ⊕ੱੱญߩㇺᏒ߆ࠄߩᵹ಴ޔ෼౉㈩ಽߩᩰᏅ᜛

ᄢߥߤ᭽ޘߥ␠ળ⊛࡮⚻ᷣ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߣ㑐ㅪߐߖߥ߇ࠄ⺑᣿ߐࠇߚ

ޕ⽺࿎໧

1) Lyndon B. Johnson, “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, January 8, 1964,”

<http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?documentprint=1379> (2009ᐕ6᦬8ᣣ).

2) William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II, 4^th ed. (New York:

Oxford University Press, 1999), 236-243; James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle against Poverty in the Twentieth Century ([1981] Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 97-121; Howard Brick, Age of Contradiction: American Thought and Culture in the 1960s (New York: Twayne, 1998), 1-22; Thomas J. Sugrue, “The Structures of Urban Poverty: The Reorganization of Space and Work in Three Periods of American History,” in The ‘Underclass’ Debate: View from History, ed. Michael B. Katz (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 85-117; ࿯ደ๺ઍޟޡ⽺࿎ߣߩ

㗴ࠍ߼ߋࠆߎߩᤨᦼߩ⸒⺑ߦ߅޿ߡ․ᓽ⊛ߥߎߣߪޔㇺᏒߩ⨹ᑄߣੱ⒳໧㗴 ߇৻૕ߣߥߞߡ⺆ࠄࠇߚὐߦ޽ࠆޕ․ߦㇺᏒㇱߦ߅ߌࠆ㤥ੱߩഠᖡߥ↢ᵴⅣ Ⴚߪޔ 1960 ᐕઍਛ㗃એ㒠ߦో࿖ߢ㗫⊒ߒߚㇺᏒ᥸േߣ߽㊀ߨߡ⺑᣿ߐࠇߚ

ޕ

20 ਎♿ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߦ߅ߌࠆㇺᏒߩ⴮ㅌߩ⿠Ḯࠍ 1940 ᐕઍߦ᳞߼ޔߘߩේ࿃

ࠍ⣕Ꮏᬺൻߦࠃࠆ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߩォ឵ߣੱ⒳Ꮕ೎߇⚿วߐࠇߡޔ 1960 ᐕઍᓟඨߦ

῜⊒ߒߚߣᜰ៰ߒߚߩ߇ޔർㇱㇺᏒ࠺࠻ࡠࠗ࠻ࠍᬌ⸛ߒߚ࠻࡯ࡑࠬ࡮ࠬࠣ࡞

࡯ߢ޽ࠆ

ޕࠬࠣ࡞࡯ߩߎߩᜰ៰ߪޔ 1990 ᐕઍᓟඨએ㒠ޔㇺᏒ⎇ⓥ߿ੱ⒳㑐 ଥผߦᄙᄢߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ޔߘߩᓟߩ⎇ⓥߪᓐߩℂ⺰ࠍ৻ߟߩゲߣߒߡㅴࠎߢ

޿ࠆߣ߽⸒߃ࠆޕߒ߆ߒߥ߇ࠄޔㇺᏒߩ⽺࿎໧㗴ߩ⢛᥊ߦߪޔ 1960 ᐕઍਛ㗃 ߩ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻ߿㇠ᄖൻએᄖߩⷐ࿃ߪ⠨߃ࠄࠇߥ޿ߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕࠬࠣ࡞࡯

ߩ⎇ⓥߢਇ⿷ߒߡ޿ࠆⷞὐࠍ޽߃ߡ޽ߍࠆߣߔࠇ߫ޔㅪ㇌᡽ᐭ߿࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭߥ ߤߩ౏⊛ᮭജ߇ㇺᏒ໧㗴ߣߤࠇ߶ߤ㑐ଥߒߡߊࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ⷞὐߢ޽ࠆޕࠬ

ࠣ࡞࡯ߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ౏༡૑ቛߦ㑐ߔࠆ⠨ኤߪ޽ࠆ߽ߩߩޔ࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭߣㅪ㇌᡽ᐭ ߇ 1940 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄㇺᏒߩᓳ⥝ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߡⴕߞߚㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦ㑐ߔࠆᬌ⸛

ߪޔ߶ߣࠎߤߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕߎߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦߤࠇ߶ߤ ߩᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ

ᚢᓟߩੱ⒳㑐ଥߦㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒߇ਈ߃ߚᓇ㗀ߪᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥߢᜰ៰ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ

㑵޿ޢߣࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⚵❱ߩ⊒ዷ㧙1960 ᐕઍᓟඨߩࡠࠨࡦ࠯࡞ࠬߩ੐଀ࠍਛᔃߦ㧙ޠޡࠕ ࡔ࡝ࠞผ⎇ⓥޢ24ภ㧔2001ᐕ㧕㧦51́68㗁ޕ

3) ޟ⽺࿎ߩౣ⊒⷗ޠߦߟ޿ߡߪએਅࠍෳᾖޕ࿯ደޔ೨ឝ⺰ᢥ㧧࠙ࠖ࡝ࠕࡓ࡮J࡮࠙ࠖ࡞࠰ࡦ ޡࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩࠕࡦ࠳࡯ࠢ࡜ࠬ㧙ᧄᒰߦਇ೑ߥ┙႐ߦ߅߆ࠇߚੱޘ㧙ޢ㧔㕍ᧁ⑲↵⋙⸶ޔ᣿

⍹ᦠᐫޔ1999ᐕ㧕ޔ275-315㗁㧧Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1962). ࡂ࡝ࡦ࠻ࡦߩ⪺ᦠߪޔᒰᤨߩࠕࡔ࡝ࠞ␠ળߩ⽺࿎໧㗴 ߦኻߔࠆ㑐ᔃࠍ㓸߼ޔࠤࡀ࠺ࠖᄢ⛔㗔ߦ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚޕ

4) Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).ާᎹፉᱜ᮸⸶ޡࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩㇺᏒෂᯏߣޟࠕࡦ࠳

࡯ࠢ࡜ࠬޠ㧙⥄േゞㇺᏒ࠺࠻ࡠࠗ࠻ߩᚢᓟผ㧙ޢ㧔᣿⍹ᦠᐫޔ2002ᐕ㧕ޕި

వⴕ⎇ⓥߣߒߡߪޔㇺᏒ᡽╷ߦᵈ⋡ߒߚࡂ࡯ࠪࡘߣࡕ࡯࡞ߩ⎇ⓥ߿࠻࡯ࡑࠬ

ߣ࡝࠶࠷࠼࡯ࡈ߇✬㓸ߒߚㇺᏒ⸘↹ߣ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ㑐ଥࠍ⠨ኤߒߚ੐

଀⎇ⓥߥߤ߇޽ࠆ߇ޔᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ߇ㇺᏒ᡽╷ߦ㊀ὐࠍ⟎޿ߡ߅ࠅޔታ㓙ߦⴕ ࠊࠇߚㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ࠍជࠅਅߍߡಽᨆߒߚ߽ߩߪዋߥ޿ޕ࠮࡞ࡈߩࠞ࡝ࡈࠜ࡞

࠾ࠕᎺࠝ࡯ࠢ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩ⎇ⓥߪޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠝ࡯ࠢ࡜ࡦ࠼ߩౣ㐿⊒ߦߟ޿ߡ⸒

෸ߒߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔᓐߩਥ⌒ߪᚢᓟߩ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߿㤥ੱߩ␠ળㆇേࠍ╙ੑ

ᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߩࠃࠅᐢ޿ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩ᡽ᴦ⊛࡮⚻ᷣ⊛ᄌൻߣធวߐߖࠆߎߣߦ

޽ࠆ

ޕߎࠇߦኻߒߡᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒߇޿߆ߥࠆㆊ⒟ࠍ⚻ߡ㐿ᆎߐ ࠇޔߘࠇ߇㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦߤߩࠃ߁ߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߚߩ߆ࠍᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣ ߢޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߩታᘒߦㄼࠅߚ޿ޕߘߩ႐วޔㅪ㇌᡽ᐭ߿࿾ᣇ᡽ᐭ߇ߤߩࠃ ߁ߥ┙႐ߢㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߣ޿߁੐ᬺߦ੺౉ߒߚߩ߆ࠍޔ᭽ޘߥ┙႐ߩേะࠍౕ

૕⊛ߥ੐଀ࠍ޽ߍߥ߇ࠄ┙૕⊛ߦᬌ⸛ߔࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡߊࠆޕ

ߘߎߢᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪޔ 1940 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 50 ᐕઍߩࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩർㇱㇺᏒࠪࠞࠧߦ ὶὐࠍᒰߡޔ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡ㤥ੱዬ૑඙߇ⷙቯߐࠇޔ

࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߦᣂߚߥ㤥ੱࠥ࠶࠻࡯߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߡ޿ߊㆊ⒟ࠍ⠨ኤߒߚ޿ޕ

5) Arnold R. Hirsch and Raymond A. Mohl, eds., Urban Policy in Twentieth-Century America (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1993); June Manning Thomas and Marsha Ritzdorf, eds., Urban Planning and the African American Community: In the Shadows (Thousand Oaks:

Sage Publications, 1997); Robert O. Self, American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005). ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ࠹ࠖ࡯ࡈࠜ࡯࠼

ߩవ㚟⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߪᄢ߈ߥᵹࠇࠍឭ␜ߒߡߊࠇࠆ߇ޔߘߎߢߪੱ⒳㑐ଥߦߟ޿ߡߪ߶ߣࠎߤ

⸒෸ߐࠇߡ޿ߥ޿ޕ߹ߚޔࠝ࡯ࠨ࡯ߩࡏ࡞࠹ࠖࡕࠕ߿ࠣ࡟ࠧ࡝࡯ߩ࠾ࡘ࡯࡛࡯ࠢߩ⎇ⓥߩ ਛߢޔౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆ㤥ੱߩᒝ೙⒖ォߦߟ޿ߡ⸒෸ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔ⹦⚦ߦᬌ⸛ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽

ߩߢߪߥ޿ޕJon C. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990); W. Edward Orser, Blockbusting in Baltimore: The Edmondson Village Story (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994); Steven Gregory, Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1998).

ࠪࠞࠧߪߘߩᓟߩో࿖⊛ߥㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߩࡕ࠺࡞ߣߥߞߚ㊀ⷐߥㇺᏒߢ޽ࠆ߇ޔ ߎࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥߢߪ࿶ୟ⊛ߦࠪࠞࠧߩࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼߇ᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ߈ߚޕ╙

ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߩࠪࠞࠧߩ㤥ੱࠥ࠶࠻࡯ߦᵈ⋡ߒߚࡂ࡯ࠪࡘߩ⎇ⓥߢ߽ࠨ࠙

ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼߇ኻ⽎ߣߥߞߡ߅ࠅޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߦߟ޿ߡߪ⼏⺰ߩᨒ⚵ߺ ߆ࠄᄖࠇߡ޿ࠆ

ޕߒ߆ߒޔࠪࠞࠧߩੱ⒳㑐ଥߣㇺᏒෂᯏߦߟ޿ߡ⠨߃ࠆߚ

߼ߦߪޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣ޿߁ੑߟߩ㤥ੱዬ૑඙ߩߟߥ ߇ࠅࠍⷞ㊁ߦ౉ࠇߚಽᨆ߇ਇนᰳߢ޽ࠆޕߥߗߥࠄޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩੱ

⒳᭴ᚑ߿૑ቛⅣႺߪޔࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩᄌൻߦᓇ㗀ࠍฃߌߥ߇ࠄᒻᚑߐࠇߚ ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡޔਔ⠪ߩ㑐ㅪࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ৻ߟߩ㎛߇ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߢ޽ߞߚޕ ᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪޔߎߩ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇ޔࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼

ߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߣ޿߆ߥࠆㅪ㑐ߩ߽ߣߦᒻᚑߐࠇߚߩ߆ߦߟ޿ߡᬌ⸛ߒߚ޿ޕ ߘ߁ߔࠆߎߣߢޔ 1960 ᐕઍᓟඨߩㇺᏒෂᯏߦߪޔ↥ᬺ᭴ㅧߩᄌൻ߿㇠ᄖൻએ ᄖߩⷐ࿃ߣߒߡޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߣ޿߁౏⊛ᮭജ߇⛘ᄢߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ߚߎߣ ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆޕ

2 ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߩߪߓ߹ࠅ

ᦨೋߦ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ૏⟎ߦߟ޿ߡ⏕⹺ߒߡ߅߈ߚ

޿ޕਔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣ߽૗ࠍၮḰߦ⠨߃ࠆ߆ߦࠃߞߡ್ᢿ߇ಽ߆ࠇࠆ߇ޔᧄ

⺰ᢥߢߪᱧผ⊛ߦഭ௛⠪㓏⚖߇ᄙߊޔ૑ੱ߇࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣ⥄ⷡߒߡ޿

ߚ࿾ၞߢ޽ࠆ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙䋨 28

ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾඙䋨 27

29

ࠆޕᰴߦࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߛ߇ޔࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߪવ⛔⊛ߥ㤥ੱዬ૑඙ࠍᗐቯ

6) Arnold R. Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940-1960 ([1983]

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).

ߒߡ߅ࠅޔ 1940 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 60 ᐕઍߦ㤥ੱዬ૑඙ࠍਛᔃߦ㤥ੱߚߜ߇ᝒ߃ߡ޿

ߚ࿾ၞࠍࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣߔࠆ

ޕ

20 ਎♿ߩࠪࠞࠧߦ߅޿ߡޔㇺᏒࠍ⸘↹⊛ߦ⊒ዷߐߖࠆߣ޿߁ᕁᗐߩ⿠Ḯߪ 1909 ᐕߩޟࠪࠞࠧ⸘↹䋨 Plan of Chicago

࠳࠾ࠛ࡞࡮ H ࡮ࡃ࡯ࡦࡂࡓ䋨 Daniel H. Burnham

H ࡮ࡌࡀ࠶࠻

䋨

Edward H. Bennett

ߚޕߎࠇߪࡒࠪࠟࡦḓߩḓ⇎ߩᡷ⦟Ꮏ੐߿ㅧ࿦ޔߘߒߡ㋕㆏ߣ㆏〝ᢛ஻ߣ޿

ߞߚ੤ㅢᯏ㑐ߩᢛℂߥߤߩ൮᜝⊛ߥㇺᏒ⸘↹ߣߒߡޔࡢࠪࡦ࠻ࡦ DC એᄖߩ ㇺᏒߢߪೋ߼ߡߩߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ߹ߚޔ ޟࠪࠞࠧ⸘↹ޠߪⴕ᡽ᐭߦࠃߞߡଐ㗬ߐ ࠇߚ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔ᳃㑆ߩ୘ੱߦࠃࠆ⸘↹ᦠߣߒߡ߽ೋ߼ߡߩߎߣߛߣ⸒ࠊ ࠇߡ޿ࠆޕߎߩޟࠪࠞࠧ⸘↹ޠߦࠃߞߡㇺᏒ⸘↹ߩታⴕߦᜉゞ߇߆߆ࠅޔ 1909 ᐕߦࠪࠞࠧ⸘↹ᆔຬળ䋨 Chicago Plan Commission, એਅ CPC ߣ⇛⸥

ࠇߚ

ޕ

7) ᧄ⺰ᢥߩಽᨆኻ⽎࿾ၞߢ޽ࠆࠪࠞࠧߢߪޔ20਎♿ೋ㗡ߦࠪࠞࠧᄢቇߩ␠ળቇ⠪߇ਛᔃߣ ߥߞߡޔㇺᏒⓨ㑆ࠍ඙ಽߔࠆޟࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡮ࠛ࡝ࠕ㧔community area㧕ޠߣ޿߁↪⺆ࠍⴕ

᡽න૏ߣߒߡⷙቯߒߚޕߒ߆ߒޔߎ߁ߒߚ࿾඙᭎ᔨߣߘߎߦዬ૑ߔࠆੱޘ߇⹺⼂ߔࠆޟࠦ

ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖޠߪᔅߕߒ߽৻⥌ߔࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿ޕߘߩὑޔᧄ⺰ᢥߦ߅޿ߡߪ࿾ၞࠍ඙ಽߔ ࠆⴕ᡽න૏ߩ↪⺆ᣇᴺߣߒߡߩޟࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࡮ࠛ࡝ࠕޠࠍޟࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࿾඙ޠߣ⴫⸥

ߔࠆޕᧄ⺰ᢥߢ૶↪ߔࠆޟࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖޠߣ޿߁↪⺆ߪޔ޽ࠆ੐⽎ߩਛߢߘߩዬ૑࿾ၞߩ

ੱޘߦࠃߞߡᗧ⼂⊛ߦ᭴▽ߐࠇߡ޿ߊ߽ߣߩߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠆޕ20਎♿ߩ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ࠍ

⠨ኤߒߚ࠮࡝ࠣࡑࡦߪޔࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙ޔࠗ࡯ࠬ࠻࡮ࠟ࡯ࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ

࿾඙ޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠟ࡯ࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾඙㧔26㧕ޔࠝ࡯ࠬ࠹ࠖࡦ࿾඙㧔25㧕ࠍ࠙ࠛࠬ

࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣᝒ߃ߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ᜛ᄢࠍゲߦ⼏⺰ࠍዷ㐿ߔࠆߚ

߼ޔ㤥ੱผߩᢥ⣂ߢ㗫❥ߦ⸒෸ߐࠇࠆ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ࠍᗐቯߔࠆޕAmanda I. Seligman, Block by Block: Neighborhoods and Public Policy on Chicago’s West Side (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

8) Joseph P. Schwieterman and Dana M. Caspall, The Politics of Place: A History of Zoning in Chicago (Chicago: Lake Claremont Press, 2006), 11-12. ߽ߣ߽ߣࠪࠞࠧߪ19਎♿ᧃ߆ࠄ20਎

♿ೋ㗡ߦ߆ߌߡޔ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄ⒖᳃߇ᄢ㊂ߦᵹ౉ߒߡ߈ߚㇺᏒߢ޽ࠅޔࡂ࡞࡮ࡂ࠙ࠬߦઍ⴫

ߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ࠮࠷࡞ࡔࡦ࠻ㆇേ߇⋓ࠎߦⴕࠊࠇߚ࿾ၞߛߞߚޕߘߩߚ߼ޔㇺᏒߩ૑ቛⅣႺ

࿑ 1

ࠪ ࠞ ࠧ ߩ ࠨ ࠙ ࠬ ࡮ ࠨ ࠗ ࠼ ߣ ࠙ ࠛ ࠬ ࠻ ࡮ ࠨ ࠗ ࠼

࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼

ࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼㧔ᨒౝ㧕 1951 ᐕ ࠪ࠮ࡠ᥸േ

࡞࡯ࡊ࿾඙㧔32㧕

ࠪࠞࠧߩ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦ

CPC ߿ࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪ߇ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦะߌߡౕ૕⊛ߦേ߈ᆎ߼ߚߩߪޔᄢᕟ ᘓߩᤨઍߢ޽ߞߚޕࠪࠞࠧߩࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࠛ࡝࡯࠻ߪޔᄢᕟᘓ߇ࠪࠞࠧߩ࠳࠙

ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦ࡮࡞࡯ࡊ࿾඙ߩ⚻ᷣᵴേࠍ㊰ൻߐߖޔߘࠇߦ઻ߞߡᑪ‛ߥߤߩ‛ℂ

⊛ߥ⁁ᴫ߇ᖡൻߔࠆߎߣࠍෂᗋߒߡ޿ߚޕ߹ߚޔ 1920 ᐕઍએ㒠ߩ㇠ᄖൻߩ

ࠍะ਄ߐߖࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ⼂ߪᲧセ⊛㜞߆ߞߚޕJane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House ([1910]

Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 1999); Ᏹ᧻ᵗޡࡧࠖࠢ࠻࡝ࠕࡦ࡮ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩ␠ળߣ᡽ᴦޢ㧔ᤘ

๺ၴޔ2006ᐕ㧕ޔ84́118 㗁ޕ

࿑ 1 ࠪࠞࠧߩࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼

28

ㅴⴕߦࠃߞߡޔㇺᏒਛᔃㇱ߆ࠄ㇠ᄖ߳ߣ⒖ࠆ⊕ੱਛ↥㓏⚖ߩੱญᷫዋࠍ ᛥ߃ࠆߚ߼ߦ߽ޔࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪߪ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦߩᓳ⥝ࠍᦨఝవߩ⺖㗴ߣ

ᝒ߃ߡ޿ߚ

ޕ 1939 ᐕߦߪඨቭඨ᳃ߩ࿅૕ߣߒߡޔㇺᏒ૑ቛ⸘↹⹏⼏ળ䋨 the

Metropolitan Housing Planning Council, એਅ MHPC ߣ⇛⸥䋩߇ഃ⸳ߐࠇޔࠪࠞ

ࠧᏒᒰዪ߽ㇺᏒߩᓳ⥝ߦะߌߡⓍᭂ⊛ߦⴕേࠍ⿠ߎߒᆎ߼ߚޕ MHPC ߩਥߥ છോߪޔ᦭ല⊛ߥ࿯࿾೑↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⸘↹߿ࠪࠞࠧᏒߩ૑ቛ㔛ⷐߩ⺞ᩏߢ޽ߞ ߚޕ MHPC ߩઍ⴫ࡈࠔ࡯࠼࡮ࠢ࡟࡯ࡑ࡯䋨 Ferd Kramer

⼏ળ

the Chicago Real Estate Board, એਅ CREB ߣ⇛⸥䋩ߩઍ⴫ࠍോ߼ߚߎߣ߽

޽ࠅޔਇേ↥ᬺ⇇߿ࠪࠞࠧߩࡆࠫࡀࠬ⇇ߣᄥ޿ࡄࠗࡊࠍ⛽ᜬߒߡ޿ߚ

ޕ 1940 ᐕઍߦ CPC ߪࠪࠞࠧᏒో૕ߩ൮᜝⊛ߥ૑ቛ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ

ޕߎߩ⺞

ᩏ⚿ᨐߦࠃࠆߣޔࠪࠞࠧᏒో૕ߩ 10.7 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻߇ޟ⨹ᑄ䋨 blighted

߷⨹ᑄ䋨 near-blighted

26.6 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻߇ୃᓳ߿৻ㇱขࠅუߒ

ߥߤޟ଻⼔䋨 conservation

ޕ޿ࠊࠁࠆⴕ᡽ᐭߦࠃࠆ

ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ⁁ᘒߩಽ㘃ൻߩᆎ߹ࠅߢ޽ࠆޕߎ߁ߒߚᖱႎࠍ߽ߣߦޔ 1947 ᐕ ߦࠪࠞࠧ࿯࿾ᢛℂᆔຬળ䋨 Chicago Land Clearance Commission ޔએਅ CLCC ߣ

9) Robert G. Spinney, City of Big Shoulders: A History of Chicago (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000), 192-194; Alison Isenberg, Downtown America: A History of the Place and the People Who Made It (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 124-160.

10) Martin Meyerson and Edward C. Banfield, Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest: The Case of Public Housing in Chicago (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1955), 145-147; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, 100-134.

11) Chicago Plan Commission, Housing in Chicago Communities: Community Area Number 1-75, Preliminary Release 1940, Chicago Land Use Survey, Prepared by Work Projects Administration (Chicago, 1940-1941); Chicago Plan Commission, Master Plan of Residential Land Use of Chicago (Chicago: Chicago Plan Commission, 1943). CPCߪ1940ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦⶄᢙߩ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ ࠍ⊒⴫ߒߡ޿ߚ߇ޔᧄ⺰ᢥߢߪWPA↪ߩHousing in Chicago Communitiesࠍਛᔃߦ↪޿ࠆޕ 12) CPC, Master Plan of Residential Land Use of Chicago, 119-124. ߎߩ⺞ᩏߢߪޔోߡߩࠦࡒ

ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࿾඙ߩੱญߩ↵ᅚᲧޔᐔဋ⾓⾉ᢱޔੱ⒳࡮಴り࿖ߩഀวޔⴡ↢⁁ᴫޔ૑ቛߩᑪ▽

ᐕᢙߥߤ᭽ޘߥ㗄⋡ߏߣߦਤᔨߦ⺞ߴߡ޿ࠆޕ

⇛⸥䋩߇ഃ⸳ߐࠇޔ CLCC ߪᏒߩ⠧᧎ൻߒߚ࿾ၞ߿ࠬ࡜ࡓൻߒߚ࿾ၞࠍ᳃㑆ડ

ᬺߩදജߦࠃߞߡౣ㐿⊒ߒߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߥߞߚ

ޕ 1930 ᐕઍᧃ߆ࠄ 1940 ᐕ ઍߪޔㇺᏒߩᓳ⥝ߦะߌߡߘߩၮ⋚ࠍ▽޿ߚᤨᦼߣ⸒߃ࠆޕࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪߪޔ

᳃㑆ડᬺߩജ߽୫ࠅߥ߇ࠄ౏⊛ᯏ㑐ߩᆔຬળࠍ┙ߜ਄ߍޔᖱႎࠍ෼㓸ߒߡ⃻

⁁ᛠីߦദ߼ߡ޿ߚޕߘߩᓟޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪᴺ⊛଻⼔ࠍฃߌߥ߇ࠄޔ 1940 ᐕ ઍᓟඨ߆ࠄታⴕߐࠇߡ޿ߞߚޕ

1940 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄ 1950 ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦ߆ߌߡޔࠗ࡝ࡁࠗᎺ⼏ળ߽ 1947 ᐕ⨹ᑄ

࿾඙ౣ㐿⊒ᴺ

Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act of 1947

1949 ᐕ⨹ᑄⓨ㑄࿾

㐿⊒ᴺ䋨 Blighted Vacant Areas Development Act of 1949

1953 ᐕㇺᏒࠦ

ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ଻⼔ᴺ䋨 Urban Community Conservation Act

ଦㅴߔࠆ৻ㅪߩ┙ᴺភ⟎ࠍขߞߚ

ޕㅪ㇌࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߪ 1949 ᐕߦᣂߚߥ૑ቛ ᴺ߇ᚑ┙ߒߚޕߎߩ૑ቛᴺߢߪࠬ࡜ࡓ࡮ࠢ࡝ࠕ࡜ࡦࠬߦㅪ㇌੍▚߇ߟ߈䋨࠲ࠗ

࠻࡞ I

III

ޕ

13) Chicago Land Clearance Commission, Report to Chicagoans, 1947-1952 (Chicago, 1953), folder 275, Chicago Urban League Records (એਅ CULR ߣ⇛⸥), Special Collections and University Archives, Richard J. Daley Library, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (એਅ SCUA-RJDL-UICߣ⇛⸥).

14) “Blighted Areas Redevelopment Act of 1947,” (315 ILCS5)

<http://law.justia.com/illinois/codes/chapter30/1443.html>; “Blighted Vacant Areas Development Act of 1949,” (315 ILCS 10) < http://law.justia.com/illinois/codes/chapter30/1444.html>; “Urban Community Conservation Act,” (315 ILCS 25)

<http://law.justia.com/illinois/codes/chapter30/1447.html㧪(2009ᐕ1᦬2ᣣ). 1947ᐕ⨹ᑄ࿾඙

ౣ㐿⊒ᴺߪޔ૑ቛ߿࿯࿾ߩ⨹ᑄൻࠍ㒐ߋߚ߼ߦ⠧᧎ൻߒߚᑪ‛ߩขࠅუߒ߿ౣᑪ▽ߥߤߩ ᢛ஻ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚޕ1949 ᐕ⨹ᑄⓨ㑄࿾㐿⊒ᴺߪޔ⨹ࠇ࿾߿ᧂ㐿⊒ߩⓨ㑄࿾ߩᢛ஻ࠍ⋡⊛ߣ ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕߘߒߡ1953ᐕㇺᏒࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ଻⼔ᴺߪޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩࠬ࡜ࡓൻ࡮

⨹ᑄൻࠍ㒐ߋߚ߼ߦⴡ↢⁁ᘒߩᡷༀޔ቟ోᕈߩ⏕଻ޔㇱಽ⊛ขࠅუߒࠍ฽߼ߡᑪ▽‛ߩ‛

ℂ⊛⛽ᜬࠍⴕ߁ߥߤߩ᭽ޘߥᣇᴺߢࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ଻⼔ࠍ⋡ᜰߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

15) Housing and Home Finance Agency, Urban Renewal: Excerpts from Housing Act of 1949 and Related Laws as Amended Through June 30, 1961 (USGPO, 1961), iii-30. หᴺߪㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦ

᦭೑ߥౝኈߛߌߢߪߥߊޔ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞IIߢㅪ㇌૑ቛዪ㧔FHA㧕ߩࡕ࡯ࠥ࠶ࠫ㧔૑ቛࡠ࡯ࡦ㧕

ߎߩẢᴛߥㅪ㇌੍▚ࠍ↪޿ߡޔࠪࠞࠧᏒߪᄢⷙᮨߥㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒߇น⢻ߣߥߞ ߚޕߎࠇࠄߩᴺ⊛⵬ഥࠍㅢߒߡޔⴕ᡽ᐭߪ߹ߕࠬ࡜ࡓ࡮ࠢ࡝ࠕ࡜ࡦࠬߦะߌ ߡ࿯࿾ߩ෼↪ࠍߒ߿ߔ޿ⅣႺࠍᢛ߃ޔߘࠇߣหᤨߦ଻⼔ߔߴ߈ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ

ߩ⷗ᭂ߼ࠍⴕߞߚޕߎߎߦޔࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪߣࡆࠫࡀࠬ࡮ࠛ࡝࡯࠻߇⚿วߒޔ ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ࠍផㅴߔࠆਥ૕߇ᒻᚑߐࠇߚޕో࿖ㇺᏒห⋖䋨 National Urban

League, એਅ NUL ߣ⇛⸥䋩ߥߤߩ㤥ੱ࿅૕ߪޔㅪ㇌᡽ᐭ߿Ꮊ᡽ᐭߩㇺᏒౣ㐿

⊒߳ߩᆫ൓ࠍᘕ㊀ߦ⷗቞ࠅߥ߇ࠄ߽ޔࠬ࡜ࡓ࡮ࠢ࡝ࠕ࡜ࡦࠬߣૐᚲᓧ⠪ะߌ

߳ߩ૑ቛឭଏߥߤޔ㤥ੱߩ↢ᵴะ਄ߦะߌߡᵴേߒߡ޿ߚ

ޕ

ߎ߁ߒߚᴺ⊛ᡰេ߽〯߹߃ߡޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇ಽ㘃ൻߐࠇߡ޿ߊ߇ޔߘߩ ਛߢ⸒⪲ߩቯ⟵߇᣿⏕ߦߥߞߡ޿ߞߚޕ CLCC ߦࠃࠆߣޔޟ⨹ᑄޠߣߪ࿾ၞߩ 50 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻એ਄߇ 1895 ᐕએ೨ߦᑪߡࠄࠇߚ߽ߩߢޔ૑ᚭߩ 50 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻

એ਄߇ࠪࠞࠧ࿯࿾೑↪⺞ᩏߦ߅޿ߡᮡḰએਅߩⅣႺߣ್ᢿߐࠇߚ࿾ၞࠍᜰߒ ߚޕ߹ߚޔ૑ᚭߩ 20 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻એ਄߇ᐢ▸࿐ߩୃᓳ߇ᔅⷐ߆ޔ૶↪ߔࠆߩߦ ਇㆡಾߥ߽ߩࠍᜰߒߚ

ޕߎߩ CLCC ߩቯ⟵߆ࠄ⷗߃ߡߊࠆߩߪޔޟ⨹ᑄޠ ߣ޿߁⸒⪲߇ޔ૑ᚭߩ‛ℂ⊛ߥ⁁ᴫࠍᒝߊ⴫ߒߡ޿ߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߒ߆ߒޔߎߩޟ⨹ᑄޠߣ޿߁⸒⪲ߦߪޔ CLCC ߇ቯ⟵ߔࠆࠃ߁ߥ૑ቛߩ⁁

ᴫࠍ⴫ߔએ਄ߩᗧ๧߇ઃਈߐࠇߡ޿ߞߚޕᱧผኅ࠙ࠚࡦ࠺࡞࡮ E ࡮ࡊ࡝࠴ࠚ

࠶࠻ߪޔ߽ߣ߽ߣᬀ‛∛ኂࠍ⸒޿⴫ߒߡ޿ߚޟ⨹ᑄޠߣ޿߁⸒⪲ࠍޔࠪࠞࠧ

␠ળቇᵷ߇␠ળ↢ᵴో૕ࠍ᦭ᯏ૕ߣᝒ߃ߡޔੱߩᵹ౉߿ᑪ▽‛ߩ⁁ᘒߥߤ߽

ߩ଻㓚ࠍᒁ߈ฃߌޔ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ III ߢ↰⥢ߩᜬኅਥ߳ߩ⾗㊄଻㓚߽ߒߡ޿ߚߎߣ߆ࠄޔᜬኅ ଦㅴߦ߽㈩ᘦߒߚᴺ᩺ߢ޽ࠆޕ

16) National Urban League, “Statement on the Relationship of the Slum Clearance Low-Rent Housing Programs,” (June 25, 1950), 1-5, folder 327, CULR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

17) CLCC, “Redevelopment Project No.1: A Report to the Mayor and the City Council of the City of Chicago and to the Illinois State Housing Board,”(March 1949), 20, folder 274, CULR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

฽߼ߚޔㇺᏒ⁁ᴫࠍℂ⸃ߔࠆ⸒⪲ߣߒߡេ↪ߒߚߣ޿߁ޕߎߩᗧ๧ߢߪޔ⽺

ߒ޿⒖᳃߿㤥ੱߥߤߩࡑࠗࡁ࡝࠹ࠖߩሽ࿷߇ޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⁁ᴫࠍᩏቯߔ ࠆᄢ߈ߥᜰᮡߣߥߞߚޕߘߒߡޔߎࠇ߇࿯࿾ߩ⾗↥ଔ୯߇޽ࠆ߆ߥ޿߆ߣ޿

߁ଔ୯ၮḰ߳ߣߟߥ߇ࠅޔਇേ↥ᬺ⠪ߦߣߞߡߪᄢᄌଢ೑ߥ⸒⪲ߦߥߞߡ޿

ߞߚ

ޕࡊ࡝࠴ࠚ࠶࠻ߪޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ࠍផㅴߔࠆࠛ࡝࡯࠻߇᳃㑆ߩ⚻ᷣᵴേ

߳ߩ᡽ᐭ੺౉ߦ෻ኻߒߟߟ߽ޔ᡽ᐭߩജ߇ౣ㐿⊒ߦߪᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ⹺⼂ߒߡ

޿ߚߣᜰ៰ߒޔߘࠇࠍޟ౏ߣ⑳ߩࡄ࡯࠻࠽࡯ࠪ࠶ࡊޠߣ๭ࠎߛ

ޕߎߩࠃ߁ ߥޟ⨹ᑄޠߩቯ⟵ߣℂ⸃ࠍ߽ߣߦޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⚻ᷣ⁁ᴫ߿␠ળ⊛ଔ୯߇

᳿߼ࠄࠇߚޕౣ㐿⊒ផㅴᵷߦߣߞߡޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⾗↥ଔ୯ࠍ቞ࠆߚ߼ߦ

߽ޟ⨹ᑄޠߪήߊߔߴ߈ߛߣᝒ߃ࠄࠇޔࡑࠗࡁ࡝࠹ࠖߩ⒖ォ߿ߘߩ⚿ᨐߦࠃ ߞߡ↢ߓࠆੱ⒳㓒㔌ߩᒝൻߪᱜᒰൻߐࠇߡ޿ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

3 ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߩࠪࠞࠧߩ⁁ᴫ

20 ਎♿೨ඨ߹ߢߦޔࠪࠞࠧߪ㋕㍑ᬺ߿㘩⡺↥ᬺߥߤߦઍ⴫ߐࠇࠆޔో☨ߢ

߽᦭ᢙߩ↥ᬺㇺᏒߦ⊒ዷߒߡ޿ߚޕߘߩߚ߼ޔ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᦼߦߪഭ௛ജ ߩ㔛ⷐ߇㜞߹ࠅޔᄙߊߩੱޘ߇ࠪࠞࠧߦᵹ౉ߒߚޕߘߩਛߢ߽ධㇱ߆ࠄߩ㤥

ੱߩჇടߪޔޟᄢ⒖േޠߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ 19 ́ 20 ਎♿ォ឵ᦼࠃࠅ߽ᄙ߆ߞߚޕࠪࠞ

ࠧᏒߩ㤥ੱੱญߪ 1930 ᐕߦ 23 ਁ 3903 ੱޔ 1940 ᐕߦ 27 ਁ 7731 ੱߢޔੱ⒳

18) Wendell E. Pritchett, “The ‘Public Menace’ of Blight: Urban Renewal and the Private Uses of Eminent Domain,” Yale Law & Policy Review 21, no.1 (2003): 15-18.

19) Ibid., 5-6. ታ㓙ߦ MHPCߩઍ⴫ࡈࠔ࡯࠼࡮ࠢ࡟࡯ࡑ࡯ߪޔࠪࠞࠧߩડᬺߦኻߔࠆ⻠Ṷߩ

ਛߢޟ౏ߣ⑳ߩࠦ࡜ࡏ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦޠߣ޿߁⴫⃻ߢޔㅪ㇌⾗㊄ࠍ૶ߞߚ᳃㑆ડᬺߩࡆࠫࡀࠬ

߇ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᢇ޿ޔਇേ↥ᬺ⇇ߦᄢ߈ߥ೑⋉ࠍ߽ߚࠄߔߣㅀߴߡ޿ߚޕFerd Kramer,

“Remarks before the Executives’ Service Club of the Sears Y.M.C.A.,” (n.d.), folder December 1954, 1954 undated Items, box 1, Greater Lawndale Conservation Commission Records, 1950-1967, Chicago Historical Museum (એਅGLCCR, CHMߣ⇛⸥).

᭴ᚑᲧ₸ߪߘࠇߙࠇ 6.9 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ߣ 8.2 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ߢ޽ߞߚޕߐࠄߦޔ 1950 ᐕߦߥࠆߣ 49 ਁ 2265 ੱߢੱ⒳᭴ᚑᲧ₸߇ 13.6 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ߣᕆჇߒߚ

ޕߎ ߩࠃ߁ߥᕆỗߥ㤥ੱੱญߩჇടߪޔዞᬺࠍᎼࠆੱ⒳ኻ┙ࠍ↢ߺޔࠪࠞࠧߦ߅ ߌࠆੱ⒳㑐ଥࠍᖡൻߐߖߚޕ߹ߚޔ㤥ੱੱญߩჇടߪዬ૑඙ߩㆊኒൻࠍଦㅴ ߐߖߡㇺᏒߩ૑ቛⅣႺߦ߽ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ޔᘟᕈ⊛ߥ㤥ੱߩ૑ቛਇ⿷ߦㅊ޿ᛂߜ ࠍ߆ߌߡ޿ߚ

ޕ

╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢߩ⚳⚿ߦࠃߞߡࠕࡔ࡝ࠞో૕ߢ⋥㕙ߒߚ໧㗴ߪޔࡌ࠹࡜ࡦ

䋨ㅌᓎァੱ䋩ߩᛒ޿ߢ޽ߞߚޕ߽ࠪࠞࠧ଀ᄖߢߪߥߊޔࠪࠞࠧ૑ቛዪ䋨

Chicago

Housing Authority, એਅ CHA ߣ⇛⸥䋩ߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣޔ 1946 ᐕߩᲑ㓏ߢࠪࠞࠧ

ߢߪ 10 ਁੱએ਄ߩࡌ࠹࡜ࡦ߇૑ቛࠍតߔߎߣߦߥࠆߣ⷗Ⓧ߽ߞߡ޿ߚޕ 1947 ᐕߦߥࠆߣޔታ㓙ߦߪ 17 ਁ 5,000 ੱߩࡌ࠹࡜ࡦ߇ᣂߒ޿૑ቛࠍតߒߡ߅ࠅޔ ߘߩ߁ߜ 80 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻߇ઁߩኅᣖߣหዬߒߥ߇ࠄ↢ᵴߒߡ޿ߚޕࠬ࡜ࡓߩ໧

㗴ߣߎߩࡌ࠹࡜ࡦߩ૑ቛ໧㗴ߪޔᚢᓟߦࠪࠞࠧ߇⋥㕙ߒߚᷓೞߥ໧㗴ߢ޽ࠅޔ

૑ቛਇ⿷ߩ⸃ᶖ߇ࠪࠞࠧߩᦨ㊀ⷐ⺖㗴ߣߥߞߡ޿ߚ

ޕ

20) Roger Horowitz, “Negro and White, Unite and White!”: A Social History of Industrial Unionism in Meatpacking, 1930-90 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); Philip M. Hauser and Evelyn M. Kitagawa, Local Community Fact Book for Chicago, 1950 (Chicago: Chicago Community Inventory, University of Chicago, 1953), 2, table D. 1890ᐕߩ㤥ੱੱญߪ1 ਁ4271

ੱߢޔ1900ᐕߦߪ 3ਁ150ੱߢ޽ߞߚޕ

21) Mayor’s Commission on Human Relations, “Race Relations in Chicago,” (1945), 7, folder 200, Lea Demarest Taylor Collection (એਅLDTCߣ⇛⸥), SCUA-RJDL-UIC; Harold M. Mayer and Richard C. Wade, Chicago: Growth of a Metropolitans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 283-373.

22) Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, 22-23. ࠪࠞࠧᏒߪޔCHAߩࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߣߒߡ3,400ᚭ ߩࡌ࠹࡜ࡦะߌߩ৻ᤨ⊛ߥ૑ቛࠍᑪ⸳ߔࠆߎߣߦߥߞߚޕCHA, “Temporary Housing for Chicago’s Veterans,” (1948), Municipal Reference Collections, Chicago Public Library, Harold Washington Library (એਅMRC-CPL-HWLߣ⇛⸥).

ࡌ࠹࡜ࡦะߌߩ౏༡૑ቛߢ߽ޔ㤥ੱࡌ࠹࡜ࡦ߇౉ዬߒߚߎߣߢੱ⒳᥸േߦ

⊒ዷߒߚ੐ઙ߽޽ࠅޔᜂᒰᯏ㑐ߩ CHA ߪࡌ࠹࡜ࡦะߌߩ૑ቛ୥⵬࿾ࠍ߼ߋ ߞߡ߽㔍ߒ޿ኻᔕࠍㄼࠄࠇߚ

ޕߘߩਛߢ߽ 1951 ᐕߦ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ

ࠪࠞࠧᏒႺ⇇࿾ၞߩࠪ࠮ࡠߢ⿠߈ߚ᥸േߪޔᚢᓟߩ૑ቛࠍ߼ߋࠆੱ⒳ኻ┙ߩ ỗߒߐࠍࠪࠞࠧᏒ᳃ߦᐢߊ⍮ࠄߒ߼ߚ᥸േߛߞߚ䋨࿑ 1 ෳᾖ䋩ޕࠪ࠮ࡠߪਥߦ ࡐ࡯࡜ࡦ࠼♽ߣ࠴ࠚࠦࠬࡠࡃࠠࠕ♽߇ᄙߊޔࠞ࠻࡝࠶ࠢߩࡎࡢࠗ࠻࡮ࠛࠬ࠾

࠶ࠢ߇૑߻ഭ௛⠪㓏⚖ߩ↸ߢ޽ߞߚޕߘߎߦ㤥ੱࡌ࠹࡜ࡦߩࡂ࡯ࡧࠚࠗ࡮ࠢ

࡜࡯ࠢ䋨 Harvey Clark

ߡ㤥ੱ౉ዬߦ෻ኻߒޔᎺ౓߹ߢ಴േߔࠆ߶ߤߩ᥸േߦ⊒ዷߒߚ

ޕࠪ࠮ࡠ᥸

േߪޔᚢᓟߦ⿠߈ߚࠪࠞࠧߩੱ⒳᥸േߩ߁ߜޔೋ߼ߡ࠹࡟ࡆߢߘߩ⁁ᴫ߇ฦ ኅᐸߦᵹࠇߚߚ߼ߦᄙߊߩᵈ⋡ࠍ㓸߼ޔࠪࠞࠧߦ߅ߌࠆ૑ቛࠍ߼ߋࠆੱ⒳໧

㗴ߩᩮᷓߐࠍ㔺๒ߐߖߚ᥸േߢ޽ߞߚޕ

╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߦࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪࠍᖠ߹ߒߚ߽߁৻ߟߩ໧㗴ߪޔੱญ⒖േ

ߩടㅦൻߢ޽ߞߚޕߘߩਛߢ߽ㇺᏒㇱ߆ࠄ㇠ᄖ߳ߣ⒖േߔࠆ⊕ੱਛ↥㓏⚖ࠍ

޿߆ߦ㘩޿ᱛ߼ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ޔࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪߩ༛✕ߩ⺖㗴ߢ޽ߞߚ

ޕ

23) Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto; Chicago Commission on Human Relations㧔એਅCCHRߣ⇛⸥㧕,

“Memorandum on Airport Homes,” folder 286, CULR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; CCHR, “Memorandum on Fernwood Park Homes,” (n.d.), folder 709, CULR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; “Cicero Riot,” (September 19, 1951), American Friends Service Committee Records (એਅAFSCRߣ⇛⸥), SCUA-RJDL-UIC; ᜕Ⓜ

ޟ࠻࡜ࡦࡉ࡞࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࡮ࡎ࡯ࡓ࠭㛍േߣޡ౒ห૕ߩ᥸ജޢޠޡࠕࡔ࡝ࠞผ⎇ⓥޢ28ภ㧔2005ᐕ㧕㧦

92-110 㗁ޕCHAߩࡌ࠹࡜ࡦะߌߩ৻ᤨ⊛ߥ૑ቛߢ⿠߈ߚࠛࠕ࡯ࡐ࡯࠻࡮ࡎ࡯ࡓ࠭᥸േ㧔1946

ᐕ㧕ޔࡈࠔ࡯ࡦ࠙࠶࠼᥸േ㧔1947ᐕ㧕ޔCHAߩ౏༡૑ቛߩ࠻࡜ࡦࡉ࡞࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࡮ࡎ࡯ࡓ࠭᥸േ

㧔1953 ᐕ㧕ޔ᳃㑆૑ቛߩ౉ዬࠍᎼࠆࠪ࠮ࡠ᥸േ㧔1951 ᐕ㧕ߦߪ৻ߟߩ౒ㅢὐ߇޽ࠅޔߘࠇߪ ߎࠇࠄోߡߩੱ⒳᥸േ߇㤥ੱࡌ࠹࡜ࡦߩ౉ዬࠍᎼߞߚ࠻࡜ࡉ࡞ߛߞߚޕ

24) Charles Abrams, “The Time Bomb That Exploded in Cicero,” (November 1951); William Gremley, “The Scandal of Cicero”; Daniel M. Cantwell, “Prospect on the Cicero Riot,” all in folder 1, box 70, AFSCR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

25) Adam Cohen and Elizabeth Taylor, American Pharaoh, Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation (New York: Back Bay Books, 2000), 164-165.

⴫ 1 ߪ 1940 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1956 ᐕ߹ߢߩࠪࠞࠧ

Ꮢߣ㇠ᄖߩ૑ᚭᢙߣߘߩഀวࠍ⴫ߒߚ

߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ 1946 ᐕએ㒠ޔ૑ᚭ㈩ಽ߇

㇠ᄖߢჇ߃ߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇⷗ߡߣࠇࠆ

ޕ

ࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪ߇⊕ੱਛ↥㓏⚖ߩᵹᄬࠍᔅ ᱫߢ㘩޿ᱛ߼ࠃ߁ߣߒߚᦨᄢߩℂ↱ߪޔ

㇠ᄖൻߦࠃࠆ⒢෼ߩᷫዋࠍᕟࠇߚ߆ࠄߢ

޽ߞߚޕࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪߪ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦㄭ ㄝ߇ડᬺߦߣߞߡ᦭⋉ߦߥࠆࠃ߁ߦᢛ஻

ߒޔㄭ㓞ߩ૑ቛⅣႺࠍᢛ߃ࠆߎߣߦ㊀ὐ ࠍ⟎ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ߞߚޕㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪ⊕ੱ

ߩ㇠ᄖൻߩᵹࠇࠍᱛ߼ࠆ⛘ᅢߩᯏળߣߥ ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߩࠪࠞࠧߢߪޔㇺᏒߩ⨹ᑄߣ㤥ੱ߿ࡌ࠹࡜

ࡦߦࠃࠆੱญჇടߦࠃߞߡ߭߈⿠ߎߞߚ૑ቛਇ⿷ߩ໧㗴ޔߘߒߡ㇠ᄖൻߩട ㅦߥߤޔ໧㗴ὐ߇㊀ߥࠅวߞߡ޿ߊਛߢౣ㐿⊒߇⸘↹ߐࠇߚޕߘߒߡ 1940 ᐕઍᓟඨ߆ࠄࠪࠞࠧߢߪታ㓙ߦㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ᆎ߹ߞߡ޿ߊߩߢ

޽ࠆޕ

4 ࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒

ࠪࠞࠧߦ߅ߌࠆㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪޔ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦߩ❥ᩕߣ቟ቯߒߚዬ૑࿾ၞߣ

޿߁ੑߟߩゲߢ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢ޽ࠆޕᱧผኅࠕࡑࡦ࠳࡮࠮࡝ࠣࡑࡦߪޔ

26) City of Chicago, “Residential Construction and Related Date,” (Chicago, 1956), 9, folder 398, Near West Side Community Council Records㧔એਅNWSCCRߣ⇛⸥㧕, SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

ᐕ ᢙ ^{ഀว㧔㧑㧕} ᢙ ^{ഀว㧔㧑㧕} ᢙ ^{ഀว㧔㧑㧕}

1940 3,319 30 5,892 55 1,669 15

1941 5,403 32 8,017 48 3,425 20

1942 4,453 43 3,833 37 2,107 20

1943 3,359 54 2,190 33 876 13

1944 5,090 59 2,600 30 954 11

1945 5,359 48 4,372 39 1,399 13

1946 5,815 32 8,612 48 3,621 20

1947 5,968 24 11,463 46 7,313 30

1948 6,079 27 11,029 49 5,548 24

1949 9,813 35 13,330 48 4,633 17

1950 17,607 41 20,933 48 4,813 11

1951 11,591 34 17,619 52 4,760 14

1952 10,836 32 18,268 53 5,046 15

1953 11,835 29 21,723 54 7,012 17

1954 13,103 28 26,025 55 8,134 17

1955 16,023 30 28,638 54 8,157 16

1956 14,069 29 26,691 54 8,316 17

ࠪࠞࠧᏒ ㇠ᄖ 㕖ᴺੱ࿾ၞ

⴫1ޓ ࠪ ࠞ ࠧ Ꮢ ߣ ㇠ ᄖ ߩ ૑ ᚭ ᢙ ߣ ഀ ว

಴ౖ䋺"T able1 Number and Percentage Distribution of Dwelling Units in t he Cit y of Chicago and the Chicago Met ropolitan Area, 1920 t hrough 1956," in Cit y of Chicago, "Residential Construct ion and Relat ed Dat e," (Chicago, 1956), 9, folder 398, Near West Side Communit y Council Records, SCUA-RJDL-UICࠃࠅ૞ᚑ䇯

⴫ 1 ࠪࠞࠧᏒߣ㇠ᄖߩ૑ᚭᢙߣഀว

ࠪࠞࠧߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߩ․ᓽߣߒߡએਅߩ 4 ὐࠍ޽ߍߡ޿ࠆޕ╙৻ߦޔࠪࠞࠧ

ᄢቇ߇ࡂࠗ࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾඙ߩౣ㐿⊒ߦᎺᴺࠍ↪޿ߡᓇ㗀ജࠍਈ߃ߚߎߣޕ╙

ੑߦޔࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪ߇࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦߩ࡞࡯ࡊ࿾඙ߩ⴮ㅌࠍ㒐ߋߚ߼ߦౣ㐿⊒

ࠍ೑↪ߒߡޔ࡞࡯ࡊㄭㄝߩ⨹ᑄߒߚ࿾ၞࠍ৻᝹ߒߚߎߣޕ╙ਃߦޔ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲

࠙ࡦࠍᏒߩࡉࡠ࡯ࠞ࡯ߦߣߞߡ㝯ജ⊛ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦޔ౏⊛ᯏ㑐ߩᑪ‛ࠍ࡞࡯

ࡊㄭㄝߦᑪߡߚߎߣޕ╙྾ߦޔࠪࠞࠧᏒᒰዪ߇㜞ጀߩ౏༡૑ቛࠍ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙

ࡦ߆ࠄ㔌ࠇߚ႐ᚲߦᑪ⸳ߒޔߘߎߦࠬ࡜ࡓ૑ੱࠍ૑߹ߖߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆ

ޕߎ ࠇࠄߪޔ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߦࠪࠞࠧ߇⋥㕙ߒߚ໧㗴ࠍోߡ✂⟜ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣ ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕߔߥࠊߜޔ⴮ㅌߔࠆ࿾ၞߩਇേ↥ଔ୯ࠍ㜞߼ࠆߚ߼ߦ߽ㇺᏒౣ㐿

⊒ࠍ↪޿ߡ⨹ᑄ࿾ၞࠍ৻᝹ߒޔ࡞࡯ࡊ࿾඙ߩ໡ᬺ⊛ଔ୯ࠍ㜞߼ࠆߎߣߢޔࠪ

ࠞࠧߩࡆࠫࡀࠬߣ૑᳃ࠍ⏕଻ߒߚޕหᤨߦޔ㤥ੱ⽺࿎ጀߥߤޟᦸ߹ࠇߥ޿૑

ੱޠࠍ౏༡૑ቛߦߣߤ߼ࠆߎߣߢޔ⊕ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߳ߩ㤥ੱᵹ౉ࠍᦨዊ㒢 ߦ㘩޿ᱛ߼ࠃ߁ߣߒߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ࠪࠞࠧߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠅޔࠪࠞࠧᄢቇߪߘߩ⽎ᓽ

⊛ߥሽ࿷ߣߥߞߡ޿ߚޕࠪࠞࠧᄢቇߩ޽ࠆࡂࠗ࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾඙䋨 41

ੱੱญ߇Ⴧടߒߚߎߣߢᄢቇㄭㄝߩੱ⒳᭴ᚑ߇ᕆㅦߦᄌൻߒߚޕ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ

࠾࠹ࠖߣ㓞ធߒߡ޿ࠆࠪࠞࠧᄢቇߪޔ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ᜛ᄢߦࠃࠆ⊕ੱ૑

ੱߩᵹ಴ࠍᕟࠇߚޕߘߩߚ߼ޔࠪࠞࠧᄢቇߪㇺᏒࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ଻⼔ᴺࠍ↪޿

ߡᄢቇㄭ㓞߳ߩ㤥ੱᵹ౉ࠍᱛ߼ࠃ߁ߣߒߚ

ޕࡂࠗ࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾ၞߩౣ㐿⊒

ߢਛᔃ⊛ߥᓎഀࠍᜂߞߚࠪࠞࠧᄢቇߩࠫࡘ࡝ࠕࡦ࡮࡟ࡆ㧔 Julian H. Levi 㧕ߪޔ ࡂࠗ࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢߦ⒖ࠅ૑ࠎߢ߈ߚ߫߆ࠅߩ㤥ੱ⽺࿎ጀ߇ᦨ߽ᄢ߈ߥ࠳ࡔ࡯ࠫ

ࠍฃߌࠆߎߣࠍ⹺߼ߚ਄ߢޔߘࠇߢ߽ౣ㐿⊒ࠍⴕࠊߥ޿ߣࡂࠗ࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢߩ

27) Seligman, Block by Block, 72.

28) Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto, 135-170; Cohen and Taylor, American Pharaoh, 208-212.

⴮ㅌࠍ㒐ߋߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߣߒߡౣ㐿⊒ࠍផㅴߒߚ ޕ

߹ߚޔ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦߩධߩ࠾ࠕ࡮ࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙䋨 33

ᑪ‛߇ᄙߊޔࡑࠗࠤ࡞࡮࡝࡯ࠬ∛㒮ޔ㓸ว૑ቛ࿾ߩ࡟ࠗࠢ࡮ࡔ࠼࠙࠭ޔࠗ࡝

ࡁࠗᎿ⑼ᄢቇߥߤߩౣ㐿⊒੐ᬺ߇ⴕࠊࠇߚޕߎࠇࠄߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪ૑ቛⅣႺ ࠍᄢ߈ߊᡷༀߐߖޔ⊕ੱߣ㤥ੱߩ਄ᵹ࡮ਛ↥㓏⚖߇ᣂߚߦ౉ዬߔࠆߎߣߢੱ

⒳⛔วߐࠇߚࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᒻᚑߒߚޕߒ߆ߒޔߎߩ࿾ၞߪ․ߦ㤥ੱ૑ੱ߇ ᄙߊޔౣ㐿⊒ߐࠇߚ࿾ၞߦరߩ૑ੱߪ߶ߣࠎߤ⺕߽౉ዬߢ߈ߥ߆ߞߚޕߘߩ

⚿ᨐޔߎࠇ߹ߢ⨹ᑄ࿾ၞߦ૑߹ߑࠆࠍᓧߥ߆ߞߚ㤥ੱ⽺࿎ጀ߇⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇ ߚ

ޕㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡޔ⏕߆ߦࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߪᢛ஻ߐ ࠇޔ৻ቯߩੱ⒳⛔ว߇ᚑഞߒߚ࿾ၞ߽⃻ࠇߚޕߒ߆ߒޔࡂࠗ࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾඙

ߩࠃ߁ߦޔᣂߚߦ౉ዬߒߡ߈ߚ㤥ੱ਄ᵹ࡮ਛ↥㓏⚖ߦኻߔࠆᛕ್߽ઁߩ㤥ੱ

߆ࠄ⿠߈ߡ߅ࠅޔᄙߊߩ⽺ߒ޿㤥ੱߪᒝ೙⒖ォߢ⒖േߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞ ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ

ޕ

ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߢᦨ߽⺰੎⊛ߥ໧㗴ߪޔౣ㐿⊒੍ቯ࿾ߩ૑ੱ߇ᒝ೙⊛ߦ⒖ォߒ ߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ߆ߞߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕ⾓⾉߆ᜬኅ߆ߦ߆߆ࠊࠄߕޔ⒖ォߒߥߌ ࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿૑ੱߩਛߦߪ߿ߞߣߩᕁ޿ߢ૑ቛࠍᚻߦ౉ࠇߚੱ߽ᄙ޿ޕㇺᏒ

ౣ㐿⊒ߩ᧡ᠠߥὐߪޔߘࠇࠍ⛔᜝ߔࠆ౏⊛ᯏ㑐߇ߥ߆ߞߚߚ߼ߦޔ⒖ォߔࠆ

29) Julian H. Levi, “Crucial Issues: Urban Renewal,” (September 16, 1958), 1-10, folder 2, box 2, University Public Relations Papers on Urban Renewal, Special Collections Center, Regenstein Library, University of Chicagoޔ(એਅUPRPUR, SCC-RL-UCߣ⇛⸥); Citizens Committee to Fight Slums, “Housing Action Report of 1954,” (February 1954), 1-15, folder 115, box 11, Metropolitan Planning Council Records (એਅMPCRߣ⇛⸥), SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

30) City of Chicago, Housing and Urban Renewal Progress Report (June 30, 1964), 20, folder 51, box 4, The Immigrants’ Protection League Papers, Supplement I (એ ਅ IPLP ߣ ⇛ ⸥), SCUA-RJDL-UIC; “The Lake Meadows Shopper,” folder 10, Industrial Areas Foundation Records (એਅIAFRߣ⇛⸥), SCUA-RJDL-UIC; Mayer and Wade, Chicago, 378-386.

31) Peter H. Rossi and Robert A. Dentler, The Politics of Urban Renewal: The Chicago Findings (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, Inc., 1961).

ੱߩੱᢙޔੱ⒳߿ᕈ೎ޔ෼౉ߥߤߩ౏ᑼߥ⸥㍳߇ߥߊޔ⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚవߩ ㅊ〔⺞ᩏ߽ⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߘߩߚ߼ޔో࿖ㇺᏒห⋖ࠪࠞࠧ

ᡰㇱ䋨 Chicago Urban League, એਅ CUL ߣ⇛⸥䋩߿ CHA ߥߤߩ⁛⥄ߩ⺞ᩏߢੱ

ᢙࠍᛠីߔࠆߒ߆ߥ߆ߞߚ

ޕ

ߘࠇߢߪޔታ㓙ߪߤߩߊࠄ޿ߩੱᢙ߇ᒝ೙⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ CUL ߩ 1948 ᐕ߆ࠄ 56 ᐕߩ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆ

ߣޔࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ 4 ߟߩౣ㐿⊒ߛ ߌߢ 8 ᐕ㑆ߦ 5537 ኅᣖޔ⁛り 1790 ੱ

߽ߩੱޘ߇ᒝ೙⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚ

ޕߐ ࠄߦޔߎߩᤨᦼߩౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡᒝ೙

⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚੱޘߩ 67 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻

߇㤥ੱߢ޽ࠅޔ 58 ᐕ߆ࠄ 59 ᐕߩౣ㐿

⊒ߦࠃߞߡ 13 ਁ 1,000 ੱߩੱޘ߇ᒝ೙

⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇޔߘߩౝ㤥ੱߪ 8 ਁ 6,000

ੱߦߥࠆߣ޿߁⷗Ⓧ߽ࠅߛߞߚ

ޕ⴫

2 ߪ CHA ߩ⺞ᩏࠍ߽ߣߦ૞ᚑߒߚ 1948 ᐕ߆ࠄ 64 ᐕ߹ߢߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦ 㑐ㅪߒߚࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߦࠃߞߡޔᒝ೙

32) CUL, “American Institute of Planners,” (March 18, 1958), VII-4, folder 13, IAFR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; Seligman, Block by Block, 32-33.

33) CUL, “Urban Renewal and the Negro in Chicago,” (June 18, 1958), folder 421, IAFR,

SCUA-RJDL-UIC. ࡂࠗ࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢߩౣ㐿⊒ߢߪ 357 ኅᣖߣ⁛り 295 ੱޔࡑࠗࠤ࡞࡮࡝࡯

ࠬ∛㒮ߢߪ 367ኅᣖߣ⁛り 122ੱޔ࡟ࠗࠢ࡮ࡔ࠼࠙࠭ߢߪ3513ኅᣖߣ⁛り944ੱޔߘߒ ߡࠗ࡝ࡁࠗᎿ⑼ᄢቇߢߪ1300ኅᣖޔ⁛り429ੱ߇⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚޕ

34) CUL, “Selected Aspects of Urban Renewal and the Negro in Chicago,” (May 16, 1958), 3, folder 421, IAFR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC. ߎࠇ߇1963ᐕߦߥࠆߣᒝ೙⒖ォߩ80ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻߇㕖

⊕ੱߢ޽ࠆߣޡࠪࠞࠧ࡮࠺ࠖࡈࠚࡦ࠳࡯ޢߪવ߃ߡ޿ࠆޕChicago Defender, January 8, 1963.

ว⸘ ౣ㐿⊒ ଻⼔

ว⸘ 49,222 13,393 10,145 3,248 13,586 12,079 2,068 8,096

1948 712 - - - 181 190 - 341

1949 1,225 96 96 - 409 53 - 667

1950 2,597 1,068 1,068 - 803 363 - 363

1951 2,838 1,220 1,220 - 528 583 - 507

1952 3,361 535 535 - 770 1,398 83 575

1953 3,543 364 364 - 962 1,358 - 859

1954 3,205 182 182 - 516 2,051 10 446

1955 3,675 406 406 - 707 1,966 15 581

1956 2,672 671 671 - 1,174 475 70 282

1957 2,379 699 699 - 1,001 370 51 258

1958 4,458 470 470 - 2,093 1,015 178 702

1959 5,036 1,365 1,363 2 2,455 797 109 310

1960 3,964 1,835 1,107 728 903 607 140 479

1961 3,869 2,167 734 1,433 355 352 466 529

1962 3,146 1,299 468 831 410 196 504 737

1963 2,017 666 566 100 318 261 312 460

಴ౖ䋺"Number of Families Relocat ed by T ype of Activity, January 1948- June 1964,"

in City of Chicago, Housing and Urban Renewal Progress Report (June 30, 1964), 13, folder 51, box 4, IPLP, Supplement I, SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

⴫2䇭ᒝ೙⒖ォ䈮䉋䈦䈩⒖േ䈚䈢ኅᣖᢙ䇮1948-1964ᐕ ᐕ ో䈩䈱

ᵴേ

ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ 㜞ㅦ

㆏〝 ౏༡

૑ቛ 䉮䊷䊄 ⷙ೙ 䈠䈱ઁ

⴫ 2 ᒝ೙⒖ォߦࠃߞߡ⒖േߒߚኅᣖᢙޔ

1948-1964 ᐕ

⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚኅᣖᢙࠍ⴫ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕࠪࠞࠧᏒో૕ߢޔ 16 ᐕ㑆ߢ 4 ਁ

9,222 ኅᣖ߇ㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒㑐ㅪ੐ᬺߢ⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚޕߐࠄߦ 1960 ᐕߩኅᣖ᭴

ᚑߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏߢߪޔᒝ೙⒖ォߩኅᐸ߇ 4.5 ੱߣࠪࠞࠧᏒᐔဋߩ 3.1 ੱࠃࠅ߽

ᄙ޿ߎߣ߇್᣿ߒߚ

ޕߎ߁ߒߚᢙሼࠍ⷗ߡ޿ߊߣޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߘࠇ⥄૕߇

޿߆ߦੱޘߩ↢ᵴⅣႺࠍᄌ߃ޔ․ߦ㤥ੱዬ૑඙ߦᄙᄢߥᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ߚ߆ ߇ᶋ߈ᓂࠅߦߥࠆޕߘߒߡޔߎߩᒝ೙⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚ㤥ੱߩ⒖േ߇࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮

ࠨࠗ࠼ߦᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ߊߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

5 ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒

࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߦ߅ߌࠆㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪޔࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ࠃࠅ߽ᔅⷐߥ੐

ᬺߢ޽ߞߚ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ޕ․ߦ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙ߪ૑ቛߩ⠧᧎ൻ ߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ߚޕ⴫ 3 ߪ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨ

ࠗ࠼ߩ૑ᚭᢙߣᑪ▽ᐕࠍᐕઍ೎ߦ⴫

ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦߦㄭ

޿࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙ߪޔ 1885 ᐕએ೨߆ࠄ 1894 ᐕ߹ߢߩ 19 ਎

♿ߦᑪ▽ߐࠇߚ߽ߩ߇ 9 ഀㄭ޿ 89.8 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻߽භ߼ߡ޿ࠆޕࠗ࡯ࠬ

࠻࡮ࠟ࡯ࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾඙ߪ

1885 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1914 ᐕߩ 30 ᐕ㑆ߢ 79.3

35) City of Chicago, Housing and Urban Renewal Progress Report (June 30, 1964), 13, folder 51, box 4, IPLP, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; Evelyn M. Kitagawa and Karl E. Taeuber, Local Community Fact Book of Chicago Metropolitan Area 1960 (Chicago: Chicago Community Inventory, University of Chicago, 1963), 3; Community Conservation Board, “Rehousing Families Displaced by Governmental Action in Chicago, 1960,”(March 1960), 7, MRC-CPL-HWL.

ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖฬ

ᑪ▽ᐕ ૑ᚭᢙ ^ഀว㧔㧕 ૑ᚭᢙ ^{ഀว㧔%㧕} ૑ᚭᢙ ^ഀว㧔㧕

1885ᐕએ೨ 5,074 41.4 889 15.3 321 1.2

1885-1894 5,938 48.4 2,181 37.6 2.833 10.8

1895-1904 842 6.9 1,591 27.4 7,347 27.9

1905-1914 289 2.4 826 14.3 9,233 35.1

1915-1919 45 0.4 104 1.8 1,458 5.5

1920-1924 16 0.1 118 2 2,118 8

1925-1929 29 0.2 86 1.5 2,988 11.3

1930-1934 11 0.1 3 0.1 34 0.1

1935-1939 15 0.1 1 0 12 0.1

ว⸘ 12,259 100 5,799 100 26,344 100

⴫3ޓ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ૑ᚭᢙߣᑪ▽ᐕ

࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ

࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼

ࠗ࡯ࠬ࠻࡮ࠟ࡯

ࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼࡮

ࡄ࡯ࠢ

ࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ

࠺࡯࡞

಴ౖ䋺"Year Built," community number 27-30, in CPC, Housing in Chicago Communities, 20, 21, 32 ࠃࠅ૞ᚑޕ

⴫ 3 ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ૑ᚭᢙߣᑪ▽ᐕ

ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ࠍභ߼ߡ߅ࠅޔࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙ߪ 1885 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1914 ᐕ ߩ 30 ᐕ㑆ߢ 73.8 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ࠍභ߼ߡ޿ࠆ

ޕߎߩᑪ▽ᐕᢙ߇ᓸᅱߦߕࠇߡ

޿ࠆὐߪޔฦࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ૏⟎㑐ଥ߇ᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߔߥࠊߜޔ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙

ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙䋨 28

27

ߘߒߡࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙䋨 29

ߘࠇߙࠇ⷏߳ㇺᏒߩ⊒ዷߣߣ߽ߦੱޘ߽⒖േߒޔ૑ቛᑪ▽߽ᓢޘߦ⷏߳

ߣ᜛ᄢߒߚߎߣࠍ⴫ߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

ࠪࠞࠧߩ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲࠙ࡦㄭ㓞ߩ૑ቛߪޔ࡛࡯ࡠ࠶ࡄ߆ࠄߩ⒖᳃߿ධㇱ߆ࠄߩ 㤥ੱߩޟᄢ⒖േޠ߇⿠ߎߞߚ 1880 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1900 ᐕઍೋ㗡ߦ⋓ࠎߦᑪ⸳ߐࠇ ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔ 20 ਎♿೨ඨߪ╙৻ᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢߣᄢᕟᘓߣ޿߁␠ળ⊛ᄌൻߩਛߢޔ

૑ቛߪⓍᭂ⊛ߦᑪ▽ߐࠇߥ߆ߞߚޕ଀߃߫೨ㅀߒߚ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼

࿾඙ߪޔ૑ቛߩ߶ߣࠎߤ߇ 19 ਎♿ߦᑪ▽ߐࠇߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠅޔ 20 ਎♿ೋ㗡ߦ ᄙߊߩ⒖᳃߇↢ᵴࠍㅍߞߡ޿ߚ࿾ၞߢ޽ߞߚޕ⚻ᷣ⊛ߦᚑഞߒߚ⒖᳃ߪࠃࠅ

⦟޿ⅣႺߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ⒖ࠅޔߘߎߦ߹ߚᣂߚߥ⒖᳃߇౉ዬߒߡߊࠆߣ޿

߁ࠨࠗࠢ࡞ߩߚ߼ޔዬ૑ⅣႺߪ޽߹ࠅᢛ஻ߐࠇߕߦ޿ߚ

ޕ 1962 ᐕߩࡠ࡯ࠞ

࡞ᣂ⡞ޡࠪࠞࠧ࡮ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞޢߢޔ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙ߦ 38 ᐕ㑆૑ࠎ ߢ޿ࠆ૑ੱߪޔ ޟㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡ૗ජੱ߽ߩኅࠍᄬߞߚੱޘ߇ߎߎߦ⒖േ

ߒߡ߈ߚ߇ޔߘࠇߦࠃࠅ⨹ᑄߔࠆ࿾ၞ߇Ⴧടߒߚࠃޕ૑᳃ߪ⾗↥ଔ୯ߩૐਅ ࠍߥࠎߣ߆㘩޿ᱛ߼ࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿ߚ߇ޔᦨㄭߢߪㇺᏒ⸘↹┙᩺⠪߽⺼߼ߡߒ

36) CPC, Housing in Chicago Communities, 20, 21, 32.

37) “Near West Side of Chicago, Survey of Study,” (1939), folder 7, box 91, Chicago Area Project Records, 1910-1972, CHM; CLCC, Report for 1951 (1951), 14-15, folder 204, NWSCCR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; Thomas A. Guglielmo, White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Joseph C. Bigott, From Cottage to Bungalow: Houses and the Working Class in Metropolitan Chicago, 1869-1929 (Chicago:

Chicago University Press, 2001).

߹ߞߚࠃޠߣགྷ޿ߡ޿ߚ ޕห⚕ߦࠃࠆߣޔ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢᓟߦࠪࠞࠧࠍᡰ ߃ߡ޿ߚ↥ᬺߩ 300 એ਄ߩᎿ႐߇ࠪࠞࠧᏒ߆ࠄᶖ߃ߡߒ߹߁ਛߢޔ࠳࠙ࡦ࠲

࠙ࡦߦㄭ޿࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙ߩౣ㐿⊒ߪᏒᒰዪߛߌߢߥߊޔ૑ੱ

ߦߣߞߡ߽ᦸ߹ࠇߡ޿ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔߎߩౣ㐿⊒ߪታ㓙ߦߪ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮

ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙ߩ૑ੱ߇ᦼᓙߒߚࠃ߁ߥᄌൻࠍ߽ߚࠄߐߥ߆ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ 1950 ᐕઍߩ৻ㅪߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߩᢥ⣂ߩਛߢޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾

࠹ࠖ߇⋥㕙ߒߚ໧㗴ߪᣂߚߥੱߩᵹ౉ߢ޽ࠆޕᒝ೙⒖ォߦࠃࠆ⒖૑⠪ߩਛߢ

߽ޔૐᚲᓧ⠪ߩ૑ቛߩኻᔕࠍછߐࠇߚߩ߇ CHA ߢ޽ߞߚޕ CHA ߪߎ߁ߒߚ

ੱޘߦኻᔕߔࠆߚ߼ߦޔㅢ⒓ޟࠦ࡯࠻䋨 court

౏༡૑ቛࠍ 8 ߟᑪ⸳ߒߚ

ޕ 8 ߟߩౝߩࡔࠗࡊ࡞࠙࠶࠼࡮ࠦ࡯࠻䋨 Maplewood Courts

Harrison Courts

Ogden Courts

ߘߒߡ࡞࡯ࡒࠬ࡮ࠦ࡯࠻䋨 Loomis Courts

4 ߟߩ౏༡૑ቛ߇ 1950 ᐕ߆ࠄ 1953 ᐕߩ㑆ߦ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߦᑪ⸳ߐࠇߚޕߘࠇࠄߩਛߢ߽ࡔࠗࡊ࡞࠙࠶࠼ޔ ࡂ࡝࠰ࡦޔ࡞࡯ࡒࠬߩ 3 ߟߩ౏༡૑ቛߦߪౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡ⒖ォࠍ૛௾ߥߊߐࠇ ߚ㤥ੱࠍᒁ߈ነߖߚޕߎ߁ߒߚ౏༡૑ቛߦߪࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߣ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ

࠼ߩౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡઁߦ૑߻ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ૐᚲᓧ⠪ߩ㤥ੱ߇౉ዬߒߚ

ޕ ߎߩᤨᦼߩ CHA ߩ૑ቛᑪ▽ߢߪޔᣂߒ޿ޟታ㛎ޠߣߒߡ㜞ጀ૑ቛ䋨 high-rise

߇ೋ߼ߡขࠅ౉ࠇࠄࠇߚޕࠛ࡟ࡌ࡯࠲࡯ઃ߈ߩ 7 㓏ᑪߡߩ࡞࡯ࡒࠬ࡮ࠦ࡯࠻

ߪޔᄙߊߩ౉ዬ߇น⢻ߣߥࠅޔᑪ‛ߣᑪ‛ࠍߟߥߋᐢ޿ࠡࡖ࡜࡝࡯ࠍ↪޿ߚ

38) Chicago American, May 29, 1962, folder 418, IAFR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

39) “Recreation, Health, and Welfare at Chicago Housing Authority Projects, 1956-1957,” (July 31, 1957), folder 277, box 23, MPCR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; CHA, “Memorandum on Relocation,” (July 1948), 34-35; CHA, “Kit of Tools for Slum Clearance,” (1947), MRC-CPL-HWL.

40)CHA, “Maplewood Courts,” (June 1950), CPL-HWL-MRC; CHA, “Harrison Courts, Relocation Housing for Low-Income Families,” (August 1950), CPL-HWL-MRC; Devereux Jr. Bowly, The Poorhouse: Subsidized Housing Chicago, 1895-1976 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978), 60-72.

࠺ࠩࠗࡦߪᑪ▽‛ߣߒߡ߽⹏ଔߐࠇޔ CHA ߽૑ቛਇ⿷ߩ⸃ᶖߦᨐߚߔ㜞ጀ૑

ቛߩᓎഀߦᦼᓙߒߚޕ߹ߚޔ㜞ጀߦߔࠆߎߣߢⓨ޿ߚࠬࡍ࡯ࠬߦሶଏ߇ㆆߴ ࠆㆆౕ߇⸳⟎น⢻ߣߥࠅޔ CHA ߪ㜞ጀൻࠍᅢᗧ⊛ߦᝒ߃ߡ޿ߚޕߒ߆ߒޔታ 㓙ߦ౏༡૑ቛߢߩ↢ᵴ߇ᆎ߹ࠆߣޔߎߩ㜞ጀ૑ቛߩ࠺ࠩࠗࡦߦኻߔࠆ⒓⾥ߪ ᛕ್߳ߣᄌൻߒߚޕ౏༡૑ቛౝߢߩ޿ߚߕࠄ߿ࠛ࡟ࡌ࡯࠲࡯ߩ᡿㓚ߣ޿ߞߚ ࡧࠔࡦ࠳࡝࠭ࡓ䋨⎕უਥ⟵䋩߇⧯⠪ߦࠃߞߡ⿠ߎࠅᆎ߼ޔᐜ޿ሶଏࠍᜬߟᲣⷫ

ߪሶଏߩ቟ోࠍᔃ㈩ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚޕᒰᤨޔ౏༡૑ቛߩੱ⒳⛔วࠍ⋡ᜰߒ ߡ޿ߚ CHA ߩⴕ᡽㐳ቭࠛ࡝ࠩࡌࠬ࡮࠙࠶࠼䋨 Elizabeth Wood

ኅᣖߦߪ㜞ጀ૑ቛ߇⽶ᜂߢ޽ࠆߣ౏ὼߣᛕ್ߔࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚ

ޕ CHA ߪᒰ

ೋ߆ࠄⓨ㑄࿾ߦࠃࠆ౏༡૑ቛߩᑪ▽ࠍᏗᦸߒߡ޿ߚ߇ޔࠪࠞࠧᏒ⼏ળ߆ࠄߩ

⸵นࠍᓧࠄࠇߕޔ㤥ੱዬ૑඙ߦ㜞ጀߩ౏༡૑ቛࠍᑪ▽ߖߑࠆࠍᓧߥ߆ߞߚޕ CHA ⼏㐳ࡠࡃ࡯࠻࡮࠹ࠗ࡜࡯䋨 Robert R. Taylor

⿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ MHPC ߩઍ⴫ࠢ࡟࡯ࡑ࡯ߦ⸷߃ߚ߇ޔ⠨ᘦߒߡ߽ࠄ߃ߥ߆ ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆ

ޕ

࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ౏༡૑ቛᑪ⸳ߢᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥὐߪޔߎߩ㜞ጀ૑ቛߣ޿߁ ᣂߚߥᑪ▽ࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߩዉ౉ߢ޽ࠅޔߎࠇ߇ࠪࠞࠧߩ౏༡૑ቛ੐ᬺߩォ឵ᦼߣ ߥߞߚߎߣߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩ㜞ጀ૑ቛߪޔ 1950 ᐕઍᓟඨએ㒠ߩࠪࠞࠧߩ㤥ੱዬ૑

඙ࠍኻ⽎ߦߒߚ౏༡૑ቛߦⓍᭂ⊛ߦណ↪ߐࠇߚޕᛕ್ߩኻ⽎ߣߥࠆ౏༡૑ቛ ߩઍ⴫⊛ߥ߽ߩߪޔᦨᄢ 19 㓏ᑪߡߩ㜞ጀ૑ቛࠍ฽߻࠾ࠕ࡮ࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾

41) D. Bradford Hunt, “Understanding Chicago's High-Rise Public Housing Disaster,” in Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revisions, and Alternatives, eds., Charles Waldheim and Katerina Reudi Ray (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 305-307; Elizabeth Wood, “The Case for the Low Apartment,” Architectural Forum (January 1952): 100-106.

42) “To Robert Taylor from Ferd Kramer, May 19, 1944”; “To Ferd Kramer from Robert Taylor, May 24, 1944,” both in MPCR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; Hunt, “Understanding Chicago's High-Rise Public Housing Disaster,” 306.

඙ߩࠞࡉ࡝࠾࡮ࠣ࡝࡯ࡦ䋨 Cabrini-Green

16 㓏 ᑪߡߩࡠࡃ࡯࠻࡮࠹ࠗ࡜࡯࡮ࡎ࡯ࡓ࠭䋨 Robert Taylor Homes

ޕ㜞ጀ

૑ቛߩዉ౉ߦࠃࠅޔࠪࠞࠧߢߪ 1960 ᐕઍએ㒠ߦ㤥ੱૐᚲᓧ⠪ࠍ౏༡૑ቛߦ⇐

߼ࠆߎߣߢ⽺࿎ߩ㓸ਛࠍ᜗߈ޔ౏༡૑ቛߪࠬ࡜ࡓߩ⽎ᓽߣߒߡᝒ߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ ߁ߦߥߞߚޕߎߩࠃ߁ߦޔ㤥ੱะߌߩ㜞ጀߩ౏༡૑ቛߩ᜛ᄢߪޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒

ߩᢥ⣂ߩਛߢ⿠߈ߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߣห᭽ߦޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߦ߅޿ߡ߽ᄙߊ ߩ㤥ੱ߇ᒝ೙⒖ォߦኻߔࠆਇḩࠍᛴ޿ߡ޿ߚޕ૑ቛߦ㑐ߒߡ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮

ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙ߩ㤥ੱ 500 ੱߦ⡞߈ขࠅ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߚ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ࠦ

ࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖᆔຬળߩ⸥㍳ߦࠃࠆߣޔ 500 ੱਛ 270 ੱ߇⃻࿷ߩ૑ቛ߆ࠄ⒖േߔ ࠆߎߣ߳ߩਇ቟ࠍᛴ߃ߡ߅ࠅޔඨᢙએ਄ߩ 275 ੱ߇૑ቛਇ⿷ߦࠃߞߡኅࠍ⷗

ߟߌࠄࠇߥ޿ߎߣࠍ ᔨߒߡ޿ߚ

ޕ CHA ߩ᭎▚ߦࠃࠆߣޔ 1950 ᐕߦ࠙ࠛ

ࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡᒝ೙⒖ォߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿૑ੱ 574 ኅᣖߩ ߁ߜޔ 5 ಽߩ 3 ߪ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ౏༡૑ቛ߆ㄭ㓞ߩ᳃㑆૑ቛߦ⒖േߒߚ

45)

ޕߎࠇ߹ߢߩ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ᜛ᄢߣหߓࠃ߁ߦޔ㤥ੱੱญߩჇടߦኻ ߒߡᜎุ෻ᔕࠍ␜ߔ⊕ੱ૑ੱߪޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼߆ࠄߐࠄߦ⒖േߒߚ

ޕ

ߘࠇߢߪޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩੱ⒳᭴ᚑᲧ₸ߪߤߩࠃ߁ߦᄌൻߒߚߩߢ޽

ࠈ߁߆ޕ⴫ 4 ߪ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ 3 ߟߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ࿾඙ߩ 1930 ᐕ߆ࠄ 70 ᐕ߹ߢߩੱ⒳᭴ᚑߩᄌൻࠍ⴫ߒߚ߽ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾

43) ౏༡૑ቛߩᑪ▽ࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞ߩᄌㆫߣㇺᏒ᡽╷ߦᵈ⋡ߒߚ⎇ⓥߣߒߡߪએਅࠍෳᾖޕD.

Bradford Hunt, Blueprint for Disaster: The Unraveling of Chicago Public Housing (Chicago:

University of Chicago, 2009).

44) “Housing Survey,” (n.d.), 1-3, folder 399, NWSCCR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC.

45) CHA, CHA Monthly Report, (January 1951), 8-9.

46) Otis Dudley Duncan and Beverly Duncan, The Negro Population of Chicago: A Study of Residential Succession (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957).

඙ߪ 50 ᐕ㑆ߢᓢޘߦ㤥ੱੱญ߇ Ⴧ߃ߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔࠗ࡯ࠬ࠻࡮ࠟ࡯ࡈ

ࠖ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ࿾඙ߣࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮

ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙ߪ 50 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 60 ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡᄌൻߒߡ޿ࠆߩ ߇ࠊ߆ࠆޕ․ߦࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺

࡯࡞࿾඙ߪᕆỗߦᄌൻߒߡ޿ࠆޕ

19 ́ 20 ਎♿ォ឵ᦼߩࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙ߪޔㄭ㓞ߩᎿ႐ߢ௛ߊഭ௛

⠪ߩ↸ߣߒߡ⊒ዷߒߚޕߘߩਛߢ߽࡙࠳ࡗ♽߇ᄙᢙࠍභ߼ߡ߅ࠅޔห࿾඙ߪ

࡙࠳ࡗ♽ߩ෹ᗲ࿅૕ߩ⸳┙߿ࠪ࠽ࠧ࡯ࠢߩᑪ⸳ߥߤޔ࡙࠳ࡗ♽⦡ߩᒝ޿ࠦࡒ ࡘ࠾࠹ࠖࠍᒻᚑߒߡ޿ߚ

ޕߒ߆ߒޔᚢᓟߦ㇠ᄖൻ߇ଦㅴߐࠇࠆਛߢߩ㤥ੱ

ੱญߩჇടߪޔ࡙࠳ࡗ♽ߩ㇠ᄖൻߩᵹࠇࠍടㅦߐߖޔ࡙࠳ࡗ♽ߩᄙߊ߇ࡁ࡯

ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙߆ࠄ಴ߡ޿ߞߚޕ࡙࠳ࡗ♽ߩ⒖േߩ․ᓽߪනߥࠆੱߩ

⒖േߢߪߥߊޔ࡙࠳ࡗ♽⁛⥄ߩ࿅૕߿ࠪ࠽ࠧ࡯ࠢߥߤᢥൻ⊛ᣉ⸳ోߡ߇⒖േ

ߒߡߒ߹߁ߎߣߦ޽ࠆ

ޕߘߩⓨ޿ߚዬ૑඙ߦᄙᢙߩ㤥ੱ߇⒖ࠅ૑ࠎߛߩߢ

޽ߞߚޕ

ߢߪߥߗᄙߊߩ㤥ੱ߇ࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙ߦ⒖ࠅ૑ࠎߛߩߛࠈ߁߆ޕ

߹ߕߪޔ㤥ੱ߇౉ዬߢ߈ࠆ࿾ၞߪ⃻ታ⊛ߦ㒢ࠄࠇߡ߅ࠅޔห࿾඙ߦߪ߽ߣ߽

ߣ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߇޽ߞߚߎߣ߇ᄢ߈޿ޕ߹ߚޔ૑ቛߩᑪ▽ᐕᢙ߇ฎߊߥ

47) Irving Cutler, Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 209-233.

48) Lowell W. Livezey and Mark Bouman, “Religious Geography,” in The Encyclopedia of Chicago, eds. James Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, and Jan Reiff (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 690-696. ࡙࠳ࡗ♽ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߩ⒖േᕈߦߟ޿ߡએਅࠍෳᾖޕGerald Gamm, Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).

ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖฬ

ᐕഀว䋨%䋩 ⊕ੱ 㤥ੱ ⊕ੱ 㤥ੱ ⊕ੱ 㤥ੱ

1930 78.4 16.6 96.8 2.9 99.6 0.3

1940 80.8 18.9 95.4 4.5 99.6 0.4

1950 58.5 40.9 82.9 16.7 86.7 13.1

1960 45.6 53.8 38 61.5 8.6 91.1

1970 25.2 72.2 1.7 98 3 96.4

⴫ޓ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩੱ⒳ഀวߩᄌൻ

࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮

ࠨࠗ࠼ ࠗ࡯ࠬ࠻࡮ࠟ࡯

ࡈࠖ࡯࡞࠼࡮ࡄ࡯ࠢ ࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ

࠺࡯࡞

಴ౖ䋺The Chicago Fact Book Consortium, ed., Local Community Fact Book Chicago Metropolitan Area: Based on the 1970 and 1980 Censuses (Chicago:

Chicago Review Press, 1984), 73, 76, 80ࠃࠅ૞ᚑޕ

⴫ 4 ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩੱ⒳ഀวߩᄌൻ

ߊޔ޽߹ࠅ⠧᧎ൻ߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ߽޽ߍࠄࠇࠆ ޕ㤥ੱ߇૑߼ࠆ࿾

ၞߢ޽ࠆߎߣߦട߃ߡޔߎ߁ߒߚᅢ᧦ઙ߇㤥ੱࠍᒁ߈ነߖߚޕߐࠄߦޔ࠙ࠛ

ࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ో૕ߦ⸒߃ࠆᦨ߽㊀ⷐߥ․ᓽߣߒߡޔ㤥ੱߩ⊕ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ

߳ߩㅴ಴ߦኻߔࠆ᥸ജ⊛ᛶ᛫߇ዋߥ߆ߞߚߎߣ߇޽ߍࠄࠇࠆޕࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ

࠼ߩ㤥ੱࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߢߪޔ․ߦᣂߚߦ㤥ੱ߇⒖േߔࠆੱ⒳ߩႺ⇇✢࿾ၞߢ ߪޔੱ⒳ࠍℂ↱ߦߒߚ᡼Ἣ߿ᛩ⍹ߣ޿ߞߚᄙߊߩ᥸ജ⊛ߥ㛍േ߇ࡎࡢࠗ࠻࡮

ࠛࠬ࠾࠶ࠢࠍਛᔃߦⴕࠊࠇߡ޿ߚޕ߽ߜࠈࠎޔੱ⒳ኻ┙ߪ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼

ߢ߽⿠ߎߞߡ޿ߚ߇ޔߘߩ㗫ᐲߪࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߦᲧߴߡߪࠆ߆ߦዋߥ߆ߞ ߚ

ޕߘߩේ࿃ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡޔࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߢⓍᭂ⊛ߦ㤥ੱ౉ዬ⠪ࠍឃ㒰 ߒߡ޿ߚࡀࠗࡃࡈ࠶࠼ะ਄දળߩࠃ߁ߥ࿅૕߿ޔ㤥ੱߩ౉ዬࠍ೙㒢ߔࠆ೙㒢

⊛ਇേ↥⚂᱅

Restrictive Covenants

ߚ߆ࠄߢ޽ࠆ

ޕߎ߁ߒߚ᥸ജߩ⋧ኻ⊛ߥዋߥߐߪޔ㤥ੱᵹ౉ࠍଦㅴߐߖߚ ߩߢ޽ࠆޕ

ࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙ߦߪޔࠨ࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼߿࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ

࠼࿾඙ߥߤߩౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃߞߡᒝ೙⒖ォߐߖࠄࠇߚ㤥ੱ߇ᄙߊᵹ౉ߒߚߣ⠨߃ ࠄࠇࠆޕ೨ㅀߒߚࠃ߁ߦޔࠪࠞࠧߩㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߪ౏⊛ߥ⺞ᩏࠍⴕߞߡ޿ߥ߆ ߞߚߩߢޔᒝ೙⒖ォߒߚ㤥ੱߩ⒖േవ߿ᱜ⏕ߥᢙሼߪᛠីߢ߈ߥ޿ޕߒ߆ߒޔ

49) “Community Area 29-North Lawndale,” (October 1955), 2, folder October-December 1955, box 2, GLCCR, CHM. ห࿾ߩ68ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻߇1900ᐕ߆ࠄ20ᐕઍߩᑪ▽ߢ޽߹ࠅ⠧᧎ൻߒ ߡ߅ࠄߕޔ1900 ᐕએ೨ߩᑪ▽‛ߪᏒో૕߇ 30 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻ߦኻߒߡห࿾ߪ 22 ࡄ࡯࠮ࡦ࠻

ߢ޽ߞߚޕ߹ߚޔ૑ቛߩ⾓⾉ᢱ߽㤥ੱ߇㜞߼ߦᛄߞߡ޿ࠆߣߪ޿߃ޔઁߩ࿾ၞࠃࠅᲧセ⊛

቟߆ߞߚޕ

50) “To Secure These Rights: The Right to Safety and Security of the Person in Chicago,” folder 172, NWSCCR, SCUA-RJDL-UIC; CCHR, “Profiles on Present Racial Tension Areas,” (August 1957), 1-14, folder August 1957, box 4, GLCCR, CHM.

51) Zorita Wise Mikva, “The Neighborhood Improvement Association: A Counter-Force to the Expansion of Chicago's Negro Population,” (MA Thesis, University of Chicago, 1951).

޽ࠆ⺞ᩏߦࠃࠆߣޔ 1960 ᐕߦห࿾඙ߩ૑ੱߩඨᢙએ਄߇ޔ 5 ᐕ೨ߦߪࠪࠞࠧ

Ꮢߩห࿾඙એᄖߦ૑ࠎߢ޿ߚߣ޿߁

ޕ 1960 ᐕߩࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙

ߩ 9 ഀ߇㤥ੱߢ޽ࠆߎߣ߆ࠄޔᣂߚߦᵹ౉ߒߡ߈ߚੱޘߩᄙߊ߇㤥ੱߢ޽ࠆޕ

߹ߚޔዬ૑඙߇㒢ቯߐࠇߡ޿ߚࠪࠞࠧߩ㤥ੱߩ⁁ᴫࠍ⠨ᘦߔࠆߣޔᄙߊ߇ࠨ

࠙ࠬ࡮ࠨࠗ࠼߿ㄭ㓞ߩ࠾ࠕ࡮࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼࿾඙߆ࠄ⒖ࠅ૑ࠎߢ߈ߚߣ⠨

߃ࠄࠇࠆޕߎߩᤨᦼߦ߅ߌࠆᄙᢙߩ㤥ੱߩੱญ⒖േߪޔ߆ߥࠅߩㇱಽߢㇺᏒ

ౣ㐿⊒߇ᓇ㗀ࠍਈ߃ߡ޿ߚߣ⸒߃ࠆߛࠈ߁ޕ

ౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃࠆ⒖ォ⠪ߩᵹ౉એᄖߦޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ㤥ੱੱญߩჇടߩ

߽߁৻ߟߩⷐ࿃ߪޔධㇱ߆ࠄߩ㤥ੱ⒖૑⠪ߩᵹ౉ߢ޽ࠆޕ 1955 ᐕએ㒠ߩ࠙ࠛ

ࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߩ㤥ੱߩᄙߊߪޔධㇱޔߥ߆ߢ߽ࡒࠪࠪ࠶ࡇᎺ߆ࠄߩ⒖૑⠪ߢ

޽ߞߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ 1950 ᐕઍ߆ࠄ 1960 ᐕઍߦ߆ߌߡޔㇺᏒౣ㐿⊒ߦࠃ ࠆ⒖ォ⠪ߣධㇱߩ㤥ੱ⒖૑⠪ߦࠃߞߡޔ࠙ࠛࠬ࠻࡮ࠨࠗ࠼ߪ╙ੑᰴ਎⇇ᄢᚢ ᓟߩᣂߚߥ㤥ੱዬ૑඙ߣߒߡᒻᚑߐࠇߡ޿ߞߚ

ޕ

ߒ߆ߒ㤥ੱੱญ߇Ⴧടߒߚ෻㕙ޔࡁ࡯ࠬ࡮ࡠ࡯ࡦ࠺࡯࡞࿾඙ߢߪޔ㤥ੱߩ ᵹ౉ߦ෻ኻߒߡࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖ߆ࠄ಴ߡ޿ߊ⊕ੱ߽Ⴧ߃ߡߒ߹ߞߚߩߢ޽ࠆޕ ታ㓙ޔ࡝ࡌ࡜࡞ᵷߩ࡙࠳ࡗ♽ਇേ↥ᬺ⠪ߪ㤥ੱߦ૑ቛࠍឭଏߒߚ߇ޔ⊹⡺ߥ ߎߣߦޔߘࠇߦࠃߞߡ㤥ੱੱญ߇Ⴧ߃ߚߎߣߢᄙߊߩ࡙࠳ࡗ♽߇⒖േߔࠆߎ ߣࠍㆬࠎߛޕ࡙࠳ࡗ♽ਇേ↥ᬺ⠪ߪޔ㤥ੱߩߚ߼ߦ૑ቛࠍឭଏߔࠆߣ⊕ੱ߆ ࠄޟࡉࡠ࠶ࠢ࡮ࡃࠬ࠲࡯ޠߣ⟒ࠄࠇޔ૑ቛឭଏࠍᜎุߔࠆߣ㤥ੱ߆ࠄޟੱ⒳

Ꮕ೎ਥ⟵⠪ޠߣ㕖㔍ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߩߢ޽ࠆ

ޕ

52) Seligman, Block by Block, 32-34.

53) “Community Area 29-North Lawndale”; St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City ([1945] Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 819; Alphine Wade Jefferson, “Housing Discrimination and Community Response in North Lawndale (Chicago), Illinois, 1948-1978,” (Ph. D. diss., Duke University, 1979), 72-74.

54) Beryl Satter, Family Properties: Race, Real Estate, and the Exploitation of Black Urban